warfarin

Research Excerpts

Overview

Warrin sodium is a low-dose pharmaceutical blood thinner that exists in two forms: the clathrate form and the amorphous form. Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist agent that inhibits clotting factors used for long-term anticoagulation.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Warfarin is a coumarin derivative, but in contrast to the mother substance warfarin has anticoagulant properties."	( Developmental effects of coumarin and the anticoagulant coumarin derivative warfarin on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Braunbeck, T; Broschard, TH; Huebler, N; Strecker, R; Weigt, S, 2012)	1.33
"Warfarin is a widely used oral anticoagulant which is mostly administrated as a racemic mixture containing equal amount of R- and S-enantiomers. "	( Separation and determination of warfarin enantiomers in human plasma using a novel polymeric surfactant for micellar electrokinetic chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hou, J; Shamsi, SA; Zheng, J, 2007)	2.07
"Warfarin sodium is a low-dose pharmaceutical blood thinner that exists in two forms: the clathrate form and the amorphous form. "	( Warfarin Sodium Stability in Oral Formulations. Dimitrokalli, E; Fertaki, S; Kokkinos, P; Kontoyannis, C; Lykouras, M; Orkoula, M, 2021)	3.51
"Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist agent that inhibits clotting factors used for long-term anticoagulation. "	( The Effect of Serum Magnesium Level on Stable Anticoagulation in Patients Using Warfarin for Various Cardiac Indications. Akhan, O; Ardahanli, I; Celik, M, 2022)	2.39
"Warfarin is a synthetic anticoagulant with low molecular weight and can cross the placenta resulting in congenital abnormalities termed fetal warfarin syndrome."	( Dentofacial manifestations of fetal warfarin syndrome in a paediatric patient. Mathur, V; Rahul, M; Shrivastava, N; Tewari, N, 2022)	1.72
"Warfarin is a common first line anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic window. "	( A novel, rapid and simple UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of warfarin in dried blood spots. Li, X; Liu, L; Miao, L; Qu, W; Tian, G, 2022)	2.4
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant with wide inter-individual variations in drug responses monitored based on the International Normalized Ratio (INR). "	( Urine Metabolites as a Predictor of Warfarin Response Based on INR in Atrial Fibrillation. Bawadikji, AA; Ibrahim, B; Kader, MABSA; Sulaiman, SAS; Teh, CH, 2022)	2.44
"Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant drug in clinical practice. "	( Associated factors and safety of the rapidly achieving first therapeutic target of warfarin in hospitalized patients: a retrospective cohort study. Dai, H; Hu, W; Ma, J; Xu, H; Yang, W, 2022)	2.39
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index and large interpatient variability in the therapeutic dose. "	( Warfarin sensitivity is associated with increased hospital mortality in critically Ill patients. Atashpanjeh, S; Cheng, G; Elmi, CP; Khalighi, B; Khalighi, K; Krishnamurthy, M; Ma, Z; Mahesh, M; Wang, P, 2022)	3.61
"Warfarin is a widely used oral anticoagulant with established reversal guidelines in the setting of a supratherapeutic international normalized ratio (INR). "	( Massive warfarin overdose management in an adolescent patient. Setiawan, A; Vohra, V; Winograd, EJ, 2022)	2.6
"Warfarin (WAR) is an anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index and is principally metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 enzymes. "	( Influence of Quercetin Pretreatment on Pharmacokinetics of Warfarin in Rats. Afzal, H; Ahmad, E; Bano, S; Bukhari, NI; Ismail, MA; Jahangir, M; Shamim, R, 2023)	2.6
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant, and has a narrow therapeutic range. "	( Optimizing warfarin dosing using deep reinforcement learning. Anzabi Zadeh, S; Street, WN; Thomas, BW, 2023)	2.74
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant commonly used for treatment and prophylaxis against thromboembolic events. "	( Targeted next-generation sequencing of genes involved in Warfarin Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics pathways using the Saudi Warfarin Pharmacogenetic study (SWAP). Al Sulaiman, K; Alabdulkareem, IB; AlBalwi, M; Alghamdi, J; Alharf, A; Almakhlafi, NS; Almuzzaini, B; Ammari, MA; Balla, M; Humoud, AA; Shehri, AA; Sultana, K; Waheeby, M, 2023)	2.6
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that is very useful in preventing thromboembolism, though it is considered a drug with a high risk of causing adverse events. "	( Construction and Validation of a Protocol Targeting Patients on Oral Anticoagulation with Warfarin. Barbosa, HC; Costa, JMD; Martins, MAP; Miranda, LG; Oliveira, JAQ; Pagano, AS; Praxedes, MFDS; Santos, RPM; Torres, HC, 2023)	2.57
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant, causing the inactivation of the VKORC1 gene product, which is one of the clotting factors."	( FREQUENCY OF VKORC1 AND CYP2C9 GENES POLYMORPHISM IN ABKHAZIAN POPULATION. Buadze, T; Gaiozishvili, M; Gargulia, K; Jokhadze, T; Kakauridze, N; Lezhava, T; Sigua, T, 2023)	1.63
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index and large interpatient variability in the therapeutic dose. "	( Clinical Model for Predicting Warfarin Sensitivity. Cheng, G; Khalighi, B; Khalighi, K; Ma, Z; Wang, P, 2019)	2.25
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant drug in the treatment of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and is carried in the blood almost exclusively by human serum albumin."	( Warfarin increases thermal resistance of albumin through stabilization of the protein lobe that includes its binding site. Bartucci, R; Guzzi, R; Pey, AL; Rizzuti, B, 2019)	2.68
"Warfarin is an effective anticoagulant and the only oral anticoagulant available for patients with mechanical heart valves. "	( New warfarin anticoagulation management model after heart valve surgery: rationale and design of a prospective, multicentre, randomised trial to compare an internet-based warfarin anticoagulation management model with the traditional warfarin management m Han, J; Li, Y; Liu, K; Meng, X; Qin, Y; Shen, J; Zhang, H; Zhu, Z, 2019)	2.51
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant prescribed in the treatment and prevention of thrombosis. "	( Association between VKORC1 gene polymorphism and warfarin dose requirement and frequency of VKORC1 gene polymorphism in patients from Kerman province. Satarzadeh, N; Soltani Banavandi, MJ, 2020)	2.26
"Warfarin is a narrow therapeutic index anticoagulant drug, and several generic formulations have been approved worldwide. "	( A Two-Sequence, Four-Period, Crossover, Replicate Study to Demonstrate Bioequivalence of Warfarin Sodium Tablet in Healthy Chinese Subjects Under Fasting and Fed Conditions. Chen, X; Gao, D; Gong, S; Hu, C; Li, L; Xu, Y; Zhang, L; Zhao, Z, 2020)	2.22
"Warfarin is a widely used oral anticoagulant, which has a narrow therapeutic window and a high likelihood of interacting with other drugs and resulting in serious adverse reactions."	( Medication with caution: Analysis of adverse reactions caused by a combination of Chinese medicine and warfarin sodium tablets. Chen, B; Jiang, D; Lin, X; Sun, G; Wu, L; Xi, S; Zhuang, W, 2020)	1.49
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant medication proven effective in the initial treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism. "	( Patient satisfaction after conversion from warfarin to direct oral anticoagulants for patients on extended duration of anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism - The SWAN Study. Baker, R; Hendriks, T; Ho, KM; McGregor, S; Rakesh, S; Robinson, J, 2020)	2.26
"Warfarin is an effective treatment for thromboembolic disease but has a narrow therapeutic index; optimal anticoagulation dosage can differ tremendously among individuals. "	( Genotype-Guided Dosing of Warfarin in Chinese Adults: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. Cai, J; Chen, P; Chen, X; Cui, Y; Dai, H; Fang, Q; Gong, H; Gong, L; Guo, C; Huang, J; Huang, L; Huang, Z; Huo, Y; Jiang, S; Jiang, W; Kuang, Y; Li, H; Li, J; Liu, W; Lv, C; Miao, D; Ng, CM; Ouyang, Z; Pei, Q; Peng, J; Peng, Z; Shi, X; Sun, X; Tan, H; Tang, X; Tu, S; Wang, X; Wu, J; Wu, X; Xiang, Y; Xiong, G; Xu, F; Yang, G; Yang, L; Yang, Q; Yang, Z; Yu, J; Yu, W; Yu, Z; Yuan, H; Zeng, G; Zeng, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, H; Zou, C, 2020)	2.3
"Warfarin is a frequently prescribed oral anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index, requiring careful dosing and monitoring. "	( The effect of the VKORC1 promoter variant on warfarin responsiveness in the Saudi WArfarin Pharmacogenetic (SWAP) cohort. Al Ammari, M; Alabdulkareem, IB; AlBalwi, M; Aldrees, M; Alghamdi, J; Almakhlafi, NS; Almuzzaini, B; Sultana, K, 2020)	2.26
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant which has been widely used to treat and prevent thromboembolic events. "	( Randomized controlled trial of genotype-guided warfarin anticoagulation in Chinese elderly patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Liu, J; Xu, C; Zhu, Y, 2020)	2.26
"Warfarin is a widely used oral anticoagulant drug that has rarely been associated with leukocytoclastic vasculitis and allergic interstitial nephritis."	( Ulcerative IgA vasculitis in the setting of warfarin therapy. Akay, BN; Boyvat, A; Heper, A; Kalay-Yildizhan, I, 2020)	1.54
"Warfarin is a high-risk medicine, and older persons (those aged 65 years and older)"	( Patient Feedback on a Warfarin Action Plan Used in a Local Australian Physician Practice Setting. Bajorek, BV; Lee, VW; Ng, KK; Yiu, AWP, 2020)	2.32
"Warfarin is an effective preventative treatment for arterial and venous thromboembolism, but requires individualised dosing due to its narrow therapeutic range and high individual variation. "	( Evaluating warfarin dosing models on multiple datasets with a novel software framework and evolutionary optimisation. Marais, P; Truda, G, 2021)	2.45
"Warfarin is a widely used oral anticoagulant, but it is challenging to select the optimal maintenance dose due to its narrow therapeutic window and complex individual factor relationships. "	( An ensemble learning based framework to estimate warfarin maintenance dose with cross-over variables exploration on incomplete data set. Chen, J; Gao, F; Li, P; Liu, Y; Sun, J; Wang, Y; Xu, A; You, Y; Yu, Z; Zhang, J, 2021)	2.32
"Warfarin therapy is a rare cause of alopecia but should be considered in patients on long-term anticoagulation when other diagnoses have been excluded."	( Resolution of warfarin-induced alopecia with conversion to apixaban. Burton, JO; Gooding, R; Hull, KL, 2021)	1.7
"Warfarin is a potent anti-coagulant drug and is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. "	( The Curious Case of Aqueous Warfarin: Structural Isomers or Distinct Excited States? Bagchi, S; Ghosh, D; Hazra, A; Manae, MA; Sakpal, SS, 2021)	2.36
"Warfarin is a commonly prescribed anticoagulant for valvular heart disease that plays an important role in clinical management to prevent thrombotic events. "	( Genetic Associations With Stable Warfarin Dose Requirements in Han Chinese Patients. Chen, L; Ge, J; He, L; Li, F; Li, H; Li, M; Niu, J; Qin, S; Shen, L; Wu, C; Xing, Q; Xiong, Y; Xu, Q; Zhang, S; Zhu, B; Zhu, J, 2021)	2.35
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant which is widely used in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic events, to which multiple adverse effects are attributed; nevertheless, descriptions of hypersensitivity reactions to this medication are rare."	( [Warfarin desensitization. A case report]. Ardila-Herrera, JC; Fuentes-Abreu, FS; Raigosa, M, )	2.48
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index. "	( The association between GGCX, miR-133 genetic polymorphisms and warfarin stable dosage in Han Chinese patients with mechanical heart valve replacement. Chen, XP; Hu, JX; Li, CL; Li, Z; Liu, LM; Liu, ZQ; Peng, J; Ren, H; Song, GB; Tan, SL; Tang, XY; Zeng, L; Zhang, J; Zhang, W; Zhou, HH; Zhou, XM, 2017)	2.14
"Warfarin is a common treatment option to manage patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in clinical practice. "	( Warfarin Management and Outcomes in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Within an Integrated Health Care System. An, J; Aranda, G; Bruno, A; Dills, D; Jazdzewski, KP; Lang, DT; Le, PT; Mendes, RA; Niu, F; Rashid, N; Singh, P; Vo, L; Zheng, C, 2017)	3.34
"Warfarin is a common therapy for the prevention of thromboembolism in AF, valve replacement, and thrombosis patients."	( Atrial fibrillation incrementally increases dementia risk across all CHADS Bair, TL; Crandall, BG; Cutler, MJ; Day, JD; Graves, KG; Jacobs, V; Jared Bunch, T; Mallender, C; May, HT; Osborn, JS; Peter Weiss, J; Stevens, SM; Woller, SC, 2017)	1.18
"Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant. "	( Design and rationale for the WARFA trial: a randomized controlled cross-over trial testing the therapeutic equivalence of branded and generic warfarin in atrial fibrillation patients in Brazil. Atallah, ÁN; Freitas, CG; Walsh, M, 2017)	2.1
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolism. "	( A preliminary review of warfarin toxicity in a tertiary hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Bassa, F; Decloedt, EH; Jacobs, A, )	1.88
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant normally used in the prevention of the formation of clots."	( Multi-objective feature selection for warfarin dose prediction. Sohrabi, MK; Tajik, A, 2017)	1.45
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant used in prevention/prophylaxis of thromboembolism. "	( Oral warfarin intake affects skin inflammatory cytokine responses in rats. Aleksandrov, AP; Kataranovski, D; Kataranovski, M; Mileusnic, D; Mirkov, I; Ninkov, M; Zolotarevski, L, 2017)	2.41
"Warfarin is a common anticoagulant and has exhibited drug interactions with several herbal products."	( Effects of safflower injection on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rats. Liu, G; Liu, S; Liu, Y; Qin, M; Shi, Y; Sun, Z, 2018)	1.43
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant, commonly used for primary and secondary prevention of venous and arterial thromboembolic events. "	( Phenotyping of CYP 4501A2 Activity by Total Overnight Salivary Caffeine Assessment (TOSCA) in Patients on Warfarin Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Study. Capone, D; Contaldi, P; Gianno, A; Tarantino, G; Teresa, M; Tufano, A, 2018)	2.14
"Warfarin is a commonly prescribed and effective oral anticoagulant. "	( Identification of two novel genes SLC15A2 and SLCO1B3 associated with maintenance dose variability of warfarin in a Chinese population. Cai, LL; Huang, WQ; Su, ZY; Tzeng, CM; Wang, LS; Wu, Y; Ye, HM; Zhang, W; Zhang, ZY, 2017)	2.11
"Warfarin is a long-term oral medication and is effective in reducing TE for AF patients."	( Group-Based Trajectory Analysis for Long-Term Use of Warfarin Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation Patients. Du, X; Guo, S; Li, X; Liu, H; Xie, G, 2017)	1.43
"Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant drug and is a derivate of coumarin. "	( 7-Hydroxylation of warfarin is strongly inhibited by sesamin, but not by episesamin, caffeic and ferulic acids in human hepatic microsomes. Doran, O; Pilipenko, N; Rasmussen, MK; Zamaratskaia, G, 2018)	2.25
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant that is critical in reducing patient morbidity and mortality associated with thromboembolic disorders. "	( Personalisation of warfarin therapy using thermal ink-jet printing. Alomari, M; Basit, AW; Dodoo, CC; Gaisford, S; Trenfield, SJ; Velaga, S; Vuddanda, PR, 2018)	2.25
"Warfarin is a cornerstone for the prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation (AF), and several efforts have been taken to increase its usage and safety, including risk stratification schemes. "	( Trends in warfarin use and its associations with thromboembolic and bleeding rates in a population with atrial fibrillation between 1996 and 2011. Andersson, C; Fosbøl, EL; Gislason, GH; Hansen, PW; Køber, L; Sehested, TSG; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2018)	2.33
"Warfarin is a widely used oral anticoagulant."	( Morbidity and mortality associated with the interaction of miconazole oral gel and warfarin. Pemberton, MN, 2018)	1.43
"Warfarin, which is a conventional therapeutic agent, is not easy to control appropriately, and daily management can be especially difficult in SMID patients."	( Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial of Warfarin and Edoxaban Tosilate Hydrate for the Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Persons with Severe Motor Intellectual Disabilities. Akaboshi, S; Fujita, H; Inoue, M; Kada, A; Kaneko, H; Kawasaki, M; Koretsune, Y; Kumode, M; Maruhashi, K; Miyanomae, T; Murata, H; Nakamura, M; Ohmori, H; Okumura, A; Saito, AM; Sanayama, Y; Sano, N; Shinagawa, T; Sone, S; Sumimoto, R; Takechi, T; Takizawa, N; Taniguchi, H; Tanuma, N; Wakisaka, A, 2018)	1.45
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant indicated for patients who had undergone mechanical heart valve(s) replacement (MHVR). "	( INR Control of Patients with Mechanical Heart Valve on Long-Term Warfarin Therapy. Fong, AYY; Jong, YH; Ong, TK; Tan, CSY, 2018)	2.16
"Warfarin is a drug with narrow therapeutic index used in the management of thromboembolic disorders. "	( Characteristics of patients with thromboembolic disorders on warfarin therapy in resource limited settings. Kamuren, Z; Keter, A; Kigen, G; Maritim, A, 2018)	2.16
"Warfarin is a drug commonly prescribed in thalassemia patients who often need polypharmacy for the management of anemia- and iron-related complications."	( Life-Threatening Drug-Induced Liver Injury in a Patient with β-Thalassemia Major and Severe Iron Overload on Polypharmacy. Casale, M; Cerasari, G; Corvino, F; Perrotta, S; Persico, M; Picariello, S; Rossi, F; Scianguetta, S, 2018)	1.2
"Warfarin is a widely prescribed anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index. "	( Warfarin Dose and CYP2C Gene Cluster: An African Ancestral-Specific Variant Is a Strong Predictor of Dose in Black South African Patients. Chimusa, E; Cindi, Z; Dandara, C; Kengne, AP; Makambwa, E; Ndadza, A; Ntsekhe, M; Wonkam, A, 2019)	3.4
"Warfarin is a widely prescribed oral coumarin-based anticoagulant commonly prescribed in gout patients."	( Lesinurad: Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions With Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers. Gillen, M; Kerr, B; Lee, CA; Shen, Z; Valdez, S; Wallach, K; Wilson, DM, 2019)	1.46
"Warfarin is a drug used for anticoagulation management, with a narrow therapeutic range and multiple drug-drug interactions. "	( Adherence and Concomitant Medication Use among Patients on Warfarin Therapy: Insight from a Large Pharmacy Dispensing Database in Japan. Arai, M; Doi, Y; Fujii, Y; Kawakami, K; Matsunaga, T; Nakano, S; Nishiyama, C; Takeuchi, M; Tanaka-Mizuno, S, 2019)	2.2
"Warfarin is a widely used oral anticoagulant. "	( Implementation of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin with point-of-care genetic testing in three UK clinics: a matched cohort study. Alfirevic, A; Downing, J; Fitzgerald, G; Hanson, A; Jorgensen, AL; Pirmohamed, M; Prince, C; Reynolds, J; Zhang, JE, 2019)	2.22
"Warfarin is a narrow therapeutic index drug that requires personalized dosing which is currently not achieved by the marketed products. "	( Additive manufacturing of personalized orodispersible warfarin films. Sandler, N; Sjöholm, E, 2019)	2.21
"Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist used for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders."	( Splenic Infarction after Warfarin Overdose Treatment: Is It a Coincidence or Complication? Yılmaz, G, 2019)	1.54
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant widely prescribed and, despite its benefits, the achievement of the goals of drug therapy depends on patient involvement, among other factors."	( Protocol of a clinical trial study involving educational intervention in patients treated with warfarin. Barbosa, HC; Costa, JMD; Marcolino, MS; Martins, MAP; Resende, RE; Ribeiro, DD; Souza, RP; Torres, HC, 2019)	1.45
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that requires ongoing monitoring with time in therapeutic range (TTR), a common measure of the quality of warfarin control and likelihood of adverse events including bleeds. "	( Proton pump inhibitors co-prescribed with warfarin reduce warfarin control as measured by time in therapeutic range. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S; Bernaitis, N; Bertram, V; Yeo, K, 2019)	2.22
"Warfarin is a potent anticoagulant used for the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis. "	( Thromboembolic Risk of 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate versus Fresh Frozen Plasma for Urgent Warfarin Reversal in the Emergency Department. Fuh, L; Goldstein, JN; Hayes, BD; Howell, ML; Levine, M; Maguire, M; Marshall, AL; Parry, BA; Rosovsky, R, 2019)	2.17
"Warfarin is a well-established cause of gross hematuria. "	( An unusual cause of glomerular hematuria and acute kidney injury in a chronic kidney disease patient during warfarin therapy. Almeida, C; Gomes, AM; Santos, C; Seabra, J; Ventura, A, 2013)	2.05
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant medication that is challenging to manage. "	( Patients satisfaction with warfarin and willingness to switch to dabigatran: a patient survey. DeRemer, CE; Elewa, HF; Gujral, J; Joshua, TV; Keller, K, 2014)	2.14
"Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic range and large interindividual differences in dosing requirements. "	( Association of genetic polymorphisms with warfarin dose requirements in Chinese patients. Chen, Z; Dong, X; Guo, G; Li, H; Liang, Y; Wang, T; Wu, C; Xu, B, 2013)	2.1
"Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist, widely prescribed to reduce coagulation by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors."	( Warfarin induces cardiovascular damage in mice. Boor, P; Brandenburg, VM; Fekete, BC; Floege, J; Jahnen-Dechent, W; Kaesler, N; Ketteler, M; Krüger, T; Oelenberg, S; Schlieper, G; Schurgers, LJ; van de Sandt, AM; Vermeer, C; Veulemans, V; Westenfeld, R, 2013)	2.55
"Warfarinum is a drug with a narrow therapeutics index."	( [Content uniformity of warfarin-containing mixtures and tablets]. Franc, A; Hadrabová, J; Máslová, R; Muselík, J, 2013)	1.42
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index that is involved in a number of drug-drug interactions."	( Odanacatib does not influence the single dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Chandler, P; Denker, A; Hrenuik, D; Liu, C; Mehta, A; Morris, D; Stoch, SA; Wagner, JA; Witter, R; Xue, H; Zajic, S, 2013)	2.06
"IV warfarin is a therapeutic option for patients with malabsorption issues. "	( Intravenous warfarin and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: making the diagnosis, management, modern monitoring, and multidisciplinary care. Burger, CF; Schlesinger, JJ, 2014)	1.4
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant agent known to have a common complication, bleeding. "	( Anticoagulant-induced intramural duodenal haematoma presenting with upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Akin, E; Atalay, R; Bolat, AD; Büyükaşik, NŞ; Ersoy, O; Köseoğlu, H; Solakoğlu, T; Yürekli, OT, 2013)	1.83
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant that shows a high inter-individual variability in the dose needed to achieve target anticoagulation. "	( Frequency of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene polymorphisms and their influence on warfarin dose in Egyptian pediatric patients. El Shiha, RI; El-Kaffas, RM; Farhan, MS; Kamal El-Din, MA; Mousa, SM, 2014)	2.08
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant used in the long-term treatment/prevention of venothromboembolic disease. "	( Reinitiating warfarin: relationships between dose and selected patient, clinical and hospital measures. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Leonhard, LG; Mazza, JJ; Schmelzer, JR; Yale, SH, 2015)	2.23
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant that is difficult to administer because of the wide variation in dose requirements to achieve a therapeutic effect. "	( Multiplex pyrosequencing method to determine CYP2C9*3, VKORC1*2, and CYP4F2*3 polymorphisms simultaneously: its application to a Korean population and comparisons with other ethnic groups. Joo, HJ; Kim, KA; Lee, HM; Park, JY; Song, WG, 2014)	1.85
"Warfarin is a high-risk medication whose safe use may be greatly improved by patient education. "	( Evaluating Patients' Understanding of Printed Warfarin Medication Information. Hoffman, RS; Howland, MA; Mazzola, N; Mercurio-Zappala, M; Nelson, LS; Schwartz, L, 2015)	2.12
"Warfarin is a potent anticoagulant agent to prevent functional completion of vitamin K dependent coagulant factors."	( [Historical and future perspective of antithrombotic agents]. Goto, S, 2014)	1.12
"Warfarin is a commonly used drug for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic complications in a variety of clinical situations."	( Warfarin pharmacogenomics: recommendations with available patented clinical technologies. Borkowski, AA; Kardani, A; Mastorides, SM; Thomas, LB, 2014)	2.57
"Warfarin is a high-alert medication, which may result in bleeding if used improperly. "	( [Pharmaceutical care of serious bleeding induced by tramadol-warfarin interaction: a case report]. Dong, SJ; Li, Y; Zhai, SD; Zhang, T, 2014)	2.09
"Warfarin is a rug with an arrow therapeutic index. "	( [Optimization of technological processes for the preparation of tablets with a low content of warfarin by direct compression]. Franc, A; Matějková, Z; Muselík, J; Starková, J, 2014)	2.06
"Warfarin is an effective treatment in reducing the risk of cardioembolic stroke in patients with AF."	( Is Dabigatran As Effective As Warfarin on Cardiac Thrombus in a Patient With Atrial Fibrillation? A Challenging Question. Cincin, A; Mammadov, C; Mutlu, B; Sunbul, M, )	1.14
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant whose active S-enantiomer is primarily metabolized by the CYP2C9 enzyme. "	( Novel single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP2C9 is associated with changes in warfarin clearance and CYP2C9 expression levels in African Americans. Aquino-Michaels, K; Cavallari, LH; Drozda, K; Hernandez, W; Jeong, Y; Patel, S; Perera, MA; Takahashi, H, 2015)	2.09
"Warfarin is an effective agent in the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). "	( Warfarin Treatment and Outcomes of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation in Rural and Urban Settings. Avgil Tsadok, M; Eisenberg, MJ; Essebag, V; Jackevicius, CA; Pilote, L; Rahme, E, 2015)	3.3
"Warfarin is a widely prescribed anticoagulant, and its effect depends on various patient factors including genotypes. "	( Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Genotype-Guided vs Standard Dosing of Warfarin. Dahal, K; Fung, E; Lee, J; Moore, JH; Sharma, SP; Unterborn, JN; Williams, SM, 2015)	2.08
"Warfarin is a synthetic oral anticoagulant that crosses the placenta and can lead to a number of congenital abnormalities known as fetal warfarin syndrome. "	( Importance of a multidisciplinary approach and monitoring in fetal warfarin syndrome. da Rosa, EB; de Mattos, VF; Goetze, TB; Rosa, RC; Rosa, RF; Santa Maria, FD; Silveira, DB; Sleifer, P; Zen, PR, 2015)	2.1
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant characterized by having a narrow therapeutic index and exhibiting a wide range of inter-individual and inter-ethnic variation. "	( Analysis of CYP2C9 polymorphisms (*2 and *3) in warfarin therapy patients in Pakistan. Association of CYP2C9 polymorphisms (*2 and*3) with warfarin dose, age, PT and INR. Ghafoor, MB; Khalid, AW; Khaliq, S; Latif, W; Mohsin, S; Yasmeen, F, 2015)	2.12
"Warfarin is a commonly prescribed anticoagulant existing in two enantiomeric forms S- and R-warfarin. "	( Determination of S- and R-warfarin enantiomers by using modified HPLC method. Abbas, M; Jameel, A; Khan, AM; Najmi, MH; Naveed, AK; Qayyum, A, 2015)	2.16
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant suppressing the synthesis of the specific vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X as well as two vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins C and S. "	( Warfarin use and dose adjustment in a patient with mitral valve replacement. Yuan, SM, 2015)	3.3
"Warfarin is a proven medication for this specific indication but requires frequent monitoring and dose adjustments, and it has multiple food, drug, and disease-state interactions."	( Novel Anticoagulants in Atrial Fibrillation: A Primer for the Primary Physician. Mookadam, F; Mookadam, M; Shamoun, FE, )	0.85
"Warfarin, which is a widely used oral anticoagulant, has a narrow therapeutic window and requires regular international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring to maintain optimal anticoagulation. "	( Comparison of the INR Values Measured by CoaguChek XS Coagulometer and Conventional Laboratory Methods in Patients on VKA Therapy. Astarcıoğlu, MA; Bayam, E; Cerşit, S; Gündüz, S; Gürsoy, MO; Kalçık, M; Karakoyun, S; Özkan, M; Yesin, M, 2017)	1.9
"Warfarin sodium (WS) is a clathrate containing Isopropyl alcohol entrapped in the crystalline structure."	( Development and validation of X-ray diffraction method for quantitative determination of crystallinity in warfarin sodium products. Khan, MA; Korang-Yeboah, M; Rahman, Z; Siddiqui, A, 2015)	1.35
"Warfarin is an effective drug for patients at risk of thromboembolic events, but sub-optimal pharmacological management may cause significant harm. "	( A before and after study of warfarin monitoring in a single region as part of the Scottish patient safety programme in primary care. Bowie, P; McKay, J; McNab, D, 2015)	2.15
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant used in a variety of clinical indications and may rarely cause severe bleeding that can be life-threatening. "	( Successful intracavitary tissue plasminogen activator treatment of gastrocnemius intramuscular hematoma in a patient following anticoagulant therapy with warfarin: case report. Adas, M; Bilge, M; Cakan, C; Coskun, ZU; Helvaci, A, 2015)	2.06
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant agent with a narrow therapeutic index. "	( Impact of regular physical activity on weekly warfarin dose requirement. Bouchama, N; Dubé, MP; Dumas, S; Feroz Zada, Y; Hu, J; Mongrain, I; Nguyen, J; Perreault, S; Provost, S; Rouleau-Mailloux, É; Shahabi, P; Talajic, M; Tardif, JC, 2016)	2.14
"Warfarin is a drug normally used in the prevention of thrombosis and the formation of blood clots. "	( PGWD: Integrating Personal Genome for Warfarin Dosing. Cheng, R; He, J; Li, Z; Pan, Y; Zhao, Y, 2016)	2.15
"Warfarin sodium (WS) is a narrow therapeutic index drug and its product quality should be thoroughly understood and monitored in order to avoid clinical performance issues. "	( Understanding effect of formulation and manufacturing variables on the critical quality attributes of warfarin sodium product. Khan, MA; Korang-Yeboah, M; Mohammad, A; Rahman, Z; Siddiqui, A, 2015)	2.08
"Warfarin is a narrow therapeutic index drug with individual patient response to changes and frequently a long-term therapy."	( EMPoWARed: Edmonton pediatric warfarin self-management study. Bauman, ME; Bruce, AA; Kuhle, S; Massicotte, MP; Siddons, S, 2015)	1.43
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant used in the treatment of thrombosis and thromboembolism. "	( Comparison of enzyme kinetics of warfarin analyzed by LC-MS/MS QTrap and differential mobility spectrometry. Bohnert, T; Gan, LL; Grater, R; LeDuc, BW; Lulla, M; Shaik, AN; Williams, DA, 2016)	2.16
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant, causing the inactivation of the VKORC1 gene product, which is one of the clotting factors."	( [FREQUENCY OF POLYMORPHISM OF VKORC1 AND CYP2C9 GENES IN TWO REGIONS OF GEORGIA]. Buadze, T; Gaiozishvili, M; Jokhadze, T; Kakauridze, N; Lezhava, T, 2016)	1.16
"Warfarin is a high alert medication and a challenge to dose and monitor. "	( Impact of a pharmacist-driven warfarin management protocol on achieving therapeutic International Normalized Ratios. Downing, A; Hiers, J; Mortimer, M, 2016)	2.17
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic window that is often prescribed to treat coexisting cardiovascular diseases in patients with CKD."	( The Hypoxia-inducible Factor Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat (FG-4592) and Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interaction Study. den Adel, M; Golor, G; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Kerbusch, V; Krebs-Brown, A; Rijnders, S; Schaddelee, M, 2016)	1.38
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant and, unfortunately, is a drug that is commonly implicated in serious adverse events including fatalities. "	( Carbonyl reduction of warfarin: Identification and characterization of human warfarin reductases. Chocholoušová Havlíková, L; Malátková, P; Sokolová, S; Wsól, V, 2016)	2.19
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant medication that disrupts the liver's production of clotting factors. "	( Effect of medication timing on anticoagulation stability in users of warfarin (the INRange RCT): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Allan, GM; Flesher, M; Garrison, S; Green, L; Heran, BS; Kolber, M; Korownyk, C; Olivier, N, 2016)	2.11
"Warfarin is a widely prescribed anticoagulant with narrow therapeutic window for thromboembolic events. "	( Genetic polymorphisms of patients on stable warfarin maintenance therapy in a Ghanaian population. Ahorhorlu, SY; Asmah, RH; Dzudzor, B; Kudzi, W; Nartey, ET; Olayemi, E, 2016)	2.14
"Warfarin (WF) is an anticoagulant which also affects physiological processes other than hemostasis. "	( Warfarin affects acute inflammatory response induced by subcutaneous polyvinyl sponge implantation in rats. Demenesku, J; Kataranovski, D; Kataranovski, M; Mileusnic, D; Mirkov, I; Ninkov, M; Popov Aleksandrov, A, 2017)	3.34
"Warfarin is a drug with narrow therapeutic index. "	( [Influence of drug concentration and blending technology on the content uniformity of mixture for low dose warfarin tablets]. Dolejší, Z; Elbl, J; Franc, A; Mikušová, J; Muselík, J; Vetchý, D, )	1.79
"Warfarin is a recommended therapy to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). "	( Impact of Warfarin Persistence on Health-Care Utilization and Costs Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Managed in Anticoagulation Clinics in the United States. Deitelzweig, SB; Evans, M; Gupta, K; Lin, J; Lingohr-Smith, M; Menges, B; Trocio, J, 2018)	2.33
"Warfarin is an endogenous vitamin K antagonist; therefore, patients who are taking warfarin must be prohibited from taking vitamin K."	( Effects on bone metabolism markers and arterial stiffness by switching to rivaroxaban from warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Ako, J; Fujiyoshi, K; Hashikata, T; Hashimoto, T; Kakizaki, R; Kameda, R; Kitasato, L; Meguro, K; Namba, S; Nemoto, T; Shimohama, T; Tojo, T; Yamaoka-Tojo, M, 2017)	1.4
"Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant with documented reports of drug interactions. "	( Interaction between warfarin and tamoxifen: a case report. Bista, D; Kishore, PV; Mishra, D; Misra, P; Palaian, S; Paudel, R, )	1.9
"Warfarin is a commonly prescribed anticoagulant drug for the prevention of thromboses. "	( Genetic factors contribute to patient-specific warfarin dose for Han Chinese. Chen, QS; Hou, ZS; Li, HL; Ma, SJ; Tai, S; Tjong, WY; Wang, TL; Wu, GS; Wu, M; Xu, S; Zhu, HT, 2008)	2.05
"Warfarin is a well established oral anticoagulant for the treatment of thromboembolic disorders. "	( Integrating genomic based information into clinical warfarin (Coumadin) management: an illustrative case report. Bower, B; Duconge, J; Kocherla, M; LaSala, A; Ruaño, G; Seip, R; White, CM; Windemuth, A, 2008)	2.04
"Warfarin is a highly efficacious drug, but management of warfarin is difficult, in part because of the large interindividual maintenance dose differences. "	( Ethnic differences in warfarin maintenance dose requirement and its relationship with genetics. Kimmel, SE; Limdi, NA; Schelleman, H, 2008)	2.1
"Warfarin is a medication with a narrow therapeutic index, nonlinear intrapatient pharmacokinetics, and high interpatient variability in its dose-response relationship. "	( Pharmacogenomic dosing of warfarin: ready or not? Lackner, TE, 2008)	2.09
"Warfarin is a medication commonly prescribed to prevent strokes associated with certain medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation; however, little is known about how people taking warfarin perceive the goal of therapy and how they describe strokes. "	( Language, literacy, and characterization of stroke among patients taking warfarin for stroke prevention: Implications for health communication. Fang, MC; Machtinger, EL; Panguluri, P; Schillinger, D, 2009)	2.03
"Warfarin is a challenging drug to accurately dose, both initially and for maintenance, because of its narrow therapeutic range, wide interpatient variability, and long list of factors that can influence dosing. "	( A regulatory science perspective on warfarin therapy: a pharmacogenetic opportunity. Huang, SM; Kim, MJ; Lesko, LJ; Meyer, UA; Rahman, A, 2009)	2.07
"Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant for patients with prosthetic heart valves, atrial fibrillation, stroke, deep vein thrombosis, or pulmonary emboli to prevent thromboembolic events. "	( Cutaneous surgery in patients on warfarin therapy. Heckler, F; Nelms, JK; Wooten, AI, 2009)	2.08
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant with numerous drug-drug interactions. "	( Warfarin potentiation: a review of the "FAB-4" significant drug interactions. Bird, J; Shaw, D; Thi, L, 2009)	3.24
"Warfarin reversal is a common clinical situation. "	( Optimizing warfarin reversal--an ex vivo study. Gatt, A; Kitchen, S; Makris, M; Riddell, A; Tuddenham, EG; van Veen, JJ, 2009)	2.19
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant effective in preventing stroke, but it has a narrow therapeutic range requiring optimal adherence to achieve the most favorable effects."	( Patient attitudinal and behavioral factors associated with warfarin non-adherence at outpatient anticoagulation clinics. Brensinger, CM; Christie, JD; Cohen, A; Cruess, DG; Gross, R; Kimmel, SE; Localio, AR; Metlay, JP; Newcomb, CW; Parker, CS; Platt, AB; Price, M; Strom, BL, 2010)	2.05
"Warfarin is a well-known anticoagulant agent that occurs in two enantiomers, (R)-(+)-warfarin and (S)-(-)-warfarin. "	( New high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of (R)-warfarin and (S)-warfarin using chiral separation on a glycopeptide-based stationary phase. Jokesova, I; Malakova, J; Palicka, V; Pavek, P; Svecova, L; Zivny, P, 2009)	2.02
"Warfarin is a drug with a narrow therapeutic index and a wide interindividual variability in dose requirement. "	( Pharmacogenetics of warfarin. Kamali, F; Wynne, H, 2010)	2.13
"Warfarin use is a risk factor for haemorrhage, and this commonly involves the gastrointestinal tract."	( Surgical workload, risk factors and complications in patients on warfarin with gastrointestinal bleeding. Crane, A; Gossage, JA; Rowe, PH; Som, R, 2010)	1.32
"Warfarin is a widely used and effective oral anticoagulant; however, the agent has an extensive drug and food interaction profile. "	( Probable warfarin interaction with menthol cough drops. Coderre, K; Dyer, E; Faria, C, 2010)	2.22
"Warfarin is a widely used oral anticoagulant with broad within- and between-individual dose requirements. "	( Determination of plasma warfarin concentrations in Korean patients and its potential for clinical application. Cho, HJ; Kim, HJ; Kim, JS; Kim, JW; Kwon, MJ; Lee, KH; Lee, SY; On, YK; Sohn, KH, 2009)	2.1
"Warfarin is a commonly prescribed oral anti-coagulant with narrow therapeutic index. "	( A comparative proteomic analysis of HepG2 cells incubated by S(-) and R(+) enantiomers of anti-coagulating drug warfarin. Bai, J; Ching, CB; Chowbay, B; Ning Chen, W; Sadrolodabaee, L, 2010)	2.01
"Oral warfarin appeared to be a safe alternative to manipulating anticoagulation during the preoperative period for simple arthroscopic procedures."	( Arthroscopy on anticoagulated patients: a retrospective evaluation of postoperative complications. Flanigan, DC; Graf, B; Muchow, R; Orwin, J, 2010)	0.82
"Warfarin is a widely prescribed drug that is difficult to use because of its narrow therapeutic window. "	( Validation and comparison of pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing algorithms for application of pharmacogenetic testing. Bona, R; Fang, M; Roper, N; Storer, B, 2010)	2.05
"Warfarin is a cornerstone of oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention. "	( Optimization of anticoagulation with warfarin for stroke prevention: pharmacogenetic considerations. Eisert, C; Matoska, V; Serebruany, VL; Tomek, A, 2011)	2.08
"Warfarin is a widely used drug for the prevention of thromboembolic events. "	( [Iliopsoas muscle hematoma during treatment with warfarin]. Appel-da-Silva, MC; Danzmann, LC; Zago, G, 2010)	2.06
"Warfarin is a commonly used medication for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. "	( Warfarin--indications, risks and drug interactions. Shakib, S; Tadros, R, 2010)	3.25
"Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant, whose dose needs to be determined for each individual patient owing to large inter-individual variability in its therapeutic dose. "	( Genome-wide association study identifies genetic determinants of warfarin responsiveness for Japanese. Cha, PC; Kamatani, N; Kubo, M; Minami, S; Mushiroda, T; Nakamura, Y; Takahashi, A, 2010)	2.04
"Warfarin is a very complex, high risk therapy and one that carries the potential for severe adverse events. "	( Improving the safety and efficacy of warfarin therapy in a metropolitan private hospital: a multidisciplinary practice improvement project. Duff, J; Walker, K, 2010)	2.08
"Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant whose effect in vitreoretinal surgery has not been well studied."	( Warfarin in vitreoretinal surgery: a case controlled series. Chandra, A; Jazayeri, F; Williamson, TH, 2011)	3.25
"warfarin is a commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant with narrow therapeutic index. "	( Secreted protein profile from HepG2 cells incubated by S(-) and R(+) enantiomers of chiral drug warfarin - An analysis in cell-based system and clinical samples. Bai, J; Chen, WN; Ching, CB; Chowbay, B, 2010)	2.02
"Warfarin is a commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant in patients with prosthetic valve disease, venous thromboembolism and stroke."	( VKORC1 pharmacogenetics and pharmacoproteomics in patients on warfarin anticoagulant therapy: transthyretin precursor as a potential biomarker. Bai, J; Chen, WN; Ching, CB; Chowbay, B; Karthik, GM; Sadrolodabaee, L; Saminathan, R; Singh, O; Subramaniyan, K, 2010)	1.32
"Warfarin is a commonly used oral anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index and various genetic and clinical factors that influence interpatient variability in dose requirements. "	( Genetic and nongenetic factors associated with warfarin dose requirements in Egyptian patients. Ali, SS; El Shafey, M; Gong, Y; Hammad, LN; Johnson, JA; Khalifa, SI; Langaee, T; Mohamed, ME; Sallam, MT; Shahin, MH, 2011)	2.07
"Warfarin is a commonly prescribed anticoagulant drug for the prevention of thromboembolic disorders. "	( Proposal of pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing algorithm in Korean patients. Choi, JR; Chung, MW; Hong, HJ; Jeon, HG; Jo, KH; Kang, DR; Kang, JH; Kang, TS; Kim, JO; Lee, KS; Lee, YS; Oh, YS; Park, HJ; Roh, MO; Shin, JY; Wang, YP; Yoo, KD; Yoon, SA; Yun, HJ; Zhang, X, 2011)	2.09
"Warfarin is a widely used oral anticoagulant. "	( Practical management approaches to anticoagulation non-compliance, health literacy, and limited English proficiency in the outpatient clinic setting. Seliverstov, I, 2011)	1.81
"Warfarin is an important oral anticoagulant drug that demonstrates a molecular-environment dependent structural diversity. "	( Spectroscopic evidence for the presence of the cyclic hemiketal form of warfarin in aqueous solution: consequences for bioavailability. Karlsson, BC; Rosengren, AM, 2011)	2.04
"Warfarin (coumadin) is a worldwide-prescribed anticoagulant for the long-term treatment and prevention of thromboembolic events, presenting a great interindividual variability in the required dose. "	( Characterization of a novel CYP2C9 gene mutation and structural bioinformatic protein analysis in a warfarin hypersensitive patient. Borgiani, P; Ciccacci, C; Desideri, A; Falconi, M; Forte, V; Novelli, G; Oteri, F; Paolillo, N, 2011)	2.03
"Warfarin is an important therapy for children with heart disease. "	( Management of warfarin in children with heart disease. Fye, P; Mahle, WT; McConnell, ME; Simpson, SA, 2011)	2.17
"Warfarin is a potent anticoagulant with many drug-drug interactions, including antimicrobials. "	( High-risk antimicrobial prescriptions among ambulatory patients on warfarin. Devine, ST; Lane, MA; McDonald, JR, 2012)	2.06
"Warfarin is an FDA-approved oral anticoagulant for long-term prevention of thromboembolism. "	( Absence of novel CYP4F2 and VKORC1 coding region DNA variants in patients requiring high warfarin doses. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, I; Schmelzer, JR; Yale, SH, 2011)	2.03
"Warfarin is a widely used therapeutic agent for long-term oral anticoagulation worldwide. "	( Novel CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene variants associated with warfarin dosage variability in the South African black population. Gregersen, N; Krause, A; Mitchell, C, 2011)	2.06
"Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist with inhibitory effects not only on proteins of the coagulation cascade, but also on other important protein systems."	( Warfarin-induced pulmonary metastatic calcification and calciphylaxis in a patient with end-stage renal disease. Cadavid, JC; DiVietro, ML; Eiger, G; Fumo, P; Torres, EA, 2011)	2.53
"Warfarin is a drug with a narrow therapeutic index and large interindividual variability in daily dosing requirements. "	( The population pharmacokinetics of R- and S-warfarin: effect of genetic and clinical factors. Aarons, L; Al-Zubiedi, S; Daly, AK; Deloukas, P; Hatch, E; Hughes, D; Jorgensen, AL; Kamali, F; Lane, S; Matthews, I; Ogungbenro, K; Park, BK; Pirmohamed, M, 2012)	2.08
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant that is difficult to administer because of its narrow therapeutic margin and the numerous factors that influence patient response."	( [Genetic and bioenvironmental factors associated with warfarin response in Colombian patients]. Beltrán, L; Henao, J; Isaza, C; Machado, J; Pinzón, A; Porras, G; Vallejos, A, )	1.82
"Warfarin is a commonly prescribed anticoagulant that may, in selected situations, require rapid reversal of its effects. "	( Using prothrombin complex concentrates to rapidly reverse oral anticoagulant effects. Dager, WE, 2011)	1.81
"Warfarin is a complex but highly effective treatment for decreasing thromboembolic risk in atrial fibrillation (AF). "	( Practice-level variation in warfarin use among outpatients with atrial fibrillation (from the NCDR PINNACLE program). Chan, PS; Maddox, TM; Spertus, JA; Spinler, S; Tang, F, 2011)	2.11
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant that blocks VKOR."	( [Possible application of pharmacogenomics to warfarin therapy]. Murata, M, 2011)	1.35
"Warfarin is an effective drug for the prevention of thromboembolism in the elderly. "	( The unrecognized psychosocial factors contributing to bleeding risk in warfarin therapy. Cameron, P; Diug, B; Dooley, M; Evans, S; Lowthian, J; Maxwell, E; McNeil, J; Street, A; Wolfe, R, 2011)	2.05
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index and large interpatient variability in the dose required to achieve target anticoagulation. "	( Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guidelines for CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes and warfarin dosing. Altman, RB; Anderson, JL; Gage, BF; Gong, L; Johnson, JA; Kimmel, SE; Klein, TE; Lee, MT; Pirmohamed, M; Scott, SA; Stein, CM; Wadelius, M; Whirl-Carrillo, M, 2011)	2.03
"Warfarin is a commonly used oral anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic range and large interindividual variability in daily dose. "	( The pharmacogenetics of the response to warfarin in Chinese. Cheung, BM; Lam, MP, 2012)	2.09
"Warfarin is a key element in therapy for atrial fibrillation, deep venous thrombosis (DVT), stroke (cerebrovascular accident) and cardiac valve replacement. "	( A retrospective review of clinical international normalized ratio results and their implications. Degroot, B; Glore, JW; Kassab, MM; Radmer, TW; Robertson, J; Visotcky, A, 2011)	1.81
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant in the treatment and prevention of thrombosis, in the treatment for chronic atrial fibrillation, mechanical valves, pulmonary embolism, and dilated cardiomyopathy. "	( Warfarin toxicity and individual variability-clinical case. Boyages, S; Jones, T; Piatkov, I; Rochester, C, 2010)	3.25
"Warfarin is a commonly used oral anticoagulant and its interaction with other drugs can result in serious thrombotic or bleeding events. "	( Effect of oseltamivir on bleeding risk associated with warfarin therapy: a retrospective review. Cho, SH; Hong, KS; Jung, JW; Kang, HR; Kwon, JW; Lee, SH; Yu, KS, 2012)	2.07
"Warfarin is a commonly used oral anticoagulant and the dosage is individually adjusted on the basis of the international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring. "	( Influence of CYP4F2 genotype on warfarin dose requirement-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hu, D; Huang, J; Liang, R; Sun, Y; Wang, C; Zhao, H, 2012)	2.11
"Warfarin is an effective agent to prevent VTE after elective THA/TKA. "	( Warfarin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after elective hip or knee arthroplasty: exploring the evidence, guidelines, and challenges remaining. Dager, WE, 2012)	3.26
"Warfarin is a commonly prescribed anticoagulant that has a narrow therapeutic index."	( Lack of a meaningful effect of anacetrapib on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Ali, M; Connolly, SM; Cote, J; Degroot, B; Garg, A; Krishna, R; Li, S; Liu, Y; Maes, A; Stoch, SA; Stypinski, D; Wagner, JA, 2012)	1.32
"Warfarin is a clinical anticoagulant that requires periodic monitoring because it is associated with adverse outcomes. "	( Genetic polymorphisms are associated with variations in warfarin maintenance dose in Han Chinese patients with venous thromboembolism. Kong, FC; Li, YY; Wang, C; Wang, HY; Yang, YH; Zhang, W; Zhang, WJ; Zhu, J, 2012)	2.07
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant for treatment and prevention of venous and arterial thromboembolism. "	( Warfarin versus dabigatran: comparing the old with the new. Abraham, ME; Marcy, TR, 2012)	3.26
"Warfarin is a typical example of where pharmacogenetics could help the individual patient by modeling the dose, based on clinical factors and genetic variation in CYP2C9 and VKORC1."	( Prediction of warfarin dose: why, when and how? Eriksson, N; Wadelius, M, 2012)	1.46
"Warfarin is a highly protein bound drug, which is cleared by capacity-limited metabolism."	( Influence of adult age on the total and free clearance and protein binding of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Begg, EJ; Chin, PK; Jensen, BP; Roberts, RL, 2012)	1.32
"Warfarin is an old drug, difficult to administer and a leading cause of drug-related mortality and hospitalizations."	( On rat poison and human medicines: personalizing warfarin therapy. Frueh, FW, 2012)	1.35
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant, well-known for its interactions with medications and foods. "	( Effect of influenza vaccination on international normalized ratio during chronic warfarin therapy. Brown, JN; Clinard, V; Kuo, AM, 2012)	2.05
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant, used routinely for patients with atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and those with a mechanical prosthetic valve. "	( An interesting potential reaction to warfarin. Mc, AG; Swinson, B, )	1.85
"Warfarin is a commonly prescribed medication, well known for its potential to cause serious adverse reactions in combination with many prescription medicines."	( What affects anticoagulation control in patients taking warfarin? Allen, J; Ernst, E; Ewings, P; Quinlan, C; Smith, C; Smith, L, 2009)	1.32
"Warfarin is a Vitamin K (VK) antagonist that affects Vitamin K-dependent (VKD) processes, including blood coagulation, as well as processes unrelated to hemostasis such as bone growth, calcification, and growth of some cell types. "	( Oral warfarin affects peripheral blood leukocyte IL-6 and TNFα production in rats. Belij, S; Kataranovski, D; Kataranovski, M; Mirkov, I; Popov, A; Subota, V; Zolotarevski, L, )	2.09
"Warfarin sodium is an antithrombin agent used in patients with prosthetic valve and atrial fibrillation. "	( [A sudden rise in INR due to combination of Tribulus terrestris, Avena sativa, and Panax ginseng (Clavis Panax)]. Ergelen, M; Ergun, F; Tasal, A; Turfan, M, 2012)	1.82
"Warfarin is a highly effective anticoagulant however its effectiveness relies on maintaining INR in therapeutic range. "	( Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 on patient response to warfarin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. FitzGerald, RJ; Jorgensen, AL; Oyee, J; Pirmohamed, M; Williamson, PR, 2012)	2.07
"Warfarin is a rodenticide commonly used worldwide. "	( A novel mutation in VKORC1 and its effect on enzymatic activity in Japanese warfarin-resistant rats. Fujita, S; Harunari, T; Ikenaka, Y; Ishizuka, M; Kawai, YK; Tanaka, KD; Tanikawa, T, 2013)	2.06
"Warfarin is a common anticoagulant with narrow therapeutic window and variable anticoagulation effects. "	( Genetic and clinical determinants influencing warfarin dosing in children with heart disease. Anley, P; Jennings, LJ; Nguyen, N; Thompson, AA; Yu, MY; Zhang, G, 2013)	2.09
"Warfarin is a difficult drug to dose accurately and safely due to large inter-individual variability in dose requirements. "	( A Bayesian dose-individualization method for warfarin. Duffull, SB; Wright, DF, 2013)	2.09
"Warfarin is an effective agent for prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis following total hip or knee arthroplasty. "	( Comparison of a nomogram and physician-adjusted dosage of warfarin for prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis after arthroplasty. Alexander, D; Anderson, DR; Blundell, J; Burton, E; Gross, M; Leighton, R; Petrie, D; Robinson, KS; Stanish, W; Wilson, SJ, 2002)	2
"Warfarin is a drug commonly used in the prevention of thromboembolic events. "	( Racial background is a determinant factor in the maintenance dosage of warfarin. Chong, HT; Gan, GG; Goh, KY; Pang, KW; Teh, A, 2003)	1.99
"Warfarin is a widely prescribed anticoagulant used for prophylaxis and treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis. "	( Polymorphism induced sensitivity to warfarin: a review of the literature. Gandhi, PJ; Gardner, AJ; Palkimas, MP; Skinner, HM, 2003)	2.04
"Warfarin is a narrow therapeutic index agent; a small change in systemic concentration of the drug may lead to significant changes in pharmacodynamic response."	( Racial and ethnic differences in warfarin response. El Rouby, S; LaDuca, FM; Mestres, CA; Zucker, ML, 2004)	1.33
"Warfarin is a potential target for pharmacogenetics-based dosing because of its wide use, variability in individual response, high prevalence of genetic variants and severity of adverse drug reactions (4)."	( Use of pharmacogenetics to guide warfarin therapy. Eby, C; Gage, BF; McLeod, HL; Voora, D, 2004)	1.33
"Warfarin is a coumarin derivative with anticoagulant activity that acts as a vitamin K antagonist."	( D-003 and warfarin interaction on the bleeding time and venous thrombosis experimentally induced in rats. Arruzazabala, ML; Carbajal, D; Más, R; Molina, V, 2004)	1.45
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant with efficacy in treatment and prevention of thrombosis. "	( Effect of polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 gene on warfarin anticoagulation. Adcock, DM; Crisan, D; Kiechle, FL; Koftan, C, 2004)	2.01
"Warfarin is a recognised high-risk drug for adverse events. "	( Point-of-care monitoring of anticoagulant therapy by rural community pharmacists: description of successful outcomes. Bartlett, T; House, M; Jackson, SL; Peterson, GM, 2004)	1.77
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant drug with narrow therapeutic index and high interindividual variability in dose requirement. "	( Influence of CYP2C9 polymorphisms, demographic factors and concomitant drug therapy on warfarin metabolism and maintenance dose. Breskvar, K; Dolzan, V; Grabnar, I; Herman, D; Locatelli, I; Mrhar, A; Peternel, P; Stegnar, M, 2005)	1.99
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant, which acts through interference with vitamin K epoxide reductase that is encoded by VKORC1."	( Common VKORC1 and GGCX polymorphisms associated with warfarin dose. Bentley, D; Chen, LY; Deloukas, P; Downes, K; Eriksson, N; Ghori, J; Hunt, S; Melhus, H; Wadelius, C; Wadelius, M; Wallerman, O, 2005)	1.3
"Warfarin is a highly efficacious oral anticoagulant, but its use is limited by a well-founded fear of bleeding. "	( Systematic overview of warfarin and its drug and food interactions. Crowther, M; Douketis, JD; Holbrook, AM; Labiris, R; McDonald, H; Pereira, JA; Wells, PS, 2005)	2.08
"Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant in North America. "	( Are brand-name and generic warfarin interchangeable? Multiple n-of-1 randomized, crossover trials. Bates, SM; Crowther, MA; Dolovich, L; Douketis, JD; Ginsberg, JS; Goldsmith, C; Holbrook, AM; Pereira, JA; Thabane, L, )	1.87
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant which acts through interference with the recycling of vitamin K in the liver, leading to reduced activation of several clotting factors. "	( Warfarin dose related to apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Granath, G; Kohnke, H; Sörlin, K; Wadelius, M, 2005)	3.21
"Warfarin is an antithrombolytic agent and is metabolized by liver cytochorom P450 (CYP) isoenzymes in liver."	( Drug interaction between capecitabine and warfarin: a case report and review of the literature. Akcali, Z; Basturk, B; Ozyilkan, O; Yildirim, Y, 2006)	1.32
"Warfarin is a frequently used anticoagulant drug with narrow therapeutic index and high interindividual variability in the dose requirement. "	( The influence of co-treatment with carbamazepine, amiodarone and statins on warfarin metabolism and maintenance dose. Breskvar, K; Dolzan, V; Grabnar, I; Herman, D; Lainscak, M; Locatelli, I; Mrhar, A; Peternel, P; Stegnar, M, 2006)	2.01
"Warfarin is a mainstay of therapy for conditions associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic events. "	( Polymorphisms in the VKORC1 gene are strongly associated with warfarin dosage requirements in patients receiving anticoagulation. Bryant, B; Evans, JP; Huang, TY; Lange, EM; Lange, LA; Li, T; Li, X; Malone, R; Stafford, DW; Susswein, L, 2006)	2.02
"Warfarin, however, is a difficult drug to manage because it has a narrow therapeutic window and potentially serious side effects."	( Factors influencing patient knowledge of warfarin therapy after mechanical heart valve replacement. Chow, CM; Dao, D; Errett, L; Hu, A; Keith, M, )	1.12
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant that is difficult to use because of the wide variation in dose required to achieve a therapeutic effect, and the risk of serious bleeding. "	( Pharmacogenetics of warfarin: current status and future challenges. Pirmohamed, M; Wadelius, M, 2007)	2.11
"Warfarin is a commonly prescribed anticoagulant that is difficult to use because of the wide interindividual variation in dose requirements, the narrow therapeutic range and the risk of serious bleeding."	( Association of warfarin dose with genes involved in its action and metabolism. Bentley, D; Bumpstead, S; Chen, LY; Deloukas, P; Eriksson, N; Ghori, J; McGinnis, R; Wadelius, C; Wadelius, M, 2007)	1.41
"Warfarin embryopathy is a well-defined manifestation of intrauterine warfarin exposure. "	( Neurological sequelae of intrauterine warfarin exposure. Raghav, S; Reutens, D, 2007)	2.05
"Warfarin is a widely prescribed anticoagulant for thromboembolic disorders and exhibits wide inter-individual differences in its pharmacodynamic effects. "	( Pharmacogenetics of target genes across the warfarin pharmacological pathway. Chowbay, B; Jada, SR; Lal, S; Lee, EJ; Lim, WT; Xiang, X, 2006)	2.04
"Warfarin sodium is a highly efficacious drug, but proper levels of anticoagulation are difficult to maintain. "	( The influence of patient adherence on anticoagulation control with warfarin: results from the International Normalized Ratio Adherence and Genetics (IN-RANGE) Study. Brensinger, CM; Chen, Z; Christie, JD; Gross, R; Kimmel, SE; Metlay, JP; Newcomb, CW; Parker, CS; Price, M; Samaha, FF, 2007)	2.02
"Warfarin is a widely prescribed, efficacious oral anticoagulant. "	( Warfarin and cytochrome P450 2C9 genotype: possible ethnic variation in warfarin sensitivity. Chen, Z; Christie, J; Kealey, C; Kimmel, SE; Price, M; Samaha, FF; Thorn, CF; Whitehead, AS, 2007)	3.23
"Warfarin sodium is a vitamin K antagonist that is plagued by large variability in patient response, including higher dose requirements among African Americans. "	( Apolipoprotein E genotype and warfarin dosing among Caucasians and African Americans. Brensinger, CM; Chen, Z; Christie, J; Kealey, C; Kimmel, SE; Newcomb, CW; Price, M; Thorn, CF; Whitehead, AS, 2008)	2.08
"Warfarin is a commonly prescribed anticoagulant drug used to prevent thromboses that may arise as a consequence of orthopedic and vascular surgery or underlying cardiovascular disease. "	( Evaluation of genetic factors for warfarin dose prediction. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, I; Schmelzer, JR; Vidaillet, HJ; Yale, SH; Zhang, KQ, 2007)	2.06
"Warfarin sodium is a commonly used oral anticoagulant agent. "	( Lingual hematoma threatening airway obstruction in a patient on oral anticoagulation with warfarin. Ozpolat, B; Yilmaz, MA; Yücel, E, 2007)	2
"Warfarin is an effective anticoagulant in pregnant women with mechanical valves but it results in significant fetal loss when the dose is > 5 mg."	( Anticoagulation for prosthetic heart valves in pregnancy. Is there an answer? Hoseini, S; Javadpour, H; Kashfi, F; Khamooshi, AJ; Noohi, F; Tabatabaei, MB, 2007)	1.06
"Warfarin is an effective, commonly prescribed anticoagulant used to treat and prevent thrombotic events. "	( CYP4F2 genetic variant alters required warfarin dose. Awad, T; Berg, RL; Brower, A; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Eby, C; Falkowski, M; Gage, BF; Gardina, P; Glurich, I; Hubbard, J; Johnson, JA; King, CR; Langaee, TY; Qi Zhang, K; Schmelzer, JR; Turpaz, Y; Vidaillet, HJ; Yale, SH, 2008)	2.06
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant that has a narrow therapeutic range because of both genetic and environmental factors. "	( Warfarin pharmacogenetics: CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes predict different sensitivity and resistance frequencies in the Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jewish populations. Desnick, RJ; Edelmann, L; Kornreich, R; Scott, SA, 2008)	3.23
"Warfarin nonadherence is a substantial problem, but risk factors have not been well elucidated."	( Risk factors for nonadherence to warfarin: results from the IN-RANGE study. Brensinger, CM; Christie, JD; Cohen, A; Cruess, DG; Gross, R; Kimmel, SE; Laskin, MS; Localio, AR; Metlay, JP; Newcomb, CW; Parker, CS; Platt, AB; Price, M; Strom, BL, 2008)	1.35
"Warfarin (Coumadin) is a potent drug that when used judiciously and monitored closely, leads to substantial reductions in morbidity and mortality from thromboembolic events."	( Pharmacogenetic testing of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 alleles for warfarin. Flockhart, DA; Gage, B; Gandolfi, R; King, R; Lyon, E; Nussbaum, R; O'Kane, D; Schulman, K; Veenstra, D; Watson, MS; Williams, MS, 2008)	1.31
"Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant with a low therapeutic index. "	( A pilot study of the association of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of warfarin with the dose in patients on long-term anticoagulation. Davis, S; Gogtay, NJ; Karnad, DR; Kshirsagar, NA; Kulkarni, UP; Patwardhan, AM; Swar, BD, 2008)	2.01
"Warfarin is a commonly used oral anticoagulant, and has well-established clinical efficacy. "	( Warfarin: what are the clinical implications of an out-of-range-therapeutic international normalized ratio? Merli, GJ; Tzanis, G, 2009)	3.24
"Warfarin is a potent inhibitor of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reduction to vitamin K in vitro and in vivo. "	( Warfarin inhibition of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase in rat liver microsomes. Fasco, MJ; Friedman, PA; Principe, LM; Walsh, WA, 1983)	3.15
"Warfarin is an established treatment for prevention of ischaemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, but the value of this agent relative to aspirin in unclear. "	( Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation II Study. , 1994)	3.17
"Warfarin 2.0 is a computer program that helps physicians optimize treatment of outpatients with warfarin. "	( Warfarin 2.0--a computer program for warfarin management. Design and clinical use. Botti, B; Cavallo, Z; D'Ottone, E; Flores, F; Kierszenbaum, M; Margolis, A; Tavella, N; Torres, J, 1994)	3.17
"The warfarin embryopathy is a well-defined complex of fetal anomalies generally accepted to result from first trimester exposure. "	( Congenital schizencephaly associated with in utero warfarin exposure. Helmbrecht, GD; Pati, S, )	0.94
"Warfarin resistance is a rare phenomenon, and most of the related literature obtained in a MEDLINE search from 1964-1995 consists of case reports. "	( Warfarin resistance: diagnosis and therapeutic alternatives. Hulse, ML, )	3.02
"Warfarin is a commonly used oral anticoagulant that is usually initiated after the definitive diagnosis of a certain thromboembolic disorder or disease. "	( Comparison of two methods for INR determination in a pharmacist-based oral anticoagulation clinic. Berg, JT; Cassidy, TG; Johnson, JV; Yamreudeewong, W, )	1.57
"Warfarin is a highly effective oral anticoagulant, but it requires close monitoring to prevent complications. "	( Probable antagonism of warfarin by green tea. Taylor, JR; Wilt, VM, 1999)	2.06
"Warfarin is a commonly used medication with a narrow therapeutic index. "	( Initiation of warfarin therapy: recommendations and clinical pearls. Erban, S, 1999)	2.11
"Warfarin is a commonly used prophylactic agent for the prevention of thromboembolic disease. "	( Racial background is a determinant of average warfarin dose required to maintain the INR between 2.0 and 3.0. Bareford, D; Blann, A; Hewitt, J; Siddiqui, F, 1999)	2
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant with numerous reports of drug interactions. "	( Warfarin and celecoxib interaction. Mersfelder, TL; Stewart, LR, 2000)	3.19
"Warfarin is a 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant drug used for the prevention and management of thromboembolic and vascular diseases. "	( Therapeutic monitoring of warfarin: the appropriate response marker. Afonso, M; Costa, IM; Falcão, AC; Lanaot, JM; Ratado, P; Soares, PJ, 2000)	2.05
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant available as a racemic mixture. "	( Implications of cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphism on warfarin metabolism and dosing. Redman, AR, 2001)	2
"Warfarin is a narrow therapeutic index drug since small changes in systemic concentration can lead to significant variation in phamacodynamic response. "	( Subtherapeutic INR values associated with a switch to generic warfarin. Havrda, DE; Hope, KA, 2001)	1.99
"Warfarin is an extremely complex drug."	( Anticoagulation and cataract surgery: a review of the current literature. Konstantatos, A, 2001)	1.03
"Warfarin toxicity is a common problem, and variation in management is not surprising considering the lack of consensus in the literature on this topic. "	( Warfarin toxicity in the emergency department: recommendations for management. Cruickshank, J; Eddey, D; Ragg, M, 2001)	3.2
"Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant whose narrow therapeutic index and potential for drug interaction is well documented. "	( Warfarin and ropinirole interaction. Bair, JD; Oppelt, TF, 2001)	3.2
"Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant that requires careful clinical management to balance the risks of overanticoagulation and bleeding with those of underanticoagulation and clotting. "	( Association between CYP2C9 genetic variants and anticoagulation-related outcomes during warfarin therapy. Farin, FM; Higashi, MK; Kondo, LM; Rettie, AE; Srinouanprachanh, SL; Veenstra, DL; Wittkowsky, AK, 2002)	1.98
"Warfarin is a very effective anticoagulant when used in the standard dose; however, the definition of standard dose has become ambiguous as the importance of the thromboplastin used in the measure of the prothrombin times has been demonstrated. "	( Considerations for using lower doses of warfarin. Bern, MM, 1992)	1.99
"Warfarin is a drug with pharmacokinetic characteristics enabling it to be used in a single dose single sample procedure in screening for host factor influences on its clearance."	( Screening for the influence of host factors on warfarin clearance using a single dose single sample procedure. Bachmann, K, 1986)	1.25

Effects

Warfarin is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic conditions. Warfarin has a very narrow therapeutic window and obvious interindividual variability in its effects. It requires frequent laboratory monitoring to maintain international normalized ratio levels in the therapeutic range.

Warrin has been used as an anticoagulant by millions of patients due to its effectiveness, availability, and low cost. Warfarin sensitivity has been reported to be associated with increased incidence of international normalized ratio (INR) > 5.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Warfarin has a long record of safe and effective clinical use, and it remains one of the most commonly prescribed drugs for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic conditions even in the era of direct oral anticoagulants. "	( Comparison of Maintenance Dose Predictions by Warfarin Dosing Algorithms Based on Chinese and Western Patients. An, X; Deng, J; Wang, Y, 2023)	2.61
"Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic window. "	( Inr tracking with face-to-face and phone app. Alkan Kayhan, S; Arslan, AK; Dizdar, E; Hanedan, MO; Kiliç, A; Sayar, U; Yürük, MA, 2023)	2.35
"Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index with INR values between 2.0 - 3.0. "	( [INR LEVELS DURING HOSPITALIZATION AT THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE]. Elis, A; Ellis, M; Nakar, H, 2017)	1.9
"Warfarin has a long history of use to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), but it requires frequent laboratory monitoring to maintain international normalized ratio levels in the therapeutic range. "	( Health Care Resource Utilization and Costs Among Newly Diagnosed and Oral Anticoagulant-Naive Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Patients Treated with Dabigatran or Warfarin in the United States. Elder, J; Fu, AC; Jain, R; Lim, J; Sander, SD; Tan, H; Wang, C, 2018)	2.12
"Warfarin has a very narrow therapeutic window and obvious interindividual variability in its effects, with many factors contributing to the body's response. "	( Precision dosing of warfarin: open questions and strategies. Li, D; Li, X; Liu, ZQ; Wu, JC; Yin, JY; Zhou, HH, 2019)	2.28
"Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index, requiring frequent monitoring of the INR to achieve therapeutic anticoagulation."	( Warfarin pharmacogenomics in children. Ho, RH; Stein, CM; Vear, SI, 2013)	2.55
"Warfarin has a proven record as an oral anticoagulant; almost every study, however, has found that it is not prescribed for 40-60% of patients who are eligible and should receive it, and of those who do receive it, serum warfarin levels only achieved a time in therapeutic range (TTR) equal to INR 2-3 about 55-60% of the time (online video available at: http://education.amjmed.com/video.php?event_id=445&stage_id=5&vcs=1). "	( Novel oral anticoagulants. Reiffel, JA, 2014)	1.85
"Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index."	( Frequency of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms influencing the warfarin pharmacogenetics in Slovak population. Chandoga, J; Déžiová, L; Krajčíová, L; Petrovič, R; Turčáni, P, 2014)	1.36
"Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic window and side effects include bleeding causing e.g. "	( [Indication of treatment with Warfarin should be stated explicitly]. Hjort, J; Løfgren, B; Madsen, HB; Povlsen, JA; Vestergaard, T, 2014)	2.13
"As warfarin has a long half-life and an unpredictable pharmacokinetic profile, short-acting parenteral anticoagulants, such as unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), may be of benefit in protecting the patient from thromboemboli while their warfarin dose is withheld."	( Chronically anticoagulated patients who need surgery: can low-molecular-weight heparins really be used to "bridge" patients instead of intravenous unfractionated heparin? Jaff, MR, 2009)	0.87
"Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic window and the hemorrhagic or thrombotic implications of over- or under-dosing can be devastating. "	( Genetic and clinical factors relating to warfarin dosing. Jonas, DE; McLeod, HL, 2009)	2.06
"Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic window, interacts with other drugs and foods and requires monitoring like heparin."	( Old versus new anticoagulants: focus on pharmacology. Banda, ZK; Benmira, S; Bhattacharya, V, 2010)	1.08
"Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic window with a target international normalised ratio (INR) of 2-3.5, called the therapeutic range."	( Warfarin induced coagulopathy in children: assessment of a conservative approach. Bajzar, L; Bauman, ME; Bauman, ML; Black, K; Kuhle, S; Massicotte, MP, 2011)	2.53
"Warfarin has a long half-life; following a single dose, the terminal elimination half-life is about one week, with a mean effective half-life of 40 hours."	( The "warfarin window" in pregnancy: the importance of half-life. Koren, G; Walfisch, A, 2010)	1.6
"Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic window with high inter-individual dose variability and can cause hemorrhage."	( Genetics informatics trial (GIFT) of warfarin to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT): rationale and study design. Anderson, JL; Bass, AR; Davila-Roman, V; Do, EJ; Eby, CS; Gage, BF; Lenzini, P; McMillin, GA; Nunley, RM; Pendleton, RC; Proctor, P; Stevens, SM; Woller, SC, 2012)	1.37
"(R)-warfarin has a clear PD effect and contributes to the hypoprothrombinaemic effect of rac-warfarin. "	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single dose (R)- and (S)-warfarin administered separately and together: relationship to VKORC1 genotype. Gentgall, M; James, HM; Jensen, BP; Maddison, J; Rolan, PE; Somogyi, AA, 2013)	1.18
"Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index and displays marked person-to-person variation in dose requirement. "	( Impact of genetic factors (CYP2C9, VKORC1 and CYP4F2) on warfarin dose requirement in the Turkish population. Alpan, S; Demirci, Y; Genç, E; Hizel, C; Karalti, İ; Kaspar, Ç; Özer, M; Sarikaya, S, 2013)	2.08
"Warfarin has a long half-life and high bioavailability that allow for once-daily administration and a prolonged pharmacodynamic effect."	( Traditional anticoagulant therapy: why abandon half a century of success? Bussey, H, 2002)	1.04
"Warfarin has an unpredictable pharmacokinetic profile and a variable dose-response relationship that requires frequent coagulation monitoring and dose adjustments to maintain a target intensity that is both safe and effective."	( Treating patients with venous thromboembolism: initial strategies and long-term secondary prevention. Bounameaux, H; Huisman, MV, 2005)	1.05
"Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index and there is wide interindividual variability in the drug dose requirement. "	( Genetic influences on the response to warfarin. Kamali, F, 2006)	2.05
"Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic range and wide inter-individual dosing requirements that may be related to functional variants of genes affecting warfarin metabolism (i.e., CYP2C9) and activity (i.e., vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-VKORC1). "	( Genotypes of the cytochrome p450 isoform, CYP2C9, and the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 conjointly determine stable warfarin dose: a prospective study. Anderson, JL; Carlquist, JF; Clarke, JL; Horne, BD; James, BC; Kolek, MJ; Lappé, DL; Muhlestein, JB; Whiting, BM, 2006)	1.98
"Warfarin has a slow onset of action, and its use in patients with acute HIT and deep venous thrombosis has been associated with the devastating syndrome of venous limb gangrene."	( Limitations of conventional treatment options for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Warkentin, TE, 1998)	1.02
"Warfarin has a complex dose-response relationship that makes safe and effective use a challenge."	( Warfarin therapy: evolving strategies in anticoagulation. Bushwick, BM; Horton, JD, 1999)	2.47
"Warfarin has been widely used to treat thromboembolism. "	( Required warfarin dose and time in therapeutic range in patients with diagnosed Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) or Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). Akhlaghi, F; Taveira, TH; Wang, S; Wen, X, 2021)	2.48
"Warfarin has been used as an anticoagulant by millions of patients due to its effectiveness, availability, and low cost. "	( Extending INR testing intervals in warfarin patients at a multi-center anticoagulation clinic. Gillard, D; Hardman, J; Papala, M; Rein, LE; Romano, T, 2022)	2.44
"Warfarin has been widely used in the past and has greater efficacy compared to dabigatran in patients with mechanical heart valves; there is an antidote to it and it is cheap."	( Warfarin involvement, in comparison to NOACs, in the development of systemic atherosclerosis. Mihaila, RG, 2022)	2.89
"Warfarin has been shown to be superior to DOACs among high-risk APLS patients (particularly those with triple-positive APLS)."	( Direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in patients with single antibody-positive anti-phospholipid syndrome. Liu, A; Naymagon, L; Rupani, KV, 2022)	1.72
"Warfarin sensitivity has been reported to be associated with increased incidence of international normalized ratio (INR) > 5."	( Warfarin sensitivity is associated with increased hospital mortality in critically Ill patients. Atashpanjeh, S; Cheng, G; Elmi, CP; Khalighi, B; Khalighi, K; Krishnamurthy, M; Ma, Z; Mahesh, M; Wang, P, 2022)	2.89
"Warfarin has been the conventional anticoagulant used in the past few decades, but it has been gradually replaced by DOACs."	( Trends in utilization, reimbursement, and price for DOACs and warfarin in the US Medicaid population from 2000 to 2020. Alsultan, MM; Costa, LSD; Guo, JJ; Hincapie, AL, 2023)	1.87
"Warfarin has been the standard oral anticoagulant."	( Exploring safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban after living donor liver transplantation: a retrospective study. Dar, FS; Khalid, A; Khan, BA; Khan, MY; Naveed, A; Rashid, S; Saeed, Z, 2023)	1.63
"Warfarin has been associated with renovascular calcification and worsening renal function, whereas rivaroxaban may provide a degree of renopreservation by decreasing vascular inflammation. "	( Rivaroxaban's Impact on Renal Decline in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: A US MarketScan Claims Database Analysis. Baker, WL; Bunz, TJ; Coleman, CI; Eriksson, D; Kreutz, R; Meinecke, AK; Sood, N, )	1.57
"Warfarin has been associated with renovascular calcification and worsening renal function; rivaroxaban may provide renopreservation by decreasing vascular inflammation."	( Rivaroxaban vs. warfarin and renal outcomes in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients with diabetes. Bradley, G; Bunz, TJ; Coleman, CI; Eriksson, D; Fratoni, A; Gasparini, A; Hernandez, AV; Khan, M; Meinecke, AK; Roman, YM, 2020)	1.63
"Warfarin treatment has been associated with lower risks of prostate cancer, without a specified biological mechanism. "	( Chronic oral anticoagluation and risk of prostate cancer: Evidence of detection bias. Ward, MM, 2020)	2
"Warfarin and ginseng have been widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. "	( A study to evaluate herb-drug interaction underlying mechanisms: An investigation of ginsenosides attenuating the effect of warfarin on cardiovascular diseases. Fan, LL; Jiang, LG; Li, BW; Lin, JF; Lu, YS; Shao, JW; Zhang, BC; Zhao, RR, 2020)	2.21
"Warfarin has been shown to increase rates of embryopathy and fetal demise, although it has traditionally been the favored anticoagulant in this setting. "	( Management of Anticoagulation in Pregnant Women With Mechanical Heart Valves. Daughety, MM; DeLoughery, TG; McCarty, OJT; Raghunathan, V; Shatzel, JJ; Zilberman-Rudenko, J, 2020)	2
"Warfarin has been the oral anticoagulant of choice for the treatment of thromboembolic disease. "	( Effect of Preinjury Oral Anticoagulants on Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury from Falls in Older Adults. Cain-Nielsen, AH; Hecht, JP; Hemmila, MR; LaDuke, ZJ; Wahl, WL, 2020)	2
"Warfarin has been utilized for decades as an effective anticoagulant in patients with a history of strong risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE). "	( The Effects of Warfarin and Direct Oral Anticoagulants on Systemic Vascular Calcification: A Review. Ahsan, C; Elango, K; Gunasekaran, K; Javaid, A; Khetarpal, BK; Kolandaivel, KP; Ramalingam, S, 2021)	2.42
"Warfarin has been the most prescribed anticoagulant in patients with AF for decades. "	( Trends in utilization of warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants in older adult patients with atrial fibrillation. Alalwan, AA; Hartzema, AG; Voils, SA, 2017)	2.2
"Warfarin has been used as prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism (VTE) after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) for over 60 years. "	( Majority of Total Joint Arthroplasties Are Subtherapeutic on Warfarin at Time of Discharge: Another Reason to Avoid Warfarin as a Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis? Goswami, K; Parvizi, J; Rondon, AJ; Shohat, N; Tan, TL, 2018)	2.16
"Warfarin has been showed to increase vascular calcification. "	( Apixaban versus warfarin in evaluation of progression of atherosclerotic and calcified plaques (prospective randomized trial). Broersen, A; Budoff, MJ; Dailing, C; Hamal, S; Jayawardena, E; Kim, M; Kitslaar, PH; Li, D; Nakanishi, R; Osawa, K; Susaria, SS; Win, TT, 2019)	2.3
"As warfarin treatment has been described as a risk factor for SSI, we aimed to compare patient and SSI characteristics in warfarin and nonanticoagulated patients."	( Surgical Site Infections in Elderly Fragility Hip Fractures Patients Undergoing Warfarin Treatment. Frenkel Rutenberg, T; Spectre, G; Velkes, S; Vitenberg, M; Yahav, D, 2019)	1.25
"Warfarin, which has been shown to inactivate osteocalcin, increased 1,25D3-induced mineralization."	( 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates activin A production to fine-tune osteoblast-induced mineralization. Eijken, M; Schreuders-Koedam, M; van der Eerden, BC; Van Leeuwen, JP; Woeckel, VJ, 2013)	1.11
"Warfarin has been virtually the only outpatient anticoagulant choice until fairly recently."	( Intracerebral hemorrhage in patients receiving oral anticoagulation therapy. da Silva, IR; Provencio, JJ, 2015)	1.14
"Warfarin has been the standard of care in oral anticoagulation for many years; its bleeding risks are well known and associated emergency protocols are well established."	( Managing bleeding in anticoagulated patients in the emergency care setting. Pollack, CV, 2013)	1.11
"Warfarin has been the mainstay oral anticoagulant (OAC) medication prescribed for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. "	( Importance of pharmacokinetic profile and variability as determinants of dose and response to dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. Gong, IY; Kim, RB, 2013)	1.83
"Warfarin has been the established oral anticoagulant for the last 50 years, being effective in the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thromboembolic disorders. "	( The changing face of oral anticoagulants. Rider, EB; Rider, OJ, 2013)	1.83
"Warfarin has been around for many years and has proven efficacy in preventing stroke, but it has major limitations due to its variable dosing, food and drug interactions, and requirement for regular monitoring."	( New alternative anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: the move beyond warfarin. Bhimani, AA; Hong, M, 2013)	1.34
"Warfarin has been prescribed to 47% of patients with high, 49% of patients with moderate and to 26% of patients with low TE risk (P=0.03)."	( [Anticoagulant therapy in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation - evidence based medicine and clinical practice]. Bozić, D; Bozić, I; Caljkusić, K; Capkun, V; Carević, V; Fabijanić, D; Karabuva, S; Trgo, G, )	0.85
"Warfarin has been the mainstay of oral anticoagulation for more than half a century. "	( Managing new oral anticoagulants in the intensive care unit. Gass, JA; Weeks, PA, )	1.57
"Warfarin has been the mainstay treatment for prevention of stroke among patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). "	( Hospital length of stay: is rivaroxaban associated with shorter inpatient stay compared to warfarin among patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation? Germain, G; Laliberté, F; Lefebvre, P; Nelson, WW; Olson, WH; Pilon, D; Raut, MK; Schein, JR, 2014)	2.07
"Warfarin and heparins have been the predominant anticoagulants used until the past decade."	( The newer direct oral anticoagulants: a practical guide. Thachil, J, 2014)	1.12
"Warfarin has been the mainstay treatment used by patients with a moderate-to-high risk of stroke due to non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). "	( Is rivaroxaban associated with lower inpatient costs compared to warfarin among patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation? Germain, G; Laliberté, F; Lefebvre, P; Nelson, WW; Olson, WH; Pilon, D; Raut, MK; Schein, JR, 2014)	2.08
"Warfarin has been the most common oral anticoagulant for several decades, but use of warfarin has many limitations."	( [Recent development of anticoagulation in stroke prevention for atrial fibrillation]. Suzuki, S; Yamashita, T, 2014)	1.12
"Warfarin has been used as the oral anticoagulant in the treatment of AF for many years but suffers from disadvantages such as unpredictable INR levels, bleeding risks and need for haematological monitoring."	( How does Chronic Atrial Fibrillation Influence Mortality in the Modern Treatment Era? Fox, DJ; Kirkwood, G; Sankaranarayanan, R; Visweswariah, R, 2015)	1.14
"Warfarin has been the only anticoagulant used for decades to prevent strokes and systemic embolisms in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients. "	( Hospital length of stay of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients who were administered Rivaroxaban versus Warfarin with and without pretreatment parenteral anticoagulants therapies. Germain, G; Laliberté, F; Lefebvre, P; Nelson, WW; Olson, WH; Pilon, D; Raut, MK; Schein, JR, 2014)	2.06
"Warfarin has been used for the prevention of thrombosis for more than 50 years and is the most frequently prescribed vitamin K antagonist in North America (Gage & Eby, 2003). "	( Pharmacogenomic Testing and Warfarin Management. Maluso, A, 2015)	2.15
"Warfarin has been found to be associated with a number of complications especially bleeding."	( Evaluation of patients' knowledge on warfarin in outpatient pharmacy of a tertiary care cardiac center. Acharya, U; Kumpakha, A; Sapkota, B; Sharma, R; Shrestha, S, 2015)	1.41
"Warfarin has been the traditional choice, but the recently introduced novel oral anticoagulants offer similar efficacy with less bleeding risk."	( Evolving strategies to prevent stroke and thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Hussein, A; Saliba, W; Wazni, OM, 2015)	1.14
"Warfarin has been recommended as one of the preferred methods to use."	( The use of warfarin as thromboprophylaxis for lower limb arthroplasty. Dunbar, MR; Karthikeyan, S; Upadhyay, PK, 2008)	1.46
"Warfarin has been used as an anticoagulant for a long time. "	( Low-dose warfarin functions as an immunomodulator to prevent cyclophosphamide-induced NOD diabetes. Hara, K; Kotani, R; Kurohara, M; Moriyama, H; Nagata, M; Nakayama, M; Sakata, M; Yamada, K; Yasuda, H; Yokono, K, 2008)	2.21
"Warfarin has been shown to be ineffective in preventing recurrent noncardioembolic strokes."	( Effect of race/ethnicity on the efficacy of warfarin: potential implications for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Brar, SS; Chen, W; Go, AS; Shen, AY; Wang, X; Yao, JF, 2008)	1.33
"Warfarin and Heparin have been recommended."	( Valvular heart disease in pregnancy: a review of the literature. Martinez-Diaz, JL, )	0.85
"Warfarin has been shown to accelerate vascular calcification in experimental animals, and possibly humans, through inhibition of the vitamin K-dependent protein matrix gla protein, a potent inhibitor of tissue calcification. "	( Does prolonged warfarin exposure potentiate coronary calcification in humans? Results of the warfarin and coronary calcification study. Feuerstein, IM; O'Malley, PG; Taylor, AJ; Thomas, S; Villines, TC, 2009)	2.15
"Warfarin has been implicated when calciphylaxis presents in an atypical fashion. "	( Atypical calciphylaxis in a patient receiving warfarin then resolving with cessation of warfarin and application of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Banerjee, C; Holm, JR; Lahey, MJ; Stevens, SM; Woller, SC, 2010)	2.06
"Warfarin has been widely used for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolism. "	( Prevalence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 mutation in patients with valvular heart disease in northern Thailand. Dettrairat, S; Kuanprasert, S; Kunachiwa, W; Palacajornsuk, P; Phrommintikul, A, 2009)	1.8
"Warfarin has been the cornerstone therapy for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), particularly in patients at high risk of ischemic stroke or thromboembolism. "	( Antiplatelet therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Flaker, GC; Garg, N; Kumar, A, )	1.57
"Warfarin has been the effective treatment in the prophylaxis of cardioembolism, in particular in patients with atrial fibrillation, for more than 50 years. "	( [Thromboembolic prophylaxis 2011: is warfarin on the wane?]. Di Pasquale, G; Riva, L, 2011)	2.08
"Warfarin has been the only available oral anticoagulant therapy for several decades."	( Novel oral anticoagulation in management of venous thromboembolism, atrial fibrillation, and acute coronary syndrome. Khemasuwan, D; Suramaethakul, N, 2012)	1.1
"Warfarin has been the most widely prescribed anticoagulant for decades."	( Reversal of drug-induced anticoagulation: old solutions and new problems. Dzik, WS, 2012)	1.1
"Warfarin has been the cornerstone of treatment to reduce stroke risk in AF patients for decades."	( Current and future alternatives to warfarin for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation. Bommer, WJ, 2012)	1.38
"Warfarin has been the primary anticoagulant drug used in the USA for more than 50 years. "	( Beyond warfarin: the new generation of oral anticoagulants and their implications for the management of dental patients. Firriolo, FJ; Hupp, WS, 2012)	2.28
"Warfarin has been successfully used in stroke prevention in AF."	( [An update on the secondary prevention of cerebral infarction due to atrial fibrillation]. Barinagarrementeria Aldatz, F, )	0.85
"Warfarin has been shown to be highly efficacious for preventing thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation in randomized trials, but its effectiveness and safety in clinical practice is less clear."	( Anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: how well do randomized trials translate into clinical practice? Capra, AM; Chang, Y; Go, AS; Henault, LE; Hylek, EM; Jensvold, NG; Phillips, KA; Selby, JV; Singer, DE, 2003)	1.76
"Warfarin has been in routine clinical use for more than 50 years; however, it was not proven to be of benefit in both primary and secondary prevention of stroke for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) until about a decade ago. "	( Warfarin for atrial fibrillation: the end of an era? Chambers, BR; Dewey, HM; Donnan, GA, 2004)	3.21
"Warfarin has been considered to provide more stable anticoagulant effect than acenocoumarol due to its longer half-life."	( [Warfarin or acenocoumarol is better in the anticoagulant treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation?]. Lengyel, M, 2004)	2.68
"Warfarin has been shown to decrease the rate of thromboembolic events in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, but it is frequently underprescribed. "	( Racial disparities in the filling of warfarin prescriptions for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Eckman, MH; Johnston, JA; Moomaw, CJ; Schauer, DP; Wess, M, 2007)	2.06
"Warfarin therapy has been reported as a leading cause of drug-related hospitalization and there is therefore an urgent need to develop tests for better warfarin prescription."	( Ethnic differences in the VKORC1 gene polymorphism and an association with warfarin dosage requirements in cardiovascular surgery patients. Fujioka, T; Fukuhiro, Y; Fukushima, N; Gurwitz, D; Habano, W; Nakai, K; Obara, W; Oka, T; Okabayashi, H; Suwabe, A; Tsuboi, J, 2007)	1.29
"Warfarin therapy has been used clinically for over 60 years, yet continues to be problematic because of its narrow therapeutic index and large inter-individual variability in patient response. "	( Warfarin therapy: in need of improvement after all these years. Kimmel, SE, 2008)	3.23
"Warfarin sodium has been associated with leucocytoclastic vasculitis and has once been associated with allergic interstitial nephritis. "	( Warfarin-induced allergic interstitial nephritis and leucocytoclastic vasculitis. Bekaii-Saab, T; Kapoor, KG, 2008)	3.23
"Warfarin has been widely used for an oral anticoagulant therapy against thrombotic diseases. "	( [Monitoring for oral anticoagulant therapy]. Nakagawa, K; Nakahara, Y; Tsuji, H, 1995)	1.73
"Warfarin therapy has been continued to reduce the prothrombin time to 70% of the normal control level, resulting in no further episodes of thrombosis."	( [A case of congenital protein C deficiency with pulmonary thromboembolism]. Fujiwara, M; Hayashi, S; Kawase, I; Kishimoto, T; Kumagai, H; Takeda, K; Tanio, Y, 1994)	1.01
"Warfarin has been used as prophylactic therapy in children with prosthetic cardiac valves as well as for prevention of thromboembolic complications associated with autoimmune disorders and protein C or protein S deficiency. "	( Anticoagulation with warfarin in infants and children. Buck, ML, 1996)	2.06
"Warfarin has been shown to be cost-effective in high-risk patients, provided the rate of complications is minimized."	( Primary stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: implementing the clinical trial findings. Duncan, PW; Howard, PA, 1997)	1.02
"Warfarin has been abandoned in favour of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) by 26%."	( How do palliative physicians manage venous thromboembolism? Johnson, MJ; Sherry, K, 1997)	1.02
"Warfarin has been successfully used in the medical management of thromboembolic disease for nearly six decades. "	( Vitamin K: a practical guide to the dietary management of patients on warfarin. Booth, SL; Centurelli, MA, 1999)	1.98
"Warfarin-resistance has been reported in both man and rodents."	( Aspects of anticoagulant action: a review of the pharmacology, metabolism and toxicology of warfarin and congeners. Gibson, GG; MacNicoll, AD; Sutcliffe, FA, 1987)	1.21

Actions

Warrin appears to lower BMD but the effect is less conclusive. Warfarin treatment may cause an increased bone turnover characterized by increased remodelling cycles, with stronger osteoclast activity compared to the other groups.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"In Warfarin group lower educational status was associated with poor self-management; in Aspirin group, comorbidities and age < 65 years (P = .001) were associated with poor self-management; in No anticoagulant group, age < 65 years, single, poor sleep quality, and permanent AF were associated with poor self-management."	( A descriptive cross-sectional study of self-management in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Li, C; Liu, T; Shen, Q; Zhang, C; Zhang, Z; Zhu, H, 2022)	1.24
"The warfarin group had a lower death rate compared to the control group (7.1% vs."	( The Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients on Warfarin: A Propensity Score Matching Study. Akbulut, T; Demirci, M; Erdal, E; Oğuz, M; Saylık, F; Sipal, A, 2022)	1.46
"Warfarin users had a lower mean Child-Pugh score (6.1 ± 1.5 vs."	( Risks Versus Benefits of Anticoagulation for Atrial Fibrillation in Cirrhotic Patients. Choi, J; Kim, J; Kim, M; Nam, GB; Shim, JH, 2017)	1.18
"Warfarin use may cause ICH."	( Prevalence and Risk Factors of Cerebral Microbleeds in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: An Enhanced T2*-Weighted Angiography Imaging Study. Cao, L; Dong, W; He, X; Huang, W; Li, Y; Li, Z; Wang, C; Zhang, J; Zhao, M, 2019)	1.24
"Warfarin appears to lower BMD but the effect is less conclusive."	( Bone density in children with single ventricle physiology. Bendaly, EA; DiMeglio, LA; Fadel, WF; Hurwitz, RA, 2015)	1.14
"The warfarin subset had lower risk factors compared with the total warfarin cohort."	( Non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients with low CHADS2 scores benefit from warfarin therapy according to propensity score matching subanalysis using the J-RHYTHM Registry. Aizawa, Y; Atarashi, H; Bando, S; Chinushi, M; Chishaki, A; Fukatani, M; Igawa, O; Inoue, H; Kaneko, Y; Kawamura, Y; Kodama, I; Koretsune, Y; Kubota, I; Kumagai, N; Matsumoto, K; Ogawa, S; Okumura, K; Okuyama, Y; Origasa, H; Saikawa, T; Sakurai, M; Shimizu, A; Takahashi, N; Watanabe, E; Yamashita, T, 2015)	1.13
"Warfarin treatment may cause an increased bone turnover characterized by increased remodelling cycles, with stronger osteoclast activity compared to the other groups."	( Differential Effects of Dabigatran and Warfarin on Bone Volume and Structure in Rats with Normal Renal Function. Aghi, A; Arcidiacono, MV; Dalle Carbonare, L; Dusso, A; Fusaro, M; Gallieni, M; Pasho, S; Valenti, MT, 2015)	1.41
"warfarin. There was an increase in the rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding with worsening renal function and CHADS2 score."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dabigatran Etexilate vs. Warfarin in Asian RE-LY Patients According to Baseline Renal Function or CHADS2 Score. Connolly, SJ; Ezekowitz, MD; Fukaya, T; Hori, M; Kleine, E; Reilly, PA, 2015)	1.39
"Warfarin use did not lower risk for ischemic stroke (HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.49-1.82, P=0.88) or improve overall survival (HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.91-1.15, P=0.62), but trended toward higher risk of bleeding complications (HR 1.53; 95% CI 0.94-2.51, P=0.086) after adjusting for potential confounders."	( Atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease requiring hemodialysis - Does warfarin therapy improve the risks of this lethal combination? Chen, C; Garg, L; Haines, DE, 2016)	1.38
"Warfarin displays large individual variability in dose requirements."	( Genetic polymorphisms of patients on stable warfarin maintenance therapy in a Ghanaian population. Ahorhorlu, SY; Asmah, RH; Dzudzor, B; Kudzi, W; Nartey, ET; Olayemi, E, 2016)	1.42
"For warfarin, a pattern of lower rates of stroke during current exposure and higher rates with past exposure was seen only in patients treated for at least 6-12 months."	( How effective are dose-adjusted warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of stroke in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation? An analysis of the UK General Practice Research Database. Gallagher, AM; Plumb, JM; Rietbrock, S; van Staa, TP, 2009)	1.12
"Warfarin therapy and lower serum albumin levels were still significant risk factors after a multivariate logistic regression model analysis."	( A case-control study of calciphylaxis in Japanese end-stage renal disease patients. Abe, T; Hayashi, M; Kanno, Y; Sato, Y; Takamatsu, I; Yoshida, T, 2012)	1.1
"For warfarin reversal, lower doses of PTX-VF (< 25 IU/kg) and PTX-VF without FFP were effective. "	( Prothrombinex-VF use in warfarin reversal and other indications. Herrmann, RP; Kruger, PC; Le Viellez, AS, 2012)	1.24
"Warfarin does not increase mortality or confer an increased risk of ICH compared with aspirin."	( Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of stroke in heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Goyal, MK; Kumar, G, 2013)	2.55
"Warfarin also did not cause a clinically significant alteration in the pharmacokinetics of etanercept."	( Absence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between etanercept and warfarin. Buckwalter, M; Korth-Bradley, J; Metzger, D; Parks, V; Patat, A; Zhou, H, 2004)	1.28
"Warfarin displays stereospecific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and the isomers are differentially metabolized by cytochrome p450 isozymes."	( Warfarin and other coumarin derivatives: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug interactions. Wittkowsky, AK, 2003)	2.48
"Warfarin did not increase ICH volume at presentation but did raise the risk of in-hospital hematoma expansion. "	( Warfarin, hematoma expansion, and outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Flibotte, JJ; Greenberg, SM; Hagan, N; O'Donnell, J; Rosand, J, 2004)	3.21
"Warfarin did not cause abnormal bleeding."	( Observational study on intrathecal and peridural changes after routine spinal and epidural anesthesia in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty. Bass, NF; Doerr, T; Lincoln, D; Markel, DC, 2007)	1.06
"Warfarin will increase the haemorrhagic risk but, more importantly, cessation or reduction in anticoagulation may well lead to serious thromboembolic phenomena."	( Warfarin therapy and cataract surgery. Elder, MJ; Morris, A, 2000)	2.47
"Warfarin was found to cause a dose-dependent inhibition of both antigen- and PHA-stimulated proliferation."	( The effect of drugs used in anticoagulation therapy on T lymphocyte activation in vitro. II. Warfarin inhibits T lymphocyte activation. Bruserud, O; Lundin, K, 1987)	1.21
"Warfarin clearance was lower in amiodarone-treated patients than in the controls (1.4 vs 3.1 ml/min, p less than 0.01) with similar plasma concentrations (1.5 vs 1.2 micrograms/ml) despite administration of lower doses (23.3 vs 39 mg/week respectively)."	( Mechanism of warfarin potentiation by amiodarone: dose--and concentration--dependent inhibition of warfarin elimination. Almog, S; Bank, H; Farfel, Z; Halkin, H; Martinowitz, U; Shafran, N; Weiss, P, 1985)	1.36

Treatment

Warrantin treatment was more frequently associated with venous limb gangrene than with limb arterial thrombosis. Warfarin-treated patients had significantly lower levels of carboxylated OC 4.9 +/- 3.8 (+/- 1 SD) ng/ml.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Warfarin treatment used in clinical trials was associated with the progressive increase of coronary atheroma calcification."	( Warfarin involvement, in comparison to NOACs, in the development of systemic atherosclerosis. Mihaila, RG, 2022)	2.89
"Warfarin treatment was associated with higher rates of clinically relevant epistaxis compared to direct oral anticoagulants."	( Warfarin is associated with higher rates of epistaxis compared to direct oral anticoagulants: A nationwide propensity score-weighted study. Agustsson, AS; Bjornsson, ES; Gudmundsdottir, BR; Hreinsson, JP; Ingason, AB; Lund, SH; Onundarson, PT; Palsson, DA; Reynisson, IE; Rumba, E; Tryggvason, G, 2022)	3.61
"Warfarin treatment was an independent predictor of cumulative events and increased 2.9-fold the risk of cumulative events."	( A comparison of postoperative complications following cardiac implantable electronic device procedures in patients treated with antithrombotic drugs. Aktan, A; Argun, L; Demir, M; Dursun, L; Güzel, T; İldırımlı, K; Kılıç, R; Özbek, M; Öztürk, C; Polat, N; Toprak, N; Yıldırım, B, 2022)	1.44
"warfarin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among patients with a creatinine clearance (CrCl) < 30 mL/min."	( Effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with venous thromboembolism and creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min. Clark, NP; Cline, L; Crowther, MA; D'Apice, N; Delate, T; Dellinger, SK; Ekmekdjian, H; Fink, K; Generoso, EMG; Hale, SA; Hui, R; Nui, F; Pontoppidan, K; Ramsey, T; Tovey, A; Witt, DM, 2023)	1.63
"For warfarin-treated patients after index VTE, mean TTR was lower over shorter treatment durations (TTR 30 vs TTR 180 [mean  ±  SD]: 43.8% ± 33.5% vs 58.8% ± 23.5%)."	( Warfarin Time in Therapeutic INR Range and Direct Oral Anticoagulant Adherence for Venous Thromboembolism Across the Spectrum of Weight and Body Mass Index: Findings from Veterans Health Administration. Din, N; Emir, B; Fan, J; Guo, JD; Hlavacek, P; Perino, AC; Pundi, K; Russ, C; Schmitt, S; Turakhia, MP, )	2.05
"735 warfarin-treated patients (aged 50.8 ± 9.6 years, 59.9% female) were enrolled and randomized to a social app care group (warfarin therapy was guided by experienced clinicians via a social app) or a routine care group (warfarin therapy was managed through traditional in-office visits) at a 1 : 1 ratio. "	( Social App to Improve Warfarin Therapy in Post-MHVR Chinese Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Hua, B; Li, S; Li, Y; Li, Z; Long, Y; Wu, H; Xie, L; Yu, D; Yuan, X; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2023)	1.78
"Warfarin treatment resulted in an increased SCr, systolic BP, hematuria, expression of TGF-ß and ROS in the kidney in both mouse strains."	( N-acetylcysteine ameliorates hematuria-associated tubulointerstitial injury in 5/6 nephrectomy mice. Biederman, L; Brodsky, SV; Dasgupta, A; Ivanov, I; Medipally, A; Mikhalina, G; Rovin, B; Satoskar, AA; Xiao, M, 2023)	1.63
"In warfarin-treated patients, the incidence rates of net cardiovascular outcome, stroke/SEE, major bleeding, and ICH were significantly increased at H-SBP ≥ 145 mmHg versus <125 mmHg."	( Anticoagulant therapy and home blood pressure-associated risk for stroke/bleeding events in elderly patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: the sub-cohort study of ANAFIE registry. Akao, M; Atarashi, H; Hasebe, N; Hirayama, A; Ikeda, T; Inoue, H; Kario, K; Kimura, T; Koretsune, Y; Morishima, Y; Okumura, K; Shimizu, W; Suzuki, S; Takita, A; Teramukai, S; Toyoda, K; Tsutsui, H; Yamaguchi, T; Yamashita, T; Yasaka, M, 2023)	1.42
"Warfarin treatment quality is calculated as time in therapeutic range (TTR). "	( Warfarin treatment quality and outcomes in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and CKD G3-G5D. Dimény, E; Holmberg, H; Renlund, H; Själander, A; Welander, F, 2023)	3.8
"Warfarin treatment quality worsens with decreasing GFR. "	( Warfarin treatment quality and outcomes in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and CKD G3-G5D. Dimény, E; Holmberg, H; Renlund, H; Själander, A; Welander, F, 2023)	3.8
"Warfarin treatment has been associated with lower risks of prostate cancer, without a specified biological mechanism. "	( Chronic oral anticoagluation and risk of prostate cancer: Evidence of detection bias. Ward, MM, 2020)	2
"Warfarin treatment in the crystals-exposed HK2 cells significantly increased the number of crystals adhering to cells and the number of apoptotic cells and reduced cell viability."	( Vitamin K1 Inhibition of Renal Crystal Formation through Matrix Gla Protein in the Kidney. Cai, T; Gao, B; Jiang, S; Li, Y; Lu, X; Mao, J; Pan, J; Yang, B; Yasui, T; Yu, D, 2019)	1.24
"Warfarin treatment was discontinued."	( Warfarin-associated intracranial haemorrhage in pregnant woman with double mechanical valve replacement: a case presentation. Adin, ME; Ayaz, A; Oguz, M, 2020)	2.72
"In a warfarin-treated trial cohort of AF patients, both CHA"	( Stroke and Thromboembolism in Warfarin-Treated Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Comparing the CHA2DS2-VASc and GARFIELD-AF Risk Scores. Esteve-Pastor, MA; Lip, GYH; Marín, F; Proietti, M; Rivera-Caravaca, JM, 2021)	1.42
"Warfarin-treated group was further dichotomized based on INR (1-1.3 vs 1.3-1.7) and safety and outcome measures were compared between resultant groups."	( Safety of Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients Taking Warfarin with Subtherapeutic INR. Lail, NS; Memon, A; Mohammadi, P; Mowla, A; Razavi, SM; Sawyer, RN; Shirani, P; Vaughn, CB, 2021)	1.57
"Warfarin treatment requires frequent monitoring of INR (international normalized ratio) to adjust dosage in a therapeutic range. "	( Evaluation of the "safe multidisciplinary app-assisted remote patient-self-testing (SMART) model" for warfarin home management during the COVID-19 pandemic: study protocol of a multi-center randomized controlled trial. Chen, L; Liu, LM; Tan, SL; Xu, P; Zhang, X; Zhou, XM; Zhou, YZ, 2021)	2.28
"Warfarin is a common treatment option to manage patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in clinical practice. "	( Warfarin Management and Outcomes in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Within an Integrated Health Care System. An, J; Aranda, G; Bruno, A; Dills, D; Jazdzewski, KP; Lang, DT; Le, PT; Mendes, RA; Niu, F; Rashid, N; Singh, P; Vo, L; Zheng, C, 2017)	3.34
"If warfarin treatment started after January 1, 2006, each person contributed person-time in the nonuser group until the warfarin user criteria were fulfilled."	( Association of Warfarin Use With Lower Overall Cancer Incidence Among Patients Older Than 50 Years. Falk, RS; Haaland, GS; Lorens, JB; Straume, O, 2017)	1.32
"Warfarin treatment in this population is controversial and data on anticoagulation control and the impact on adverse outcomes are needed."	( Renal Function, Time in Therapeutic Range and Outcomes in Warfarin-Treated Atrial Fibrillation Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of Nationwide Registries. Bonde, AN; Gislason, G; Kamper, AL; Lip, GYH; Olesen, JB; Staerk, L; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2017)	1.42
"Warfarin treatment requires regular and proper monitoring to avoid overanticoagulation and at the same time to prevent thromboembolic complications. "	( Quality of Anticoagulation With Warfarin at a Tertiary Hospital in Botswana. Francis, JM; Gaenamong, M; Goepamang, M; Magafu, MGMD; Mwita, JC; Oyekunle, AA, 2018)	2.21
"Warfarin treatment in Swedish patients with dementia is associated with lower risk of IS and mortality, and a small increase in any-cause hemorrhage. "	( Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Dementia: A Cohort Study from the Swedish Dementia Registry. Bognandi, L; Cermakova, P; Eriksdotter, M; Fastbom, J; Garcia-Ptacek, S; Han, S; Johnell, K; Kåreholt, I; Kramberger, MG; Religa, D; Subic, A; von Euler, M; Winblad, B, 2018)	1.92
"Warfarin treatment led to a low-level increase of p53 mRNA and protein in both pAVICs and mouse aortic valves."	( Low-level overexpression of p53 promotes warfarin-induced calcification of porcine aortic valve interstitial cells by activating Gao, L; Ji, Y; Kong, X; Lu, Y; Qiu, M; Shao, Y; Shen, Y; Sheng, Y; Sun, W; Wang, Y, 2018)	1.47
"Warfarin treatment contributes to the accelerated vascular calcification in animal models of advanced chronic kidney disease. "	( Warfarin accelerated vascular calcification and worsened cardiac dysfunction in remnant kidney mice. Chang, WJ; Chen, YY; Li, SY; Tsai, MT, 2018)	3.37
"For warfarin-treated patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) at low thromboembolic risk, recent studies have shown harm associated with periprocedural bridging using low-molecular-weight heparin. "	( Current Trends in Anticoagulation Bridging for Patients With Chronic Atrial Fibrillation on Warfarin Undergoing Endoscopy. Barnes, GD; Kurlander, JE; McMahon, C; Paje, DG; Slivnick, JA; Yeow, RY, 2018)	1.26
"In warfarin treated patients, the time in therapeutic range was 71.4%."	( Dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban vs. high TTR warfarin in atrial fibrillation. Norrving, B; Renlund, H; Själander, A; Själander, S; Sjögren, V, 2018)	1.25
"In warfarin-treated patients, a time in therapeutic range >60% was associated with lower event rates, and an interaction between LAVi and time in therapeutic range was observed for death (P = 0.034)."	( Left atrial volume and cardiovascular outcomes in systolic heart failure: effect of antithrombotic treatment. Anker, SD; Buchsbaum, R; Di Tullio, MR; Estol, CJ; Freudenberger, RS; Graham, S; Homma, S; Labovitz, AJ; Levin, B; Lip, GYH; Lok, DJ; Mann, DL; Mohr, JP; Ponikowski, P; Pullicino, PM; Qian, M; Sacco, RL; Teerlink, JR; Thompson, JLP, 2018)	0.99
"Warfarin treatment benefits vary with the clinical skill of warfarin dosage adjustment. "	( Comparison of warfarin dosage fluctuation with time in therapeutic range for bleeding or thromboembolism rate in Chinese patients. Chen, YS; Hung, KY; Tsai, HE; Yu, HY, 2019)	2.32
"Warfarin treatment quality measured by iTTR as well as a medical history of anemia are strong independent predictors of bleeding in these patients."	( Triple therapy after PCI - Warfarin treatment quality and bleeding risk. Englund, E; Jensen, J; Själander, A; Wadell, D, 2018)	1.5
"Warfarin treatment is commonly started with a fixed loading dose that might be associated with an increased risk of bleeding. "	( Warfarin loading dose guided by pharmacogenetics is effective and safe in cardioembolic stroke patients - a randomized, prospective study. Jansky, P; Kaplan, V; Kumstyrova, S; Lacinova, Z; Magerova, H; Matoska, V; Ruzickova, T; Sarbochova, I; Schwabova, JP; Sramek, M; Tomek, A, 2019)	3.4
"Warfarin treatment was associated with better liver function protection and renal function improvement than aspirin treatment."	( Warfarin versus aspirin prevents portal vein thrombosis after laparoscopic splenectomy and azygoportal disconnection: A randomized clinical trial. Bai, DS; Jiang, GQ; Jin, SJ; Qian, JJ; Xia, BL; Ye, J; Zhang, C, 2019)	2.68
"warfarin treatment group."	( Heparin dosing in uninterrupted anticoagulation with dabigatran vs. warfarin in atrial fibrillation ablation: RE-CIRCUIT study. Bis, B; Calkins, H; Gerstenfeld, EP; Hohnloser, SH; Kleine, E; Nordaby, M; Okumura, K; Schilling, R; Verma, A; Willems, S, 2019)	1.47
"As warfarin treatment has been described as a risk factor for SSI, we aimed to compare patient and SSI characteristics in warfarin and nonanticoagulated patients."	( Surgical Site Infections in Elderly Fragility Hip Fractures Patients Undergoing Warfarin Treatment. Frenkel Rutenberg, T; Spectre, G; Velkes, S; Vitenberg, M; Yahav, D, 2019)	1.25
"Warfarin-treated patients had reduced white blood and neutrophils counts (10.1 ± 3.2 vs."	( Surgical Site Infections in Elderly Fragility Hip Fractures Patients Undergoing Warfarin Treatment. Frenkel Rutenberg, T; Spectre, G; Velkes, S; Vitenberg, M; Yahav, D, 2019)	1.46
"Warfarin treatment in fragility hip fracture surgery is correlated with an increased risk for SSI, regardless of in-hospital complications, and hospitalizations before surgery or to the infection itself."	( Surgical Site Infections in Elderly Fragility Hip Fractures Patients Undergoing Warfarin Treatment. Frenkel Rutenberg, T; Spectre, G; Velkes, S; Vitenberg, M; Yahav, D, 2019)	2.18
"In warfarin treatment, a POCT device was useful for small hospitals and clinics."	( [Drug testing with use of POCT]. Komiyama, Y, 2012)	0.89
"Warfarin treatment increased the PT levels as expected."	( Effects of Ankaferd Blood Stopper and Celox on the tissue factor activities of warfarin-treated rats. Aktop, S; Emekli-Alturfan, E; Garip, H; Goker, K; Gonul, O; Ozer, C; Yarat, A, 2014)	1.35
"Warfarin treatment with INR ≤ 1.7 did not increase the risk for SICH or death, and had no impact on long-term functional outcome in patients treated with IV tPA for acute ischemic stroke."	( Safety of intravenous thrombolysis for ischemic stroke in patients treated with warfarin. Ahmed, N; Lees, KR; Markus, R; Mazya, MV; Roine, RO; Seet, RC; Wahlgren, N, 2013)	2.06
"Warfarin treatment balance was estimated with the proportion of time spent in the therapeutic INR range (TTR)."	( Warfarin treatment among Finnish patients with atrial fibrillation: retrospective registry study based on primary healthcare data. Asseburg, C; Hallinen, T; Kuosmanen, P; Laakkonen, A; Soini, EJ, 2014)	2.57
"Warfarin treatment was associated with a lower 1-year risk for the composite outcome of death, MI, and ischemic stroke without a higher risk of bleeding in consecutive acute MI patients with atrial fibrillation. "	( Warfarin, kidney dysfunction, and outcomes following acute myocardial infarction in patients with atrial fibrillation. Carrero, JJ; Edfors, R; Evans, M; Jacobson, SH; Jernberg, T; Lindhagen, L; Spaak, J; Stenvinkel, P; Szummer, K, 2014)	3.29
"Warfarin-treated patients with poor international normalized ratio (INR) control, measured with time in therapeutic range (TTR) or the standard deviation of transformed INR (SDTINR), have an increased risk for clinical events. "	( Impact of short periods with worsened or improved INR control on life expectancy and QALYs in patients with atrial fibrillation. Björholt, I; Björstad, A; Fahlén, M; Lesén, E; Odén, A, 2014)	1.85
"Warfarin-treated patients with AF, registered in the patient record system Journalia during years 1985-2000, were included. "	( Impact of short periods with worsened or improved INR control on life expectancy and QALYs in patients with atrial fibrillation. Björholt, I; Björstad, A; Fahlén, M; Lesén, E; Odén, A, 2014)	1.85
"The warfarin-treated patients with subtherapeutic INRs exhibited slightly raised F1.2 and/or TAT."	( Rivaroxaban and warfarin achieve effective anticoagulation, as assessed by inhibition of TG and in-vivo markers of coagulation activation, in patients with venous thromboembolism. Arachchillage, DR; Cohen, H; Efthymiou, M; Lawrie, AS; Machin, SJ; Mackie, IJ, 2015)	1.24
"Warfarin treatment in Sweden holds a high standard with time in therapeutic range (TTR) over 75%. "	( Warfarin treatment quality is consistently high in both anticoagulation clinics and primary care setting in Sweden. Björck, F; Renlund, H; Sandén, P; Själander, A; Svensson, PJ, 2015)	3.3
"Warfarin treatment quality is consistently high in both ACC and PHCC when monitored through AuriculA in Sweden, both measured as TTR and as risk of complications. "	( Warfarin treatment quality is consistently high in both anticoagulation clinics and primary care setting in Sweden. Björck, F; Renlund, H; Sandén, P; Själander, A; Svensson, PJ, 2015)	3.3
"Warfarin treatment was stopped 5 days before the procedure and was resumed within 24 hours after the procedure."	( Perioperative Bridging Anticoagulation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Becker, RC; Caprini, JA; Douketis, JD; Dunn, AS; Garcia, DA; Hasselblad, V; Jacobson, A; Jaffer, AK; Kaatz, S; Kong, DF; Ortel, TL; Schulman, S; Spyropoulos, AC; Turpie, AG, 2015)	1.14
"For warfarin vs no treatment, NCB using Danish weights was neutral where no risk factors were present and using five years follow-up."	( Non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients with none or one additional risk factor of the CHA2DS2-VASc score. A comprehensive net clinical benefit analysis for warfarin, aspirin, or no therapy. Larsen, TB; Lip, GY; Nielsen, PB; Skjøth, F, 2015)	1.09
"Warfarin treated patients were slightly younger and less likely to have a history of previous stroke or coronary artery disease but had similar severity of stroke as measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale."	( Real world effectiveness of warfarin among ischemic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation: observational analysis from Patient-Centered Research into Outcomes Stroke Patients Prefer and Effectiveness Research (PROSPER) study. Bhatt, DL; Fonarow, GC; Greiner, MA; Hannah, D; Hernandez, AF; Lindholm, B; Lytle, BL; Maisch, L; O'Brien, EC; Olson, DM; Pencina, MJ; Peterson, ED; Schwamm, LH; Smith, EE; Suter, RE; Wu, J; Xian, Y, 2015)	1.43
"Warfarin treatment may cause an increased bone turnover characterized by increased remodelling cycles, with stronger osteoclast activity compared to the other groups."	( Differential Effects of Dabigatran and Warfarin on Bone Volume and Structure in Rats with Normal Renal Function. Aghi, A; Arcidiacono, MV; Dalle Carbonare, L; Dusso, A; Fusaro, M; Gallieni, M; Pasho, S; Valenti, MT, 2015)	1.41
"Warfarin treatment discontinuation is significant among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). "	( Warfarin persistence among stroke patients with atrial fibrillation. Björck, F; Renlund, H; Själander, A; Svensson, PJ, 2015)	3.3
"Warfarin treatment dose was found to be convenient and warfarin treatment increased the PT levels as expected. "	( Effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper on Skin Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Activities in Warfarin-Treated Rats. Aktop, S; Emekli-Alturfan, E; Garip, H; Göçmen, G; Göker, K; Gönül, O; Yarat, A, 2017)	2.12
"Many warfarin-treated NVAF patients have a low warfarin TTR. "	( Warfarin time in therapeutic range and its impact on healthcare resource utilization and costs among patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Bruno, A; Deitelzweig, S; Evans, M; Hillson, E; Lin, J; Lingohr-Smith, M; Singh, P; Tan, W; Trocio, J, 2016)	2.39
"warfarin treatment, the former significantly reduced stroke or systemic embolic events by 19% as compared with warfarin, due mainly to a reduction in hemorrhagic stroke, while NOAC administration also significantly reduced intracranial hemorrhage by 52%."	( [Novel oral anticoagulants (NOAC)]. Ieko, M, 2015)	1.14
"Mean warfarin treatment was 1 year; mean international normalized ratios were 1.9 (IPAH) and 2.0 (SSc-PAH)."	( Effect of Warfarin Treatment on Survival of Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) in the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term PAH Disease Management (REVEAL). Benton, WW; Farber, HW; Hill, NS; Miller, DP; Preston, IR; Roberts, KE; Selej, M; Sen, GP, 2015)	1.27
"Warfarin treatment had significant survival benefits in patients with IPAH (p = 0.023)."	( Survival benefits of warfarin in Korean patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Kang, BJ; Lee, JS; Lee, SD; Oh, YM, 2015)	1.46
"Warfarin treatment substantially improved survival outcomes in Korean cases of IPAH."	( Survival benefits of warfarin in Korean patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Kang, BJ; Lee, JS; Lee, SD; Oh, YM, 2015)	2.18
"Warfarin as treatment for VTE is safe with a low rate of bleeding complications at least for the younger patient."	( Bleeding complications in venous thrombosis patients on well-managed warfarin. Renlund, H; Sandén, P; Själander, A; Svensson, PJ, 2016)	1.39
"In warfarin-treated patients, each 5% LVEF decrement significantly increased the stroke risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.346; 95% CI, 1.044-1.737; P=0.022; P value for interaction=0.04)."	( Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Risk of Stroke and Cardiac Events in Heart Failure: Data From the Warfarin Versus Aspirin in Reduced Ejection Fraction Trial. Anker, SD; Buchsbaum, R; Di Tullio, MR; Estol, CJ; Freudenberger, RS; Graham, S; Homma, S; Labovitz, AJ; Levin, B; Lip, GY; Lok, DJ; Mann, DL; Mohr, JP; Ponikowski, P; Pullicino, PM; Qian, M; Sacco, RL; Teerlink, JR; Thompson, JL, 2016)	1.16
"warfarin treatment, the former significantly reduced stroke or systemic embolic events by 19% as compared with warfarin, mainly driven by a reduction in hemorrhagic stroke, while their administration also significantly reduced all-cause mortality by 10% and intracranial hemorrhage by 52%."	( [Stroke Associated with Atrial Fibrillation and Novel Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs)]. Ieko, M, 2014)	1.12
"Warfarin treatment discontinuation is significant among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). "	( Warfarin persistence among atrial fibrillation patients - why is treatment ended? Björck, F; Ek, A; Johansson, L; Själander, A, 2016)	3.32
"Warfarin treatment."	( Assessment of Use vs Discontinuation of Oral Anticoagulation After Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. Blomström-Lundqvist, C; Holmqvist, F; Jönsson, A; Kesek, M; Platonov, PG; Poci, D; Själander, A; Själander, S; Smith, JG; Svensson, PJ; Tabrizi, F; Tapanainen, J, 2017)	1.9
"Warfarin pretreatment enhanced the expression of PAR-1 and PAR-2 in the peri-ischemic lesion, whereas rivaroxaban pretreatment did not."	( Reduction of intracerebral hemorrhage by rivaroxaban after tPA thrombolysis is associated with downregulation of PAR-1 and PAR-2. Abe, K; Heitmeier, S; Hishikawa, N; Kono, S; Morihara, R; Nakano, Y; Ohta, Y; Perzborn, E; Sato, K; Shang, J; Yamashita, T, 2017)	1.18
"Warfarin treatment resulted in reproducible increased international normalized ratio values and significant HT in both models. "	( 12/15-Lipoxygenase Inhibition or Knockout Reduces Warfarin-Associated Hemorrhagic Transformation After Experimental Stroke. Foerch, C; Karatas, H; Liu, Y; Lo, EH; van Leyen, K; Wang, X; Zheng, Y, 2017)	2.15
"Warfarin treatment or knockdown of its target VKOR inhibits the activity of AR both in cell lines and in mouse prostate tissue."	( Vitamin K epoxide reductase regulation of androgen receptor activity. Castro, E; Elix, C; He, M; Hong, TB; Jones, JO; Kalkum, M; Otto-Duessel, M; Pal, SK; Tew, BY; Wu, X, 2017)	1.18
"Warfarin treatment within 12 months achieved significantly higher rates of complete recanalization than aspirin or clopidogrel in patients with PVT (54.5% vs 31.3%; P = .013), although adverse events were similar between the 2 groups ( P > .05)."	( Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients With Cirrhosis Undergoing Elective Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt: Risk Factors, Warfarin Efficacy, and Clinical Outcomes. Li, YH; Wu, HM; Xu, Y; Yang, J; Yang, LH; Yue-Meng, W, 2018)	1.41
"warfarin treatment in OAC naïve AF patients in routine care, including primary care, in a large region with decentralized anticoagulant treatment."	( Stroke and bleeding with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant or warfarin treatment in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a population-based cohort study. Andersen, M; Forslund, T; Hjemdahl, P; Wettermark, B, 2018)	1.43
"warfarin treatment was associated with similar risks for TIA/ischaemic or unspecified stroke/death [hazard ratio (HR) 0.94; 0.85-1.05] and severe bleeds (HR 1.02; 0.88-1.19); lower risks of intracranial bleeds (HR 0.72; 0.53-0.97) or haemorrhagic stroke (HR 0.56; 0.34-0.93), but a higher risk for gastrointestinal bleeds (HR 1.28; 1.04-1.59)."	( Stroke and bleeding with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant or warfarin treatment in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a population-based cohort study. Andersen, M; Forslund, T; Hjemdahl, P; Wettermark, B, 2018)	1.43
"warfarin in VTE treatment was compared."	( Net clinical benefit of dabigatran vs. warfarin in venous thromboembolism: analyses from RE-COVER Eriksson, H; Feuring, M; Goldhaber, SZ; Hantel, S; Kakkar, AJ; Kreuzer, J; Schellong, S; Schueler, E; Schulman, S, 2017)	1.45
"Warfarin treatment in HD-AF patients with AF preceding HD was associated with higher risks of developing congestive heart failure [hazard ratio (HR)=1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.29-2.58, p<0.01], peripheral artery occlusive disease (HR=3.42, 95% CI=1.86-6.31, p<0.01), and aortic valve stenosis (HR=3.20, 95% CI=1.02-9.98, p<0.05). "	( Association of warfarin with congestive heart failure and peripheral artery occlusive disease in hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation. Chen, YY; Hsu, CC; Huang, CT; Lee, KH; Li, SY; Lin, YP; Liu, JS; Tarng, DC, 2017)	2.25
"Warfarin treated patients (>5 INR tests) categorised as at moderate or high risk of stroke (CHADS2 score > or = 2) with varying levels of INR control were compared to those who did not receive warfarin treatment using Cox proportional hazards models controlling for age, sex and CHADS2 score."	( Warfarin treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation: observing outcomes associated with varying levels of INR control. Clemens, A; McEwan, P; Morgan, CL; Plumb, JM; Robinson, PA; Tukiendorf, A, 2009)	2.52
"A warfarin treated patient unexpectedly presented with an elevated international normalized ratio (INR). "	( Use of chromogenic assay of factor X to accept or reject INR results in Warfarin treated patients. Sanfelippo, MJ; Scherr, DL; Shaw, GR; Zinsmaster, W, 2009)	1.31
"Warfarin pretreatment reduced gene delivery to liver, spleen and lung. "	( Systemic adenoviral gene delivery to orthotopic murine breast tumors with ablation of coagulation factors, thrombocytes and Kupffer cells. Escutenaire, S; Guse, K; Hemminki, A; Kanerva, A; Koski, A; Pesonen, S; Rajecki, M; Ristimäki, A, 2009)	1.8
"In warfarin-treated plasma, the addition of FFP, cryoprecipitate, and platelets led to a dose-dependent improvement of CT and angle, whereas MCF increased with cryoprecipitate or platelets only. "	( In vitro comparative study of hemostatic components in warfarin-treated and fibrinogen-deficient plasma. Bolliger, D; Levy, JH; Molinaro, RJ; Narang, N; Rumph, B; Szlam, F; Tanaka, KA, 2010)	1.23
"Warfarin treatment significantly increased bleeding duration and blood loss from pretreatment (experiment 1, 12 subjects)."	( Exploratory study on the reversal of warfarin with rFVIIa in healthy subjects. Carr, ME; Khutoryansky, NM; Mathews, DR; Pusateri, AE; Skolnick, BE, 2010)	1.35
"In warfarin-treated patients, receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves suggested that patients with TTR >68% had anticoagulation benefit."	( Quality of warfarin control affects the incidence of stroke in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Hashimoto, Y; Maruyama, Y; Masaki, N; Matsumura, A; Suzuki, M, 2010)	1.26
"Warfarin remains the treatment of choice for patients who have suffered thrombosis, but antiplatelet agents and heparin are other options."	( Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Kansal, A; Mittal, M; Ram, H; Saigal, R; Singh, Y, 2010)	1.08
"Warfarin treatment after AVR significantly reduced thrombin-generating capacity."	( Enhanced thrombin generation after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Boehm, J; Braun, S; Busley, R; Dietrich, W; Englhard, A; Lison, S; Perchuc, A; Schuster, T; Spannagl, M, 2011)	1.09
"Warfarin pretreatment dramatically increases the risk of HT 24 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion."	( Increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke occurring during warfarin anticoagulation: an experimental study in mice. Czech-Zechmeister, B; Foerch, C; Pfeilschifter, W; Spitzer, D; Steinmetz, H, 2011)	1.32
"Warfarin-treated patients with stroke have increased risks of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after thrombolytic treatment. "	( Subtherapeutic international normalized ratio in warfarin-treated patients increases the risk for symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after intravenous thrombolysis. Moore, SA; Rabinstein, AA; Seet, RC; Wijdicks, EF; Zhang, Y, 2011)	2.07
"Warfarin treatment was used in 5/6NE."	( 5/6 nephrectomy as a validated rat model mimicking human warfarin-related nephropathy. Brodsky, SV; Calomeni, E; Forbes, R; Hebert, LA; Nadasdy, G; Nadasdy, T; Ozcan, A; Rovin, BH; Satoskar, AA; Ware, K, 2012)	2.07
"In warfarin-pretreated rats, FA resulted in faster coagulation times than saline or DP and less hemorrhage than saline (P<0.05)."	( Use of topical bovine thrombin in an anti-coagulated rat model of hepatic injury. Brainard, BM; Köhler, R; Schmiedt, CW, 2012)	0.89
"Warfarin-treated patients were older, had more comorbid conditions, and had more severe strokes."	( Risks of intracranial hemorrhage among patients with acute ischemic stroke receiving warfarin and treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Fonarow, GC; Hernandez, AF; Liang, L; Olson, DM; Peterson, ED; Reeves, MJ; Schwamm, LH; Smith, EE; Xian, Y, 2012)	1.32
"Warfarin treatment was associated with a decreased risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism among patients with chronic kidney disease, whereas warfarin and aspirin were associated with an increased risk of bleeding."	( Stroke and bleeding in atrial fibrillation with chronic kidney disease. Gislason, GH; Hommel, K; Kamper, AL; Køber, L; Lane, DA; Lindhardsen, J; Lip, GY; Olesen, JB; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2012)	1.1
"Warfarin treatment with a high time in therapeutic range (TTR) is correlated to fewer complications. "	( Computer aided warfarin dosing in the Swedish national quality registry AuriculA - Algorithmic suggestions are performing better than manually changed doses. Grzymala-Lubanski, B; Renlund, H; Själander, A; Själander, S; Svensson, PJ, 2013)	2.19
"Warfarin treatment dramatically increased serum PIVKA-II more than 1,000 mAU/ml."	( Measurement of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin levels in hemodialysis patients positive for anti-hepatitis virus C antibody. Hishida, A; Kato, A; Maruyama, T; Maruyama, Y; Togawa, A; Yamamoto, T; Yasuda, H; Yonemura, K, 2002)	1.04
"Warfarin treatment in primary health care is prevalent among the elderly. "	( Anticoagulant treatment in primary health care in Sweden - prevalence, incidence and treatment diagnosis: a retrospective study on electronic patient records in a registered population. Björholt, I; Johnsson, H; Nilsson, GH, 2003)	1.76
"Warfarin-treated rats were fed diets containing K1, MK-4, or both."	( Tissue-specific utilization of menaquinone-4 results in the prevention of arterial calcification in warfarin-treated rats. De Mey, JG; Schurgers, LJ; Soute, BA; Spronk, HM; Thijssen, HH; Vermeer, C, )	1.07
"Warfarin treatment is fairly well documented for stroke patients with atrial fibrillation."	( [Drug therapy after stroke should be evidence-based. Organizational, economic and ethical decisions direct the choice of treatment]. Terént, A, 2003)	1.04
"The warfarin/vitamin K1 treatment increased medial arterial calcification ninefold (P < 0.05)."	( Phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells during medial arterial calcification: a role for endothelin? Dao, HH; Essalihi, R; McKee, MD; Moreau, P; Ouellette, V, 2004)	0.8
"Warfarin treated patients in the upper quartile of INR control had significantly longer survival (57.5 months) than did those in the lowest quartile of control (38.1 months, p < 0.001)."	( Evaluation of survival and ischaemic and thromboembolic event rates in patients with non-valvar atrial fibrillation in the general population when treated and untreated with warfarin. Currie, CJ; Emmas, C; Goodfellow, J; Jones, M; McEwan, P; Morgan, CL; Peters, JR, 2006)	1.25
"Warfarin-treated patients had significantly higher rates of transfusion compared to nonwarfarin-treated patients at 12 months (21% vs 0%, P=0.028)."	( Evaluation of safety of warfarin in combination with antiplatelet therapy for patients treated with coronary stents for acute myocardial infarction. Boura, JA; Gallagher, MJ; Kahn, JK; Mattichak, SJ; O'Neill, WW; Reed, PS, 2005)	1.36
"Warfarin treatment following the incident VTE event was administered to 97.3% of patients for an average of 6.7 (median, 5.0) months at an average cost of 19.40 US dollars per patient per month."	( Longitudinal evaluation of health plan cost per venous thromboembolism or bleed event in patients with a prior venous thromboembolism event during hospitalization. Bullano, MF; Hauch, O; Hoffman, L; Spyropoulos, AC; Willey, V; Wygant, G, 2005)	1.05
"Warfarin treatment gives a well-documented reduction of the risk of thrombosis, but makes the patients more liable to bleedings. "	( [Warfarin treatment in a general practice]. Bratland, B, 2006)	2.69
"For warfarin-treated patients, the risk of bleeding increases as the INR rises, particularly if the INR exceeds 4. "	( The risk of hemorrhage among patients with warfarin-associated coagulopathy. Crowther, M; Garcia, DA; Hylek, EM; Regan, S, 2006)	1.15
"For warfarin-treated outpatients presenting with an INR >5 and <9, the 30-day risk of major bleeding is low (0.96%). "	( The risk of hemorrhage among patients with warfarin-associated coagulopathy. Crowther, M; Garcia, DA; Hylek, EM; Regan, S, 2006)	1.15
"Warfarin treatment was associated with increased bleeding rate compared to aspirin (6.9% vs 2.4%, P < 0.05), although the major bleeding rate is rather low (1.5%)."	( [The randomized study of efficiency and safety of antithrombotic therapy in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: warfarin compared with aspirin]. Hu, DY; Jiang, LQ; Sun, YH; Zhang, HP, 2006)	1.27
"Warfarin remains the treatment of choice for patients who have suffered thrombosis, but antiplatelet agents and heparin are options."	( Update on antiphospholipid syndrome. Lockshin, MD, 2006)	1.06
"Warfarin treatment was an independent predictor of both primary endpoint (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-3.0, P = 0.05) and major bleeding (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.2-9.3, P = 0.02)."	( Safety and efficacy of combined antiplatelet-warfarin therapy after coronary stenting. Airaksinen, KE; Airaksinen, TJ; Karjalainen, PP; Niemelä, M; Nyman, K; Porela, P; Vahlberg, T; Vaittinen, MA; Vikman, S; Ylitalo, A, 2007)	1.32
"Warfarin treatment was associated with improved survival both in comparison with the general population (SMR 1.1 with warfarin, SMR 2.2 without warfarin) and after propensity score matching for odds to receive warfarin (HR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.9)."	( Increased mortality in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: report from the Stockholm Cohort-Study of Atrial Fibrillation (SCAF). Friberg, L; Hammar, N; Pettersson, H; Rosenqvist, M, 2007)	1.06
"Warfarin treatment also inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, p70 S6 kinase, and 4E-BP-1."	( Role of growth arrest-specific gene 6 in diabetic nephropathy. Arai, H; Doi, T; Nagai, K, 2008)	1.07
"The warfarin-treated group also demonstrated a significantly increased time to first evidence of disease progression."	( Effect of warfarin on survival in small cell carcinoma of the lung. Veterans Administration Study No. 75. Cornell, CJ; Edwards, R; Forcier, RJ; Forman, WB; Headley, E; Henderson, WG; Kim, SH; Kwaan, HC; O'Dell, R; O'Donnell, JR; Rickles, FR; Tornyos, K; Zacharski, LR, 1981)	1.15
"As warfarin treatment did not affect significantly PGI2-like activity, we conclude that a different hypothesis is necessary to explain the phenomenon."	( Warfarin and heparin interaction with prostacyclin-like activity generated by arterial wall in the rat. Doni, MG; Piva, E, 1983)	2.22
"The warfarin-treated dog was given 2.5 mg of vitamin K1/kg of body weight in divided doses 3 times a day for 5 days."	( Mechanism of diphacinone rodenticide toxicosis in the dog and its therapeutic implications. Feldman, BF; Mount, ME, 1983)	0.75
"In warfarin-treated animals there was a decreased content of both beta- hydroxyaspartic acid and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in the barium citrate adsorbed fraction."	( Beta-hydroxyaspartic acid in vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins from scorbutic and warfarin-treated guinea pigs. Fernlund, P; Stenflo, J, 1984)	1.01
"Warfarin pretreatment does not lead to increased bleeding but may even have a beneficial anticoagulant effect that may lead to better preserved postoperative hemostasis and reduced blood loss."	( Warfarin pretreatment does not lead to increased bleeding tendency during cardiac surgery. Dietrich, W; Dilthey, G; Richter, JA; Spannagl, M, 1995)	3.18
"Warfarin treatment was safe and effective and was not associated with embryopathy."	( Outcome of pregnancy in women with valve prostheses. Oakley, CM; Sbarouni, E, 1994)	1.01
"In warfarin-treated animals, bone osteocalcin levels were decreased, both in the metaphysis (9% compared to controls) and the diaphysis (30% compared to controls) of the metacarpals."	( Osteopenia and bone-remodeling abnormalities in warfarin-treated lambs. Delmas, PD; Meunier, PJ; Pastoureau, P; Vergnaud, P, 1993)	1.06
"In warfarin-treated patients, F1 + 2 was positively correlated with the Thrombotest value, factors II, VII, IX and X."	( Evaluation of oral anticoagulant therapy by measuring plasma prothrombin fragment 1 + 2. Furuta, R; Satoh, N; Shibata, A; Takahashi, H; Takakuwa, E; Wada, K; Yoshino, N, 1993)	0.8
"Warfarin treatment lowered significantly the MK-4 concentrations, whereas MK-4 epoxide accumulated."	( Phylloquinone and menaquinone-4 distribution in rats: synthesis rather than uptake determines menaquinone-4 organ concentrations. Drittij-Reijnders, MJ; Fischer, MA; Thijssen, HH, 1996)	1.02
"Warfarin treatment resulted in a small, but significant (P < 0.05), decrease in wet tumor weight."	( Three-dimensional visualization and quantitation of fibrin in solid tumors by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Amirkhosravi, A; Biggerstaff, J; Francis, JL, 1997)	1.02
"Warfarin treatment was more frequently associated with venous limb gangrene than with limb arterial thrombosis (8 of 8 patients compared with 3 of 10 patients; P = 0.004). "	( The pathogenesis of venous limb gangrene associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Elavathil, LJ; Hayward, CP; Johnston, MA; Kelton, JG; Russett, JI; Warkentin, TE, 1997)	1.74
"Warfarin treatment of deep venous thrombosis associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is a possible cause of venous limb gangrene, perhaps because of acquired failure of the protein C anticoagulant pathway to regulate thrombin generation."	( The pathogenesis of venous limb gangrene associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Elavathil, LJ; Hayward, CP; Johnston, MA; Kelton, JG; Russett, JI; Warkentin, TE, 1997)	1.74
"Warfarin treatment markedly increased the levels of MGP mRNA and protein in calcifying arteries and decreased the level of MGP in serum."	( Warfarin causes rapid calcification of the elastic lamellae in rat arteries and heart valves. Faus, SA; Price, PA; Williamson, MK, 1998)	2.46
"The warfarin-treated patients had significantly lower levels of carboxylated OC 4.9 +/- 3.8 (+/- 1 SD) ng/ml compared with the controls 13.1 +/- 9.7 (p < 0.0001)."	( The proportion of carboxylated to total or intact osteocalcin in serum discriminates warfarin-treated patients from control subjects. Akesson, K; Astermark, J; Käkönen, SM; Lilja, H; Lövgren, T; Obrant, KJ; Pettersson, K, 1999)	1.01
"No warfarin-treated patient experienced intracranial bleeding while in hospital or during follow-up."	( Atrial fibrillation and the use of warfarin in patients admitted to an acute stroke unit. Aguilar, EG; Leckey, R; Phillips, SJ, 2000)	1.1
"In warfarin-treated HepG2 cells, we found modest and severe intracellular degradation of prothrombin and protein C, respectively."	( Secretion, gamma-carboxylation, and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of chimeras with mutually exchanged Gla domain between human protein C and prothrombin. Arvan, P; Koide, T; Omura, S; Takeuchi, S; Tokunaga, F, 2000)	0.82
"Warfarin-treated patients had lower TAT and PF1+2."	( Anticoagulation intensity sufficient for haemodialysis does not prevent activation of coagulation and platelets. Bjørnsen, S; Brosstad, F; Hartmann, A; Sagedal, S; Sundstrøm, K, 2001)	1.03
"Warfarin treatment reduces clinical clot formation and subclinical activation of coagulation."	( Anticoagulation intensity sufficient for haemodialysis does not prevent activation of coagulation and platelets. Bjørnsen, S; Brosstad, F; Hartmann, A; Sagedal, S; Sundstrøm, K, 2001)	1.03
"Warfarin treatment, at a dose decreasing vitamin K-dependent factor to levels found in FNL, prolonged the OT and reduced fibrin deposition, without modifying F XII or changing lipid profile."	( Experimental arterial thrombosis in genetically or diet induced hyperlipidemia in rats--role of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and prevention by low-intensity oral anticoagulation. Amore, C; Castelnuovo, AD; D'Adamo, MC; De Curtis, A; Donati, MB; Iacoviello, L; Polishchuck, R, 2001)	1.03
"Warfarin treatment is not associated with an increase in the incidence rate of early or delayed postoperative endoleaks. "	( Potential impact of therapeutic warfarin treatment on type II endoleaks and sac shrinkage rates on midterm follow-up examination. Barker, CF; Baum, RA; Carpenter, JP; Fairman, RM; Golden, MA; Larson, RA; Mitchell, ME; Velazquez, OC, 2002)	2.04
"Warfarin treatment of venous thromboembolism is the most frequent cause of reported serious and fatal adverse events associated with drug therapy in Norway. "	( [Warfarin treatment of venous thromboembolism]. Andersen, IA; Hammerstrøm, J, 2002)	2.67
"In warfarin-treated rabbits, larger bacterial inocula were needed to induce an infection, and the degree of infection of the vegetations was also significantly lower, eventually resulting in the total elimination of the bacteria from the vegetations."	( Effect of warfarin on the induction and course of experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis. Eulderink, F; Thompson, J; Thörig, L, 1977)	1.17
"Warfarin treatment (1, 5, or 10 micrograms/ml, 24 h) resulted in decreases in secreted prothrombin antigen levels, relative to total protein levels to approximately 85%, 87% or 81% of ethanol-treated control levels."	( The effects of vitamin K1 and warfarin on prothrombin expression in human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells. Burkey, BF; Degen, SJ; Jamison, CS, 1992)	1.29
"The warfarin-treated rats developed a marked maxillonasal hypoplasia associated with a 11-13% reduction in the length of the nasal bones compared with controls."	( The warfarin embryopathy: a rat model showing maxillonasal hypoplasia and other skeletal disturbances. Howe, AM; Webster, WS, 1992)	1.32
"Five warfarin-treated patients had five significant bleeding events (0.031 per patient-year)."	( Antiphospholipid thrombosis: clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients. Brewer, PM; Rosove, MH, 1992)	0.74
"Warfarin treatment did not affect the ultrastructure of cells or the extracellular matrix in the tooth germs."	( Effect of warfarin on early rat tooth development. Gorter de Vries, I; Price, PA; Williamson, MK; Wisse, E, 1991)	1.41
"Warfarin and danazol treatment ware discontinued with replenishment of vitamin K."	( [Subarachnoid hemorrhage following commencement of danazol treatment in a patient well controlled on warfarin anticoagulation]. Hiekata, T; Hinata, S; Kamata, S; Mieda, T, 1991)	1.22
"Warfarin-treated rats showed vitamin K epoxide accumulation in most of the organs having the warfarin binder."	( Tissue distribution of selective warfarin binding sites in the rat. Baars, LG; Thijssen, HH, 1991)	1.28
"In warfarin treated dogs there was no change in the BMBT; however, the PR was significantly reduced."	( Evaluation of the buccal bleeding time and platelet glass bead retention as assays of hemostasis in the dog: the effects of acetylsalicylic acid, warfarin and von Willebrand factor deficiency. Brassard, JA; Meyers, KM, 1991)	1
"In warfarin treated persons the protein C level was reduced to approximately 40% of the normal level."	( A radioimmunoassay for protein C. Ikeda, K; Stenflo, J, 1985)	0.78
"In warfarin-treated patients, total PS, free PS and PC were moderately decreased, but the decrease in C4bp was minimal."	( Plasma protein S in disseminated intravascular coagulation, liver disease, collagen disease, diabetes mellitus, and under oral anticoagulant therapy. Shibata, A; Takahashi, H; Tatewaki, W; Wada, K, 1989)	0.79
"In warfarin-treated rats, accumulated prothrombin precursor was carboxylated and transported into circulation by injecting vitamin K 30 min after isotope administration."	( Biosynthesis and clearance of prothrombin in warfarin-treated rats. Helgeland, L; Kvalvaag, AH; Tollersrud, OK, 1989)	1.05
"Warfarin treatment of HepG2 cells decreased the quantity of VII secreted by 77%, whereas it only inhibited the secretion of VII* by 14%."	( Monoclonal anti-human factor VII antibodies. Detection in plasma of a second protein antigenically and genetically related to factor VII. Broze, GJ; Hickman, S; Miletich, JP, 1985)	0.99
"In warfarin treated rats, 2.5 mg/kg of Ind decreased the normal prothrombin level at 48 hr, and 10 mg/kg of Ind prolonged the blood coagulation time, decreased the normal prothrombin level and hematocrit, and increased the PIVKA-II level."	( [Influence of indometacin farnesil on blood coagulation. Comparison with indomethacin in normal rats and warfarin induced hypoprothrombinemic rats]. Akiyama, Y; Hara, K; Kato, Y; Orikasa, E; Tajima, T; Takahira, H, 1988)	1
"Warfarin treatment of rats resulted in a 3-fold increase in the membrane concentration of factor X antigens and a 20-fold increase in 14C gamma-carboxylation of the membrane pool of factor X carboxylase substrates."	( Early processing of prothrombin and factor X by the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. Martin, LF; Wallin, R, 1988)	1
"In warfarin-treated plasma (n = 12), the level of IX:C was low (mean 0.39 units/ml)."	( Studies on immunological assay of vitamin-K dependent factors. III. A double monoclonal immunoradiometric assay for factor IX antigen. Goodall, AH; Mellars, G; Mikami, S; O'Brien, DP; Tuddenham, EG, 1986)	0.78
"Warfarin-treated patients remained 91% +/- 1% free of emboli after 8 years."	( The St. Jude valve: analysis of thromboembolism, warfarin-related hemorrhage, and survival. Chaux, A; Czer, LS; De Robertis, M; Gray, RJ; Matloff, JM; Stewart, ME, 1987)	1.25
"In warfarin-treated individuals (n = 12) who were anticoagulated orally for more than 3 weeks, functional activity was lower (0.27 +/- 0.12 units/ml) than that measured by RIA (0.64 +/- 0.12 units/ml) or EDTA-Laurell (0.62 +/- 0.06 units/ml), whereas PC:AG measured by CA-Laurell had a normal value of 0.96 +/- 0.40 units/ml."	( Studies on immunological assay of vitamin K dependent factors. II. Comparison of four immunoassay methods with functional activity of protein C in human plasma. Mikami, S; Tuddenham, EG, 1986)	0.78
"Warfarin treatment increased the elimination of radiolabeled BL6 melanoma cells from the lungs of normal mice, and the rate of tumor cell elimination was further potentiated when NK cell activity was stimulated by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid."	( Augmentation of the antimetastatic effect of anticoagulant drugs by immunostimulation in mice. Gorelik, E, 1987)	0.99
"Warfarin-treated fasted rats showed a significantly higher prothrombin time than warfarin-treated fed rats."	( Interaction between warfarin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in rats. Crowe, JT; Mathur, PP; Sancilio, LF; Taylor, MA, 1985)	1.31
"In warfarin treated animals, the number of microadenomas also increased with time, but the actual incidence was reduced when compared with controls."	( Effect of warfarin on cell kinetics, epithelial morphology and tumour incidence in induced colorectal cancer in the rat. Cooke, T; Goeting, N; Kirkham, N; Taylor, I; Trotter, GA, 1985)	1.19
"Warfarin-treated patients were at increased risk of hemorrhage (5 of 20 [25%], or 22 per 100 patient-years, vs 0 of 10 [0%], or 0 per 100 patient-years, p less than 0.05)."	( Anticoagulation therapy in children with mechanical prosthetic cardiac valves. Bradley, LM; Getson, PR; Midgley, FM; Scott, LP; Watson, DC, 1985)	0.99
"Pretreatment with warfarin given at a dose of 90 or 180 µg/kg/dose increased the international normalized ratio and reduced morphological signs of pancreatic damage such as pancreatic edema, vacuolization of acinar cells, necrosis and the number of hemorrhages."	( Pretreatment with Warfarin Attenuates the Development of Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rats. Ceranowicz, P; Cieszkowski, J; Gałązka, K; Kuśnierz-Cabala, B; Maduzia, D; Warzecha, Z, 2020)	1.22
"Treatment with warfarin was associated with higher rates of major bleeding and adverse events (22 vs."	( Direct costs in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation newly indicated to apixaban: a retrospective prospective single arm cohort study. Doležal, T; Doležalová, H; Herold, M; Lžičařová, L; Měrou, TAPS; Pilnáčková, B; Štrosová, D; Tužil, J; Typovská, V, 2022)	1.06
"Treatment with warfarin dose-dependently increased international normalized ratio (INR) and attenuated the severity of pancreatitis in histological examination and accelerated pancreatic recovery."	( Healing effect of warfarin in the course of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Bonior, J; Brzozowski, T; Ceranowicz, P; Chmura, A; Cieszkowski, J; Dumnicka, P; Galazka, K; Ginter, G; Konarska-Bajda, K; Kusmierz-Cabala, B; Sporek, M; Stempniewicz, A; Warzecha, Z, 2023)	1.58
"Treatment with warfarin or DOAC after AF diagnosis."	( Latent Classes of Adherence to Oral Anticoagulation Therapy Among Patients With a New Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation. Brooks, MM; Chen, N; Hernandez, I, 2020)	0.91
"Treatment with warfarin reduces pancreatic damage and accelerates recovery in histological examination and this effect is accompanied by a faster reduction in serum activity of pancreatic digestive enzymes, lipase and amylase."	( Administration of warfarin accelerates the recovery in ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute pancreatitis. Ceranowicz, P; Chmura, A; Cieszkowski, J; Galazka, K; Kusnierz-Cabala, B; Maduzia, D; Warzecha, Z, 2020)	1.23
"Treatment with warfarin greatly reduces the risk of stroke related to atrial fibrillation, but will not be effective unless patients adhere to treatment. "	( Adherence to warfarin treatment among patients with atrial fibrillation. Friberg, L; Skeppholm, M, 2014)	1.12
"Treatment with warfarin in combination with clopidogrel has been shown to reduce the incidence of major bleeding as compared to triple antithrombotic therapy (TT; warfarin, clopidogrel and aspirin). "	( Concomitant use of warfarin and ticagrelor as an alternative to triple antithrombotic therapy after an acute coronary syndrome. Bico, B; Braun, OÖ; Chaudhry, U; Gustav Smith, J; Jovinge, S; Koul, S; Scherstén, F; Svensson, PJ; Tydén, P; van der Pals, J; Wagner, H, 2015)	1.1
"Treatment with warfarin during the hospitalization has to take the risk of bleeding, particularly into the pericardium, as reported in the literature, into account."	( Anticoagulation for stroke prevention in new atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Cybulsky, I; Delaney, J; Schulman, S, 2015)	0.76
"Pre-treatment with warfarin (.2 mg/kg/day), low dose rivaroxaban (60 mg/kg/day), high dose rivaroxaban (120 mg/kg/day) or vehicle was performed for 2 weeks, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was induced for 90 min, then followed by reperfusion with tPA. "	( Effects of Pretreatment with Warfarin or Rivaroxaban on Neurovascular Unit Dissociation after Tissue Plasminogen Activator Thrombolysis in Ischemic Rat Brain. Abe, K; Fukui, Y; Hishikawa, N; Kono, S; Li, X; Morihara, R; Nakano, Y; Ohta, Y; Shang, J; Yamashita, T, 2016)	1.05
"The treatment of warfarin embryopathy is symptomatic."	( Fetotoxicity of warfarin anticoagulation. Bhatt, S; Gupta, B; Mehndiratta, S; Suneja, A, 2010)	1.04
"The treatment of warfarin-associated ICH involves the prompt reversal of anticoagulation to allow for surgical procedures, if necessary."	( Coagulation factor VIIa (recombinant) for warfarin-induced intracranial hemorrhage. Rowe, AS; Turner, RM, 2010)	0.95
"Pre-treatment with warfarin prevents PE after PTBA in the patients with BCS with IVC membranous or segmental occlusion and large thrombus."	( Warfarin anticoagulation before angioplasty relieves thrombus burden in Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by inferior vena cava anatomic obstruction. Bai, W; Li, T; Pang, Z; Zhai, S; Zhang, WW, 2010)	2.12
"Treatment with warfarin was associated with an increased risk of mortality in an IPF population who lacked other indications for anticoagulation."	( A placebo-controlled randomized trial of warfarin in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Anstrom, KJ; Calvert, SB; de Andrade, J; Flaherty, KR; Glazer, C; Kaner, RJ; Noth, I; Olman, MA, 2012)	0.98
"Dogs treated with warfarin did not become non-ambulatory, die or undergo euthanasia related to AT, or have a known serious hemorrhagic event."	( Aortic thrombosis in dogs: presentation, therapy, and outcome in 26 cases. Adams, A; Orton, EC; Sedacca, CD; Winter, RL, 2012)	0.7
"Treatment of warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage in community emergency departments is often suboptimal and does not adhere to published guidelines. "	( Warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage is inadequately treated at community emergency departments. Bleck, TP; Garg, RK; John, S; Lee, VH; Liotta, EM; Prabhakaran, S; Temes, RE, 2012)	2.19
"Drug treatment with warfarin is associated with significant management issues, such as an unpredictable dose response necessitating dose adjustments, frequent laboratory monitoring, and multiple interactions with other medications, as well as foods."	( New anticoagulants for stroke prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation: assessing the impact on medication adherence. Kopecky, S, 2012)	0.69
"Treatment with warfarin has been reported difficult mainly due to high inter- and intraindividual variability in response to the drug [1]."	( Monitoring of anticoagulant therapy applying a dynamic statistical model. Hejlesen, OK; Kristensen, SR; Larsen, TB; Lundbye-Christensen, S; Nielsen, PB, 2013)	0.73
"Treatment with warfarin may be a beneficial therapy for patients with livedoid vasculopathy."	( Warfarin therapy for livedoid vasculopathy associated with cryofibrinogenemia and hyperhomocysteinemia. Browning, CE; Callen, JP, 2006)	2.13
"Treatment with warfarin is cost-effective (versus aspirin or no therapy) in patients with AF at moderate-to-high risk of stroke. "	( Pharmacoeconomics of anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a review. Bramkamp, M; Szucs, TD, 2006)	0.69
"Treatment with warfarin resulted in improved median survival from the start of regional therapy (warfarin versus no warfarin: 5.0 versus 2.3 months, n = 111 versus 69; p < 0.0001). "	( Effects of low-dose warfarin and regional chemotherapy on survival in patients with pancreatic carcinoma. Löhr, M; Müller, H; Nakchbandi, IA; Nakchbandi, W; Singer, MV, 2006)	1.01
"Treatment with warfarin is associated with improved survival in PxAF patients."	( Increased mortality in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: report from the Stockholm Cohort-Study of Atrial Fibrillation (SCAF). Friberg, L; Hammar, N; Pettersson, H; Rosenqvist, M, 2007)	0.68
"Treatment with warfarin also dramatically decreases both formation and 51Cr-labelled platelet deposition demonstrating the important role of the coagulation system in platelet aggregation in this model."	( Expression of the platelet procoagulant activity in vivo in thrombus formation in an extracorporeal shunt in the rat. Shand, RA; Smith, JR; Wallis, RB, 1984)	0.61
"The treatment with warfarin was more effective in producing earlier and significantly longer PT and APTT."	( Toxicology of aflatoxin B1, warfarin, and cadmium in young pigs: clinical chemistry and blood coagulation. Edds, GT; Osuna, O, 1982)	0.88
"Treatment with warfarin, aspirin, or no therapy in the decision analytic model."	( Cost-effectiveness of warfarin and aspirin for prophylaxis of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Albers, GW; Cardinalli, AB; Gage, BF; Owens, DK, 1995)	0.96
"Treatment with warfarin is cost-effective in patients with NVAF and one or more additional risk factors for stroke. "	( Cost-effectiveness of warfarin and aspirin for prophylaxis of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Albers, GW; Cardinalli, AB; Gage, BF; Owens, DK, 1995)	0.96
"Treatment with warfarin ultimately resulted in effective control of the disease."	( Catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Ermini, M; Falcini, F; Matucci Cerinic, M; Taccetti, G; Trapani, S, 1997)	0.64
"Treatment with warfarin was most effective in preventing recurrent arterial and venous thrombosis. "	( A retrospective review of 61 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Analysis of factors influencing recurrent thrombosis. Harris, EN; Krnic-Barrie, S; Looney, SW; O'Connor, CR; Pierangeli, SS, 1997)	0.65
"Treatment with warfarin sodium is effective for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation but many physicians hesitate to prescribe it to elderly patients presumably because of the associated risk for bleeding and the inconvenience of frequent blood tests for the patients."	( Bleeding during warfarin and aspirin therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: the AFASAK 2 study. Atrial Fibrillation Aspirin and Anticoagulation. Gulløv, AL; Koefoed, BG; Petersen, P, 1999)	1
"Yet, treatment with warfarin, a gamma-carboxylase inhibitor and vitamin K antagonist, triggered mineralization in hypertrophic but not immature cultures."	( Matrix GLA protein is a developmental regulator of chondrocyte mineralization and, when constitutively expressed, blocks endochondral and intramembranous ossification in the limb. Abrams, WR; Enomoto-Iwamoto, M; Iwamoto, M; Koyama, E; Pacifici, M; Shapiro, IM; Suh, JY; Yagami, K, 1999)	0.62
"Mice treated with warfarin developed lesions both in the aortic sinus and the descending aorta to the same degree as mice receiving no treatment (28,351+/-350 microm2/mouse treated with warfarin versus 27,952+/-750 micro2/control mouse; P = .86)."	( Suppressing thrombin generation is compatible with the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Baglin, TP; Byrne, CD; Grainger, DJ; McWilliam, NA, 2001)	0.63
"Treatment with warfarin using a target International Normalized Ratio (INR) range of 1.7 to 2.5 is efficacious for many clinical indications, but the minimal intensity of anticoagulation required for antithrombotic protection has yet to be determined. "	( Monitoring "mini-intensity" anticoagulation with warfarin: comparison of the prothrombin time using a sensitive thromboplastin with prothrombin fragment F1+2 levels. Barzegar, S; Bauer, KA; Kistler, JP; Millenson, MM; Rosenberg, RD; Tulin, L, 1992)	0.89
"Mice treated with warfarin for 2 weeks showed a major reduction in sulfatide level (42%), with a lesser degree or no reduction in levels of gangliosides and cerebrosides."	( Warfarin administration reduces synthesis of sulfatides and other sphingolipids in mouse brain. Lev, M; Sundaram, KS, 1988)	2.04
"Treatment with warfarin reduces the flexibility to just below the normal value."	( Effects of warfarin on blood rheology in navicular disease. Allen, BV; Amin, TM; Colles, CM; Sirs, JA, 1986)	1
"Pretreatment with warfarin prevented vegetation formation, but animals still developed endocarditis at the same rate after injection of 10(6)S."	( Role of the vegetation in experimental Streptococcus viridans endocarditis. Hook, EW; Sande, MA, 1974)	0.58

Toxicity

Arthrocentesis and joint injections in patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy with therapeutic international normalized ratio are safe procedures. Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation under unin.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The general toxic effects of coumarin, as well as coumarin hepatotoxicity were found to be less in DBA/2J mice than in CH3/HeJ mice."	( Coumarin toxicity in different strains of mice. Endell, W; Seidel, G, 1978)	0.26
"Biochemical responses of animals to environmental chemicals (biochemical biomarkers) can give measures of exposure, and sometimes also toxic effect."	( Biochemical responses as indicators of toxic effects of chemicals in ecosystems. Walker, CH, 1992)	0.28
" Precocene II was significantly more toxic to hepatocytes cultured from PB-treated, compared with untreated, gerbils."	( Maintenance of monooxygenase activities and detection of cytochrome P-450-mediated cytotoxicity in Mongolian gerbil hepatocyte cultures. Fentem, JH; Fry, JR; Hammond, AH, 1991)	0.28
"A double-masked study was performed to investigate a possible side effect of the antiallergic substance Picumast dihydrochloride on lens transparency."	( Lens safety study with Picumast dihydrochloride--a double masked study using the Scheimpflug method. Goder, G; Hockwin, O; Laser, H; Meinel, U; Messinger, D; Müller-Breitenkamp, U, 1990)	0.28
"The adverse effect of topical methylsalicylate ointment on warfarin anticoagulation is studied in 11 patients."	( Adverse effect of topical methylsalicylate ointment on warfarin anticoagulation: an unrecognized potential hazard. Cheung, KL; Chow, WH; Tai, YT; Yip, AS, 1990)	0.77
" Adverse drug reactions were reported in 14 patients and 5 of them were withdrawn from the trial for only non serious reactions."	( Acceptability, safety and efficacy of picumast dihydrochloride on long-term use in patients with perennial bronchial asthma. Boerner, D; Eberhardt, R; Metz, K, 1989)	0.28
" The purpose of the present in vitro study was to determine the concentrations of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin (7-HC) that would be toxic to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB-MNC) and human and murine bone marrow (GM) progenitor stem cells."	( Toxicity of coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and human and murine bone marrow progenitor stem cells. Gallicchio, VS; Harmon, C; Hulette, BC; Marshall, ME, 1989)	0.28
" Coumarin also produced time- and dose-dependent toxic effects in primary rat hepatocyte cultures."	( Studies on the mechanism of coumarin-induced toxicity in rat hepatocytes: comparison with dihydrocoumarin and other coumarin metabolites. Beamand, JA; Evans, JG; Gray, TJ; Hue, KL; Lake, BG; Lewis, DF, 1989)	0.28
"To assess the incidence of adverse effects associated with long-term amiodarone therapy, we reviewed the records of 217 consecutive patients who were treated for refractory arrhythmia."	( Side effects and complications of amiodarone therapy. Lown, B; Podrid, PJ; Raeder, EA, 1985)	0.27
" Among the constituents of the toxic variety, both ferulenol, a 4-hydroxycoumarin derivative, and ferprenin, a pyrane (3,2-c) coumarin derivative, affected blood clotting."	( Experimental studies on the toxicity of Ferula communis in the rat. Aragno, M; Nano, GM; Tagliapietra, S; Ugazio, G, 1988)	0.27
"Ochratoxins A and B were given to 1-day-old Babcock B-300 cockerels to evaluate acute toxic effects."	( Acute toxicity of ochratoxins A and B in chicks. Doupnik, B; Jones, OH; Peckham, JC, 1971)	0.25
"Since its introduction in the United States in 1974, ibuprofen (Motrin, Upjohn) has been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of pain, dysmenorrhea, inflammation, and fever."	( Safety profile: fifteen years of clinical experience with ibuprofen. Royer, GL; Seckman, CE; Welshman, IR, 1984)	0.27
" However, no adverse effect on body weight gain, food or water consumption, ophthalmoscopic or electrocardiographic examinations were noted in any other animals during this study."	( Toxicity of venalot (a mixture of coumarin and troxerutin) in the baboon. Heywood, R; Majeed, SK; Pulsford, AH; Street, AE, 1983)	0.27
"Possible adverse effects of cardiovascular medications on the fetus and the neonate have been reviewed."	( Adverse effects of cardiovascular drug therapy on the fetus and neonate. Blake, DA; King, TM; Witter, FR, 1981)	0.26
" Pretreatment of the animals (3--5 weeks) with carbocromen leads to strong protection against toxic effects of digoxin even 16--20 h after last dosing."	( [The effects of oral carbocromen on the therapeutic and toxic effects of digitalis]. Fiedler, VB; Göbel, H; Scholtholt, J, 1980)	0.26
" Laser prostatectomy provides a new and safe therapeutic option in the management of these high-risk patients."	( Urolase laser prostatectomy in patients on warfarin anticoagulation: a safe treatment alternative for bladder outlet obstruction. Gill, HS; Kabalin, JN, 1993)	0.55
" It is safe and does not create excessive bleeding in cemented TKA."	( [Efficacy and safety of prophylactic preoperative administration of low-dose warfarin in cemented total knee prostheses]. Beaumont, P; Laflamme, GH; Laflamme, GY; Paiement, GD, 1994)	0.52
" Microscopic hematuria was the most frequent (20%) adverse clinical event, but was unrelated to the INR."	( Safety and anticoagulation effect of a low-dose combination of warfarin and aspirin in clinically stable coronary artery disease. Coumadin Aspirin Reinfarction (CARS) Pilot Study Group. Comp, PC; Durica, SS; Goodman, SG; Gray, RJ; Hall, JH; Hua, TA; Kelley, RP; Langer, A; Lee, RJ; Raskob, GE, 1994)	0.53
" However, all five dihydroxylated pro-oxidant coumarins were toxic to NS20Y neuroblastoma cells in 24 hr culture, whereas the other eleven coumarins were nontoxic."	( Superoxide scavenging activity in leukocytes and absence of cellular toxicity of a series of coumarins. De Las Heras, B; Goodwin, PA; Hoult, JR; Paya, M, 1994)	0.29
" Coumarin is less toxic in the baboon, gerbil and certain strains of mice, which resemble man in their extensive formation of the 7-hydroxy metabolite."	( Species differences in the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of coumarin. Fentem, JH; Fry, JR, 1993)	0.29
"Oral anticoagulation is safe and effective in the patient with cancer."	( The efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulation in patients with cancer. Bona, RD; Hickey, AD; Sivjee, KY; Wajcs, SB; Wallace, DM, 1995)	0.29
"The adverse effects of vacuum therapy and intracavernous self-injection in patients on warfarin do not exceed the rate in the general urological population."	( Minimally invasive therapies in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in anticoagulated cases: a study of satisfaction and safety. Donatucci, CF; Henderson, D; Limoge, JP; Olins, E, 1996)	0.52
"We describe the mathematical context of the NNT, and extend it to evaluate outcome combinations (treatment success/failure with/without treatment-induced adverse effects) in a treated population."	( 'Unqualified success' and 'unmitigated failure': number-needed-to-treat-related concepts for assessing treatment efficacy in the presence of treatment-induced adverse events. Mancini, GB; Schulzer, M, 1996)	0.29
" Coumarin produced concentration-dependent toxic effects in rat and guinea-pig liver slices, whereas Cynomolgus monkey and human liver slices were relatively resistant, especially at low coumarin concentrations."	( Comparison of the toxicity of allyl alcohol, coumarin and menadione in precision-cut rat, guinea-pig, cynomolgus monkey and human liver slices. Beamand, JA; Lake, BG; Mistry, H; Price, RJ; Renwick, AB; Wield, PT, 1996)	0.29
" Analyses of post-marketing surveillance and a database of all spontaneously reported adverse events were also evaluated."	( The safety of ranitidine in over a decade of use. Fitzgerald, K; Koch, KM; Mills, JG; Sirgo, MA; Webster, C; Wood, JR, 1997)	0.3
"Overall in the clinical trial programme adverse events were reported by 20% of those receiving ranitidine compared with 27% of those receiving placebo."	( The safety of ranitidine in over a decade of use. Fitzgerald, K; Koch, KM; Mills, JG; Sirgo, MA; Webster, C; Wood, JR, 1997)	0.3
"Review of data from a large population of controlled clinical trials with analyses of postmarketing surveillance studies and spontaneously reported adverse events confirmed the excellent safety profile of ranitidine."	( The safety of ranitidine in over a decade of use. Fitzgerald, K; Koch, KM; Mills, JG; Sirgo, MA; Webster, C; Wood, JR, 1997)	0.3
"Reduced anticoagulation with antiplatelet therapy alone after coronary stenting, despite infrequent use of intravascular ultrasound, is an effective and safe strategy with a low rate of vascular complications, a relatively short hospital stay and a low incidence of clinical manifestations of stent thrombosis."	( Antiplatelet therapy alone is safe and effective after coronary stenting: observations of a transition in practice. Buller, CE; Chauhan, A; Moscovich, MD; Penn, IM; Ricci, DR; Zubaid, M, 1997)	0.3
" These results document the ability of rat P450 2E1 to metabolize NDMA to toxic reactive intermediates and demonstrate that this cell line provides a useful model for studying the mechanisms of metabolism-mediated toxicity and carcinogenesis."	( Heterologous expression of rat P450 2E1 in a mammalian cell line: in situ metabolism and cytotoxicity of N-nitrosodimethylamine. Hollenberg, PF; Lin, HL; Roberts, ES, 1998)	0.3
"We studied the outcome of 41 pregnancies in an attempt to identify an appropriate and safe anticoagulant regimen for pregnant women with cardiac valve prosthesis."	( Is there a safe anticoagulation protocol for pregnant women with prosthetic valves? Alam, SE; Arnaout, MS; Karam, K; Kazma, H; Khalil, A; Nasrallah, A; Shasha, N, 1998)	0.3
" Safe and effective warfarin treatment requires a case-by-case evaluation of each patient's clinical condition and risk factors for bleeding."	( Towards the safer use of warfarin I: an overview. Gallus, AS, 1999)	0.93
" In contrast, the major route of coumarin metabolism in the rat and mouse is by a 3,4-epoxidation pathway resulting in the formation of toxic metabolites."	( Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity: relevance for human risk assessment. Lake, BG, 1999)	0.3
" Digoxin, warfarin, and clarithromycin were discontinued and the patient was admitted to the hospital for treatment to resolve the symptoms and to return laboratory values to a safe range."	( Concomitant digoxin toxicity and warfarin interaction in a patient receiving clarithromycin. Bolli, P; Fernandez, PG; Gooderham, MJ, )	0.82
"Aspirin alone at the low dose of 100 mg administered or the combination of coumadin and aspirin after high-pressure coronary stenting does not prevent adverse clinical events when ultrasound guidance is not used."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of aspirin alone with coumadin plus aspirin after provisional coronary stenting: final and follow-up results of a randomized study. Barmeyer, J; Germing, A; Jäger, D; Lange, S; Lemke, B; Machraoui, A; von Dryander, S, 1999)	0.3
" We conclude that warfarin is safe when used for the secondary prophylaxis of patients with cancer who have had a venous or arterial thrombosis, and the risk of major hemorrhage is not significantly different when compared with the risk in patients without cancer."	( Warfarin is safe as secondary prophylaxis in patients with cancer and a previous episode of venous thrombosis. Bona, RD; Hickey, AD; Wallace, DM, 2000)	2.08
" The results of this study, detailed herein, demonstrate that long-term dalteparin is highly effective and safe when used as long-term therapy for secondary prevention in selected prothrombotic disorders."	( Long-term outpatient dalteparin (fragmin) therapy for arterial and venous thrombosis: efficacy and safety--a preliminary report. Bick, RL; Rice, J, 1999)	0.3
" Two days' warfarin suspension is a simple and safe policy for patients with prosthetic heart valves undergoing dental surgery."	( Simple and safe method to prepare patients with prosthetic heart valves for surgical dental procedures. Berengo, M; Biasiolo, A; Corso, LD; Pengo, V; Russo, G, 2000)	0.7
"Coumarin, a natural product and fragrance ingredient, is a well recognized rat liver toxicant, and dietary administration at toxic dosages increased the incidence of rat cholangiocarcinomas and parenchymal liver-cell tumors in a chronic bioassay."	( In vitro kinetics of coumarin 3,4-epoxidation: application to species differences in toxicity and carcinogenicity. Born, SL; Caudill, D; Lehman-McKeeman, LD; Smith, BJ, 2000)	0.31
" Overall, compliance was high and few adverse effects were reported."	( Effective and safe modification of multiple atherosclerotic risk factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Applegate, WB; Crouse, JR; Davis, KB; Egan, D; Elam, MB; Garg, R; Herd, JA; Hunninghake, DB; Johnson, WC; Kennedy, JW; Kostis, JB; Sheps, DS, 2000)	0.31
"ADMIT demonstrates that it is both feasible and safe to modify multiple atherosclerotic disease risk factors effectively with intensive combination therapy in patients with PAD."	( Effective and safe modification of multiple atherosclerotic risk factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Applegate, WB; Crouse, JR; Davis, KB; Egan, D; Elam, MB; Garg, R; Herd, JA; Hunninghake, DB; Johnson, WC; Kennedy, JW; Kostis, JB; Sheps, DS, 2000)	0.31
" Fewer total adverse events were noted in the LMWH group than in the IVUH cohort (3 versus 20; P:=0."	( Safety and cost of low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging anticoagulant therapy in subacute cerebral ischemia. Gandhi, R; Kalafut, MA; Kidwell, CS; Saver, JL, 2000)	0.31
" As also seen from the literature, ginger is thus pharmacologically safe regarding the investigated aspects."	( The safety of a ginger extract in the rat. Sigwart, K; Weidner, MS, 2000)	0.31
" Since P-450 catalyzed oxidation of benzene is crucial to its toxic effects, the action of DAMC and related analogues were considered promising in preventing the genotoxicity due to benzene."	( Chemoprevention of benzene-induced bone marrow and pulmonary genotoxicity. Adhikari, JS; Bose, M; Dwarakanath, BS; Jain, SC; Kohli, E; Malik, S; Olsen, CE; Parmar, VS; Raj, HG; Rohil, V; Tyagi, YK, 2001)	0.31
"The Massachusetts Coalition for the Prevention of Medical Errors and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement have identified 16 best practices to reduce adverse drug events."	( Improving medication safety across a multihospital system. Clough, J; Farbstein, K, 2001)	0.31
" The main outcome measures were adverse reactions to intravenously administered phytonadione, prothrombin-international normalized ratio time values, the incidence of bleeding and thrombosis after the procedure, and the time between the procedure and return to anticoagulation after resumption of warfarin treatment."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous phytonadione (vitamin K1) in patients on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Heit, JA; Kuiper, JD; Li, H; McBane, RD; Shields, RC, 2001)	0.49
"9%) of the 105 patients studied had suspected adverse reactions to intravenous phytonadione (dyspnea and chest tightness during infusion in both)."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous phytonadione (vitamin K1) in patients on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Heit, JA; Kuiper, JD; Li, H; McBane, RD; Shields, RC, 2001)	0.31
"Intravenous phytonadione appears to be safe and is effective for semiurgent correction of long-term oral anticoagulation therapy before surgery."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous phytonadione (vitamin K1) in patients on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Heit, JA; Kuiper, JD; Li, H; McBane, RD; Shields, RC, 2001)	0.31
" Dizziness, taste perversion, headache, eructation, and nausea were the most frequently reported adverse events."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of single doses of (+)-calanolide a, a novel, naturally occurring nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy, human immunodeficiency virus-negative human subjects. Creagh, T; Dutta, B; Eiznhamer, DA; Flavin, MT; Giltner, J; Ruckle, JL; Tolbert, DT; Xu, ZQ, 2001)	0.31
" The effect of vitamin K to attenuate the elevation of INR may enable the safe use of warfarin as a probe."	( Effects of oral vitamin K on S- and R-warfarin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: enhanced safety of warfarin as a CYP2C9 probe. Bertino, JS; Dickmann, LJ; Gaedigk, A; Kim, JS; Nafziger, AN; Rettie, AE, 2001)	0.81
" Ferulenol had a higher LD50 compared to warfarin and thus has a lower acute toxicity."	( Acute toxicity of ferulenol, a 4-hydroxycoumarin isolated from Ferula communis L. Faouzi, MY; Fraigui, O; Lamnaouer, D, 2002)	0.58
"Numerous natural compounds have a potential for therapeutic applications, but may have to be chemically modified to alter toxic side effects."	( In vitro cytotoxicity of some natural and semi-synthetic isocoumarins from Paepalanthus bromelioides. Devienne, KF; Raddi, M; Varanda, EA; Vilegas, W, )	0.13
"At the department within which this research was conducted, anticoagulant nurses were found to be at least as safe and effective as the consultant haematologist in managing outpatient anticoagulant patients over the study period."	( The safety and effectiveness of a nurse-led anticoagulant service. Connor, CA; Fegan, CD; Wright, CC, 2002)	0.31
"All adverse events seen in the study were mild to moderate in intensity and were transient."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of multiple escalating doses of (+)-calanolide A, a naturally occurring nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy HIV-negative volunteers. Creagh, T; Dutta, B; Eiznhamer, DA; Flavin, MT; Giltner, J; Jenta, T; Ruckle, JL; Tolbert, DT; Xu, ZQ, )	0.13
" In our experience, this method for the management of anticoagulation before minor surgery has been shown to be safe and useful, avoiding the cumbersome shift to either intravenous or subcutaneous heparin."	( A simple and safe nomogram for the management of oral anticoagulation prior to minor surgery. Bertesi, M; Cappi, C; Castelli, I; Marietta, M; Pozzi, S; Simoni, L; Torelli, G, 2003)	0.32
" Adverse drug reactions were assessed regarding causality."	( Safety aspects of a coumarin-troxerutin combination regarding liver function in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Becker, EW; Henneicke-von Zepelin, HH; Naser-Hijazi, B; Schmeck-Lindenau, HJ; Schnitker, J, 2003)	0.32
"No serious adverse drug reactions occurred."	( Safety aspects of a coumarin-troxerutin combination regarding liver function in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Becker, EW; Henneicke-von Zepelin, HH; Naser-Hijazi, B; Schmeck-Lindenau, HJ; Schnitker, J, 2003)	0.32
" The test compounds are much more toxic to NALM-6 cells than to HL-60 cells."	( Cytotoxic effects, alkylating properties and molecular modelling of coumarin derivatives and their phosphonic analogues. Brzezinska, E; Budzisz, E; Krajewska, U; Rozalski, M, 2003)	0.32
" Major adverse events were observed only in patients who were not managed in the manner suggested by the virtual anticoagulation clinic."	( John M. Eisenberg Patient Safety Awards. Safety, effectiveness, and efficiency: a Web-based virtual anticoagulation clinic. Kelly, JJ; Schneider, D; Shields, K; Sweigard, KW, 2003)	0.32
" This protocol, requiring only weekly INRs, has proved safe and effective for outpatient warfarinization, and has reduced clinic attendances in this population."	( Safe introduction of warfarin for thrombotic prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation requiring only a weekly INR. Challis, R; Fisher, F; Janes, S, 2004)	0.86
"Low-dose (2 mg) oral vitamin K, coupled with temporary warfarin discontinuation, appears to be a safe and effective treatment for severe warfarin associated coagulopathy in non-bleeding patients."	( Low-dose oral vitamin K is safe and effective for outpatient management of patients with an INR>10. Conway, G; Crowther, MA; Gunther, KE; Leibach, L, 2004)	0.57
" Poor management of oral anticoagulation is a prime factor influencing the occurrence of adverse events."	( Optimizing the efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulant therapy: high-quality dose management, anticoagulation clinics, and patient self-management. Ansell, JE, 2003)	0.32
" There is no study that assessed the effect of age on adverse event rates in cryptogenic stroke patients with PFO."	( Age as a determinant of adverse events in medically treated cryptogenic stroke patients with patent foramen ovale. DiTullio, MR; Homma, S; Mohr, JP; Sacco, RL; Sciacca, RR, 2004)	0.32
"Among the 2 younger age groups, the presence of PFO did not significantly affect the risk of adverse events (P=0."	( Age as a determinant of adverse events in medically treated cryptogenic stroke patients with patent foramen ovale. DiTullio, MR; Homma, S; Mohr, JP; Sacco, RL; Sciacca, RR, 2004)	0.32
"In this exploratory analysis, the presence of PFO in the younger cryptogenic stroke patients did not increase the risk of adverse events."	( Age as a determinant of adverse events in medically treated cryptogenic stroke patients with patent foramen ovale. DiTullio, MR; Homma, S; Mohr, JP; Sacco, RL; Sciacca, RR, 2004)	0.32
" No other serious ECT-related adverse effects were noted."	( Safety of electroconvulsive therapy in patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy. Gonzalez-Arriaza, HL; Mehta, V; Mueller, PS; Pankratz, VS; Rummans, TA, 2004)	0.56
" Although no major adverse effects were identified in our case series, additional prospective evaluation is warranted."	( Safety of electroconvulsive therapy in patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy. Gonzalez-Arriaza, HL; Mehta, V; Mueller, PS; Pankratz, VS; Rummans, TA, 2004)	0.56
" Altogether, the examples presented illustrate that natural does not equal safe and that in modern society adverse health effects, upon either acute or chronic exposure to phytochemicals, can occur as a result of use of plant- or herb-based foods, teas, or other extracts."	( Molecular mechanisms of toxicity of important food-borne phytotoxins. Alink, GM; Boersma, MG; Martena, MJ; Rietjens, IM; Spiegelenberg, W, 2005)	0.33
"Low-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has been shown to be as effective as high-dose aspirin in the prevention of stroke, with fewer adverse bleeding events."	( Adverse effects and drug interactions of antithrombotic agents used in prevention of ischaemic stroke. Weinberger, J, 2005)	0.33
"Freely circulating, protein unbound, active inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) can cause systemic adverse effects."	( Protein binding and its potential for eliciting minimal systemic side effects with a novel inhaled corticosteroid, ciclesonide. Chen, K; David, M; Guo, Z; Huang, Y; King, SP; Luo, Y; Nave, R; Rohatagi, S; Schemm, C; Shen, L, )	0.13
"To compare adverse events related to anticoagulation in patients assigned to a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation service versus those receiving usual care."	( Reduction in warfarin adverse events requiring patient hospitalization after implementation of a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation service. Locke, C; Patel, R; Ravnan, SL; Uchizono, JA, 2005)	0.7
"Primary outcomes were the number of adverse events requiring patient hospitalization and the number of patients experiencing such events."	( Reduction in warfarin adverse events requiring patient hospitalization after implementation of a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation service. Locke, C; Patel, R; Ravnan, SL; Uchizono, JA, 2005)	0.7
"At 6 months after discontinuation of the pharmacist-managed anticoagulation service, the frequency of adverse events increased significantly, resulting in both an increased number of hospitalizations and an increased number of hospital days accrued."	( Reduction in warfarin adverse events requiring patient hospitalization after implementation of a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation service. Locke, C; Patel, R; Ravnan, SL; Uchizono, JA, 2005)	0.7
" The data suggest that low-intensity anticoagulation is effective and safe for stroke prevention in elderly patients with AF at stroke risk in actual clinical practice."	( Low-intensity anticoagulation for stroke prevention in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: efficacy and safety in actual clinical practice. Fujita, T; Ono, A, 2005)	0.33
"The low-dose protocol with infrequent testing is safe and convenient for outpatient management."	( Warfarin induction at 5 mg daily is safe with a low risk of anticoagulant overdose: results of an audit of patients with deep vein thrombosis commencing warfarin. Baker, B; Harper, P; Monahan, K, 2005)	1.77
"To quantify the influence of physicians' experiences of adverse events in patients with atrial fibrillation who were taking warfarin."	( Impact of adverse events on prescribing warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: matched pair analysis. Anderson, GM; Choudhry, NK; Laupacis, A; Normand, SL; Ross-Degnan, D; Soumerai, SB, 2006)	0.81
"The physicians of patients with atrial fibrillation admitted to hospital for adverse events (major haemorrhage while taking warfarin and thromboembolic strokes while not taking warfarin)."	( Impact of adverse events on prescribing warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: matched pair analysis. Anderson, GM; Choudhry, NK; Laupacis, A; Normand, SL; Ross-Degnan, D; Soumerai, SB, 2006)	0.81
" Adverse events that are possibly associated with underuse of warfarin may not affect subsequent prescribing."	( Impact of adverse events on prescribing warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: matched pair analysis. Anderson, GM; Choudhry, NK; Laupacis, A; Normand, SL; Ross-Degnan, D; Soumerai, SB, 2006)	0.84
" There were no adverse reactions or outcomes in both groups."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety profiles of intravenous vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma as treatment of warfarin-related over-anticoagulation in patients with mechanical heart valves. Chau, MC; Chow, WH; Fan, K; Jim, MH; Siu, CW; Tse, HF; Yiu, KH, 2006)	0.54
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."	( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)	0.32
"0) will effectively prevent recurrence compared to placebo treatment, yet be safe without a significant increase in major bleeding."	( Low intensity warfarin anticoagulation is safe and effective as a long-term venous thromboembolism prevention strategy. Goldhaber, SZ, 2006)	0.69
" Adverse events included headache, fatigue, colds, and dizziness."	( Aged garlic extract may be safe for patients on warfarin therapy. Alconcel, M; Amagase, H; Macan, H; Niihara, Y; Razon, R; Takasu, J; Uykimpang, R, 2006)	0.59
" Conferone presents the advantage to mediate this effect at safe concentrations."	( Conferone from Ferula schtschurowskiana enhances vinblastine cytotoxicity in MDCK-MDR1 cells by competitively inhibiting P-glycoprotein transport. Barthomeuf, C; Beliveau, R; Demeule, M; Grassi, J; Saidkhodjaev, A, 2006)	0.33
" Under intensive monitoring, warfarin is effective and safe for the moderate to high risk atrial fibrillation patients."	( [The randomized study of efficiency and safety of antithrombotic therapy in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: warfarin compared with aspirin]. Hu, DY; Jiang, LQ; Sun, YH; Zhang, HP, 2006)	0.84
"Pharmacogenomics is used to improve patient outcome by maximizing the likelihood of desired effects and minimizing the risk of adverse events using an individual's genetic profile."	( Applying pharmacogenomics to enhance the use of biomarkers for drug effect and drug safety. Beitelshees, AL; McLeod, HL, 2006)	0.33
"Continuation of warfarin may be a safe alternative to discontinuation of warfarin therapy in select patients undergoing open inguinal herniorraphy."	( The safety of open inguinal herniorraphy in patients on chronic warfarin therapy. Cha, SS; Fowl, RJ; Harold, KL; Johnson, DJ; McLemore, EC, 2006)	0.92
"0) is effective and safe for the moderate to high risk nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients."	( [The efficacy and safety of antithrombotic therapy with warfarin in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation]. Hu, DY, 2006)	0.58
"Chronic oral anticoagulant therapy is safe and not associated with an increase in upper gastrointestinal bleeding in such patients."	( Chronic oral anticoagulant therapy for extrahepatic visceral thrombosis is safe. Kitchens, CS; Lottenberg, R; Weidner, MH, 2007)	0.34
"Percutaneous bovine crosslinked collagen injection laryngoplasty is safe in patients taking warfarin."	( Safety of percutaneous injection of bovine dermal crosslinked collagen for glottic insufficiency. Berke, GS; Chhetri, DK; Luu, Q; Mangunta, V; Tsai, V, 2007)	0.56
"We examined the preventability of adverse warfarin-related events and potential adverse warfarin-related events ("near misses") in the nursing home setting."	( The safety of warfarin therapy in the nursing home setting. Becker, R; DeBellis, K; Field, TS; Gurwitz, JH; Harrold, LR; Moldoff, J; Radford, MJ; Reed, G; Verzier, N, 2007)	0.96
" The primary outcome was an adverse warfarin-related event, defined as an injury associated with the use of warfarin."	( The safety of warfarin therapy in the nursing home setting. Becker, R; DeBellis, K; Field, TS; Gurwitz, JH; Harrold, LR; Moldoff, J; Radford, MJ; Reed, G; Verzier, N, 2007)	0.98
"Over the 12-month observation period, 720 adverse warfarin-related events and 253 potential adverse warfarin-related events were identified."	( The safety of warfarin therapy in the nursing home setting. Becker, R; DeBellis, K; Field, TS; Gurwitz, JH; Harrold, LR; Moldoff, J; Radford, MJ; Reed, G; Verzier, N, 2007)	0.95
" Adverse events associated with warfarin therapy are common and often preventable in the nursing home setting."	( The safety of warfarin therapy in the nursing home setting. Becker, R; DeBellis, K; Field, TS; Gurwitz, JH; Harrold, LR; Moldoff, J; Radford, MJ; Reed, G; Verzier, N, 2007)	0.98
"We accessed warfarin prescriptions from the National Prescription Audit Plus database of IMS Health (Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania), adverse event reports submitted to the FDA, deaths due to therapeutic use of anticoagulants from vital statistics data, and warfarin bleeding complications from national hospital emergency department data."	( Bleeding complications with warfarin use: a prevalent adverse effect resulting in regulatory action. Nourjah, P; Swartz, L; Wysowski, DK, 2007)	1.01
" The FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System indicated that warfarin is among the top 10 drugs with the largest number of serious adverse event reports submitted during the 1990 and 2000 decades."	( Bleeding complications with warfarin use: a prevalent adverse effect resulting in regulatory action. Nourjah, P; Swartz, L; Wysowski, DK, 2007)	0.88
"The CCT appears to be relatively safe compared with other regimens."	( Safety of the cardiac triple therapy: the experience of the Quebec Heart Institute. Bergeron, S; Brulotte, S; Lemieux, A; Magne, J; Nguyen, CM; Poirier, P; Sénéchal, M, 2007)	0.34
" HSA irreversible alkylation represents a model for other proteins to be potentially toxic and thus may help explain zileuton hepatotoxicity."	( Irreversible alkylation of human serum albumin by zileuton metabolite 2-acetylbenzothiophene-S-oxide: a potential model for hepatotoxicity. Chordia, MD; Li, F; Macdonald, TL; Woodling, KA, 2007)	0.34
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of the additive 6-methylcoumarine in the aquatic milieu using a test battery comprising experimental model systems from different trophic levels."	( Aquatic toxicity assessment of the additive 6-methylcoumarine using four experimental systems. Cameán, AM; Del Peso, A; Jos, A; Repetto, G; Ríos, JC; Salguero, M, 2009)	0.35
"Patient education using an educational program reduced VKA-related adverse event rates."	( EDUC'AVK: reduction of oral anticoagulant-related adverse events after patient education: a prospective multicenter open randomized study. Allenet, B; Berremili, T; Bosson, JL; Fontaine, M; Franco, G; Labarère, J; Pernod, G; Satger, B; Yver, J, 2008)	0.35
" The indication, dosage, duration of therapy, and adverse events were examined."	( Safety and efficacy of clopidogrel in children with heart disease. Boshoff, D; Eyskens, B; Gewillig, M; Mertens, L, 2008)	0.35
"Clopidogrel therapy in a pediatric population appears to be relatively safe and effective; however, randomized, controlled prospective studies are needed to determine the true efficacy and safety of clopidogrel in children."	( Safety and efficacy of clopidogrel in children with heart disease. Boshoff, D; Eyskens, B; Gewillig, M; Mertens, L, 2008)	0.35
"6%) or major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (0."	( Safety of diagnostic coronary angiography during uninterrupted therapeutic warfarin treatment. Airaksinen, KE; Annala, AP; Karjalainen, PP; Nyman, K; Porela, P; Ylitalo, A, 2008)	0.58
" Complications of anticoagulation were documented and defined as any unanticipated discontinuation of the anticoagulant for bleeding or other adverse events."	( Therapeutic anticoagulation in the trauma patient: is it safe? Claridge, JA; Golob, JF; Kan, JC; Malangoni, MA; Sando, MJ; Yowler, CJ, 2008)	0.35
" Adverse events were uncommon: 4 patients (1."	( A safe, effective, and easy to use warfarin initiation dosing nomogram for post-joint arthroplasty patients. Pendleton, RC; Peters, CL; Strong, MB; Vinik, R; Wanner, N; Wheeler, M, 2010)	0.64
" The results indicate that both test compounds are toxic to isolated mitochondrial fractions, especially when used at concentrations higher than 100 microM."	( Mitochondrial toxicity of the phyotochemicals daphnetoxin and daphnoretin--relevance for possible anti-cancer application. Barbosa, IA; Burgeiro, A; Carvalho, MJ; Diogo, CV; Félix, L; Oliveira, PJ; Peixoto, FP; Vilela, S, 2009)	0.35
"To estimate the prevalence of CAM use among patients taking warfarin and evaluate the impact of CAM exposure on the risk of warfarin-related adverse effects."	( Prevalence of use and the risk of adverse effects associated with complementary and alternative medicine in a cohort of patients receiving warfarin. Jadusingh, EA; Leung, VW; Lo, MK; Shalansky, SJ, 2009)	0.8
"The aim of this study was to determine and compare the anticonvulsant and acute adverse (neurotoxic) effects of imperatorin and osthole (two natural coumarin derivatives) with valproate (a classical antiepileptic drug) in the maximal electroshock seizure and chimney tests in mice."	( Anticonvulsant and acute neurotoxic effects of imperatorin, osthole and valproate in the maximal electroshock seizure and chimney tests in mice: a comparative study. Andres-Mach, M; Cisowski, W; Czuczwar, SJ; Glensk, M; Glowniak, K; Luszczki, JJ; Wojda, E, 2009)	0.35
" At the Pediatric Cardiology Regional Referral Center, we studied records of 41 children on warfarin and assessed the control of anticoagulation and frequency of adverse reactions over a 1-year period."	( Evaluating safety, effectiveness, and user satisfaction of home international normalized ratio monitoring service: experience from a tertiary pediatric cardiology unit in the United Kingdom. Bhat, D; Rakecha, A; Thomson, J; Upponi, A, 2010)	0.58
" In summary, RKS262 has been identified as a molecule belonging to a new class of potential chemotherapeutic agents affecting the viability of multiple cancer cell-lines and causing selective adverse effects on the viability of ovarian cancer cells."	( A coumarin derivative (RKS262) inhibits cell-cycle progression, causes pro-apoptotic signaling and cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cells. Brard, L; Kim, KK; Lange, TS; Singh, RK, 2011)	0.37
" Major bleeding, access site complications and major adverse cardiovascular events were recorded during hospitalisation."	( Are glycoprotein inhibitors safe during percutaneous coronary intervention in patients on chronic warfarin treatment? Airaksinen, KE; Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki, S; Karjalainen, PP; Kervinen, K; Lahtela, H; Niemelä, M; Nyman, K; Porela, P; Puurunen, M; Vikman, S; Ylitalo, A, 2009)	0.57
"In a large patient population, continuation of Coumadin at a therapeutic INR at the time of PVI without use of heparin or enoxaparin for bridging is a safe and efficacious periprocedural anticoagulation strategy."	( Radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation under therapeutic international normalized ratio: a safe and efficacious periprocedural anticoagulation strategy. Banna, M; Batal, O; Beheiry, S; Bhargava, M; Callahan, T; Di Biase, L; Dresing, T; Hussein, AA; Kanj, M; Karim, S; Lindsay, B; Martin, DO; Natale, A; Patel, D; Saliba, W; Sherman, M; Tchou, P; Wazni, O; Williams-Andrews, M, 2009)	0.35
" A numerically higher incidence of serious adverse events was observed with 350mg bid AZD0837 compared with 150mg bid, with six of 13 being cardiac related, all with different diagnoses."	( Safety and tolerability of an immediate-release formulation of theoral direct thrombin inhibitor AZD0837 in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Jensen, E; Olsson, SB; Panfilov, S; Rasmussen, LH; Tveit, A; Wåhlander, K; Wessman, P, 2010)	0.36
"A recent single-center report indicated that the performance of atrial fibrillation ablation in patients on uninterrupted warfarin using a conventional deflectable tip electrode ablation catheter may be as safe as periprocedural discontinuation of warfarin and bridging with heparin."	( Safety of atrial fibrillation ablation with novel multi-electrode array catheters on uninterrupted anticoagulation-a single-center experience. Hayes, CR; Keane, D, 2010)	0.57
" A single toxic dose of CCl(4) (1."	( Protective effects of coumarin and coumarin derivatives against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Atmaca, M; Deniz Obay, B; Ketani, A; Murat Bilgin, H; Ozekinci, S; Taşdemir, E, 2011)	0.37
"Multiple factors influence warfarin metabolism and can significantly affect the risk of adverse events."	( Warfarin knowledge in patients with atrial fibrillation: implications for safety, efficacy, and education strategies. Anderson, JL; Bunch, TJ; Christensen, N; Crandall, BG; Day, JD; Horne, BD; Lappe, DL; Moss, H; Muhlestein, JB; Oliver, J; Osborn, JS; Smith, MB; Strohecker, J; Viau, K; Wang, S; Weiss, JP, 2010)	2.1
" Eight of these adverse events occurred within 2 weeks of treatment."	( Safety of recombinant activated factor VII in patients with warfarin-associated hemorrhages of the central nervous system. Freeman, WD; Meschia, JF; Rabinstein, AA; Robinson, MT, 2010)	0.6
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."	( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)	0.36
" Because of their completely different chemical structure, hirudins are a safe alternative for anticoagulation."	( The complex clinical picture of side effects to anticoagulation. Seitz, CS; Trautmann, A, 2010)	0.36
" Safety end points included minor and major bleeding as well as serious adverse events."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of once-daily enoxaparin plus warfarin for the outpatient ambulatory treatment of lower-limb deep vein thrombosis in the TROMBOTEK trial. Akcalı, Y; Filizcan, U; Hasan, E; Karabay, O; Koksoy, C; Kurtoglu, M, 2010)	0.6
"9%) adverse events documented were serious adverse events, but none of the serious adverse events leading to death were related to the study medications."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of once-daily enoxaparin plus warfarin for the outpatient ambulatory treatment of lower-limb deep vein thrombosis in the TROMBOTEK trial. Akcalı, Y; Filizcan, U; Hasan, E; Karabay, O; Koksoy, C; Kurtoglu, M, 2010)	0.6
"Warfarin is a very complex, high risk therapy and one that carries the potential for severe adverse events."	( Improving the safety and efficacy of warfarin therapy in a metropolitan private hospital: a multidisciplinary practice improvement project. Duff, J; Walker, K, 2010)	2.08
"Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAT) with clopidogrel plus aspirin is a well-established antithrombotic strategy, with hemorrhage being the chief adverse event (AE) of concern."	( National estimates of emergency department visits for hemorrhage-related adverse events from clopidogrel plus aspirin and from warfarin. Budnitz, DS; Kegler, SR; Shehab, N; Sperling, LS, 2010)	0.57
"To estimate the numbers and rates of emergency department (ED) visits for hemorrhage-related AEs (hemorrhage or evaluation for potential hemorrhage) from DAT in the United States and put them in the context of those from warfarin, we analyzed AEs from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-Cooperative Adverse Drug Event Surveillance project, 2006-2008, and outpatient prescribing from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2006-2007."	( National estimates of emergency department visits for hemorrhage-related adverse events from clopidogrel plus aspirin and from warfarin. Budnitz, DS; Kegler, SR; Shehab, N; Sperling, LS, 2010)	0.75
" Secondary endpoints included thromboembolic events, biomarkers of thrombus formation and all adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety of edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, in Asian patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Chen, SA; Chung, N; Chung, WS; Jeon, HK; Lai, WT; Lee, TH; Lien, LM; Tse, HF, 2011)	0.37
" The secondary end point assessed by three of these studies was major adverse cardiac events (MACEs: cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction and thromboembolic complications)."	( Safety and efficacy of triple antithrombotic therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients needing long-term anticoagulation. Arora, R; Bedi, U; Khosla, S; Molnar, J; Singh, M; Singh, PP, 2011)	0.37
" The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events was comparable in the DES and bare-metal groups (39."	( Long-term safety of drug-eluting stents in patients on warfarin treatment. Airaksinen, KE; Annala, AP; Biancari, F; Karjalainen, PP; Niemelä, M; Porela, P; Vikman, S; Ylitalo, A, 2012)	0.63
"Selective use of DES with a short triple therapy seems to be safe in patients with warfarin therapy."	( Long-term safety of drug-eluting stents in patients on warfarin treatment. Airaksinen, KE; Annala, AP; Biancari, F; Karjalainen, PP; Niemelä, M; Porela, P; Vikman, S; Ylitalo, A, 2012)	0.85
" Therefore, we concluded that the imaging agent is a safe and stable probe which remains in the large intestine without systemic exposure."	( A potential of peanut agglutinin-immobilized fluorescent nanospheres as a safe candidate of diagnostic drugs for colonoscopy. Gore, JC; Higashino, H; Hiwatari, K; Kataoka, M; Kimura, R; Kumagai, H; Masaoka, Y; Nakamura, K; Pham, W; Sakuma, S; Tachikawa, H; Yamashita, S; Yano, T, 2011)	0.37
"Warfarin is increasingly used to prevent thromboembolism but adverse drug events (ADEs) are common."	( Warfarin: implementing its safe use in hospitalized patients from nursing homes and community through a performance improvement initiative. Baig, MA; Dharmarajan, TS; Gupta, A; Norkus, EP, 2011)	3.25
"Retrospective (PRE-initiative, September-December 2007) and prospective (POST-initiative, January-December 2008) data were collected on in-hospital and prior warfarin use, demographics, medical history, initial and in-hospital warfarin maintenance dosing, hematocrit, International Normalized Ratio (INR), hepatic and renal function and adverse events related to warfarin use."	( Warfarin: implementing its safe use in hospitalized patients from nursing homes and community through a performance improvement initiative. Baig, MA; Dharmarajan, TS; Gupta, A; Norkus, EP, 2011)	2.01
" Education through this initiative resulted in significantly lower average maintenance doses of warfarin, less use of concomitant anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs, fewer supratherapeutic range INRs, and fewer adverse events during warfarin therapy."	( Warfarin: implementing its safe use in hospitalized patients from nursing homes and community through a performance improvement initiative. Baig, MA; Dharmarajan, TS; Gupta, A; Norkus, EP, 2011)	2.03
" Adverse event data was collected regarding major bleeding and thrombotic events."	( Safety and efficacy of warfarin in paediatric patients with prosthetic cardiac valves: a retrospective audit. Batchelor, K; Bua, J; Newall, F; Wong, CS, 2011)	0.68
" The type of LMWH, the duration of treatment, the reason for switching to LMWH and the adverse effects were recorded."	( Efficacy and safety of long-term low molecular weight heparin in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Ateka-Barrutia, O; Khamashta, MA; Sangle, S; Vargas-Hitos, JA, 2011)	0.37
"Long-term LMWH may be a safe and effective alternative to warfarin for APS patients."	( Efficacy and safety of long-term low molecular weight heparin in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Ateka-Barrutia, O; Khamashta, MA; Sangle, S; Vargas-Hitos, JA, 2011)	0.61
" Most adverse events were mild or moderate."	( Safety and efficacy of the oral direct factor xa inhibitor apixaban in Japanese patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. -The ARISTOTLE-J study-. Kanmuri, K; Ogawa, S; Shinohara, Y, 2011)	0.37
"04) were the only significant independent predictors for any major adverse event."	( Safety of coronary artery bypass surgery during therapeutic oral anticoagulation. Airaksinen, KE; Biancari, F; Karjalainen, P; Kuttila, K; Laitio, T; Lip, GY; Mikkola, R; Porela, P, 2011)	0.37
"Our study suggests that CABG is a safe procedure during TOAC with no excess bleeding or major complications."	( Safety of coronary artery bypass surgery during therapeutic oral anticoagulation. Airaksinen, KE; Biancari, F; Karjalainen, P; Kuttila, K; Laitio, T; Lip, GY; Mikkola, R; Porela, P, 2011)	0.37
"The ability of patients receiving warfarin to maintain an international normalized ratio (INR) within the desired therapeutic range is important for both efficacy and risk of adverse events."	( Intensity of anticoagulation with warfarin and risk of adverse events in patients presenting to the emergency department. Ackroyd-Stolarz, S; Anthony, CJ; Christie, R; Fry, A; Karim, S; Murphy, NG; Zed, PJ, 2011)	0.93
" Bleeding complications and thromboembolic events were recorded in an attempt to determine the relationship between the intensity of anticoagulation and adverse outcomes."	( Intensity of anticoagulation with warfarin and risk of adverse events in patients presenting to the emergency department. Ackroyd-Stolarz, S; Anthony, CJ; Christie, R; Fry, A; Karim, S; Murphy, NG; Zed, PJ, 2011)	0.65
" By establishing the impact of warfarin-related adverse events in this population, focused interventions can be established in this setting to address factors that can be targeted to reduce these events."	( Intensity of anticoagulation with warfarin and risk of adverse events in patients presenting to the emergency department. Ackroyd-Stolarz, S; Anthony, CJ; Christie, R; Fry, A; Karim, S; Murphy, NG; Zed, PJ, 2011)	0.93
" One seventy eight patients on long-term warfarin received 3mg vitK(IV) 12-18 h pre-procedure with no adverse reactions."	( Short-term warfarin reversal for elective surgery--using low-dose intravenous vitamin K: safe, reliable and convenient*. Burbury, KL; Jupe, D; Milner, A; Snooks, B; Westerman, DA, 2011)	1.03
"The LD50 of indian stringbush root extracts, indian stringbush root processed with "sweat" and with "artificial sweat" were 46."	( [Comparison of acute toxicity of extract of unprocessed indian atringbush root and its two different processed products]. Li, W; Lin, C; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Xiong, Y; Zhang, G; Zhang, J, 2011)	0.37
"Toxicogenomics, based on the temporal effects of drugs on gene expression, is able to predict toxic effects earlier than traditional technologies by analyzing changes in genomic biomarkers that could precede subsequent protein translation and initiation of histological organ damage."	( High-density real-time PCR-based in vivo toxicogenomic screen to predict organ-specific toxicity. Bito, T; Fabian, G; Farago, N; Feher, LZ; Katona, RL; Kitajka, K; Kulin, S; Nagy, LI; Puskas, LG; Tiszlavicz, L; Tubak, V, 2011)	0.37
" Each person is unique in their degree of susceptibility to toxic agents."	( Warfarin toxicity and individual variability-clinical case. Boyages, S; Jones, T; Piatkov, I; Rochester, C, 2010)	1.8
"Arthrocentesis and joint injections in patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy with therapeutic international normalized ratio are safe procedures."	( Safety of arthrocentesis and joint injection in patients receiving anticoagulation at therapeutic levels. Ahmed, I; Gertner, E, 2012)	0.62
" Litigation can result from adverse drug reactions and toxicity from anticoagulants."	( Anticoagulants: therapeutics, risks, and toxicity--special emphasis on heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). O'Donnell, J, 2012)	0.38
" The challenge is defining patients who would best benefit from thromboprophylaxis, and how to deliver it in the most effective and safe way."	( What is the most effective and safest delivery of thromboprophylaxis in atrial fibrillation? Lip, GY, 2012)	0.38
" The B-SAFE campaign was conducted in 2009 to educate patients located in a Michigan hospital's service area about the risk of serious adverse drug events associated with warfarin."	( Evaluation of the B-SAFE campaign to reduce clinically significant warfarin-drug interactions among fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries. Betten, D; Burns, SM; Callahan, C; Castle, D; Halasyamani, L; Korzeniewski, SJ; Manthey, C; Mitchiner, JC, )	0.56
" Dabigatran at a dose of 110mg twice daily was safe for AF ablation in patients with a relatively low risk of thromboemboli, suggesting that it may become an alternative to warfarin in those patients."	( Efficacy and safety of periprocedural dabigatran in patients undergoing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Fuke, E; Hayano, M; Kaseno, K; Kumagai, K; Miki, Y; Naito, S; Nakamura, K; Nishiuchi, S; Oshima, S; Sakamoto, T; Sasaki, T; Tada, H; Tsukada, N; Yamashita, E, 2012)	0.57
"Dabigatran, an oral thrombin inhibitor, and rivaroxaban and apixaban, oral factor Xa inhibitors, have been found to be safe and effective in reducing stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Avorn, J; Choudhry, NK; Gagne, JJ; Patrick, AR; Schneeweiss, S, 2012)	0.38
", drug-associated adverse events, including the proportional reporting ratio, the reporting odds ratio, the information component given by a Bayesian confidence propagation neural network, and the empirical Bayes geometric mean."	( Aspirin- and clopidogrel-associated bleeding complications: data mining of the public version of the FDA adverse event reporting system, AERS. Kadoyama, K; Okuno, Y; Sakaeda, T; Tamura, T, 2012)	0.38
", drug-adverse event pairs, found in 1,644,220 AERs from 2004 to 2009, 736 adverse events were listed as warfarin-associated adverse events, and 147 of the 736 were bleeding complications, including haemorrhage and haematoma."	( Aspirin- and clopidogrel-associated bleeding complications: data mining of the public version of the FDA adverse event reporting system, AERS. Kadoyama, K; Okuno, Y; Sakaeda, T; Tamura, T, 2012)	0.59
" Edoxaban 60 mg administered 24 h post-warfarin appeared to be safe and well tolerated."	( A randomized trial of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, following a switch from warfarin. Mendell, J; Noveck, RJ; Shi, M, 2013)	0.86
"In this study of healthy subjects, edoxaban administered 24 h after the last dose of warfarin was safe and well tolerated with transient increases across the various coagulation assays above post-warfarin baseline levels."	( A randomized trial of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, following a switch from warfarin. Mendell, J; Noveck, RJ; Shi, M, 2013)	0.82
" There were five adverse events up to 30 days after PCC use."	( The effectiveness and safety of fixed low-dose prothrombin complex concentrates in patients requiring urgent reversal of warfarin. Al-Touri, S; Blostein, M; Caplan, S; Kahn, S; Papadoukakis, S; Varga, C, 2013)	0.6
"At a fixed dose of 1000 IU of F IX activity, PCC seems to be effective and safe but randomized controlled trials, specifically examining different doses of PCC, are required to confirm the above observations."	( The effectiveness and safety of fixed low-dose prothrombin complex concentrates in patients requiring urgent reversal of warfarin. Al-Touri, S; Blostein, M; Caplan, S; Kahn, S; Papadoukakis, S; Varga, C, 2013)	0.6
"Continuous oral anticoagulant therapy is a safe and feasible alternative for bridging therapy in patients undergoing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation."	( Continuous warfarin therapy is safe and feasible in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Bastani, H; Braunschweig, F; Drca, N; Insulander, P; Jensen-Urstad, M; Kennebäck, G; Sadigh, B; Schwieler, J; Tapanainen, JM, 2013)	0.78
"The available conventional remedies for the treatment of drug-induced liver diseases are highly inadequate and possess serious adverse effects; therefore, the development of new, effective drugs is considered necessary."	( Ameliorative effects of 7-methylcoumarin and 7-methoxycoumarin against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sancheti, S; Seo, SY, 2013)	0.39
" Multimodal thromboprophylaxis with aspirin given to the majority of patients at a low VTE risk is safe and effective in patients undergoing primary TKA."	( Safety and efficacy of multimodal thromboprophylaxis following total knee arthroplasty: a comparative study of preferential aspirin vs. routine coumadin chemoprophylaxis. Bartolomé García, S; Gesell, MW; González Della Valle, A; Haas, SB; Ma, Y; Memtsoudis, SG; Salvati, EA, 2013)	0.39
" Most treatment-emergent adverse events were mild, and all resolved by study end."	( Effects of multiple doses of albiglutide on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of digoxin, warfarin, or a low-dose oral contraceptive. Bush, M; Lewis, E; Scott, R; Watanalumlerd, P; Zhi, H, 2012)	0.59
" The results of this study lend further credence to the notion that IMM-H004 is a 'multipotent therapeutic agrent' that reduces toxic levels of brain Aβ, and holds the potential to protect neuronal mitochondrial function in Alzheimer's disease."	( IMM-H004, a novel coumarin derivative compound, protects against amyloid beta-induced neurotoxicity through a mitochondrial-dependent pathway. Chen, NH; Han, N; Hu, JF; Ji, HJ; Li, ZP; Liu, G; Song, XY; Sun, MN; Wu, DH; Yuan, YH; Zhu, ZX, 2013)	0.39
" Prophylactic anticoagulation is safe in IBD despite the presence of rectal bleeding on admission."	( Predictors and safety of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. Nguyen, GC; Ra, G; Ratneswaran, S; Thanabalan, R, 2013)	0.39
"We analyzed data from 45,074 patients treated with IV tPA enrolled in the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke (SITS) International Stroke Thrombolysis Register."	( Safety of intravenous thrombolysis for ischemic stroke in patients treated with warfarin. Ahmed, N; Lees, KR; Markus, R; Mazya, MV; Roine, RO; Seet, RC; Wahlgren, N, 2013)	0.62
"Utilization of heparins has been increasing in the last decade, thus, in-depth analysis is needed to assess heparins safety monitoring patterns, incidence rates of adverse drug reactions (ADR), and frequency of coadministration with other medicines."	( Influence of coadministration of antithrombotic medicines, warfarin, and NSAIDs on heparin safety: data from a prospective observational study. Kadusevicius, E; Pranckeviciene, G; Putniene, A, )	0.37
" Coadministration of heparin with warfarin, acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel, ketorolac, and NSAIDs was associated with the increased risk of adverse drug reactions."	( Influence of coadministration of antithrombotic medicines, warfarin, and NSAIDs on heparin safety: data from a prospective observational study. Kadusevicius, E; Pranckeviciene, G; Putniene, A, )	0.65
" Joint and soft tissue injections appear to be safe in patients receiving warfarin anticoagulation with an INR <3."	( Safety of joint and soft tissue injections in patients on warfarin anticoagulation. Conway, R; Cunnane, G; Doran, MF; O'Shea, FD, 2013)	0.87
" Dabigatran appears to be safe and effective for peri-procedural anticoagulation in CA of AF."	( Safety and efficacy of interrupted dabigatran for peri-procedural anticoagulation in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bahmaid, RA; Bin Abdulhak, AA; Garbati, MA; Khan, AR; Sanders, SU; Spertus, JA; Steigerwalt, KE; Tleyjeh, IM; Wimmer, AP, 2013)	0.39
"Evaluate dabigatran adverse event reports with a reported bleeding event and/or reported fatal outcome compared with warfarin."	( Evaluation of dabigatran bleeding adverse reaction reports in the FDA adverse event reporting system during the first year of approval. Bress, A; McConeghy, KW; Nutescu, EA; Qato, DM; Wing, C, 2014)	0.61
"Retrospective analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database."	( Evaluation of dabigatran bleeding adverse reaction reports in the FDA adverse event reporting system during the first year of approval. Bress, A; McConeghy, KW; Nutescu, EA; Qato, DM; Wing, C, 2014)	0.4
"Dabigatran was the primary suspected agent in 9029 adverse reports."	( Evaluation of dabigatran bleeding adverse reaction reports in the FDA adverse event reporting system during the first year of approval. Bress, A; McConeghy, KW; Nutescu, EA; Qato, DM; Wing, C, 2014)	0.4
"To evaluate the effect of amiodarone on warfarin maintenance dose and adverse events in an anticoagulation cohort from a tertiary cardiovascular service."	( Simultaneous use of amiodarone influences warfarin maintenance dose but is not associated with adverse events. Cesar, LA; Ferreira, JF; Grinberg, M; Krieger, JE; Pereira, AC; Santos, PC; Scanavacca, M; Soares, RA; Strunz, CM, 2014)	0.93
"Simultaneous use of amiodarone influences warfarin maintenance dose, but is not associated with adverse events."	( Simultaneous use of amiodarone influences warfarin maintenance dose but is not associated with adverse events. Cesar, LA; Ferreira, JF; Grinberg, M; Krieger, JE; Pereira, AC; Santos, PC; Scanavacca, M; Soares, RA; Strunz, CM, 2014)	0.93
" PSM of properly trained patients is effective and safe in a long-term real-life setting and robust across clinical subgroups."	( Patient self-management of oral anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists in everyday practice: efficacy and safety in a nationwide long-term prospective cohort study. Bachmann, LM; Nagler, M; Raddatz Müller, P; Schmid, P; Wuillemin, WA, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse events and endoscopic hemostasis after biopsy were evaluated."	( Safety of gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsy in patients taking antithrombotics. Fujita, M; Haruma, K; Hata, J; Ishii, M; Kamada, T; Manabe, N; Matsumoto, H; Murao, T; Nakato, R; Shiotani, A; Tarumi, K; Yamanaka, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Acute exercise in patients with PAPS with exclusive venous thrombosis was safe with a minor increase in PT/INR."	( Acute physical exercise is safe in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome with exclusive venous thrombosis and under oral anticoagulation with warfarin. Bonfa, E; Borba, EF; de Sá Pinto, AL; Garcia, CB; Lima, FR; Negrão, CE; Perandini, LA; Seguro, LP, 2014)	0.6
" Previous studies have produced estimates of the effect of polymorphisms in Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) on stable warfarin dosing, but data on time in therapeutic range, initial dosing and adverse effects are limited."	( Pharmacogenetics of warfarin in a paediatric population: time in therapeutic range, initial and stable dosing and adverse effects. Ghani, AA; Hawcutt, DB; Jorgensen, A; Michael, H; Murray, M; Peart, I; Pirmohamed, M; Smyth, RL; Sutton, L; Zhang, E, 2014)	0.92
"According to the results of acute toxicity, the LD50 of Chavil extract was more than 2000 mg/kg."	( Anticoagulant activity of isolated coumarins (suberosin and suberenol) and toxicity evaluation of Ferulago carduchorum in rats. Abdollahi, M; Ahmadabadi, AN; Akbarzadeh, T; Ardakani, MR; Ebrahimi, A; Golfakhrabadi, F; Hassanzadeh, A; Khanavi, M; Saeidnia, S; Yousefbeyk, F, 2014)	0.4
"Switching warfarin to aspirin 3 months after successful RFCA of AF could be as safe and efficacious as long-term anticoagulation even in patients with CHA₂DS₂-VASc score≥2."	( Safety and efficacy of switching anticoagulation to aspirin three months after successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Choi, KJ; Joung, B; Kim, YH; Lee, MH; Nam, GB; Pak, HN; Uhm, JS; Won, H, 2014)	0.8
"This study was intended to determine the incidence rate of warfarin-related adverse events (e."	( Pharmacogenetic association study of warfarin safety endpoints in Puerto Ricans. Cadilla, CL; Cruz, I; Duconge, J; Feliu, JF; Nieves-Plaza, M; Renta, JY; Rivera, G; Ruaño, G; Seip, RL; Valentín, II, 2014)	0.92
"Carriers of functional CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms demonstrated a higher incidence rate of multiple adverse events (i."	( Pharmacogenetic association study of warfarin safety endpoints in Puerto Ricans. Cadilla, CL; Cruz, I; Duconge, J; Feliu, JF; Nieves-Plaza, M; Renta, JY; Rivera, G; Ruaño, G; Seip, RL; Valentín, II, 2014)	0.68
"The association of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes and risks for adverse events due to exposure to warfarin was examined for the first time in Puerto Ricans."	( Pharmacogenetic association study of warfarin safety endpoints in Puerto Ricans. Cadilla, CL; Cruz, I; Duconge, J; Feliu, JF; Nieves-Plaza, M; Renta, JY; Rivera, G; Ruaño, G; Seip, RL; Valentín, II, 2014)	0.89
" Despite this observation, warfarin appears to be a safe medication for use within the early postoperative period after the Fontan procedure when response to therapy is monitored closely."	( Safety of warfarin dosing in the intensive care unit following the Fontan procedure. Rotta, AT; Schamberger, MS; Taylor, K; Thomas, CA, )	0.83
" Of importance, adverse event rates did not differ between the two groups after adjusting by a propensity score analysis."	( Efficacy and safety of apixaban in the patients undergoing the ablation of atrial fibrillation. Fujita, M; Hirai, M; Inden, Y; Ishikawa, S; Kato, H; Miyoshi, A; Murohara, T; Nagao, T; Ohguchi, S; Okumura, S; Shimano, M; Yamamoto, T; Yanagisawa, S; Yoshida, N, 2015)	0.42
"The use of apixaban during the periprocedural period of AF ablation seemed as efficacious and safe as warfarin."	( Efficacy and safety of apixaban in the patients undergoing the ablation of atrial fibrillation. Fujita, M; Hirai, M; Inden, Y; Ishikawa, S; Kato, H; Miyoshi, A; Murohara, T; Nagao, T; Ohguchi, S; Okumura, S; Shimano, M; Yamamoto, T; Yanagisawa, S; Yoshida, N, 2015)	0.63
"Compared with warfarin, periprocedural anticoagulation with dabigatran resulted in fewer minor hemorrhages and total adverse events after AF ablation."	( Safety of novel oral anticoagulants compared with uninterrupted warfarin for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Armbruster, HL; Berger, RD; Calkins, H; Habibi, M; Khurram, IM; Lindsley, JP; Marine, JE; Moranville, MP; Spragg, DD, 2015)	1.02
" In conclusion, warfarin treatment where patients spend a high proportion of time in the therapeutic range is safe and effective, and will continue to be a valid treatment option in the era of newer oral anticoagulants."	( Safety and efficacy of well managed warfarin. A report from the Swedish quality register Auricula. Friberg, L; Grzymala-Lubanski, B; Lip, GY; Renlund, H; Själander, A; Sjögren, V; Svensson, PJ, 2015)	1.04
" The no observable adverse effect levels (NOAEL) of the nanobeacon in 7-day consecutive oral administration and single intrarectal administration were estimated to be more than 1000mg/kg/day and 50mg/kg/day, respectively."	( Toxicity studies of coumarin 6-encapsulated polystyrene nanospheres conjugated with peanut agglutinin and poly(N-vinylacetamide) as a colonoscopic imaging agent in rats. Gore, JC; Hiwatari, K; Ikejima, T; Kitamura, T; Koike, S; Kumagai, H; McClure, R; Mohri, K; Pham, W; Sakuma, S; Shimosato, M; Tobita, E, 2015)	0.42
"Dabigatran could be a safe and potentially more effective alternative to warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation managed in routine practice settings."	( Effectiveness and safety of dabigatran and warfarin in real-world US patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a retrospective cohort study. Brookhart, MA; Fang, G; Farley, JF; Gehi, AK; Lauffenburger, JC; Rhoney, DH, 2015)	0.91
" The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction between aging and dabigatran- and warfarin-induced gastrointestinal (GI) and nervous system hemorrhage using data available in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database."	( Evaluation of Dabigatran- and Warfarin-Associated Hemorrhagic Events Using the FDA-Adverse Event Reporting System Database Stratified by Age. Abe, J; Kato, Y; Kinosada, Y; Nagasawa, H; Nakamura, M; Nakayama, Y; Suzuki, T; Suzuki, Y; Ueda, N; Umetsu, R, 2015)	0.92
"Uninterrupted dabigatran therapy in CA for AF thus may be a safe and effective anticoagulant therapy, and appears to be closely similar to continuous warfarin; however, it is essential to pay close attention to the APTT values when using dabigatran during CA."	( Feasibility and safety of uninterrupted dabigatran therapy in patients undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation. Fujita, M; Hirai, M; Inden, Y; Ishikawa, S; Kato, H; Miyoshi, A; Murohara, T; Nagao, T; Ohguchi, S; Okumura, S; Shimano, M; Yamamoto, T; Yanagisawa, S; Yoshida, N, 2015)	0.62
"To examine the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects associated with dabigatran use compared with warfarin among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF)."	( Risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects of dabigatran compared with warfarin among patients with atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. Bonde, AN; Fosbøl, EL; Gislason, GH; Hansen, ML; Lamberts, M; Lip, GY; Olesen, JB; Staerk, L; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2015)	0.87
" Bacterial infections are quite frequent among the elderly, and use of antimicrobials may be associated with severe adverse events in this population, especially when in presence of co-medications and/or of co-morbidities."	( Antimicrobial treatment of bacterial infections in frail elderly patients: the difficult balance between efficacy, safety and tolerability. Pea, F, 2015)	0.42
"Uninterrupted perioperative warfarin therapy is safe for patients undergoing arterial procedures, but interrupted warfarin may be preferred for those undergoing venous procedures; no differences in outcome rates were found in the randomized controlled trials."	( Safety of Uninterrupted Warfarin Therapy in Patients Undergoing Cardiovascular Endovascular Procedures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asirvatham, SJ; Brinjikji, W; Kallmes, DF; Murad, MH; Shahi, V, 2016)	1.04
" These improvements may potentially reduce the incidence of serious adverse events."	( A before and after study of warfarin monitoring in a single region as part of the Scottish patient safety programme in primary care. Bowie, P; McKay, J; McNab, D, 2015)	0.71
" Despite guidelines on high-risk endoscopic procedures in patients on anticoagulation, evidence is lacking whether EMR is safe in such patients."	( Endoscopic mucosal resection of early oesophageal neoplasia in patients requiring anticoagulation: is it safe? Al-Mammari, S; Bailey, AA; Braden, B; Findlay, J; Gillies, R; Koutsoumpas, A; Marshall, R; Maynard, N; Owen, R; Sgromo, B, 2016)	0.43
" We developed the Safe Transitions Anticoagulation Report (STAR), which contains essential information on anticoagulation and is embedded in the discharge summary, and implemented the report and associated workflow in a tertiary care hospital within an integrated healthcare system."	( Improving transitions of care for patients on warfarin: The safe transitions anticoagulation report. Berman, J; Cho, HJ; Dunn, AS; Francaviglia, P; Hamilton, S; Kannry, J; Lewis, C; Shetreat-Klein, A; Stein, L; To, S, 2015)	0.68
" There is a general consensus that maternal intake of warfarin at a daily dose of 5 mg or less is safe both for the infant and the mother."	( Low-dose maternal warfarin intake resulting in fetal warfarin syndrome: In search for a safe anticoagulant regimen during pregnancy. Aggarwal, P; Basu, S; Kakani, N; Kumar, A, 2016)	1.02
"The objective was to determine the impact of VKORC1 polymorphisms on warfarin anticoagulant therapy (stable warfarin maintenance dose, time required to reach therapeutic dose and time spent in therapeutic range) and its adverse events (overanticoagulation and bleeding events, time to first overanticoagulation or bleeding event, and therapy for bleeding events) in Croatian patients."	( VKORC1 gene polymorphisms and adverse events in Croatian patients on warfarin therapy. Bozina, N; Mandic, D; Mandic, S; Milostic-Srb, A; Rumora, L; Samardzija, M, 2015)	0.89
"Our study showed that VKORC1 1173C>T and VKORC1 -1639G>A gene polymorphisms are associated with stable warfarin maintenance dose and adverse events of warfarin therapy."	( VKORC1 gene polymorphisms and adverse events in Croatian patients on warfarin therapy. Bozina, N; Mandic, D; Mandic, S; Milostic-Srb, A; Rumora, L; Samardzija, M, 2015)	0.87
" We studied time to cardioversion, risk of adverse events, and risk of readmission with atrial fibrillation after cardioversion according to anticoagulation therapy."	( Cardioversion and Risk of Adverse Events with Dabigatran versus Warfarin-A Nationwide Cohort Study. Gislason, GH; Hansen, ML; Lindhardt, TB; Olesen, JB; Pallisgaard, JL; Schjerning, AM; Staerk, L; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2015)	0.66
"Anticoagulation treatment with dabigatran allows shorter time to cardioversion for atrial fibrillation than warfarin, and appears to be an effective and safe alternative treatment strategy to warfarin."	( Cardioversion and Risk of Adverse Events with Dabigatran versus Warfarin-A Nationwide Cohort Study. Gislason, GH; Hansen, ML; Lindhardt, TB; Olesen, JB; Pallisgaard, JL; Schjerning, AM; Staerk, L; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2015)	0.87
"Current methods for prospective drug safety monitoring focus on determining whether and when to generate safety alerts indicating that a new drug may be less safe than a comparator."	( Developing alerting thresholds for prospective drug safety monitoring. Gagne, JJ; Glynn, RJ; Schneeweiss, S; Wangge, G, 2016)	0.43
"Assess relationship between daily versus less frequent INR monitoring and overanticoagulation and warfarin-related adverse events."	( Predictors of warfarin-associated adverse events in hospitalized patients: Opportunities to prevent patient harm. Andrawis, M; Bakullari, A; Bona, R; Classen, D; Eckenrode, S; Eldridge, N; Jaser, L; Krumholz, HM; Metersky, ML; Wang, Y, 2016)	1.01
"0 or warfarin-related adverse event."	( Predictors of warfarin-associated adverse events in hospitalized patients: Opportunities to prevent patient harm. Andrawis, M; Bakullari, A; Bona, R; Classen, D; Eckenrode, S; Eldridge, N; Jaser, L; Krumholz, HM; Metersky, ML; Wang, Y, 2016)	1.31
"Daily INR measurement and recognition of a rapidly rising INR might decrease the frequency of warfarin-associated adverse events in hospitalized patients."	( Predictors of warfarin-associated adverse events in hospitalized patients: Opportunities to prevent patient harm. Andrawis, M; Bakullari, A; Bona, R; Classen, D; Eckenrode, S; Eldridge, N; Jaser, L; Krumholz, HM; Metersky, ML; Wang, Y, 2016)	1.01
"To review the published guidelines and supporting data from clinical studies addressing the safe and coordinated management of patients on warfarin therapy who present for perioperative care."	( Perioperative Safety of Warfarin Therapy and Reversal. Kodumudi, V; Maslin, B; Springer, E; Vadivelu, N; Zhu, R, 2016)	0.94
"Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are safe and effective for the prevention of stroke or systemic embolism (S/SE) in atrial fibrillation."	( Meta-Analysis of Renal Function on the Safety and Efficacy of Novel Oral Anticoagulants for Atrial Fibrillation. Asirvatham, SJ; Del-Carpio Munoz, F; Friedman, PA; Gharacholou, SM; Munger, TM; Noseworthy, PA; Packer, DL, 2016)	0.43
" In patients undergoing AF ablation, rivaroxaban appears to be an effective and safe alternative to VKA."	( Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with vitamin K antagonists for peri-procedural anticoagulation in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cappato, R; Hohnloser, SH; Marchlinski, FE; Natale, A; Vamos, M, 2016)	0.43
" This study aimed to determine the TTR achievement and incidence of adverse events among pediatric warfarin patients managed by an anticoagulation clinic over 12 months and to compare TTR achievement between patients self-testing (PST) at home and those monitored using routine methods."	( Safety and Efficacy Outcomes of Home and Hospital Warfarin Management Within a Pediatric Anticoagulation Clinic. Jones, S; McLoughlin, S; Monagle, P; Newall, F; Piovesan, D; Savoia, H, 2016)	0.9
" The hepatotoxic compounds induced the expected zebrafish liver degeneration or changes in size, whereas saccharin did not have any phenotypic adverse effect."	( Phenotypic and biomarker evaluation of zebrafish larvae as an alternative model to predict mammalian hepatotoxicity. Berckmans, P; Covaci, A; Hollanders, K; Maho, W; Peers, B; Remy, S; Verstraelen, S; Witters, H, 2016)	0.43
"Three-factor PCC and 4F-PCC were both safe in correcting INR, but 4F-PCC was more effective, leading to better cost-effectiveness."	( Is there a difference in efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness between 3-factor and 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrates among trauma patients on oral anticoagulants? Barletta, JF; Cung, C; Dzandu, JK; Hall, S; Hollingworth, AK; Mangram, A; Oguntodu, OF; Rodriguez, J; Yusupov, I, 2016)	0.43
"Though warfarin is extensively used in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic processes in humans, adverse effects of warfarin therapy have been recognized."	( Intestinal toxicity of oral warfarin intake in rats. Demenesku, J; Kataranovski, D; Kataranovski, M; Mileusnic, D; Mirkov, I; Ninkov, M; Popov Aleksandrov, A; Subota, V; Zolotarevski, L, 2016)	1.18
"Few large studies have evaluated the adverse events associated with therapeutic colonoscopy for colorectal neoplasia, including bleeding and bowel perforation."	( Factors predicting adverse events associated with therapeutic colonoscopy for colorectal neoplasia: a retrospective nationwide study in Japan. Fushimi, K; Hirata, Y; Koike, K; Matsui, H; Niikura, R; Yamada, A; Yasunaga, H, 2016)	0.43
"Although the incidence of adverse events after therapeutic colonoscopy was low, several patient-related factors were significantly associated with bleeding and bowel perforation."	( Factors predicting adverse events associated with therapeutic colonoscopy for colorectal neoplasia: a retrospective nationwide study in Japan. Fushimi, K; Hirata, Y; Koike, K; Matsui, H; Niikura, R; Yamada, A; Yasunaga, H, 2016)	0.43
" The aim of this study is to determine if initiating warfarin when platelets start trending upward instead of at a specific level is safe and effective in patients diagnosed with HIT."	( Safety and efficacy of starting warfarin after two consecutive platelet count rises in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Chen, LD; Dager, WE; Roberts, AJ, 2016)	0.97
" All NOACs seem to be safe and effective alternatives to warfarin in a routine care setting."	( Comparative effectiveness and safety of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: propensity weighted nationwide cohort study. Kjældgaard, JN; Larsen, TB; Lip, GY; Nielsen, PB; Skjøth, F, 2016)	0.9
" The aim of this work was to evaluate antidiabetic activity in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and the antioxidant effects of 3',4'-Di-O-acetyl-cis-khellactone (DOAcK), as well as its toxic potential."	( Antidiabetic effect, antioxidant activity, and toxicity of 3',4'-Di-O-acetyl-cis-khellactone in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Burgueño-Tapia, E; Cornejo-Garrido, J; Domínguez-Mendoza, EA; Ordaz-Pichardo, C, 2016)	0.43
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."	( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships. Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)	0.43
"4; and mean HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal renal and liver function, Stroke, Bleeding, Labile international normalized ratios, Elderly, Drugs or alcohol): 4 ± 1] with AF and biological prostheses, repaired mitral valves, or tubular aortic graft who were treated with the factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban due to inefficacy or adverse effects of warfarin."	( Safety and Feasibility of Treatment with Rivaroxaban for Non-Canonical Indications: A Case Series Analysis. Acanfora, C; Acanfora, D; Casucci, G; Ciccone, MM; Dentamaro, I; Furgi, G; Incalzi, RA; Lanzillo, B; Longobardi, M; Scicchitano, P; Zito, A, 2016)	0.61
" Recent studies have shown that epicardial access may be safe in heparinised patients."	( Epicardial catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia on uninterrupted warfarin: A safe approach for those with a strong indication for peri-procedural anticoagulation? Breitenstein, A; Chow, AW; Dhinoja, M; Earley, MJ; Finlay, M; Hunter, RJ; Lambiase, P; Sawhney, V; Schilling, RJ; Sporton, S; Ullah, W, 2016)	0.67
" Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban are safe and effective compared with warfarin for preventing stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation."	( Help Desk Answers: Do novel oral anticoagulants safely prevent stroke in patients with nonvalvular A-fib? Hostetter, J; Siewert, R, 2016)	0.66
" In this case, smaller amounts of very expensive ZPC achieved safe and efficacious results, which is hugely important for future clinical applications when considering the production cost of ZPC."	( A Compelling Case for the Use of Perioperative Zymogen Protein C for Increased Patient Safety. Abdallah, JM; Bruley, DF; Bruley, KC; Bruley, SB; Duncan, M; Duncan, R; McGuire, TW; Streiff, MB; Thiessen, EE; White, M, )	0.13
" In conclusion, DOACs are effective and safe for the extended treatment of VTE, and may reduce the risk of all-cause mortality."	( Safety ad efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. Benedetti, R; Fenoglio, L; Imberti, D; Pomero, F, 2016)	0.43
" The primary outcome was 30-day net adverse clinical event (NACE), defined as a composite of major cardiac and cerebral events or any bleeding."	( Efficiency and safety of bivalirudin in patients undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention via radial access: A subgroup analysis from the bivalirudin in acute myocardial infarction versus heparin and GPI plus heparin trial. Bao, D; Chen, Y; Cong, H; Ding, S; Han, Y; Jia, S; Jing, Q; Li, J; Li, L; Li, Y; Liang, Z; Liu, B; Liu, H; Wang, H; Zhao, X, 2017)	0.46
" Venous thromboembolism (VTE), other adverse effects (AEs), and the changes of D-dimer and fibrinogen levels were monitored."	( Efficacy and Safety of Danshen Compound Tablets in Preventing Thalidomide-Associated Thromboembolism in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. Ai, H; Chen, L; Liu, XJ; Mi, RH; Wei, XD; Yin, JJ; Yin, QS, 2016)	0.43
" In conclusion, DOACs should be used with caution in APS patients and randomized control trials with clinical primary endpoints assessing clinical efficacy and safety are awaited to establish whether the prescription of DOACs could be a safe alternative to warfarin."	( Direct Oral Anticoagulants Use in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Are These Drugs an Effective and Safe Alternative to Warfarin? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Dufrost, V; Risse, J; Wahl, D; Zuily, S, 2016)	0.82
"Intestinal hemorrhage characterizes effectiveness of warfarin (WF) as rodenticide and is among adverse effects of therapy in humans."	( Strain differences in intestinal toxicity of warfarin in rats. Demenesku, J; Kataranovski, D; Kataranovski, M; Mileusnic, D; Mirkov, I; Ninkov, M; Popov Aleksandrov, A; Stefik, D; Subota, V; Zolotarevski, L, 2016)	0.94
" In order to contribute to the debate on their safety profile, we conducted a comparative analysis of the reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with DOACs in VigiBase."	( Safety profile of the direct oral anticoagulants: an analysis of the WHO database of adverse drug reactions. Biagi, C; Conti, V; Donati, M; Melis, M; Monaco, L; Motola, D; Vaccheri, A; Venegoni, M, 2017)	0.46
" Frail patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are significantly less likely to receive oral anticoagulants compared to their nonfrail counterparts; is that an expression of reasonable prudence or malpractice? In this regard, some aspects of physical frailty should be considered: (i) increased vulnerability to stressors, including pharmacological agents with potential severe adverse effects; (ii) frail elderly patients are at high risk of falls and, therefore, of severe traumatic hemorrhages on oral anticoagulation; (iii) frail patients are more likely to have complications during intercurrent affections, potentially responsible for hemorrhages."	( [Efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulants in frail elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: an unsolved problem]. Alboni, P; Cojocaru, E; Stucci, N; Ungar, A, 2017)	0.46
"Differences in the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) between men and women were investigated by using Gulf SAFE data in the Middle East."	( Sex differences in management and outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation in the Middle East: Gulf survey of atrial fibrillation events (Gulf SAFE). Al-Zakwani, I; AlMahmeed, W; AlQudaimi, A; Alsheikh-Ali, AA; Amin, H; Asaad, N; Bhagavathula, AS; Rashed, WA; Shehab, A; Sulaiman, K; Zubaid, M, 2017)	0.46
"A number of factors can lead to adverse events (AEs) in patients taking warfarin."	( Root Cause Analysis of Adverse Events in an Outpatient Anticoagulation Management Consortium. Barnes, GD; Gearhart, N; Gikas, H; Graves, CM; Haymart, B; Kline-Rogers, E; Kurtz, B; Perry, LK; Pluhatsch, D; Ryan, N, 2017)	0.69
" Studies have reported a relationship between this score and the occurrence of adverse events."	( SAMe-TT2R2 Score in the Outpatient Anticoagulation Clinic to Predict Time in Therapeutic Range and Adverse Events. Amon, LC; Barkan, SS; Biolo, A; Marobin, R; Pivatto Junior, F; Ries, L; Scheffel, RS; Wolkind, RR, 2017)	0.46
"To describe the TTR according to the score, in addition to relating the score obtained with the occurrence of adverse events in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) on oral anticoagulation with VKAs."	( SAMe-TT2R2 Score in the Outpatient Anticoagulation Clinic to Predict Time in Therapeutic Range and Adverse Events. Amon, LC; Barkan, SS; Biolo, A; Marobin, R; Pivatto Junior, F; Ries, L; Scheffel, RS; Wolkind, RR, 2017)	0.46
" The high-risk group had a higher percentage of adverse events (11."	( SAMe-TT2R2 Score in the Outpatient Anticoagulation Clinic to Predict Time in Therapeutic Range and Adverse Events. Amon, LC; Barkan, SS; Biolo, A; Marobin, R; Pivatto Junior, F; Ries, L; Scheffel, RS; Wolkind, RR, 2017)	0.46
"The SAMe-TT2R2 score proved to be effective to predict patients with a better TTR, but was not associated with adverse events."	( SAMe-TT2R2 Score in the Outpatient Anticoagulation Clinic to Predict Time in Therapeutic Range and Adverse Events. Amon, LC; Barkan, SS; Biolo, A; Marobin, R; Pivatto Junior, F; Ries, L; Scheffel, RS; Wolkind, RR, 2017)	0.46
"On the background of the search of new insecticides friendly with the environment for replace those from synthesis organic origin with adverse effects on animals, soils and vegetables."	( Toxicity of coumarins synthesized by Pechmann-Duisberg condensation against Drosophila melanogaster larvae and antibacterial effects. Alarcón-Enos, JE; Aqueveque-Muñoz, PM; Céspedes-Acuña, CL; Vargas-Soto, FA, 2017)	0.46
" In conclusion, the use of apixaban is as safe and effective as warfarin for uninterrupted OA therapy during catheter-based ablation of AF."	( Safety and Efficacy of Uninterrupted Apixaban Therapy Versus Warfarin During Atrial Fibrillation Ablation. Doppalapudi, H; Gunter, A; Kumar, V; Maddox, WR; McElderry, T; Meggo, D; Pentecost, E; Pillai, A; Plumb, V; Schafer, P; Shah, RR; Yamada, T, 2017)	0.94
" However, enoxaparin was found to be as safe as aspirin with respect to bleeding, and fondaparinux was as safe as aspirin for risk of wound complications."	( Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Drug Prophylaxis for Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism After Total Knee Arthroplasty. Bini, SA; Cafri, G; Cheetham, CT; Chen, Y; Gould, MK; Khatod, M; Paxton, EW; Sluggett, J, 2017)	0.46
" The rates of thromboembolism and major bleeding events were low, with NOACs shown to be as effective and safe as warfarin."	( Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in a real-world setting: non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants ensure a fast and safe strategy compared to warfarin. Albertsen, AE; Christesen, AMS; Frederiksen, AS; Frost, L; Møller, DS; Vinter, N, 2018)	0.89
"0% UA mixed in diet) showed no alterations in clinical parameters, blood chemistry, or hematology, and did not indicate any target organs, or any specific toxic mechanisms."	( Safety assessment of Urolithin A, a metabolite produced by the human gut microbiota upon dietary intake of plant derived ellagitannins and ellagic acid. Andreux, P; Blanco-Bose, W; Heilman, J; Rinsch, C; Tran, N, 2017)	0.46
" Subacute administration of AUR showed no toxic histopathological effects on organ tissue."	( Safety evaluation of auraptene in rats in acute and subacute toxicity studies. Arab, H; Iranshahi, M; Karimi, G; Riahi, B; Roshan, NM; Vakili, T, 2017)	0.46
"The nontoxic 7-hydroxylation and the toxic heterocyclic "ring-splitting" epoxidation pathways are the two main detoxification pathways in the hepatometabolism of coumarin, the former catalyzed by CYP2A6 and the latter by possibly CYP1A and CYP2E."	( Strategies for Avoiding Benzopyrone Hepatotoxicity in Lymphedema Management-The Role of Pharmacogenetics, Metabolic Enzyme Gene Identification, and Patient Selection. Hu, M; Piller, NB, 2017)	0.46
" [Bacifrinase (ΔN24)], at a dose of 2mg/kg, did not show toxicity, adverse pharmacological effects, tissue necrosis or hemorrhagic effect after 72h of its administration in Swiss albino mice."	( The N-terminal-truncated recombinant fibrin(ogen)olytic serine protease improves its functional property, demonstrates in vivo anticoagulant and plasma defibrinogenation activity as well as pre-clinical safety in rodent model. Bora, B; Chatterjee, A; Gogoi, D; Kurkalang, S; Mukherjee, AK; Ramani, S; Tripathy, D, 2018)	0.48
" Based on the results of this study, treatment with 7-acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin was found to not cause clinical adverse symptoms and mortality in any animal used in the acute and repeated-dose toxicity study."	( Absence of toxicity in Swiss mice following treatment with 7-acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin: Acute and repeated-dose toxicity study. da Silva, APDSCL; David, JM; David, JP; de Sousa, MRSC; Oliveira, GLDS; Saldanha, GB, 2018)	0.48
"Rivaroxaban (20 mg/15 mg once daily) is an effective and safe alternative to warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular AF (NVAF)."	( The effectiveness and safety of low-dose rivaroxaban in Asians with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Chan, YH; Chang, SH; Kuo, CT; Lee, HF; See, LC; Tu, HT; Wu, LS; Yeh, YH, 2018)	0.71
" As for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), stroke recurrence, and adverse event (AE) rate, there were no significant differences of efficacy among 7 drug therapies."	( Aspirin plus dipyridamole has the highest surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRA) values in terms of mortality, intracranial hemorrhage, and adverse event rate among 7 drug therapies in the treatment of cerebral infarction. Liu, X; Zhang, JJ, 2018)	0.48
"In this cohort of Medicare beneficiaries with VHD (excluding patients with prosthetic valves) and new-onset AF between 2011 and 2013, novel oral non-vitamin K anticoagulants were safe and effective options for prevention of systemic thromboembolism."	( Safety and Efficacy of Novel Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin in Medicare Beneficiaries With Atrial Fibrillation and Valvular Heart Disease. Akintoye, E; Alvarez, P; Briasoulis, A; Inampudi, C; Panaich, S; Vaughan-Sarrazin, M, 2018)	0.73
"Radix Wikstroemia indica (RWI), named "Liao Ge Wang" in Chinese, is a kind of toxic Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) commonly used in Miao nationality of South China."	( Exploring the Q-marker of "sweat soaking method" processed radix Wikstroemia indica: Based on the "effect-toxicity-chemicals" study. Chen, YL; Feng, G; Hai, Y; He, X; Li, LL; Li, W; Liu, CX; Wu, ZG; Wu, ZJ; Zhang, SC; Zheng, CQ, 2018)	0.48
" In the present study, four temporary consolidants, including cyclododecane, menthol, coumarin, and ethyl maltol, at different concentrations were incubated with zebrafish embryos, and their biological toxic effects were firstly evaluated."	( Safety evaluation of the temporary consolidant based on a zebrafish embryo model. Hu, Y; Zhang, BJ; Zhang, L; Zhang, XY, 2018)	0.48
"Rivaroxaban seems a safe and effective therapeutic option in CKD stage 3b-4 patients."	( Safety and effectiveness of rivaroxaban and warfarin in moderate-to-advanced CKD: real world data. Barbera, V; Bellasi, A; De Pascalis, A; Di Iorio, BR; Di Lullo, L; Fusaro, M; Granata, A; Paoletti, E; Ravera, M; Ronco, C; Russo, D; Tripepi, G, 2018)	0.74
" Efficacy outcomes included ischemic stroke, stent thrombosis, major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction (MI); safety outcome was major bleeding."	( Efficacy and safety of triple therapy versus dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing coronary stenting: A meta-analysis. Huang, J; Liu, L; Tang, X; Zhang, X, 2018)	0.48
" The aim of the study was to evaluate if early surgery (within 24 h) of trochanteric or subtrochanteric hip fractures using intramedullary nailing is safe in patients on warfarin treatment after fast reversal of the warfarin effect."	( Is fast reversal and early surgery (within 24 h) in patients on warfarin medication with trochanteric hip fractures safe? A case-control study. Enocson, A; Lapidus, LJ; Mattisson, L, 2018)	0.91
" Per- and postoperative data, transfusion rates, adverse events and mortality was compared."	( Is fast reversal and early surgery (within 24 h) in patients on warfarin medication with trochanteric hip fractures safe? A case-control study. Enocson, A; Lapidus, LJ; Mattisson, L, 2018)	0.72
"There were no significant differences in the calculated blood-loss, in-house adverse events or mortality (in-house, 30-day or 1-year) between the groups."	( Is fast reversal and early surgery (within 24 h) in patients on warfarin medication with trochanteric hip fractures safe? A case-control study. Enocson, A; Lapidus, LJ; Mattisson, L, 2018)	0.72
" The QUIN is involved in the development of several toxic cascades which leads to the neuronal degeneration processes."	( Effect of wedelolactone and gallic acid on quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity and impaired motor function: significance to sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Goli, D; S, M; T, P, 2018)	0.48
"The present meta-analysis of four trials supports that NOACs are safe and at least as effective as warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and established CAD."	( The efficacy and safety of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Antman, EM; Giugliano, RP; Ruff, CT; Zelniker, TA, 2019)	0.73
"The safety of the NOACs compared with warfarin was generally favourable across different patient subgroups, including those perceived to be at "high risk" for adverse outcomes."	( The safety of NOACs in atrial fibrillation patient subgroups: A narrative review. Lip, GYH, 2019)	0.78
" No patient showed adverse events."	( Effectiveness and safety of a product containing diosmin, coumarin, and arbutin (Linfadren®) in addition to complex decongestive therapy on management of breast cancer-related lymphedema. Bertone, M; Cacchio, A; Centoletti, C; D'Elia, E; De Benedictis, L; Di Carlo, G; Prencipe, R; Taglieri, L, 2019)	0.51
"Linfadren® in addition to CDT was a safe and effective therapy for reducing BCRL and was better than CDT alone."	( Effectiveness and safety of a product containing diosmin, coumarin, and arbutin (Linfadren®) in addition to complex decongestive therapy on management of breast cancer-related lymphedema. Bertone, M; Cacchio, A; Centoletti, C; D'Elia, E; De Benedictis, L; Di Carlo, G; Prencipe, R; Taglieri, L, 2019)	0.51
"This real-world study suggests that in the setting of polypharmacy and NVAF, rivaroxaban is an effective and safe alternative to warfarin."	( Influence of Polypharmacy on the Effectiveness and Safety of Rivaroxaban Versus Warfarin in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. Baker, WL; Bunz, TJ; Coleman, CI; Eriksson, D; Martinez, BK; Meinecke, AK; Sood, NA, 2019)	0.95
"0) and occurrence of serious adverse events."	( Warfarin loading dose guided by pharmacogenetics is effective and safe in cardioembolic stroke patients - a randomized, prospective study. Jansky, P; Kaplan, V; Kumstyrova, S; Lacinova, Z; Magerova, H; Matoska, V; Ruzickova, T; Sarbochova, I; Schwabova, JP; Sramek, M; Tomek, A, 2019)	1.96
"Gastrointestinal side effect profiles of these four agents in a real-life setting is consistent with the results obtained from the present study."	( A link between cytotoxicity in cell culture and gastrointestinal side effects of oral anticoagulants: bench-to-bedside. Gurpinar, OA; Karasoy, D; Kubat, E; Onur, MA, )	0.13
" No adverse events were recorded."	( Effectiveness and safety of a mixture of diosmin, coumarin and arbutin (Linfadren Cacchio, A; De Blasis, E; Di Carlo, G; Vincenza, C, 2019)	0.51
"Our findings provide evidence that apixaban is efficacious and safe across the spectrum of weight, including in low- (≤60 kg) and high-weight patients (>120 kg)."	( Efficacy and Safety of Apixaban Versus Warfarin in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Extremes in Body Weight. Al-Khatib, SM; Alexander, JH; Atar, D; Bahit, MC; Ezekowitz, JA; Fudim, M; Granger, CB; Hanna, M; Hijazi, Z; Hohnloser, SH; Lopes, RD; Lopez-Sendon, JL; Wallentin, L; Wojdyla, DM, 2019)	0.78
"Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are at least as efficacious and safe as warfarin among non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients; limited evidence is available regarding NVAF patients with heart failure (HF)."	( Effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulants in older adults with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Amin, A; Dhamane, A; Di Fusco, M; Friend, K; Garcia Reeves, AB; Keshishian, A; Li, X; Luo, X; Mardekian, J; Nadkarni, A; Pan, X; Rosenblatt, L; Yuce, H, 2019)	0.74
"To assess the effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban versus warfarin for the prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF)."	( Effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban and warfarin for prevention of major adverse cardiovascular or limb events in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and type 2 diabetes. Baker, WL; Beyer-Westendorf, J; Bunz, TJ; Coleman, CI; Eriksson, D; Meinecke, AK; Sood, NA, 2019)	1.02
" Regarding antithrombotic prophylaxis, data are lacking on DOAC use in general surgical patients, while DOACs appear to be more effective than and as safe as LMWHs in VTE prophylaxis for major orthopedic surgical patients."	( Safety of direct oral anticoagulants versus traditional anticoagulants in venous thromboembolism. Agnelli, G; Becattini, C; Franco, L; Giustozzi, M; Vedovati, MC, 2019)	0.51
" Currently, there is no information on whether the frequency of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions and the risk for drug adverse effects differ between older persons with and without diabetes."	( Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions and the risk for drug adverse effects among home-dwelling older persons with and without type 2 diabetes. Haanpää, M; Ikäheimo, I; Karjalainen, M; Kautiainen, H; Mäntyselkä, P; Saltevo, J; Tiihonen, M, 2019)	0.51
"There were no significant differences in the frequency of drug-drug interactions or the risk for drug adverse effects in persons with and without diabetes."	( Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions and the risk for drug adverse effects among home-dwelling older persons with and without type 2 diabetes. Haanpää, M; Ikäheimo, I; Karjalainen, M; Kautiainen, H; Mäntyselkä, P; Saltevo, J; Tiihonen, M, 2019)	0.51
"There is no difference in the frequency of drug-drug interactions or risk for drug adverse effects in older home-dwelling persons with and without diabetes."	( Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions and the risk for drug adverse effects among home-dwelling older persons with and without type 2 diabetes. Haanpää, M; Ikäheimo, I; Karjalainen, M; Kautiainen, H; Mäntyselkä, P; Saltevo, J; Tiihonen, M, 2019)	0.51
"To assess 2015 annual all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke rates co-reported for warfarin and NOACs in subjects with and without HF in the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database."	( All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes With Non-Vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin in Patients With Heart Failure in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. Agewall, S; Atar, D; Hopper, I; Jensen, JK; Kim, MH; Kotecha, D; Mentz, RJ; Serebruany, VL; von Lueder, TG, )	0.57
" Since drug induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis may affect multiple organ systems and even cause mortality, clinicians must be aware of this rare adverse event, promptly discontinue the drug, and commence anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive treatment when necessary."	( Warfarin induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis: an extraordinary side effect. Effat, M; Elantably, A; Elantably, D; Mourad, A, 2020)	2
" Therefore, the identification of potent and safe therapy for inflammatory disorders is still of great interest to the medicinal chemist."	( ROS Inhibitory Activity and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Benzoyl, Acetyl, Alkyl Ester, and Sulfonate Ester Substituted Coumarin Derivatives. Ahmed, S; Ali, F; Faheem, A; Iqbal, E; Jabeen, A; Khan, KM; Naqvi, F; Perveen, S; Salar, U, 2020)	0.56
"This trial found that patients who had CVT anticoagulated with either dabigatran or warfarin had low risk of recurrent VTEs, and the risk of bleeding was similar with both medications, suggesting that both dabigatran and warfarin may be safe and effective for preventing recurrent VTEs in patients with CVT."	( Safety and Efficacy of Dabigatran Etexilate vs Dose-Adjusted Warfarin in Patients With Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Alasheev, A; Canhão, P; Caria, J; Coutinho, JM; Dentali, F; Diener, HC; Ferro, JM; Frässdorf, M; Huisman, H; Karpov, D; Kobayashi, A; Nagel, S; Posthuma, L; Reilly, P; Roriz, JM, 2019)	0.98
"In our study, DOACs appeared to be as efficacious and safe in CKD IV and V as in CKD III."	( Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease. Bailey, J; Bhatia, HS; Hoffman, K; Kim, RJ; Unlu, O, 2019)	0.51
" The most important adverse effect of warfarin is hemorrhage of vital organs, such as lung and brain."	( A rare case of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage (DAH) due to warfarin toxicity. Borjian, MA; Borjian, S; Hakkak, N, 2020)	1.08
" DOAC use appears relatively safe compared with warfarin in select liver transplant recipients."	( Safety of direct-acting oral anticoagulants relative to warfarin in a matched cohort of liver transplant recipients. Florman, SS; Santeusanio, AD; Schiano, TD; Weinberg, AD, 2020)	1.06
" The risks of ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), major bleeding, mortality, and composite adverse events were compared between NOACs and warfarin in all patients ≥ 65 years of age and, specifically, with different age strata (ie, 65-74, 75-89, ≥ 90 years)."	( Comparing the Effectiveness and Safety of Nonvitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants and Warfarin in Elderly Asian Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Chao, TF; Chen, SA; Chen, TJ; Chiang, CE; Liao, JN; Lip, GYH, 2020)	0.98
"Compared with warfarin, NOACs were associated with a significantly lower risk of adverse events, with heterogeneity in treatment effects among different age strata."	( Comparing the Effectiveness and Safety of Nonvitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants and Warfarin in Elderly Asian Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Chao, TF; Chen, SA; Chen, TJ; Chiang, CE; Liao, JN; Lip, GYH, 2020)	1.14
"Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation under uninterrupted warfarin use is safe and recommended by experts."	( Safety of Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation Under Uninterrupted Rivaroxaban Use. Agrizzi, RS; Elias Neto, J; Futuro, GMC; Kuniyoshi, R; Merçon, ES; Silva, MA; Vasconcelos, D, 2020)	0.81
" Further research is warranted to definitively determine whether DOACs are effective and safe alternatives to warfarin for anticoagulation in kidney transplant recipients."	( Safety and efficacy of direct-acting oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in kidney transplant recipients: a retrospective single-center cohort study. Bixby, AL; Cotiguala, L; Marshall, VD; McMurry, K; Naik, AS; Park, JM; Samaniego-Picota, MD; Shaikh, SA, 2020)	1.01
" NOACs were not found to be as effective as warfarin for retinal vascular occlusion, but safe in terms of intraocular bleeding."	( Efficacy and safety of non-vitamin K-antagonist oral anticoagulants for retinal vascular diseases in patients with atrial fibrillation: Korean cohort study. Chung, YR; Lee, E; Lee, K; Park, B; Park, SJ, 2020)	0.82
" Coumarins have many biological activities and wide clinical applications, such as anti-tumor, anti-HIV, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-coagulation, but they have obvious toxic effects in rodents."	( [Toxicological research and safety consideration of coumarins]. Guo, FF; Guo, PJ; Lin, ZJ; Zhang, B; Zhang, XM; Zou, LN, 2020)	0.56
" Overall, DOAC users had lower rates of adverse outcomes including mortality compared with warfarin users."	( Comparative Safety and Effectiveness of Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin: a National Cohort Study of Nursing Home Residents. Alcusky, M; Fisher, M; Hume, AL; Lapane, KL; McManus, DD; Tjia, J, 2020)	1.01
"Evidence of adverse clinical outcomes for non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOACs) and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and diabetes mellitus are limited."	( Effectiveness, safety, and major adverse limb events in atrial fibrillation patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus treated with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Chan, YH; Chang, SH; Chao, TF; Kuo, CT; Lee, HF; Li, PR; Lip, GYH; Liu, JR; See, LC; Wu, LS; Yeh, YH, 2020)	0.78
"NOAC was associated with a lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR):0."	( Effectiveness, safety, and major adverse limb events in atrial fibrillation patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus treated with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Chan, YH; Chang, SH; Chao, TF; Kuo, CT; Lee, HF; Li, PR; Lip, GYH; Liu, JR; See, LC; Wu, LS; Yeh, YH, 2020)	0.56
"Among diabetic AF patients, NOACs were associated with a lower risk of thromboembolism, major bleeding, and major adverse limb events than warfarin."	( Effectiveness, safety, and major adverse limb events in atrial fibrillation patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus treated with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Chan, YH; Chang, SH; Chao, TF; Kuo, CT; Lee, HF; Li, PR; Lip, GYH; Liu, JR; See, LC; Wu, LS; Yeh, YH, 2020)	0.76
"The clinical outcomes measured were all-cause mortality, ischemic stroke, ICH, major bleeding, and adverse events."	( Association of Ischemic Stroke, Major Bleeding, and Other Adverse Events With Warfarin Use vs Non-vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant Use in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation With a History of Intracranial Hemorrhage. Chang, SL; Chao, TF; Chen, SA; Chiang, CE; Chung, FP; Hu, YF; Liao, JN; Lin, YJ; Lip, GYH; Lo, LW; Tsai, CT; Tuan, TC, 2020)	0.79
" Efficacy and safety outcomes, including stroke, ischemic stroke, stroke or systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, major adverse cardiac events, major bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage, and major gastrointestinal bleeding were collected for meta-analysis."	( The Safety and Efficacy of Rivaroxaban Compared with Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Hua, Y; Kong, XQ; Qu, Q; Su, Y; Sun, JY; Sun, W; Wang, HY, 2021)	0.87
"Lactic acidosis (LA) is a rare but potentially lethal side effect of linezolid (LZD)."	( Linezolid and the risk of lactic acidosis: Data mining and analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Dai, Y; Shi, D; Wang, Y; Zeng, Y; Zhang, C; Zhou, Z, 2020)	0.56
"We evaluated the association between LZD and LA using the reporting odd ratio (ROR) for mining the adverse event report signals in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database from January 2013 to December 2019."	( Linezolid and the risk of lactic acidosis: Data mining and analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Dai, Y; Shi, D; Wang, Y; Zeng, Y; Zhang, C; Zhou, Z, 2020)	0.56
"NWS anticoagulation therapy was effective and safe in PVT patients with cirrhosis and could increase the level of albumin."	( Efficacy and Safety of Nadroparin Calcium-Warfarin Sequential Anticoagulation in Portal Vein Thrombosis in Cirrhotic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Chen, X; Cheng, B; Gao, Y; Li, Y; Sun, X; Zhou, T, 2020)	0.82
"Direct oral anticoagulants appear to be effective and safe in the treatment of portal vein thrombosis and in preventing recurrent thromboembolic events."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of portal vein thrombosis. Ilcewicz, HN; Martello, JL; Piechowski, K, 2021)	0.62
" Cox regression models were used to compare the risk of thromboembolism, major bleeding, and net adverse clinical events across matched cohorts."	( Real-World Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants vs. Warfarin in a Developing Country. Chaiyakunapruk, N; Chulavatnatol, S; Junpanichjaroen, A; Likittanasombat, K; Lip, GYH; Mitsuntisuk, P; Nathisuwan, S; Phrommintikul, A; Rattanavipanon, W; Wattanaruengchai, P; Wongcharoen, W, 2021)	0.84
" Finally, we tested the hypothesis whether AF patients undergoing dialysis treated with OACs (warfarin and DOACs) would be associated with lower risk of adverse clinical outcomes as compared to those without OACs using the Taiwan NHIRD (Aim 3)."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in an Asian Population with Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Dialysis: A Population-Based Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis. Chan, YH; Chang, SH; Chao, TF; Kuo, CT; Lee, HF; Li, PR; Lip, GYH; Liu, JR; See, LC; Wu, LS; Yeh, YH, 2021)	0.84
"DOACs are effective and safe alternatives to warfarin for the prevention of stroke in AF patients with T2DM."	( Comparative effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in UK patients with atrial fibrillation and type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study. de Boer, A; Komen, J; Rustem Gulluoglu, F; Souverein, PC; van den Ham, HA, 2021)	1.11
" Adverse events included bleeding events, thromboembolic events, and mortality."	( Influence of renal insufficiency on anticoagulant effects and safety of warfarin in Chinese patients: analysis from a randomized controlled trial. Guo, C; Huang, Z; Kuang, Y; Miao, D; Ning, X; Xie, J; Yang, G, 2021)	0.85
" Prescriptions and fatal or serious adverse events reporting data, between 2009 and 2019 were analysed, using linear regression to examine the trends in prescriptions, costs, and serious and fatal events reporting."	( Prescribing trends of oral anticoagulants in England over the last decade: a focus on new and old drugs and adverse events reporting. Afzal, S; Babar, ZU; Hasan, SS; Merchant, HA; Zaidi, STR, 2021)	0.62
"These results suggest that rivaroxaban is an effective and safe treatment option among NVAF patients with obesity in a commercially-insured US population."	( Real-world effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban versus warfarin among non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients with obesity in a US population. Ashton, V; Berger, JS; Jung, Y; Kharat, A; Laliberté, F; Lefebvre, P; Lejeune, D; Moore, KT, 2021)	0.87
"Our meta-analysis confirms that NOACs are as safe and effective as warfarin and can be applied in the real world; this data can serve as a reference for clinical doctors for formulating treatment strategies."	( Safety and efficacy of new oral anticoagulants compared to those of warfarin in AF patients with cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials and observational studies. Chang, J; Chen, Y; Hu, Y; Liu, Y; Luo, M; Ma, K; Mao, M; Yan, J; Yang, Q; Yang, T; Zhou, L, 2021)	1.09
" The NOACs seem to be a safe option also in elderly patients."	( Effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulants in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Ghanima, W; Halvorsen, S; Jonasson, C; Rutherford, OW; Söderdahl, F, 2022)	0.72
" Setting FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database."	( Evaluation of rivaroxaban-, apixaban- and dabigatran-associated hemorrhagic events using the FDA-Adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database. Cui, X; Guo, M; Thai, S; Wang, T; Wei, J; Xu, W; Zhao, Y; Zhou, J, 2021)	0.62
" We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials and observational studies to evaluate the hypothesis that DOACs are safe compared to warfarin for the anticoagulation of patients with post-operative cardiac surgery atrial fibrillation."	( Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Compared to Warfarin for Atrial Fibrillation after Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Castelo-Branco, L; Chu, MWA; Dolan, DP; Ghandour, H; Hage, A; Hage, F; Motta-Calderon, D; Nasr, VG; Papatheodorou, S, 2022)	1.17
" Obtained results demonstrate that the CESR did not present significant toxic effects when administrated orally to male and female rats in acute and repeated doses."	( Preclinical safety assessment of the crude extract from Sida rhombifolia L. aerial parts in experimental models of acute and repeated-dose 28 days toxicity in rats. Cristina da Costa Araldi, I; Danesi, CC; de Andrade Fortes, T; de Freitas Bauermann, L; de Souza Vencato, M; Dornelles, GL; Emanuelli Mello, CB; Gindri, AL; Machado, AK; Maciel, RM; Melazzo de Andrade, C; Piber de Souza, T; Sorraila de Oliveira, J, 2021)	0.62
"Edoxaban 60 mg is a safe and effective treatment compared with warfarin for stroke prevention in routine clinical care for Danish (mainly Caucasian) patients with AF, with non-significantly different risks for stroke and clinically relevant bleeding, but lower all-cause mortality."	( Comparative effectiveness and safety of edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: A nationwide cohort study. Jensen, M; Lip, GY; Nielsen, PB; Ording, AG; Søgaard, M, 2022)	1.21
" CONCLUSIONS Continuing anticoagulation or antiplatelet was safe in not increasing bleeding complications or perioperative transfusion requirements."	( Is Continuing Anticoagulation or Antiplatelet Therapy Safe Prior to Kidney Transplantation? Alonso-Escalante, JC; Machado, L; Tabar, KR; Thai, N; Tindall, R; Uemura, T, 2021)	0.62
" Further research is warranted to conclusively determine whether DOACs are safe alternatives to warfarin for anticoagulation in SOT recipients."	( Safety of direct oral anticoagulants in solid organ transplant recipients: A meta-analysis. Emani, S; Franco, V; Ganapathi, AM; Haas, G; Hasan, A; Henn, MC; Kahwash, R; Lampert, B; Mokadam, NA; Vallakati, A; Whitson, BA; Zakko, J, 2022)	0.94
" Endpoints included major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), SSE, and major bleeding."	( Ischaemic and bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation with and without peripheral artery disease and efficacy and safety of full- and half-dose edoxaban vs. warfarin: insights from ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48. Antman, EM; Bonaca, MP; Braunwald, E; Cunningham, JW; Giugliano, RP; Grosso, MA; Halperin, JL; Lanz, HJ; Murphy, SA; Ruff, CT; Weitz, JI; Wiviott, SD, 2022)	0.92
"A practical and facile synthesis of various coumarin derivatives was conducted using a liquid phase of 4,4'-trimethylenedipiperidine as a safe and greener dual-task reagent under catalyst-free and solvent-free conditions."	( The liquid phase of 4,4'-trimethylenedipiperidine: a safe and greener dual-task agent for clean and facile synthesis of coumarin derivatives. Gorjian, H; Khaligh, NG, 2022)	0.72
" Warfarin management using the Alfalfa app appears to be a safe and effective method for warfarin management when patients cannot physically visit hospitals for follow-up."	( Efficacy and safety of app-based remote warfarin management during COVID-19-related lockdown: a retrospective cohort study. Chen, M; Chen, W; Fang, Z; Jiang, S; Lv, M; Qian, J; Wu, T; Zeng, Z; Zhang, J, 2022)	1.9
" Net adverse clinical event, defined as the first event of ischemic stroke, major bleeding, or cardiovascular death, was compared."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Anticoagulation Therapy in Frail Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. Jang, E; Joung, B; Kim, D; Kim, JY; Kim, TH; Lee, MH; Lip, GYH; Pak, HN; Sung, JH; Uhm, JS; Yang, PS; Yu, HT, 2022)	0.72
"2 years), a total of 14 968 net adverse clinical event, 3718 ischemic stroke, 5536 major bleeding, and 6188 cardiovascular death occurred."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Anticoagulation Therapy in Frail Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. Jang, E; Joung, B; Kim, D; Kim, JY; Kim, TH; Lee, MH; Lip, GYH; Pak, HN; Sung, JH; Uhm, JS; Yang, PS; Yu, HT, 2022)	0.72
"Few studies assessed the association between major adverse cardiovascular events and adherence to warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF)."	( Adherence is an optimal factor for maximizing the effective and safe use of oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Choi, EK; Kang, DW; Kwon, SH; Lee, EK; Nam, JH; Shin, JY; Yang, SY, 2022)	0.94
" The mainstay of treatment is anticoagulation, but it remains unclear if direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are a safe and effective treatment strategy compared to warfarin."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin for Treating Left Ventricular Thrombus. Chen, A; Duan, L; Goitia, J; Herald, J; Lee, MS, 2022)	1.16
"In this diverse population-based cohort of patients, DOAC treatment for left ventricular thrombus appears to be as safe and effective as warfarin treatment."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin for Treating Left Ventricular Thrombus. Chen, A; Duan, L; Goitia, J; Herald, J; Lee, MS, 2022)	1.16
"Hepatotoxicity is a well-known adverse effect of many substances, with toxicity often resulting from interactions of drugs with other drug-like substances."	( Implications for herbal polypharmacy: coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity increased through common herbal phytochemicals astragaloside IV and atractylenolide I. Britza, SM; Byard, RW; Musgrave, IF, 2022)	0.72
"Limited real-world evidence exists for effectiveness and safety of extended oral anticoagulation beyond 6 months of initial treatment in prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) and adverse major bleeding events among patients with VTE."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Extended Oral Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients with Venous Thromboembolism: A Retrospective Cohort Study. DeRemer, CE; Dietrich, EA; Huang, PL; Kang, HR; Lo-Ciganic, WH; Park, H, 2022)	0.72
"Prior observational studies suggest rivaroxaban is safe and effective among patients with morbid obesity who suffered a venous thromboembolism (VTE) event, but existing data are more limited in the broader population of VTE patients with obesity."	( Effectiveness, safety, and healthcare costs associated with rivaroxaban versus warfarin among venous thromboembolism patients with obesity: a real-world study in the United States. Ashton, V; Berger, JS; Jung, Y; Kharat, A; Laliberté, F; Lefebvre, P; Lejeune, D; Moore, KT, 2022)	0.95
"Authors of all studies concluded that joint injection is safe in patients on anticoagulants."	( The Safety of Continued Oral Anticoagulation Therapy in Joint Injections and Aspirations: A Qualitative Review of the Current Evidence. Goodman, AL; Gration, B; Hunt, BJ; Kotecha, J; Malaiya, R, 2022)	0.72
"Anticoagulants are safe and effective in patients with cirrhotic PVT."	( The Efficacy and Safety of Anticoagulants in the Treatment of Cirrhotic Portal Vein Thrombosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cui, X; Han, B; Sun, L; Zhang, Z; Zhao, Y; Zhu, Z, )	0.13
" In conclusion, DOACs for atrial fibrillation or VTE in patients with extreme body weights appear safe and effective when compared to warfarin."	( Evaluation of safety and efficacy outcomes of direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in normal and extreme body weights for the treatment of atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism. Kiser, TH; Mueller, SW; Novak, AR; Shakowski, C; Trujillo, TC; Wright, GC, 2022)	1.15
"In this nationwide Korean AF population with a BPHV, DOAC was at least as effective and safe as warfarin for the prevention of systemic embolic events."	( Effectiveness and safety of non-vitamin K direct oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients with bioprosthetic valve. Choi, JW; Go, TH; Hwang, HY; Kang, DR; Kim, HK; Kim, JY; Kim, KH; Kim, YJ; Lee, HJ; Lee, SP; Moon, I; Park, JB; Sohn, SH, 2022)	0.94
" The INR attainment rate, coagulation index, thromboembolism, bleeding, and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups."	( A Cohort Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Warfarin and Rivaroxaban in Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Study. Wang, L; Yao, W, 2022)	0.98
" Secondary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), intracranial bleeding, and Major gastrointestinal bleeding."	( Efficacy and Safety of the Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant Among Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Al Kasasbeh, M; Al-Abdouh, A; Barbarawi, M; Barbarawi, O; Corcoran, J; Mhanna, M; Obeidat, K; Pickett, CC, 2022)	0.72
"Apixaban is safe to use for anticoagulation of heart transplant recipients undergoing routine biopsies."	( The utilization and safety of apixaban for therapeutic anticoagulation in heart transplant population requiring routine endomyocardial biopsies. Badiye, A; Baran, DA; Cameron, C; Herre, JM; Ingemi, AI; Lichvar, A; Lindauer, KE; McMahon, MR; Old, W; Sawey, EJ; Yao, A; Yehya, A, 2022)	0.72
" Secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including death, stroke, systemic embolism (SE), myocardial infarction (MI) and major or minor bleeding."	( Efficacy and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in the Treatment of Left Ventricular Thrombus After Acute Anterior Myocardial Infarction in Patients Who Underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Chai, M; Han, H; Li, Q; Liang, J; Ma, X; Shao, Q; Shen, H; Wang, Z; Zhou, Y, 2022)	0.72
" A comparison of hemocompatibility-related adverse events (HRAEs), hemocompatibility score (HCS), and hemocoagulative laboratory markers, both qualitative and quantitative, between the 2 groups were performed."	( Anticoagulation alone as an effective and safe antithrombotic therapy in LVAD: When less is more. Bagozzi, L; Bottigliengo, D; Bottio, T; Fabozzo, A; Fagan, D; Gerosa, G; Gregori, D; Mastro, FR; Pagnin, C; Tarzia, V; Tessari, C, 2023)	0.91
" DOACs appear safe for VTE treatment for patients with RCC on cabozantinib, but optimized anticoagulation management, including individualized risk-benefit discussion, remains important in clinical practice."	( Cabozantinib Safety With Different Anticoagulants in Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma. Barata, P; Bilen, MA; Choueiri, TK; Dizman, N; Gan, CL; Gao, X; Heng, D; Jani, C; Kaymakcalan, MD; Kilari, D; McGregor, B; McKay, RR; McManus, HD; Meza, L; Narra, R; Pal, S; Shayeb, AM; Sivakumar, A; Urman, D; Zhang, T, 2023)	0.91
"Portable devices for coagulation monitoring are safe and can achieve a higher TTR."	( Safety and efficacy of using portable coagulation monitor for INR examination after left-sided mechanical prosthetic valve replacement. Huang, XS; Shen, Y; Zhong, FX, 2022)	0.72
" Tecarfarin was well tolerated without serious adverse events."	( Safety and Tolerability of Tecarfarin (ATI-5923) in Healthy Chinese Volunteers: Multiple Oral Dose-Escalation Phase I Trial. Chen, Z; Dai, X; Hu, W; Li, X; Wang, H; Wang, Z; Yu, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Q; Zhou, R, 2023)	0.91
" Poisson regression and Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate adjusted adverse event rates."	( Adverse events in low versus normal body weight patients prescribed apixaban for atrial fibrillation. Ali, MA; Barnes, GD; DeCamillo, D; Haymart, B; Kaatz, S; Kong, X, 2023)	0.91
" Adverse events were present in 11 cases (7."	( Safety of Continuing Anticoagulation Prior to Cardiac Catheterization in Pediatric Patients: A Los Angeles Center Experience. Badran, S; Patel, ND; Rao, MY; Sullivan, PM; Takao, C, 2023)	0.91
"Aspirin was found to be effective and safe for VTE prevention in primary total joint arthroplasty, including in patients considered higher risk for VTE."	( Comparison of 90-Day Adverse Events Associated With Aspirin and Potent Anticoagulation Use for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis: A Cohort Study of 72,288 Total Knee and 35,142 Total Hip Arthroplasty Patients. Kroger, EW; Prentice, HA; Singh, G; Winston, BA, 2023)	0.91
"The development of an optimal stroke prevention strategy, including the use of oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy, is particularly important for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are living with dementia, a condition that increases the risk of adverse outcomes."	( Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Oral Anticoagulants by Dementia Status in Older Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. Bessette, LG; Bykov, K; Cervone, A; Kim, DH; Lin, KJ; Mastrorilli, JM; Singer, DE, 2023)	0.91
" The aim of the current research was to compare toxic effects of GBA, AUR, and UMB on human lymphoma cells in normoxia and hypoxia."	( Comparing toxicity of galbanic acid, auraptene and umbelliprenin on adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma in normoxia and hypoxia. Goudarzi, S; Kahrizi, D; Keramati, MR; Mahdifar, M; Rassouli, FB, 2022)	0.72
" In conclusion, DOACs treatment for prevention of ischemic events in AF is effective and safe through the BMI spectrum, including extreme obesity."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Patients With Extreme Obesity. Ayalon, S; Elad, B; Goldstein, LH; Maman, N, 2023)	0.91
"Rivaroxaban may be a safe and effective alternative in LDLT recipients with no significant adverse incidents."	( Exploring safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban after living donor liver transplantation: a retrospective study. Dar, FS; Khalid, A; Khan, BA; Khan, MY; Naveed, A; Rashid, S; Saeed, Z, 2023)	0.91

Pharmacokinetics

The lack of pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between warfarin and losartan observed in this investigation suggests that a clinically important interaction between these drugs is unlikely to occur in patients requiring concomitant administration of both drugs.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The biological half-life of dicumarol ranged from 5 to 28 hr; that of warfarin ranged from 9 to 30 hr."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XV: relationship between pharmacokinetics of dicumarol and warfarin in rats. Lai, CM; Levy, G; Yacobi, A, 1975)	0.7
" There are several well established pharmacokinetic drug interactions with warfarin."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of oral anticoagulants. Kelly, JG; O'Malley, K, )	0.36
" The biological half-life of both C (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of coumarin and its 7-hydroxy-metabolites upon intravenous and peroral administration of coumarin in man. Brady, ME; Grummich, KW; Hoffmann, KA; Ritschel, WA; Tan, HS; Yiu, IM, 1977)	0.26
" This finding suggests that there are no pronounced pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions between single large doses of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(--)-warfarin in humans."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXXV: Examination of possible pharmacokinetic interaction between (R)-(+)- and (S)-(--)-warfarin in humans. Levy, G; O'Reilly, RA; Wingard, LB, 1978)	0.66
" Significant pharmacodynamic interactions include those with vitamin K, salicylates, oestrogens, anabolic steroids, phenylbutazone and other anticoagulants."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug interactions with coumarin anticoagulants. MacLeod, SM; Sellers, EM, 1976)	0.26
"The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of plasma protein binding on the pharmacokinetic parameters for warfarin that are used conventionally to describe its distribution kinetics on the basis of the time course of plasma warfarin concentrations."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXI: effect of plasma protein binding on distribution kinetics of warfarin in rats. Levy, G; Yacobi, A, 1977)	0.67
" The half-life of total warfarin concentration in the plasma from 1-12h remained unchanged with all the doses used, but that of free warfarin was shorter with 40 mg/kg, possibly as the result of an increase in the binding of the drug to plasma proteins as the high total warfarin concentration decreased."	( Distribution pharmacokinetics of warfarin in the rat, a non-linear multicompartment model. Julkunen, RJ; Kekki, M; Wahlström, B, 1977)	0.85
" At average plasma concentrations of 24-83 mg/liter, ibuprofen decreased the biological half-life and increased the total clearance of warfarin."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXV: Warfarin-ibuprofen interaction in rats. Levy, G; Slattery, JT; Yacobi, A, 1977)	0.7
" The results show that S(-) phenprocoumon is more potent anticoagulant than R(+) phenprocoumon and that the pharmacokinetic differences between the enantiomers are due mainly to differences in their distribution."	( The enantiomers of phenprocoumon: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies. Gilfrich, HJ; Groth, U; Jähnchen, E; Martini, A; Meinertz, T, 1976)	0.26
" In the pharmacokinetic study, single oral doses of warfarin were administered to rats or after 3 days treatment with Danshen intraperitoneally twice daily."	( The effects of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats. Chan, K; Lo, AC; Woo, KS; Yeung, JH, )	0.6
" More importantly, there was no evidence of a pharmacodynamic interaction based on the prothrombin time profile."	( Effect of moricizine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Agra, AM; Benedek, IH; King, SY; Pieniaszek, HJ; Powell, RJ; Schary, WL, 1992)	0.52
"The pharmacokinetic parameters, total body clearance, apparent volume of distribution and the terminal elimination half-life of coumarin were correlated among six mammalian species."	( Interspecies scaling of the pharmacokinetic parameters of coumarin among six different mammalian species. Hussain, AS; Johnson, RD; Ritschel, WA; Vachharajani, NN, 1991)	0.28
"Stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetics may be characterized by a measurable difference between enantiomers in a pharmacokinetic parameter."	( Stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetics: a general theory. Boddy, AV; Levy, RH, 1991)	0.28
" Ketorolac did not alter the pharmacodynamic profile of racemic warfarin."	( Investigations into the potential effects of multiple dose ketorolac on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of racemic warfarin. Aarons, L; Bullingham, R; Holt, BL; Mullins, FG; Rowland, M; Toon, S, 1990)	0.72
" The elimination half-life of moricizine is 2 to 6 hours, but its duration of antiarrhythmic action is much longer suggesting active metabolites."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of moricizine. Barbey, JT; Schwartz, SL; Siddoway, LA; Woosley, RL, 1990)	0.28
" After intravenous administration of 10 mg picumast dihydrochloride a peak concentration of 182 ng/ml was achieved at the end of the 1 h infusion."	( Pharmacokinetics of picumast dihydrochloride and its active metabolites M1 and M2 in humans. Besenfelder, E; Dahmen, W; Kaufmann, B; Mosberg, H; Neugebauer, G; Nieder, N; Ponton, T; Wittenbrink-Dix, AM; Woelke-Seidl, E, 1989)	0.28
" Warfarin is highly albumin-bound; thus, hypoalbuminaemic states result in an increased free fraction of the drug and a decreased half-life but, as might be expected, there is no evidence of altered response at steady-state."	( Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations in the control of oral anticoagulant therapy. Fennerty, AG; Routledge, PA; Shetty, HG, 1989)	1.19
"The clinical pharmacology and pharmacodynamic data from several clinical trials are summarized."	( Clinical pharmacology, pharmacodynamics and interactions with esmolol. Bies, CM; Lowenthal, DT; Porter, RS; Saris, SD; Slegowski, MB; Staudacher, A, 1985)	0.27
" The clearance of abnormal plasma prothrombin corresponded to a half-life of approx."	( Biosynthesis and clearance of prothrombin in warfarin-treated rats. Helgeland, L; Kvalvaag, AH; Tollersrud, OK, 1989)	0.54
"Drugs labeled with stable isotopes have been successfully used in pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Eichelbaum, M, )	0.13
" Roxithromycin (RU 28965), a new erythromycin derivative with improved pharmacokinetic properties, might then, because of structure similarity, be expected to interact with warfarin."	( No effect of roxithromycin on pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties of warfarin and its enantiomers. Lunell, E; Manuel, C; Nilsson, LG; Paulsen, O; Saint-Salvi, B, 1988)	0.7
" 7-Hydroxycoumarin, the major metabolite, did not show any change in elimination half-life as function of age."	( Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of coumarin. Agrawala, P; Hussain, SA; Kappes, JK; Kraeling, M; Ritschel, WA, 1988)	0.27
" These results and pharmacokinetic considerations indicated that in warfarin, which is highly bound to serum protein and shows a small distribution volume, the change in the distribution volume in the growth process of rats following administration of a pharmacologically realistic dose (1 mg/kg) is led by the change in the extracellular volume of tissues and that the change in serum protein binding of warfarin might play a minor role in the change in the distribution volume in the growth process."	( Age-dependent change in warfarin distribution volume in rats: effect of change in extracellular water volume. Hirate, J; Horikoshi, I; Kato, Y; Sakaguchi, K; Ueno, M, 1987)	0.82
"A general theoretical framework is constructed for the relationship between a pharmacokinetic response r (e."	( A system approach to pharmacodynamics. I: Theoretical framework. Gillespie, WR; Veng-Pedersen, P, 1988)	0.27
"The simplest complete system accounting for the time-course of changes in the prothrombin time induced by warfarin requires the combination of 4 independent models: A pharmacokinetic model for the absorption, distribution, and elimination of warfarin."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Understanding the dose-effect relationship. Holford, NH, )	0.6
" Two methods were used to estimate the pharmacodynamic parameters M/Kd and Cmax (mg/L)."	( Pharmacodynamics of warfarin at steady state. Coleman, R; Ludden, T; McWaters, D; Mungall, D; Murray, B, 1987)	0.6
"Statistical methods for validating assays used in pharmacokinetic studies are discussed."	( Validation of assay methodology used in pharmacokinetic studies. Aarons, L; Rowland, M; Toon, S, 1987)	0.27
" Warfarin is a drug with pharmacokinetic characteristics enabling it to be used in a single dose single sample procedure in screening for host factor influences on its clearance."	( Screening for the influence of host factors on warfarin clearance using a single dose single sample procedure. Bachmann, K, 1986)	1.44
" Although the mechanisms of action of the two drugs may overlap, the pharmacodynamic activity of warfarin was not significantly altered when pentoxifylline was coadministered."	( Lack of pharmacodynamic interaction between pentoxifylline and warfarin in the rat. Keane, WF; Luke, DR; Matzke, GR; O'Donnell, MP, 1986)	0.73
" The pharmacokinetic model used was a one-compartment open model with first-order absorption (absorption rate constant set equal to 47 day-1) and first-order elimination."	( Population pharmacokinetics of racemic warfarin in adult patients. Crawford, MH; Hawkins, DW; Ludden, TM; Marshall, J; Mungall, DR; Talbert, RL, 1985)	0.54
"Various pharmacokinetic parameters--disposition half-life, t1/2,z, metabolic clearance CLm, volume of distribution V, intrinsic clearance of unbound drug CLuint, and unbound volume of distribution of tissues (distributive tissue volume/fraction of drug in tissue unbound, VT/fuT--are compared in rat and human for nine weakly acidic drugs, phenytoin, hexobarbital, pentobarbital, phenylbutazone, warfarin, tolbutamide, valproate, phenobarbital, and amobarbital, and six weakly basic drugs, quinidine, chlorpromazine, propranolol, pentazocin, antipyrine, and diazepam."	( Prediction of the disposition of nine weakly acidic and six weakly basic drugs in humans from pharmacokinetic parameters in rats. Hanano, M; Iga, T; Sawada, Y; Sugiyama, Y, 1985)	0.44
" As yet, its pharmacokinetic behaviour has not been satisfactorily characterised."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Kates, RE; Latini, R; Tognoni, G, )	0.13
"This investigation was designed to determine if the reported stereoselectivity of the pharmacokinetic interaction between warfarin and metronidazole in humans occurs also in rats and if the potentiation of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin can be ascribed solely to inhibition of warfarin metabolism by metronidazole."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of acute interaction between warfarin enantiomers and metronidazole in rats. Lai, CM; Levy, G; Yacobi, A, 1984)	0.71
" The volume of distribution was not significantly affected; the half-life of each warfarin enantiomer was appreciably increased by chloramphenicol."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of acute interaction between warfarin enantiomers and chloramphenicol in rats. Lai, CM; Levy, G; Yacobi, A, 1984)	0.72
" These results suggested that salivary warfarin concentration which was correlated with pharmacological effect had a possibility of utilization in pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring."	( Salivary excretion of warfarin in rabbits: relationship between pharmacological effect and salivary pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rabbits. Fujihara, Y; Kutsuna, T; Nishino, T; Nishiura, A; Sakai, K, 1983)	0.85
" The pharmacokinetic profile of C as well as the metabolic 7-hydroxylation and glucuronidation found in the blood of the gerbil is similar to that found in man."	( Pharmacokinetics of coumarin, 7-hydroxycoumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronide in the blood and brain of gerbils following intraperitoneal administration of coumarin. Hardt, TJ; Ritschel, WA, 1983)	0.27
" Coumarin blood levels were fit to pharmacokinetic models using computer programs including NONLIN, modified ESTRIP, RESID and AUCRPP."	( Dose-related pharmacokinetics of coumarin, 7-hydroxycoumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronide upon intraperitoneal administration of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin in the rat. Hardt, TJ; Ritschel, WA, 1983)	0.27
"Displacement of one drug by another from blood and/or tissue protein will alter the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the displaced drug."	( Pharmacokinetic consequences of drug displacement from blood and tissue proteins. MacKichan, JJ, 1984)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the elimination rate of warfarin was significantly decreased in the uraemic group after 2 weeks duration of uraemia and was even further decreased at the second examination 6 months later."	( Pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rabbits during short-term and long-term uraemia. Ladefoged, J; Ladefoged, O; Tvedegaard, E, 1981)	0.83
" Analysis of the data, according to 2-compartment kinetics, revealed the following constants: biological half-life was 13."	( Warfarin pharmacokinetics in the horse. Maes, JH; Muller, AP; Thijssen, HH; van den Bogaard, AE; Wetzel, JM, 1983)	1.71
" Extent of absorption, metabolisation and half-life are species-dependent."	( [Pharmacokinetics of Morocromen in animals and man (author's transl)]. Dell, HD; Jacobi, H; Kamp, R; Lorenz, D, 1982)	0.26
" The biological half-life of warfarin and the duration of its anticoagulant effect were reduced substantially by treatment with phenobarbital."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants. XLVI: Effect of treatment of phenobarbital on pharmacokinetics of (S)-(-)-warfarin in rats. Levy, G; Slattery, JT; Yacobi, A, 1980)	0.76
"5 mg/kg to healthy dogs and the pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated."	( Warfarin in the dog: pharmacokinetics as related to clinical response. Davis, LE; Gillette, EL; Neff-Davis, CA, 1981)	1.71
" Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that pretreatment with warfarin significantly decreased the apparent volume of distribution, total plasma clearance, and intrinsic plasma clearance of the drug."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XLIV: Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rats. Levy, G; Takada, K, 1980)	0.72
" The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of warfarin during co-treatment with Danshen extract observed in this study indicate an explanation for the clinically observed incidents of exaggerated warfarin adverse effects when traditional Chinese medicinal herbs or herbal products such as Danshen and Danggui (observed in a previous study) were co-administered."	( The effects of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on warfarin pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers in rats. Chan, K; Lo, AC; Woo, KS; Yeung, JH, 1995)	0.79
" The steady-state AUCTAU over the dosing interval and Cmax of S-warfarin decreased by 12%; however, this change is clinically insignificant because the prothrombin ratio and bleeding time remained unchanged."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of warfarin and nefazodone coadministration in healthy subjects. Chaikin, PC; Dockens, RC; Fulmor, IE; Milbrath, RL; Raymond, RH; Salazar, DE; Uderman, HD, 1995)	0.78
" No significant variations in the single dose pharmacokinetic parameters of warfarin were observed after Danggui treatment."	( Danggui (Angelica sinensis) affects the pharmacodynamics but not the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rabbits. Chan, K; Lo, AC; Woo, KS; Yeung, JH, )	0.58
"Twenty-one healthy, male volunteers completed this double-blind, randomized, two-period, crossover study to determine the possible pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction of the concomitant administration of rivastatin and warfarin sodium in healthy volunteers."	( No pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between rivastatin and warfarin. Duursema, L; Groenewoud, G; Hundt, HK; Middle, MV; Müller, FO; Ritter, W; Schall, R, 1995)	0.71
" With the antiplatelet agents, unpredictability in the pharmacokinetic parameters of different products has confounded interpretation of published reports."	( Pharmacokinetic optimisation of the treatment of embolic disorders. Bottorff, M; Lutomski, DM; Sangha, K, 1995)	0.29
"Many aspects of drug/drug interaction studies, including aspects of the design, choice of pharmacokinetic characteristics, and statistical analysis can be adapted from bioequivalence studies [Steinijans et al."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics for extent of absorption and clearance in drug/drug interaction studies. Hundt, HK; Luus, HG; Schall, R, 1994)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetic model for warfarin enantiomers combined a common first-order absorption process with individual clearance and volume of distribution values and is based on unbound drug."	( Stereochemical aspects of warfarin drug interactions: use of a combined pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Chan, E; McLachlan, A; O'Reilly, R; Rowland, M, 1994)	0.88
"The five parameters associated with the complete pharmacodynamic model were kd (0."	( Stereochemical aspects of warfarin drug interactions: use of a combined pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Chan, E; McLachlan, A; O'Reilly, R; Rowland, M, 1994)	0.59
" Analysis indicates that use of racemic (rather than enantiomer) warfarin concentration data in drug interaction studies may lead to misinterpretation of pharmacodynamic data."	( Stereochemical aspects of warfarin drug interactions: use of a combined pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Chan, E; McLachlan, A; O'Reilly, R; Rowland, M, 1994)	0.83
" Warfarin accumulated to saturation (40-50 pmol/mg of protein) in liver microsomes to remain prolongedly bound and the half-life of elimination exceeded 7 days."	( Target-based warfarin pharmacokinetics in the rat: the link with the anticoagulant effect. Janssen, YP; Thijssen, HH, 1994)	1.57
"Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic information regarding warfarin is used to produce a predictive model based on the idea that pharmacodynamic variability is more important than pharmacokinetic variability in the overall dose-response variability to warfarin."	( Pharmacodynamic optimization of warfarin therapy. Doi, SA, 1994)	0.82
" All other pharmacokinetic parameters determined (apparent volume of distribution (V/f), Cmax, tmax, terminal half-life of elimination) were not altered by concurrent treatment with LNC-834."	( Determination of the interaction of 3S-hydroxy-10,11-dihydroquinidine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Jähnchen, E; Möhrke, W; Trenk, D; Warth, L, 1993)	0.49
" Apparent volume of distribution, peak plasma concentration, time to reach peak concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve both of (R)- and (S)-warfarin were not significantly affected."	( Moexipril does not alter the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Angehrn, J; Cawello, W; De Schepper, PJ; Depré, M; Tjandramaga, TB; Van Hecken, A; Verbesselt, R, 1993)	0.72
"The concomitant administration of trandolapril did not affect the pharmacodynamic effects of warfarin."	( Multiple doses of trandolapril do not affect warfarin pharmacodynamics. Badenhorst, PN; de la Rey, N; Luus, HG; Meyer, BH; Müller, FO, 1995)	0.77
" The lack of pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between warfarin and losartan observed in this investigation suggests that a clinically important interaction between these drugs is unlikely to occur in patients requiring concomitant administration of both drugs."	( Losartan does not affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Bjornsson, TD; Deutsch, PJ; Goldberg, MR; Kong, AN; Osborne, B; Tomasko, L; Waldman, SA, 1995)	0.76
"As the dose decreased from 5 to 2 mg, the apparent volume of distribution (V/F) increased from 12 to 21 liters and the terminal half-life (t1/2) increased from 47 to 71 hours."	( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Benedek, IH; Joslin, MA; King, SY; Pieniaszek, HJ; Raudibaugh, K, 1995)	0.57
" It was applied to the pharmacokinetic study of osthole in rats after a dose of 10 mg kg-1 by intravenous administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of osthole in rat plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography. Chen, CC; Chen, CF; Tsai, TH; Tsai, TR, 1996)	0.29
"This was a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over study to determine the possible pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction of miglitol (CAS 72432-03-2, Bay m 1099) and warfarin sodium (CAS 129-06-6) in healthy volunteers."	( Study of the effect of miglitol on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy males. Duursema, L; Groenewoud, G; Hundt, HK; Middle, MV; Müller, FO; Schall, R, 1996)	0.71
" Equivalent results between treatments with orlistat and placebo were found with regard to all pharmacokinetic parameters of R- and S-warfarin (except for time to maximum concentration of R-warfarin)."	( The effect of orlistat on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Guerciolini, R; Koss-Twardy, SG; Melia, AT; Passe, SM; Rakhit, A; Sadowski, JA; Zhi, J, 1996)	0.73
" We evaluated these pharmacokinetic mechanisms for a potential interaction."	( Further elucidation of pharmacokinetic interaction between diltiazem and warfarin. Hilleman, DE; Lucas, BD; Mohiuddin, SM; Stoysich, AM, 1996)	0.53
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of both enantiomers of warfarin were comparable in the absence and presence of levofloxacin, with no significant differences noted in warfarin peak plasma concentration, time to peak plasma concentration, apparent total body clearance, and terminal disposition half-life."	( Absence of an effect of levofloxacin on warfarin pharmacokinetics and anticoagulation in male volunteers. Fowler, C; Liao, S; Nayak, RK; Palmer, M, 1996)	0.81
" The elimination half-life of warfarin varies greatly among individuals, ranging from 35 to 45 hours; the S isomer has, however, an average half-life shorter than the R isomer."	( Warfarin withdrawal. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic considerations. Legnani, C; Palareti, G, 1996)	2.03
" The pharmacokinetic properties of heparin have been difficult to assess through the radiolabelling procedures typically used for many other drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic optimisation of the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Agnelli, G; Iorio, A, 1997)	0.3
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were obtained over a 168 h period after warfarin dosing."	( Investigation of multiple dose citalopram on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of racemic warfarin. Davis, JD; Khan, AZ; Larsen, F; Priskorn, M; Rolan, PE; Sidhu, JS, 1997)	0.74
"The aim of this series of studies was to determine the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between candesartan (administered orally as the prodrug candesartan cilexetil) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), nifedipine, glibenclamide, warfarin, digoxin or the components of an oral contraceptive formulation."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies with candesartan cilexetil. Högemann, A; Jonkman, JH; Lins, R; Sennewald, R; van Heiningen, PN; van Lier, JJ, 1997)	0.48
" The prothrombin time was determined on days 10 and 11 (reference) and on days 15 and 16 (test), and the steady-state pharmacokinetic characteristics of the warfarin enantiomers were determined on days 10 (reference) and 15 (test)."	( The alpha-glucosidase inhibitor voglibose (AO-128) does not change pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics of warfarin. Birkel, M; Ehrlich, A; Emeklibas, S; Fuder, H; Kleist, P; Lücker, PW; Maslak, W; Stridde, E; Wetzelsberger, N; Wieckhorst, G, 1997)	0.71
" All members of this class are primarily excreted via the kidneys and display some increase in plasma half-life in individuals with severe renal impairment."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of fibric acid derivatives (fibrates). Miller, DB; Spence, JD, 1998)	0.3
"The aim of the study was to examine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of single doses of warfarin (25 mg) following administration alone, and in combination with multiple doses of donepezil HCl (10 mg day(-1)) in healthy volunteers."	( The effect of multiple doses of donepezil HCl on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of warfarin. Foley, K; Friedhoff, LT; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.73
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed for both (R)- and (S)-warfarin concentrations in plasma, and pharmacodynamic analyses utilizing prothrombin time were undertaken."	( The effect of multiple doses of donepezil HCl on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of warfarin. Foley, K; Friedhoff, LT; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.76
" Warfarin pharmacodynamic parameters, Rmax and AUC(PT), were also unchanged by concomitant administration ofdonepezil."	( The effect of multiple doses of donepezil HCl on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of warfarin. Foley, K; Friedhoff, LT; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	1.43
"Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl does not alter the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic profile of single doses of warfarin in healthy volunteers."	( The effect of multiple doses of donepezil HCl on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of warfarin. Foley, K; Friedhoff, LT; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.72
" The (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of warfarin exhibited significantly different pharmacokinetic properties."	( The effects of acetaminophen on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Bartle, WR; Kwan, D; Walker, SE, 1999)	0.82
" Prothrombin time was employed as a pharmacodynamic index."	( Possible influences of ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats. Chan, KW; Chang, Q; Chang, S; Li, RC; Ng, LS; Zhu, M, 1999)	0.53
" However, slight but statistically significant decreases in time to peak concentration of both warfarin enantiomers and in elimination half-life of the less potent R-warfarin were observed in the presence of montelukast."	( Effect of montelukast on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Arnout, J; De Lepeleire, I; De Schepper, PJ; Depré, M; Freeman, A; Gertz, B; Holland, S; Van Hecken, A; Verbesselt, R; Wong, PH; Wynants, K, 1999)	0.76
" Cmax and tmax of both enantiomers did not change."	( Effect of the endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Banken, L; Birnboeck, H; Schulz, R; Weber, C, 1999)	0.52
" The pharmacodynamic parameters prothrombin time (PT) and prothrombin time ratio (PTR) were evaluated throughout the study."	( Irbesartan does not affect the steady-state pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin. Gielsdorf, W; Mangold, B; Marino, MR, 1999)	0.53
" This double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study was designed to demonstrate the lack of effect of steady-state concentrations of gemifloxacin on the pharmacodynamic effects of warfarin."	( Lack of effect of gemifloxacin on the steady-state pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Bird, N; Davy, M; Fuder, H; Rost, KL, )	0.56
" An approach to predict pharmacokinetic interactions of lornoxicam from in vitro inhibition data was developed."	( Prediction of pharmacokinetic drug/drug interactions from In vitro data: interactions of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug lornoxicam with oral anticoagulants. Kohl, C; Steinkellner, M, 2000)	0.31
"Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters for (R)- and (S)-warfarin, the area under the curve of the prothrombin time (AUCPT), activated partial thromboplastin time (AUCaPTT), Ivy bleeding times, unbound fraction (fu) of cilostazol, and warfarin were determined for each individual."	( Effect of cilostazol on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Bramer, SL; Mallikaarjun, S, 1999)	0.78
" Based on the above findings one would expect the free serum warfarin concentration in homozygous R218P and R218H FDH patients to be elevated about 5-fold, resulting in about a 5-fold reduction in the serum half-life of the drug."	( Familial dysalbuminemic byperthyroxinemia may result in altered warfarin pharmacokinetics. Bhagavan, NV; Ha, CE; Harohalli, K; Park, DS; Petersen, CE, 2000)	0.79
"The objective of this study was to determine the effects of celecoxib, an anti-inflammatory/analgesic agent that primarily inhibits COX-2 and not COX-1 at therapeutic doses, on the steady-state pharmacokinetic profile and hypoprothrombinemic effect of racemic warfarin in healthy volunteers."	( Celecoxib does not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics or hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin in healthy subjects. Geis, GS; Harper, K; Hubbard, RC; Karim, A; Piergies, A; Slater, M; Tolbert, D; Wallemark, CB, 2000)	0.71
" Unbound oral clearance values for warfarin enantiomers and its body weight-, body surface area-, and liver weight-normalized values, as well as the pharmacodynamic parameters, were compared among the groups."	( Developmental changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin enantiomers in Japanese children. Ando, F; Echizen, H; Ishikawa, S; Kanamori, M; Kashima, T; Kimura, S; Nishigaki, Y; Nomoto, S; Takahashi, H, 2000)	0.82
" In contrast, the pubertal patients showed largely similar pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties to adults."	( Developmental changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin enantiomers in Japanese children. Ando, F; Echizen, H; Ishikawa, S; Kanamori, M; Kashima, T; Kimura, S; Nishigaki, Y; Nomoto, S; Takahashi, H, 2000)	0.54
"The overall purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacodynamic response to warfarin in cats."	( Pharmacodynamics of warfarin in cats. Freeman, LC; Kraft, SL; Lewis, DC; Melethil, S; Smith, SA, 2000)	0.86
" This suggests that the extent of pharmacokinetic interaction between telmisartan and warfarin is limited, and since telmisartan had no effect on INRpre and the concomitant medication was well tolerated, there is no evidence for a clinically relevant interaction between telmisartan and warfarin."	( Steady-state pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin in the presence and absence of telmisartan in healthy male volunteers. Hendriks, MG; Jonkman, JH; Oosterhuis, B; Sollie, FA; Stangier, J; Su, CA; van Lier, JJ, 2000)	0.78
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of digoxin and warfarin were not altered by the simultaneous and continued administration of sevelamer."	( Sevelamer hydrochloride (Renagel), a nonabsorbed phosphate-binding polymer, does not interfere with digoxin or warfarin pharmacokinetics. Amin, N; Burke, S; Incerti, C; Plone, M; Watson, N, 2001)	0.78
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of levosimendan from the third and fourth treatment days were compared with each other."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between the novel calcium sensitiser levosimendan and warfarin. Antila, S; Honkanen, T; Jarvinen, A; Lehtonen, L, 2000)	0.52
" The distribution volume of warfarin was higher and elimination half-life shorter after concomitant levosimendan administration than after warfarin alone."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between the novel calcium sensitiser levosimendan and warfarin. Antila, S; Honkanen, T; Jarvinen, A; Lehtonen, L, 2000)	0.82
" Calculation of the terminal-phase half-life (t(1/2)) was precluded by intrasubject variability in the 200-, 400-, and 600-mg dose cohorts but was approximately 20 h for the 800-mg dose group."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of single doses of (+)-calanolide a, a novel, naturally occurring nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy, human immunodeficiency virus-negative human subjects. Creagh, T; Dutta, B; Eiznhamer, DA; Flavin, MT; Giltner, J; Ruckle, JL; Tolbert, DT; Xu, ZQ, 2001)	0.31
"A pharmacodynamic (E(max)) model for optimizing warfarin initiation had previously been reported."	( Pharmacodynamic optimization of warfarin therapy II. Doi, SA, )	0.67
" The PT-INR was used as a measure of the pharmacodynamic effect of warfarin."	( The stereoselective effects of bucolome on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of racemic warfarin. Hashimoto, H; Ishida, S; Kamakura, S; Matsumoto, K; Miyatake, K; Shibakawa, M; Takada, M; Tanaka, K; Ueno, K, 2001)	0.76
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of napsagatran were not significantly influenced by co-administration of warfarin."	( The effect of warfarin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of napsagatran in healthy male volunteers. Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; Faaij, RA; Goggin, T; Guenzi, A; Kroon, JM; Schoemaker, RC; van Griensven, JM, 2001)	0.89
"Warfarin has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of napsagatran, but has a marked influence on the pharmacodynamic parameters (APTT, PT) of napsagatran."	( The effect of warfarin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of napsagatran in healthy male volunteers. Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; Faaij, RA; Goggin, T; Guenzi, A; Kroon, JM; Schoemaker, RC; van Griensven, JM, 2001)	2.11
" The validity of the human kinetic subfactor has been analysed in relation to CYP1A2 metabolism using published in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters selected to reflect chronic exposure (metabolic and total clearances and area under the plasma concentration-time curve: CLm, CL and AUC) and acute exposure (the peak plasma concentration, C(max))."	( Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment. human variability in the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2 probe substrates. Dorne, JL; Renwick, AG; Walton, K, 2001)	0.31
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment were taken at frequent intervals during each treatment period."	( The effect of anastrozole on the single-dose pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant activity of warfarin in healthy volunteers. März, W; Merz, M; Nauck, M; Seiberling, M; Wong, J; Yates, RA, 2001)	0.53
" In addition, anastrozole had no clinically significant effect on the pharmacodynamic effects of warfarin, as assessed 240 h after warfarin dosing by measurement of prothrombin time (s) (glsmean, anastrozole 11."	( The effect of anastrozole on the single-dose pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant activity of warfarin in healthy volunteers. März, W; Merz, M; Nauck, M; Seiberling, M; Wong, J; Yates, RA, 2001)	0.75
" Anastrozole had no effect on clotting mechanisms or on the pharmacodynamic activity of warfarin, as assessed by prothrombin time, thrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and factor VII."	( The effect of anastrozole on the single-dose pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant activity of warfarin in healthy volunteers. März, W; Merz, M; Nauck, M; Seiberling, M; Wong, J; Yates, RA, 2001)	0.75
" Each warfarin dose was followed by pharmacokinetic sampling and prothrombin time measurements."	( Divergent effects of raloxifene HCI on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Allerheiligen, SR; Ghosh, A; Knadler, MP; Miller, JW; Skerjanec, A, 2001)	1.02
"Raloxifene administration may result in a small increase in systemic warfarin exposure that is associated with a diminution, not augmentation, of the pharmacodynamic effect."	( Divergent effects of raloxifene HCI on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Allerheiligen, SR; Ghosh, A; Knadler, MP; Miller, JW; Skerjanec, A, 2001)	0.77
" The protein binding and the pharmacokinetic profiles of R- and S-warfarin were assessed at steady state by analysis of blood samples, and the anticoagulant effect was measured using the international normalized ratio (INR)."	( Lack of effect of repeated administration of levetiracetam on the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of warfarin. Levy, RH; Meyerhoff, C; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I, 2001)	0.76
" The key pharmacokinetic variables were AUCss, Cmax and tmax."	( Effect of the catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor entacapone on the steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Dingemanse, J; Meyerhoff, C; Schadrack, J, 2002)	0.52
"In healthy subjects, entacapone displays a slight pharmacokinetic interaction with R-warfarin but, based on the lack of a clinically relevant pharmacodynamic interaction, it appears that it can also be used safely in Parkinson's disease patients who are receiving warfarin."	( Effect of the catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor entacapone on the steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Dingemanse, J; Meyerhoff, C; Schadrack, J, 2002)	0.75
" This interaction depends on the dosage of KGK, and ten times the amount of the human daily dose of KGK did not exhibit pharmacokinetic interaction with warfarin, suggesting that KGK did not influence the effect of warfarin unless the daily dose was strictly maintained."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between warfarin and kangen-karyu, a Chinese traditional herbal medicine, and their synergistic action. Deguchi, Y; Kano, Y; Makino, T; Okamoto, T; Okukubo, Y; Wakushima, H, 2002)	0.79
"The potential for pharmacokinetic interactions between argatroban and warfarin was studied."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between argatroban and warfarin. Brown, PM; Hursting, MJ, 2002)	0.79
" Pharmacokinetic profiles were derived from plasma warfarin and nateglinide concentrations."	( No effect of the novel antidiabetic agent nateglinide on the pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant properties of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Anderson, DM; Buraglio, M; Crick, N; Shelley, S, 2002)	0.78
" Mean elimination half-life in the two highest dosing cohorts combined was 15."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of multiple escalating doses of (+)-calanolide A, a naturally occurring nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy HIV-negative volunteers. Creagh, T; Dutta, B; Eiznhamer, DA; Flavin, MT; Giltner, J; Jenta, T; Ruckle, JL; Tolbert, DT; Xu, ZQ, )	0.13
"These pharmacokinetic properties, together with the benign safety profile, and unique in vitro resistance pattern warrant the continued development of this potential new antiviral agent."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of multiple escalating doses of (+)-calanolide A, a naturally occurring nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy HIV-negative volunteers. Creagh, T; Dutta, B; Eiznhamer, DA; Flavin, MT; Giltner, J; Jenta, T; Ruckle, JL; Tolbert, DT; Xu, ZQ, )	0.13
" These findings indicate that co-administration of tolterodine and warfarin is safe and well tolerated, with no clinically significant pharmacodynamic or kinetic interaction in healthy volunteers."	( Effect of tolterodine on the anticoagulant actions and pharmacokinetics of single-dose warfarin in healthy volunteers. Hallén, B; Narang, P; Rahimy, M, 2002)	0.77
" Mean T(1/2) values showed that half-life was dosage independent."	( Pharmacokinetics of a novel anti-asthmatic, scoparone, in the rabbit serum assessed by a simple HPLC method. Fang, Y; Li, Z; Watanabe, Y, 2003)	0.32
"01 and corresponding differences in elimination half-life were selected for study, yielding four experimental groups."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants L: Physiologic modeling of S-warfarin in rats and pharmacologic target-mediated warfarin disposition in man. Cheung, WK; Jusko, WJ; Levy, G; Mager, DE, 2003)	0.54
"To investigate the pharmacokinetics of osthole in rabbits and obtain the main pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [Pharmacokinetics of osthole in rabbits]. An, F; Mu, JX; Wang, SH; Zhang, DS; Zhang, L, 2003)	0.32
" According to the 3P87 pharmacokinetic program, the main parameters were calculated."	( [Pharmacokinetics of osthole in rabbits]. An, F; Mu, JX; Wang, SH; Zhang, DS; Zhang, L, 2003)	0.32
" Total clearance and daily dose, INR and INR/Cp, were used as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic indexes, respectively."	( Association of pharmacokinetic (CYP2C9) and pharmacodynamic (factors II, VII, IX, and X; proteins S and C; and gamma-glutamyl carboxylase) gene variants with warfarin sensitivity. Aono, H; Ieiri, I; Inoue, K; Ishiguro, S; Koide, T; Ohgi, S; Otsubo, K; Shikata, E, 2004)	0.52
" The primary objective of this study was to investigate the potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between a single dose of R- and S-enantiomers of warfarin and multiple doses of etanercept after administration of warfarin and etanercept alone and together."	( Absence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between etanercept and warfarin. Buckwalter, M; Korth-Bradley, J; Metzger, D; Parks, V; Patat, A; Zhou, H, 2004)	0.76
" The lesser long-term pharmacodynamic potency of aspirin relative to clopidogrel raises the prospect of the need for more effective antiplatelet agents or a synergistic combination therapy for stroke prevention in the future."	( Serial changes in platelet activation in patients after ischemic stroke: role of pharmacodynamic modulation. Chang, HW; Chang, YY; Chen, MC; Chen, SS; Chen, WH; Kao, YF; Lai, SL; Lan, MY; Liu, JS; Yip, HK, 2004)	0.32
" Warfarin displays stereospecific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and the isomers are differentially metabolized by cytochrome p450 isozymes."	( Warfarin and other coumarin derivatives: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug interactions. Wittkowsky, AK, 2003)	2.67
" The association between a nucleotide transition in VKORC1 and pharmacodynamic warfarin resistance supports the hypothesis that VKORC1 is the site of action of warfarin and indicates thatVKORC1 sequence is an important determinant of the warfarin dose response."	( Pharmacodynamic resistance to warfarin associated with a Val66Met substitution in vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1. Harrington, DJ; Morse, C; Mumford, AD; Shearer, MJ; Tuddenham, EG; Underwood, S, 2005)	0.84
" Noncompartmental analysis was used for the calculation of the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC) and terminal half-life of warfarin."	( Gender differences in pharmacokinetics of oral warfarin in rats. Shin, WG; Zhu, X, 2005)	0.78
" The estimated terminal half-life of ezetimibe and ezetimibe-glucuronide is approximately 22 hours."	( Ezetimibe: a review of its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Alton, KB; Bergman, AJ; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Kosoglou, T; Paolini, JF; Statkevich, P, 2005)	0.33
"Human pharmacokinetic parameters are often predicted prior to clinical study from in vivo preclinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure. Jolivette, LJ; Ward, KW, 2005)	0.33
" The Cmax of R- and S-warfarin was approximately 840 to 890 ng/mL and 680 to 730 ng/mL, respectively, and was similar in the absence and presence of pentosan polysulfate sodium."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin when coadministered with pentosan polysulfate sodium. Kell, S; Modi, NB; Simon, M; Vargas, R, 2005)	0.91
"During capecitabine treatment, the area under the plasma concentration time curve from 0 to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)) of S-warfarin increased by 57% (90% CI, 32% to 88%) with a 51% prolongation of the elimination half-life (t(1/2); 90% CI, 32% to 74%)."	( Significant effect of capecitabine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in patients with cancer. Abt, M; Camidge, R; Cassidy, J; Grange, S; Jodrell, D; Reigner, B; Weidekamm, E, 2005)	0.76
"There is a significant pharmacokinetic interaction between capecitabine and S-warfarin, resulting in exaggerated anticoagulant activity."	( Significant effect of capecitabine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in patients with cancer. Abt, M; Camidge, R; Cassidy, J; Grange, S; Jodrell, D; Reigner, B; Weidekamm, E, 2005)	0.78
" The pharmacodynamic parameters prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR) were evaluated on all 14 days pre-dose during both study periods."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of warfarin and rosuvastatin co-administration in healthy subjects. Jindal, D; Pillai, KK; Sharma, S; Tandon, M, 2005)	0.62
"A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is developed for the determination of osthole in rat plasma and applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats after administration of Fructus Cnidii extract."	( HPLC determination and pharmacokinetics of osthole in rat plasma after oral administration of Fructus Cnidii extract. Li, F; Li, Y; Liu, H; Meng, F; Xiong, Z, 2005)	0.33
" These large dose response variations are markedly influenced by pharmacokinetic aspects that are determined by genetic, environmental and possibly other yet unknown factors."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of vitamin K antagonists: warfarin, phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol. Ufer, M, 2005)	0.58
" The mean PT AUC and Cmax ratio (90% confidence interval) was 91."	( Effects of lasofoxifene on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single-dose warfarin. Bramson, C; Carvajal-Gonzalez, S; Gardner, MJ; Ouellet, D; Randinitis, E; Remmers, A; Roman, D, 2006)	0.56
" The potential for pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interactions between solifenacin and warfarin or digoxin was investigated."	( Multiple doses of the antimuscarinic agent solifenacin do not affect the pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics of warfarin or the steady-state pharmacokinetics of digoxin in healthy subjects. Krauwinkel, WJ; Kuipers, ME; Smulders, RA, 2006)	0.76
" Other pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were unaffected."	( Investigation of the effects of herbal medicines on warfarin response in healthy subjects: a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling approach. Blair, EY; Jiang, X; McLachlan, AJ, 2006)	0.58
"The purpose of the study was to adjust the individual maintenance dose of warfarin with a simple approach based on indirect pharmacodynamic model (IDR)."	( Warfarin maintenance dose adjustment with indirect pharmacodynamic model in rats. Cao, YG; Chen, YC; Hao, K; Liu, XQ; Wang, GJ, 2007)	2.01
" These data demonstrate a CYP2C9-mediated pharmacokinetic interaction with pharmacodynamic, clinically relevant consequences, which might require warfarin dose adjustment."	( Significant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with the NO-independent sGC activator HMR1766. Ding, R; Haefeli, WE; Hirschfeld-Warneken, A; Lehr, KH; Mikus, G; Oberwittler, H; Teichert, L; Wesch, R; Willerich, H, 2007)	0.78
" Additionally, the pharmacokinetic profiles of R- or S-warfarin were similar for all subjects."	( Cinacalcet does not affect the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Padhi, D; Sullivan, JT, 2007)	0.82
" A pharmacokinetic mechanism for the cranberry juice-warfarin interaction seems unlikely."	( Effects of daily ingestion of cranberry juice on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin, tizanidine, and midazolam--probes of CYP2C9, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4. Backman, JT; Lilja, JJ; Neuvonen, PJ, 2007)	0.82
"The effects of etoricoxib on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters of warfarin were determined in healthy men and women."	( The effect of etoricoxib on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin. Agrawal, NG; Cote, J; Eckols, DR; Gottesdiener, KM; Hartford, AH; Hunt, TL; Schwartz, JI; Verbesselt, R, 2007)	0.8
" Three consecutive days of pretreatment with 17 mg/kg of FPP-3 had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of warfarin when orally administered to rats."	( The effect of 1-furan-2-yl-3-pyridine-2-yl-propenone on pharmacokinetic parameters of warfarin. Choi, HG; Jeong, TC; Lee, ES; Shanmugam, S; Woo, JS; Yong, CS; Yoo, BK, 2007)	0.77
" There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters among treatments."	( Ciprofloxacin prolonged-release tablets do not affect warfarin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Berner, B; Campanella, C; Hou, SY; Hughes, NC; Washington, C, 2007)	0.59
"High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with solid phase extraction method was developed for determination of isofraxidin in rat plasma after oral administration of Acanthopanax senticosus extract (ASE), and pharmacokinetic parameters of isofraxidin either in ASE or pure compound were measured."	( Pharmacokinetics of isofraxidin in rat plasma after oral administration of the extract of Acanthopanax senticosus using HPLC with solid phase extraction method. Bi, K; Cao, H; Lv, H; Sun, H; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for both (R)- and (S)-warfarin and international normalized ratio (INR) values were determined."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between a smoking cessation therapy, varenicline, and warfarin: an in vivo and in vitro study. Brayman, TG; Burstein, AH; Clark, DJ; Faessel, HM; Grover, GS; O'Gorman, M; Obach, RS; Walsky, RL; Willavize, SA, 2007)	0.8
"0 Pharmacokinetic Software."	( Determination and pharmacokinetics of 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin in rat plasma after intragastric administration of different decoctions of yinchenhao tang. Gao, XX; Li, K; Li, YQ; Wang, Q; Yu, ZG, 2007)	0.34
" The mean plasma concentrations and elimination half-life of (R)-warfarin of all the subjects were about 2-fold greater than those of (S)-warfarin."	( The effect of CYP2C19 genotypes on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers. Sugawara, K; Sugimoto, K; Tateishi, T; Uno, T, 2008)	0.83
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)	0.35
"This HPLC assay is a simple, sensitive and accurate and was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of scopolin in rats."	( A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of scopolin in rat plasma: application to pharmacokinetic studies. Cai, F; Dai, Y; Wang, Q; Xia, YF, 2008)	0.35
" Warfarin enantiomer concentrations, INR, platelet aggregation and clotting factor activity were measured to assess pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between warfarin and herbal medicines."	( Pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with cranberry but not with garlic in healthy subjects. Day, RO; Jiang, X; Liauw, WS; McLachlan, AJ; Mohammed Abdul, MI; Roufogalis, BD; Williams, KM; Xu, H, 2008)	1.54
"Previous studies reported omeprazole to be an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 and suggested the pharmacokinetic interaction of omeprazole with R-warfarin."	( The role of cytochrome P2C19 in R-warfarin pharmacokinetics and its interaction with omeprazole. Sugawara, K; Sugimoto, K; Tateishi, T; Uno, T, 2008)	0.82
" No differences were found for the pharmacodynamic parameter (INR)."	( Effect of nebicapone on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Almeida, L; Falcão, A; Fontes-Ribeiro, C; Macedo, T; Neta, C; Nunes, T; Rocha, JF; Santos, AT; Soares-da-Silva, P; Vaz-da-Silva, M, 2008)	0.58
"3 mg L(-1) during stable therapeutic anticoagulation indicating pharmacodynamic warfarin resistance."	( Pharmacodynamic resistance to warfarin is associated with nucleotide substitutions in VKORC1. Davidson, S; Gorska, R; Harrington, DJ; Morse, C; Mumford, AD; Murden, S; Shearer, MJ; Wheeler, R, 2008)	0.86
"Nucleotide variations in VKORC1 are a common cause of pharmacodynamic warfarin resistance but are not associated with adverse outcome during anticoagulation."	( Pharmacodynamic resistance to warfarin is associated with nucleotide substitutions in VKORC1. Davidson, S; Gorska, R; Harrington, DJ; Morse, C; Mumford, AD; Murden, S; Shearer, MJ; Wheeler, R, 2008)	0.87
" A successful application of the developed HPLC analysis was demonstrated for the pharmacokinetic study of a Traditional Chinese Medicine formula of Yin Chen Hao Tang preparation."	( Simultaneous determination of 6,7-dimethylesculetin and geniposide in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies of Yin Chen Hao Tang preparation. Cao, H; Liu, L; Lv, H; Sun, H; Sun, W; Wang, P; Wang, X, 2008)	0.35
" Treatment with rutin significantly decreased the elimination half-life of S-warfarin by 37% as a result of the 69% increase in unbound clearance of the S-enantiomer."	( Effect of rutin on warfarin anticoagulation and pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers in rats. Chan, E; Chen, X; Hegde, A, 2009)	0.91
"Concurrent rutin administration is likely to reduce the anticoagulant effect of racemic warfarin, reflecting a significant decrease in the elimination half-life of the more potent S-enantiomer."	( Effect of rutin on warfarin anticoagulation and pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers in rats. Chan, E; Chen, X; Hegde, A, 2009)	0.9
" Pharmacokinetic results were similar in both treatments, and pharmacodynamic parameters were similar in both treatments."	( Effects of nitazoxanide on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of warfarin. Jackson, AS; Rossignol, JF; Vets, E, 2009)	0.58
"Coadministration of nitazoxanide twice daily for six days did not affect the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties of a single 25-mg dose of warfarin sodium."	( Effects of nitazoxanide on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of warfarin. Jackson, AS; Rossignol, JF; Vets, E, 2009)	0.78
" Comparability was declared if the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for the geometric mean ratio (GMR; warfarin + LRPT/warfarin alone) of area under the plasma concentration curve from zero to infinity (AUC0-infinity) for R+- and S(-)-warfarin were contained within (0."	( Influence of laropiprant, a selective prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 antagonist, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Gipson, A; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Lai, E; Lasseter, KC; Liu, F; Schwartz, JI; Stroh, M; Wagner, JA, )	0.55
" Consistent with these observations, little pharmacodynamic change was observed for INR(max) (85."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in combination with ambrisentan in healthy volunteers. Dufton, C; Mandagere, A; Venitz, J; Walker, G, 2009)	0.61
" The results indicated that the method established was suitable for the determination and pharmacokinetic study of columbianadin in rat plasma."	( A simple RP-HPLC method for quantification of columbianadin in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study. Yang, XW; Zhang, YB, 2010)	0.36
" Simultaneous initiation of warfarin and amiodarone leads to an enhanced pharmacodynamic response to warfarin early in therapy."	( An evaluation of the early pharmacodynamic response after simultaneous initiation of warfarin and amiodarone. Edwin, SB; Jennings, DL; Kalus, JS, 2010)	0.88
" C(max) and AUC(0-t) were defined as primary pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Effect of eslicarbazepine acetate on the steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects during a three-stage, open-label, multiple-dose, single-period study. Almeida, L; Falcão, A; Maia, J; Nunes, T; Soares, E; Soares-da-Silva, P; Vaz-da-Silva, M, 2010)	0.58
" ESL was not associated with any clinically relevant changes in R-warfarin pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Effect of eslicarbazepine acetate on the steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects during a three-stage, open-label, multiple-dose, single-period study. Almeida, L; Falcão, A; Maia, J; Nunes, T; Soares, E; Soares-da-Silva, P; Vaz-da-Silva, M, 2010)	0.82
"This study investigated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of echinacea and policosanol with warfarin in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of echinacea and policosanol with warfarin in healthy subjects. Abdul, MI; Day, RO; Jiang, X; Lehmann, RP; Liauw, WS; Matthias, A; McLachlan, AJ; Roufogalis, BD; Williams, KM; Xu, H, 2010)	0.8
" Pharmacodynamic (INR, platelet activity) and pharmacokinetic (warfarin enantiomer concentrations) end points were evaluated."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of echinacea and policosanol with warfarin in healthy subjects. Abdul, MI; Day, RO; Jiang, X; Lehmann, RP; Liauw, WS; Matthias, A; McLachlan, AJ; Roufogalis, BD; Williams, KM; Xu, H, 2010)	0.83
"To determine if high-dose cranberry juice (240 ml twice daily) alters the pharmacodynamic action of warfarin."	( Effect of high-dose cranberry juice on the pharmacodynamics of warfarin in patients. Ford, M; Mellen, CK; Rindone, JP, 2010)	0.82
" The aim of this double-blind, crossover, clinical pharmacological study in 30 healthy volunteers was to investigate potential pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between the 2 drugs."	( Riociguat (BAY 63-2521) and warfarin: a pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction study. Frey, R; Kirschbaum, N; Krätzschmar, J; Mück, W; Weimann, G; Wensing, G, 2011)	0.66
" Previous pharmacokinetic studies of DL-praeruptorin A have had limited success due to its very low plasma concentrations."	( Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry pharmacokinetic study of DL-praeruptorin A in rat plasma. Ruan, H; Zhang, Z; Zhu, X, 2010)	0.36
" The mean elimination half-life (t(½) of Pd-Ia for 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg dose were 57."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion study of dl-praeruptorin A of Peucedanum praeruptorum in rats by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Liang, XF; Liu, YY; Su, MQ; Wang, WF; Zhang, Z; Zhu, X, 2011)	0.37
" This algorithm was illustrated on the simultaneous analysis of pharmacokinetic and discretized efficacy data obtained after a single dose of warfarin in healthy volunteers."	( Implementation and evaluation of the SAEM algorithm for longitudinal ordered categorical data with an illustration in pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics. Lavielle, M; Mentré, F; Savic, RM, 2011)	0.57
" We aimed to investigate case reports of such interactions and develop a pharmacokinetic model to model such interactions."	( Warfarin and miconazole oral gel interactions: analysis and therapy recommendations based on clinical data and a pharmacokinetic model. Miki, A; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y, 2011)	1.81
" Pharmacokinetic modelling shows that concomitant administration of warfarin and miconazole oral gel can lead to substantial increase in warfarin concentration."	( Warfarin and miconazole oral gel interactions: analysis and therapy recommendations based on clinical data and a pharmacokinetic model. Miki, A; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y, 2011)	2.05
" Prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR) values were determined as pharmacodynamic measures of warfarin activity."	( Effects of nilotinib on single-dose warfarin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: a randomized, single-blind, two-period crossover study in healthy subjects. Fischer, D; Gallagher, N; Golor, G; Leroy, E; Schran, H; Yin, OQ; Zhao, L; Zhou, W, 2011)	0.85
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of S- and R-warfarin were similar between the two treatments (warfarin + nilotinib vs warfarin alone) in both the EM and the IM groups."	( Effects of nilotinib on single-dose warfarin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: a randomized, single-blind, two-period crossover study in healthy subjects. Fischer, D; Gallagher, N; Golor, G; Leroy, E; Schran, H; Yin, OQ; Zhao, L; Zhou, W, 2011)	0.91
" Pharmacokinetic endpoints were area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC(0,∞)), maximum plasma concentration (C(max)), AUC from time 0 to the time of the last quantifiable concentration (AUC(0,last)), time to C(max) (t(max) ), and half-life (t(1/2)) for S- and R-warfarin."	( Effects of fesoterodine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Alvey, C; Duczynski, G; Gandelman, K; Gong, J; Li, X; Malhotra, B, 2011)	0.78
"Across all pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparisons, the point estimates of treatment ratio (warfarin co-administered with fesoterodine vs."	( Effects of fesoterodine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Alvey, C; Duczynski, G; Gandelman, K; Gong, J; Li, X; Malhotra, B, 2011)	0.82
"The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) (90% confidence interval (CI)) of AUC0-∞ and Cmax for (linagliptin + warfarin)/warfarin were 98."	( Effect of linagliptin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Brand, T; Graefe-Mody, EU; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Stangier, J; Withopf, B; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.82
" The resulting pharmacokinetic properties were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to photo diode array."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the prokinetic compounds meranzin hydrate and ferulic acid following oral administration of Chaihu-Shugan-San to patients with functional dyspepsia. Chen, ZQ; He, J; Hu, SH; Huang, J; Huang, W; Huang, X; Liu, ZQ; Qin, F; Qiu, XJ; Ren, P; Zhou, HH, 2011)	0.37
" Time to reach peak concentration of meranzin hydrate (0."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the prokinetic compounds meranzin hydrate and ferulic acid following oral administration of Chaihu-Shugan-San to patients with functional dyspepsia. Chen, ZQ; He, J; Hu, SH; Huang, J; Huang, W; Huang, X; Liu, ZQ; Qin, F; Qiu, XJ; Ren, P; Zhou, HH, 2011)	0.37
"There was no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between warfarin and roflumilast."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of roflumilast with (R, S)-warfarin in healthy adult subjects. Bethke, TD; Lahu, G; McCracken, N, 2011)	0.82
"To develop population pharmacokinetic models of both R- and S-warfarin using clinical and genetic factors and to identify the covariates which influence the interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters of clearance and volume of distribution in patients on long-term warfarin therapy."	( The population pharmacokinetics of R- and S-warfarin: effect of genetic and clinical factors. Aarons, L; Al-Zubiedi, S; Daly, AK; Deloukas, P; Hatch, E; Hughes, D; Jorgensen, AL; Kamali, F; Lane, S; Matthews, I; Ogungbenro, K; Park, BK; Pirmohamed, M, 2012)	0.88
" A base pharmacokinetic model was developed using NONMEM software to determine the warfarin clearance and volume of distribution."	( The population pharmacokinetics of R- and S-warfarin: effect of genetic and clinical factors. Aarons, L; Al-Zubiedi, S; Daly, AK; Deloukas, P; Hatch, E; Hughes, D; Jorgensen, AL; Kamali, F; Lane, S; Matthews, I; Ogungbenro, K; Park, BK; Pirmohamed, M, 2012)	0.87
" The validated method has been successfully applied for pharmacokinetic studies of osthole from cerebral ischemia reperfusion rat plasma after oral administration."	( Application of hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the study of the osthole pharmacokinetics in cerebral ischemia hypoperfusion rat plasma. Cheng, ZH; Liu, J; Qian, RJ; Wang, FQ; Zeng, P; Zhou, J, 2011)	0.37
" Besides, there was little alteration in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters of warfarin between the two CDDP-treated groups and the control."	( The effect of Compound Danshen Dripping Pills, a Chinese herb medicine, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats. Chu, Y; Guo, JH; Guo, ZX; Ma, XH; Wang, XY; Zhang, L, 2011)	0.8
" Carisbamate at 600 mg (but not 200 mg) twice-daily prolonged the elimination half-life of (S)- and (R)-warfarin by ~10 hours (25% and 32% increase, respectively)."	( Effect of carisbamate on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy participants. Ariyawansa, J; Brashear, HR; DiBernardo, A; Gonzalez, M; Zannikos, P, 2012)	0.83
" In healthy rats, the estimated pharmacokinetic parameters (i."	( Simultaneous in vivo RP-HPLC-DAD quantification of multiple-component and drug-drug interaction by pharmacokinetics, using 6,7-dimethylesculetin, geniposide and rhein as examples. Jiao, G; Sun, H; Sun, W; Wang, X; Yuan, Y; Zhang, A, 2012)	0.38
" WHAT THIS STUDY: ADDS • This is the first study to show that there is no clinically meaningful pharmacokinetic interaction between anacetrapib and warfarin."	( Lack of a meaningful effect of anacetrapib on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Ali, M; Connolly, SM; Cote, J; Degroot, B; Garg, A; Krishna, R; Li, S; Liu, Y; Maes, A; Stoch, SA; Stypinski, D; Wagner, JA, 2012)	0.8
" After warfarin concentrations and prothrombin time were measured, standard pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and statistical (linear mixed effects model) analyses were applied."	( Lack of a meaningful effect of anacetrapib on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Ali, M; Connolly, SM; Cote, J; Degroot, B; Garg, A; Krishna, R; Li, S; Liu, Y; Maes, A; Stoch, SA; Stypinski, D; Wagner, JA, 2012)	1.05
"This study is to assess pharmacokinetic (PK) sampling time schedules and trial size requirements of drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies for CYP2C9, based on S-warfarin population PK models."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of S-warfarin to evaluate the design of drug-drug interaction studies for CYP2C9. Aarons, L; Gueorguieva, I; Klein, K, 2012)	0.84
" The aim of these studies was to assess the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between dapagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor being developed for the treatment of T2DM, and four medications commonly prescribed in patients with T2DM and cardiovascular disease: simvastatin, valsartan, warfarin, and digoxin."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between dapagliflozin and simvastatin, valsartan, warfarin, or digoxin. Boulton, DW; Chang, M; Griffen, SC; Kasichayanula, S; LaCreta, FP; Liu, X; Shyu, WC, 2012)	0.78
"Potential pharmacokinetic interactions between 20 mg dapagliflozin, 40 mg simvastatin, or 320 mg valsartan were assessed in an open-label, randomized, five-period, five-treatment, unbalanced crossover study in 24 healthy subjects."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between dapagliflozin and simvastatin, valsartan, warfarin, or digoxin. Boulton, DW; Chang, M; Griffen, SC; Kasichayanula, S; LaCreta, FP; Liu, X; Shyu, WC, 2012)	0.6
" We conducted a pharmacokinetic study to examine whether the CYP2C9*8 allele impacts warfarin clearance in African-American patients."	( Decreased warfarin clearance associated with the CYP2C9 R150H (*8) polymorphism. Cavallari, LH; Drozda, K; Jeong, H; Liu, Y; Nutescu, EA; Patel, SR; Shapiro, NL; Takahashi, H, 2012)	1.01
" The rapid and sensitive method was fully validated and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of pimpinellin, isopimpinellin and phellopterin in rats following oral administration of Toddalia asiatica extract."	( Simultaneous determination of pimpinellin, isopimpinellin and phellopterin in rat plasma by a validated UPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after administration of Toddalia asiatica extract. Jiang, M; Li, F; Liu, Z; Lu, X; Qin, F; Song, Y; Wen, J, 2012)	0.38
" The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo plasma pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution characteristics of scoparone after oral administration."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of scoparone in rats by ultraperformance liquid-chromatography with tandem high-definition mass spectrometry. Sun, H; Wang, X; Yin, Q; Zhang, A, 2012)	0.38
"Results of this study indicate that vorapaxar has no meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of warfarin, suggesting that the coadministration of these two drugs or vorapaxar coadministered with other CYP2C9/CYP2C19 substrates is unlikely to cause a clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug interaction."	( Vorapaxar, an oral PAR-1 receptor antagonist, does not affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Black, L; Cutler, DL; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Kosoglou, T; Martinho, M; Statkevich, P; Xuan, F; Zhu, Y, 2012)	0.8
" The developed assay method was applied to the pharmacokinetic study in rats after a single intramuscular administration of 713 µg/kg linarin."	( Rapid LC-MS/MS determination and pharmacokinetic application of linarin in rat plasma. Lin, L; Liu, H; Yan, C, 2013)	0.39
" The plasma concentrations of R- and S-warfarin were analyzed by using HPLC-MS/MS, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by using noncompartmental analysis."	( The effect of fimasartan, an angiotensin receptor type 1 blocker, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy Korean male volunteers: a one-sequence, two-period crossover clinical trial. Cho, JY; Gu, N; Jang, IJ; Kim, BH; Kim, SE; Lim, KS; Nam, WS; Shin, SG; Yoon, SH; Yu, KS, 2012)	0.86
" In contrast, there were no significant differences in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters for warfarin between the two genotypes."	( Pharmacogenomic/pharmacokinetic assessment of a four-probe cocktail for CYPs and OATPs following oral microdosing. Ando, Y; Deguchi, M; Fukae, M; Hirota, T; Ieiri, I; Irie, S; Iwasaki, K; Kanda, E; Kimura, M; Maeda, K; Matsuguma, K; Matsuki, S; Nakamura, T; Sugiyama, Y, 2012)	0.6
"The present study suggests that 1) the sampling strategy should be optimized according to pharmacokinetic profiles of the test drugs following oral microdosing, and 2) microdosing can be applied to the pharmacogenomic study of CYP-specific drugs."	( Pharmacogenomic/pharmacokinetic assessment of a four-probe cocktail for CYPs and OATPs following oral microdosing. Ando, Y; Deguchi, M; Fukae, M; Hirota, T; Ieiri, I; Irie, S; Iwasaki, K; Kanda, E; Kimura, M; Maeda, K; Matsuguma, K; Matsuki, S; Nakamura, T; Sugiyama, Y, 2012)	0.38
"Our animal study indicated that co-administration of DG with warfarin/aspirin can cause significant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic herb-drug interactions in rat."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of Danshen-Gegen extract with warfarin and aspirin. Fung, KP; Lau, BS; Leung, PC; Wang, S; Zhang, Z; Zhou, L; Zuo, Z, 2012)	0.85
"Predicted metabolic drug clearances (CLPT ) were determined using in vitro-in vivo extrapolation coupled with physiological-based pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation (IVIVE-PBPK) in Simcyp®."	( Predicted metabolic drug clearance with increasing adult age. Doogue, MP; Jensen, BP; Patel, F; Polasek, TM; Sorich, MJ; Wiese, MD, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic study found that PD fitted well into a two-compartment model with a fast distribution phase and a relative slow elimination phase."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of Praeruptorin D from Radix peucedani in rats by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Du, X; Li, Q; Liang, T; Ren, L; Yue, W, 2012)	0.38
" All pharmacokinetic data were analyzed using 3P97 software."	( Comparative study of pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of osthole in rats after oral administration of pure osthole and Libanotis buchtormensis supercritical extract. Chen, W; Fu, Q; He, X; Liu, J; Shi, J; Wang, XM; Yang, HP, 2013)	0.39
" Non-osthole ingredients in LBSE showed some pharmacokinetic interactions with osthole and hence decreased its absorption levels (p<0."	( Comparative study of pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of osthole in rats after oral administration of pure osthole and Libanotis buchtormensis supercritical extract. Chen, W; Fu, Q; He, X; Liu, J; Shi, J; Wang, XM; Yang, HP, 2013)	0.39
"This study compares the pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue distribution of osthole in rats after oral administration of pure osthole and LBSE; the results might be useful in clinical application of this traditional Chinese herbal medicine."	( Comparative study of pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of osthole in rats after oral administration of pure osthole and Libanotis buchtormensis supercritical extract. Chen, W; Fu, Q; He, X; Liu, J; Shi, J; Wang, XM; Yang, HP, 2013)	0.39
" Plasma samples obtained, up to 24 hr after dosing, from four male and four female Microminipigs were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to estimate typical pharmacokinetic parameters for each analyte."	( Simultaneous pharmacokinetics assessment of caffeine, warfarin, omeprazole, metoprolol, and midazolam intravenously or orally administered to Microminipigs. Iwasaki, K; Izumi, H; Kusumoto, S; Mogi, M; Murayama, N; Shimizu, M; Takehara, H; Toda, A; Utoh, M; Yamazaki, H, 2012)	0.63
"An analytical method enabling the detection and quantification of the individual enantiomers of racemic (±) pinocembrin is required to fully characterize its pharmacokinetic disposition."	( Chiral analytical method development and application to pre-clinical pharmacokinetics of pinocembrin. Davies, NM; Martinez, SE; Sayre, CL; Takemoto, JK, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed using non-compartmental methods."	( Effects of etravirine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats. Abobo, CV; Hsiao, C; John, J; John, M; Liang, D; Wu, L, 2013)	0.62
" In the present study, plasma concentration of MTZ was measured in a breast cancer patient using MTZ ointment for cancerous malodor and basic research was also conducted with the objective of investigating the safety of topical MTZ from a pharmacokinetic perspective."	( Investigation of the safety of topical metronidazole from a pharmacokinetic perspective. Hasegawa, S; Iida, J; Ike, H; Ito, K; Kagaya, H; Kudo, T; Sato, T; Shimada, K; Yamagishi, S; Yatsuno, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Three open-label phase 1 studies were conducted in healthy human participants to investigate potential pharmacokinetic (PK) and/or pharmacodynamic (PD) interactions between albiglutide and medications that may be used concomitantly."	( Effects of multiple doses of albiglutide on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of digoxin, warfarin, or a low-dose oral contraceptive. Bush, M; Lewis, E; Scott, R; Watanalumlerd, P; Zhi, H, 2012)	0.59
" This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of osthole in rat after intravenous and oral administration."	( A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of osthole in rat plasma: application to pharmacokinetic study. Bi, X; Di, L; Kang, A; Shan, J; Yun, F; Zhao, X, 2013)	0.39
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of eight coumarins in rats after oral administration of radix angelicae pubescentis."	( Simultaneous determination of scopoletin, psoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin, columbianetin acetate, imperatorin, osthole and isoimperatorin in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS for pharmacokinetic studies following oral administration of Radix Angelicae Pubescentis e Chang, YX; Deng, YR; Gao, XM; Guo, XR; He, J; Li, J; Ma, L; Zhang, BL; Zhang, L; Zhang, P; Zhang, QH, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir (RTV) and an anti-HIV agent 3-cyanomethyl-4-methyl-DCK (CMDCK)."	( Investigation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and CMDCK, a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Li, H; Shen, GL; Yuan, M; Zhuang, XM, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic end points were area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0,last) and AUC(0,∞) ) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) for S- and R-warfarin."	( Lack of effect of lacosamide on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of warfarin. Cawello, W; Eckhardt, K; Kumke, T; Stockis, A; van Lier, JJ, 2013)	0.81
"Following warfarin and lacosamide coadministration, Cmax and AUC of S- and R-warfarin, as well as peak value and AUC of PT and INR, were equivalent to those after warfarin alone."	( Lack of effect of lacosamide on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of warfarin. Cawello, W; Eckhardt, K; Kumke, T; Stockis, A; van Lier, JJ, 2013)	1.02
" The main pharmacodynamic variable was the AUC for the international normalized ratio (AUCINR)."	( Absence of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between almorexant and warfarin in healthy subjects. Dingemanse, J; Hoever, P, 2013)	0.61
" Pharmacokinetic data analysis showed that the eight coumarins had different pharmacokinetic characteristics after oral administration."	( Pharmacokinetic study of eight coumarins of Radix Angelicae Dahuricae in rats by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Du, W; Peng, C; Wang, S; Zhao, G, 2013)	0.39
" Though the anticoagulation efficacy of these NOACs has been characterized, differences in their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles have become a significant consideration in terms of drug selection and dosing."	( Importance of pharmacokinetic profile and variability as determinants of dose and response to dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. Gong, IY; Kim, RB, 2013)	0.39
"This study examined the effects of curcumin on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of warfarin and clopidogrel in Wistar rats."	( Curcumin alters the pharmacokinetics of warfarin and clopidogrel in Wistar rats but has no effect on anticoagulation or antiplatelet aggregation. Liu, AC; Lou, HX; Zhao, LX, 2013)	0.87
" The pharmacodynamic response of warfarin was assessed by measuring the international normalized ratio (INR) for 5 consecutive days following drug administration."	( Effects of torsemide on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin in humans and rats. Chang, BC; Gwak, HS; Kim, HO; Lee, KE; Lee, NR; Oh, BR; Park, HY, 2013)	0.91
" Compared with the control group, Cmax and AUC0-∞ of (R)-warfarin in the high and low dose groups were higher, whereas the volume of distribution/bioavailability and clearance/bioavailability were significantly lower (P < 0."	( Effects of torsemide on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin in humans and rats. Chang, BC; Gwak, HS; Kim, HO; Lee, KE; Lee, NR; Oh, BR; Park, HY, 2013)	0.87
" The plasma exposure of RO5126766 appeared to increase in a dose-proportional manner with a long plasma half-life (t 1/2) of 45."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study of RO5126766, a first-in-class dual Raf/MEK inhibitor, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. Asahina, H; Honda, K; Nokihara, H; Ogita, Y; Suzuki, S; Tamura, T; Tamura, Y; Yamada, Y; Yamamoto, N; Yamazaki, N, 2013)	0.39
" The validated method was successfully applied to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of the two diterpenoids in rat plasma after intragastric administration of Kirenol, DHKA and Herba Siegesbeckiae extract."	( Simultaneous quantification of Kirenol and ent-16β,17-dihydroxy-kauran-19-oic acid from Herba Siegesbeckiae in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Guo, X; Huo, L; Jiang, Z; Lei, M; Wang, X, 2013)	0.39
" The primary objective was to investigate the effect of aleglitazar on the pharmacokinetic properties of S-warfarin and on the pharmacodynamics of the racemic mixture; the secondary objectives included the effect of aleglitazar on R-warfarin pharmacokinetics and of racemic warfarin on aleglitazar pharmacokinetics."	( The effect of aleglitazar on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of S- and R-warfarin in healthy male subjects. Banken, L; Jamois, C; Sanwald-Ducray, P, 2014)	0.84
"This study investigated relevant pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters during the transition from warfarin to rivaroxaban in healthy male subjects."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics during the transition from warfarin to rivaroxaban: a randomized study in healthy subjects. Becka, M; Krätzschmar, J; Kubitza, D; Mück, W, 2014)	0.85
"Pradigastat, a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 inhibitor, was evaluated for both pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) drug-drug interactions when co-administered with digoxin or warfarin in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction assessment between pradigastat and digoxin or warfarin. Chen, J; Danis, K; Lee, Z; Majumdar, T; Meyers, D; Neelakantham, S; Rebello, S; Sunkara, G; Yan, JH, 2014)	0.81
" The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of IPE on the pharmacokinetic and anticoagulation pharmacodynamics of warfarin, a substrate of cytochrome P450 2C9-mediated metabolism."	( Phase 1 study of the effect of icosapent ethyl on warfarin pharmacokinetic and anticoagulation parameters. Braeckman, RA; Soni, PN; Stirtan, WG, 2014)	0.86
" Primary pharmacokinetic end points were area under the concentration-versus-time curve from zero to infinity (AUC(0-∞)) and maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) for R- and S-warfarin; pharmacodynamic end points were area under the international normalized ratio (INR) effect-time curve after the warfarin dose (AUC(INR)) and maximum INR (INR(max))."	( Phase 1 study of the effect of icosapent ethyl on warfarin pharmacokinetic and anticoagulation parameters. Braeckman, RA; Soni, PN; Stirtan, WG, 2014)	0.85
" We tested the anti-inflammatory effect of JHL45 by in vitro screening, characterized its in vitro pharmacokinetic (PK) properties."	( Development of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic/disease progression model in NC/Nga mice for development of novel anti-atopic dermatitis drugs. Baek, IH; Chae, JW; Kang, W; Kwon, KI; Lee, BY; Song, GY, 2014)	0.4
") decreased warfarin clearance (28-32%), increased the area under the curve (AUC0-∞; 55-62%) and prolonged plasma half-life (t1/2; 58-72%)."	( Effects of cucurbitacin e, a tetracyclic triterpene compound from Cucurbitaceae, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats. Chen, A; Ding, T; Liu, M; Tang, Y; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2015)	1
"0 software was applied to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters while the SPSS 17."	( [Comparative pharmacokinetics of syringin, eleutheroside E and isofraxidin in rat plasma after intravenous administration of each monomer and Ciwujia injection]. Deng, ZP; Fan, HX; Xu, XT; Yao, QQ; Zhong, H, 2014)	0.4
" In addition, the results not only demonstrated the effect on pharmacodynamics of warfarin, but also enhanced the enzymatic activity of CYP450 to influence the pharmacokinetic of warfarin."	( Effect of CYP2C9, CYP4F2 and VKORC1 genetic polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mean daily maintenance dose of warfarin in Chinese patients. Cao, Y; Chen, Y; Ma, J; Sun, Z; Wen, W; Xuan, B; Zhuang, W, 2015)	0.85
" Pharmacokinetic studies with rats were performed to evaluate the potential of warfarin to alter the pharmacokinetics of AZT."	( Warfarin is an effective modifier of multiple UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: evaluation of its potential to alter the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine. Sun, H; Wu, B; Wu, Z; Zhang, T, 2015)	2.09
" S-warfarin AUC(0- ∞) decreased 37% and Cmax increased 18% with dabrafenib."	( Assessment of the drug interaction potential and single- and repeat-dose pharmacokinetics of the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib. Aktan, G; Arkenau, HT; Blackman, SC; Botbyl, J; Carson, SW; Gordon, MS; Grossmann, KF; Infante, JR; Kendra, K; LoRusso, PM; Middleton, MR; Ouellet, D; Pant, S; Patel, M; Richards-Peterson, LE; Sharma, S; Suttle, AB, 2015)	1.04
"The primary objective was to explore the pharmacodynamic changes during transition from rivaroxaban to warfarin in healthy subjects."	( Switching from rivaroxaban to warfarin: an open label pharmacodynamic study in healthy subjects. Ariyawansa, J; Byra, W; Moore, KT; Natarajan, J; Salih, H; Turner, KC; Vaidyanathan, S, 2015)	0.92
"The combined pharmacodynamic effects during co-administration of rivaroxaban and warfarin were greater than additive, but the pharmacokinetics of both drugs were unaffected."	( Switching from rivaroxaban to warfarin: an open label pharmacodynamic study in healthy subjects. Ariyawansa, J; Byra, W; Moore, KT; Natarajan, J; Salih, H; Turner, KC; Vaidyanathan, S, 2015)	0.93
" Vortioxetine had no effect on the steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters of aspirin or its metabolite salicylic acid, and no statistically significant effect on the inhibition of arachidonic acid-, adenosine-5'-diphosphate-, or collagen-induced platelet aggregation at any time points."	( Lack of effect of multiple doses of vortioxetine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aspirin and warfarin. Chen, G; Serenko, M; Zhang, W, 2015)	0.63
"This study attempted to identify predictors of S-warfarin clearance (CL[S]) and to make a pharmacokinetic evaluation of genotype-based dosing algorithms in African-Americans."	( Factors influencing pharmacokinetics of warfarin in African-Americans: implications for pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms. Cavallari, LH; Drozda, K; Hernandez, W; Hibiya, M; Kaneko, N; Nagai, R; Nutescu, EA; Ohara, M; Patel, SR; Perera, MA; Takahashi, H, 2015)	0.94
"Using plasma S-warfarin concentration (Cp[S]) at a steady state and eight SNPs previously shown to influence warfarin dose in African-Americans, CL(S) and its predictors were estimated by population pharmacokinetic analysis in 60 African-Americans."	( Factors influencing pharmacokinetics of warfarin in African-Americans: implications for pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms. Cavallari, LH; Drozda, K; Hernandez, W; Hibiya, M; Kaneko, N; Nagai, R; Nutescu, EA; Ohara, M; Patel, SR; Perera, MA; Takahashi, H, 2015)	1.04
" The validated method has been successfully applied to compare pharmacokinetic profiles of the seven active ingredients in rat plasma between normal and arthritic rats after oral administration of HLXLD, Angelica pubescens extract and Notopterygium incisum extract, respectively."	( Simultaneous determination of seven coumarins by UPLC-MS/MS: Application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study in normal and arthritic rats after oral administration of Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan or single-herb extract. Ai, Y; Bian, Q; Dai, R; Lee, DY; Ma, W; Wang, F; Wu, Y, 2015)	0.42
" The sensitive and selective method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study of icarrin, naringin and osthole in rats after oral administration of Gushudan capsule."	( Simultaneous determination of icariin, naringin and osthole in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application for pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Gushudan capsules. Deng, Y; Guo, X; Li, F; Li, N; Lu, Y; Xiong, Z; Zhao, L, 2015)	0.42
" The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions between lenalidomide and warfarin in healthy volunteers."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions when lenalidomide is co-administered with warfarin in a randomized clinical trial setting. Chen, N; Knight, R; Palmisano, M; Weiss, D; Zhou, S, 2015)	0.84
"The 90 % confidence intervals (CI) for the ratio of AUC or Cmax geometric means between co-administration with lenalidomide and placebo were within the 80-125 % bioequivalence bounds for R-warfarin and S-warfarin."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions when lenalidomide is co-administered with warfarin in a randomized clinical trial setting. Chen, N; Knight, R; Palmisano, M; Weiss, D; Zhou, S, 2015)	0.82
" Plasma concentrations of slowly eliminated caffeine and R-/S-warfarin and rapidly eliminated omeprazole and midazolam previously observed in cynomolgus monkeys were scaled to human oral biomonitoring equivalents using known species allometric scaling factors and in vitro metabolic clearance data with a simple physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model."	( Human plasma concentrations of cytochrome P450 probes extrapolated from pharmacokinetics in cynomolgus monkeys using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Murayama, N; Shida, S; Shimizu, M; Uno, Y; Utoh, M; Yamazaki, H, 2015)	0.66
"A physiological-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed by combining observations from clinical studies and physicochemical parameters as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion parameters determined in vitro."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Macitentan: Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions. Buchmann, S; de Kanter, R; Delahaye, S; Gnerre, C; Kohl, C; Segrestaa, J; Sidharta, PN; Treiber, A, 2016)	0.43
" The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between warfarin and aspirin in beagles after single and multiple doses."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of aspirin with warfarin in beagle dogs. Hu, T; Huang, J; Huang, X; Li, J; Li, L; Pappoe, F; Shen, C; Tang, H; Zhang, P; Zhang, W, 2016)	0.89
"The pharmacokinetics of cytochrome P450 probes in humans can be extrapolated from corresponding data in cynomolgus monkeys using simplified physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( Human plasma concentrations of five cytochrome P450 probes extrapolated from pharmacokinetics in dogs and minipigs using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Shida, S; Yamazaki, H, 2016)	0.43
" The present studies assessed the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between fostamatinib and the commonly prescribed medications oral contraceptive (OC), warfarin, and statins (rosuvastatin, simvastatin) in healthy subjects."	( Effects of Fostamatinib on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Contraceptive, Warfarin, and the Statins Rosuvastatin and Simvastatin: Results From Phase I Clinical Studies. Brealey, C; Elsby, R; Gillen, M; Holmes, V; Martin, P; Mathews, D; Oliver, S; Ritter, J; Severin, P; Surry, D, 2016)	0.86
" Fostamatinib increased rosuvastatin AUC by 96% (CI 78-115) and Cmax by 88% (CI 69-110), and increased simvastatin acid AUC by 74% (CI 50-102) and Cmax by 83% (CI 57-113)."	( Effects of Fostamatinib on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Contraceptive, Warfarin, and the Statins Rosuvastatin and Simvastatin: Results From Phase I Clinical Studies. Brealey, C; Elsby, R; Gillen, M; Holmes, V; Martin, P; Mathews, D; Oliver, S; Ritter, J; Severin, P; Surry, D, 2016)	0.67
" Despite the fact that inhibition of UGT by xenobiotics is not usually considered to be a major concern, the involvement of UGT1A1 in BP2 metabolism may have pharmacokinetic and pharmacological consequences, due to the its polymorphisms in humans and its pure estrogenic effect."	( Prediction of the metabolic clearance of benzophenone-2, and its interaction with isoeugenol and coumarin using cryopreserved human hepatocytes in primary culture. de Sousa, G; Pery, A; Rahmani, R; Salle-Siri, R; Teng, S, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic data of cytochrome P450 probes in humans can be extrapolated from corresponding data in cynomolgus monkeys, dogs and minipigs using simplified physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( Human plasma concentrations of cytochrome P450 probe cocktails extrapolated from pharmacokinetics in mice transplanted with human hepatocytes and from pharmacokinetics in common marmosets using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Kawano, M; Mitsui, M; Sasaki, E; Shimizu, M; Suemizu, H; Toda, A; Uehara, S; Uno, Y; Utoh, M; Yamazaki, H, 2016)	0.43
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study after a single oral dose of fraxin at 50mg/kg to rats."	( Simultaneous determination of fraxin and its metabolite, fraxetin, in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. Hao, Z; Sun, Z; Wang, H; Xiao, B, 2016)	0.43
" This clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effect of roxadustat on warfarin pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters."	( The Hypoxia-inducible Factor Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat (FG-4592) and Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interaction Study. den Adel, M; Golor, G; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Kerbusch, V; Krebs-Brown, A; Rijnders, S; Schaddelee, M, 2016)	0.89
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were estimated via noncompartmental methods."	( The Hypoxia-inducible Factor Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat (FG-4592) and Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interaction Study. den Adel, M; Golor, G; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Kerbusch, V; Krebs-Brown, A; Rijnders, S; Schaddelee, M, 2016)	0.66
"The geometric mean ratios and 90% CIs for Cmax and AUC∞ of total and unbound S- and R-warfarin (with and without roxadustat) were within the standard bioequivalence interval of 80."	( The Hypoxia-inducible Factor Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat (FG-4592) and Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interaction Study. den Adel, M; Golor, G; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Kerbusch, V; Krebs-Brown, A; Rijnders, S; Schaddelee, M, 2016)	0.88
"Based on the lack of clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions and the limited influence on warfarin pharmacodynamic parameters, no dose adjustment of warfarin should be required when coadministered with roxadustat."	( The Hypoxia-inducible Factor Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat (FG-4592) and Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interaction Study. den Adel, M; Golor, G; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Kerbusch, V; Krebs-Brown, A; Rijnders, S; Schaddelee, M, 2016)	0.87
" Attention was mainly paid to the pharmacological features, therapeutic mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of KDs in previous reviews, whereas their pharmacokinetic and metabolic characteristics have seldom been discussed."	( Pharmacokinetic and Metabolic Characteristics of Herb-Derived Khellactone Derivatives, A Class of Anti-HIV and Anti-Hypertensive: A Review. Chang, C; Du, W; Fu, Q; Guo, P; Jing, W; Liu, R; Luo, Z; Zeng, A; Zhang, T, 2016)	0.43
" Possible pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between selexipag and warfarin in healthy individuals were investigated."	( Investigation of Potential Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Selexipag and Warfarin in Healthy Male Subjects. Bruderer, S; Dingemanse, J; Mant, T; Mukai, H; Okubo, K, 2016)	0.88
"Steady-state levels of selexipag and ACT-333679 after repeated doses of 400 μg selexipag had no influence on the warfarin pharmacodynamic variables."	( Investigation of Potential Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Selexipag and Warfarin in Healthy Male Subjects. Bruderer, S; Dingemanse, J; Mant, T; Mukai, H; Okubo, K, 2016)	0.86
" The validated method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of the nine coumarins in rat plasma after oral administration of Fraxini Cortex aqueous extract, among which the pharmacokinetics of four coumarins including fraxetin, isoscopoletin, 6-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy coumarin and 8-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy coumarin were studied for the first time."	( Simultaneous determination of nine coumarins in rat plasma by HPLC-MS/MS for pharmacokinetics studies following oral administration of Fraxini Cortex extract. Ding, W; Du, Y; Jin, S; Wang, C; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Xu, H; Zhao, M, 2016)	0.43
" The compounds were designed with the objective of improving pharmacokinetic properties."	( Second-Generation Phenylthiazole Antibiotics with Enhanced Pharmacokinetic Properties. Abdelghany, TM; Bayoumi, SA; Disouky, AM; El-Morsy, A; Elshafeey, A; Mancy, AS; Mayhoub, AS; Mohammad, H; Seleem, MA; Seleem, MN, 2016)	0.43
" On the other hand, the pharmacokinetic parameters of WF including maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24 h) were not affected by the combination with IGU."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analyses of Drug-Drug Interactions between Iguratimod and Warfarin. Hasegawa, K; Onoda, M; Tanaka, K; Yamamoto, T, 2016)	0.65
"This phase 1 trial evaluated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between the novel triazole antifungal agent isavuconazole and warfarin in healthy adults."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of the Drug-Drug Interaction Between Isavuconazole and Warfarin in Healthy Subjects. Akhtar, S; Desai, A; Dietz, AJ; Kowalski, D; Lademacher, C; Pearlman, H; Townsend, R; Yamazaki, T, 2017)	0.87
" Data from in vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed that AUC and Cmax of the osthole loaded-ethosome were remarkably increasing compared with the other formulations."	( Preparation of osthole-loaded nano-vesicles for skin delivery: Characterization, in vitro skin permeation and preliminary in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. Jin, Y; Li, JX; Liu, DH; Meng, S; Shi, W; Wang, P; Zhang, C; Zhang, XW, 2016)	0.43
" Four phase 1 studies were conducted in healthy subjects to evaluate the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions between mirabegron and metformin, warfarin, digoxin, or a combination oral contraceptive (COC)."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Mirabegron and Metformin, Warfarin, Digoxin or Combined Oral Contraceptives. Groen-Wijnberg, M; Kerbusch, V; Krauwinkel, W; Meijer, J; Tretter, R; van Dijk, J; van Gelderen, M; Zhang, W, 2017)	0.89
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Mirabegron and Metformin, Warfarin, Digoxin or Combined Oral Contraceptives. Groen-Wijnberg, M; Kerbusch, V; Krauwinkel, W; Meijer, J; Tretter, R; van Dijk, J; van Gelderen, M; Zhang, W, 2017)	0.69
"The method established in this assay was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of the selected coumarins in rat plasma after oral administration of the extract of ADR, and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of sixteen coumarins were clearly elucidated."	( Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetics of sixteen Angelicae dahurica coumarins in vivo by LC-ESI-MS/MS following oral delivery in rats. Yang, XW; Zhang, YB; Zhao, AH, 2016)	0.43
"This pharmacokinetic identification of multiple coumarins of ADR in rats provides a significant basis for better understanding the metabolic mechanism of the herb medicine."	( Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetics of sixteen Angelicae dahurica coumarins in vivo by LC-ESI-MS/MS following oral delivery in rats. Yang, XW; Zhang, YB; Zhao, AH, 2016)	0.43
" The 10-hydroxywarfarin metabolites, whose detailed pharmacokinetics are reported for the first time, exhibited a prolonged half-life with no evidence of renal excretion and displayed elimination rate-limited kinetics."	( CYP2C9 Genotype-Dependent Warfarin Pharmacokinetics: Impact of CYP2C9 Genotype on R- and S-Warfarin and Their Oxidative Metabolites. Brundage, RC; Flora, DR; Rettie, AE; Tracy, TS, 2017)	1.11
" Current apixaban dosing recommendations for this patient population are based largely on a single-dose pharmacokinetic study of eight patients."	( Clinical Application and Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of Apixaban in a Patient with End-Stage Renal Disease Requiring Chronic Hemodialysis. Kufel, WD; Lehmann, DF; Miller, CD; Zayac, AS, 2016)	0.43
" The aim of this study was to predict pharmacokinetic and toxicity (ADME/Tox) properties of a coumarin isolated from geopropolis using in silico and in vitro approaches."	( Prediction of pharmacokinetic and toxicological parameters of a 4-phenylcoumarin isolated from geopropolis: In silico and in vitro approaches. Beutler, JA; da Cunha, MG; de Alencar, SM; Franchin, M; Franco, GC; Ikegaki, M; Rosalen, PL, 2016)	0.43
" However, most of the currently available pharmacokinetic data were derived from studies among patients on chronic warfarin therapy and therefore suffer from the confounding effects of disease states and drug interactions."	( Quantitative Assessment of CYP2C9 Genetic Polymorphisms Effect on the Oral Clearance of S-Warfarin in Healthy Subjects. Bialer, M; Blotnick, S; Caraco, Y; Muszkat, M; Shaul, C, 2017)	0.89
" Since similar increases in exposure were observed for both enantiomers, even though CYP2C9 is only involved in the metabolism of the S-enantiomer, and the half-life of both enantiomers remained the same, the interaction does not appear to be mediated via CYP2C9."	( Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Venetoclax, a Selective BCL-2 Inhibitor, and Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers. Agarwal, SK; Freise, KJ; Hu, B; Salem, AH; Sidhu, DS; Wong, SL, 2017)	0.67
" The pharmacokinetic behavior of six coumarins in normal and hyperuricemia rats plasma was determined."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of the main components of cortex fraxini after oral administration in normal and hyperuricemic rats. Shao, Y; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Ye, H; Yu, Y; Zhao, C; Zhao, M, 2017)	0.46
" The hypothesis that pharmacokinetic differences underlie the differential efficacies of taccalonolides AF and AJ was tested."	( Pharmacokinetic Analysis and in Vivo Antitumor Efficacy of Taccalonolides AF and AJ. Benavides, R; Cichewicz, RH; Du, L; Kuhn, JG; Li, J; Mooberry, SL; Risinger, AL; Robles, AJ, 2017)	0.46
"[(Phe100Asn; Ala103Val; Ile112Leu)] were performed using individual simplified physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( R-warfarin clearances from plasma associated with polymorphic cytochrome P450 2C19 and simulated by individual physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for 11 cynomolgus monkeys. Hirano, T; Kawano, M; Kusama, T; Mitsui, M; Miura, T; Shimizu, M; Uno, Y; Utoh, M; Yamazaki, H, 2018)	1.2
" This assay was successfully applied to plasma and brain pharmacokinetic studies of nodakenin in rats after intravenous administration."	( Determination of the neuropharmacological drug nodakenin in rat plasma and brain tissues by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Application to pharmacokinetic studies. Ma, H; Song, Y; Xu, J; Yan, H, 2017)	0.46
" To evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD), and safety of tecarfarin, we performed single ascending dose (SAD) (n=66), multiple ascending dose (MAD) (n=43), and tecarfarin versus warfarin (n=28) studies in human volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tecarfarin, a novel vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant. Albrecht, D; Canafax, DM; Combs, D; Druzgala, P; Ellis, D; Midei, MG; Milner, PG, 2017)	0.64
"OM3-CA did not affect the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of warfarin or the pharmacodynamic effects of ASA."	( No Effect of Omega-3 Carboxylic Acids on Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Warfarin or on Platelet Function When Co-administered with Acetylsalicylic Acid: Results of Two Phase I Studies in Healthy Volunteers. Davidson, M; Nilsson, C; Offman, E, 2017)	0.92
" In this study, we developed a novel population pharmacokinetic (PK) model based on a warfarin dose algorithm for Han Chinese patients with valve replacement for improving the dose prediction accuracy, especially in patients with low doses."	( Development of a novel individualized warfarin dose algorithm based on a population pharmacokinetic model with improved prediction accuracy for Chinese patients after heart valve replacement. Chen, X; Hong, XH; Hu, J; Sun, JG; Wang, SK; Wei, M; Yu, F; Zhu, JR; Zhu, YB, 2017)	0.95
"No clinically significant pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions were identified and no new safety issues observed with combined treatment with semaglutide."	( Effect of Semaglutide on the Pharmacokinetics of Metformin, Warfarin, Atorvastatin and Digoxin in Healthy Subjects. Anderson, TW; Derving Karsbøl, J; Golor, G; Hausner, H; Holst, AG; Jacobsen, JB; Wagner, FD, 2017)	0.7
" The results demonstrated that there were statistically significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of osthole between osthole administration alone and co‑administration with borneol."	( Different effects of (+)‑borneol and (‑)‑borneol on the pharmacokinetics of osthole in rats following oral administration. Chen, XY; Liu, YH; Luo, DD; Su, ZR; Sun, CY; Wang, Q; Wang, XF; Zhan, JY; Zhang, ZB; Zheng, YF, 2017)	0.46
" The mean hepatic clearances determined by in silico fitting for individual pharmacokinetic models of warfarin and midazolam in the aged group were, respectively, 23% and 56% smaller than those for the young group."	( Effects of aging and rifampicin pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of human cytochrome P450 probes caffeine, warfarin, omeprazole, metoprolol and midazolam in common marmosets genotyped for cytochrome P450 2C19. Inoue, T; Kusama, T; Mogi, M; Sasaki, E; Shimizu, M; Toda, A; Uehara, S; Uno, Y; Utoh, M; Yamazaki, H, 2018)	0.91
" UPLC-MS/MS was used to determine the plasma concentrations of S(R)-warfarin, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Effects of safflower injection on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rats. Liu, G; Liu, S; Liu, Y; Qin, M; Shi, Y; Sun, Z, 2018)	0.94
"The aim of this study was to systematically review data regarding pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters from randomized controlled trials relating to interactions between herbal medicines and warfarin."	( A systematic review of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of herbal medicine with warfarin. Choi, S; Jerng, UM; Oh, DS, 2017)	0.86
" To expand and verify this modeling procedure, simulations of R/S-omeprazole and R/S-warfarin clearances after oral administrations in individual marmosets were performed using individual simplified physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling consisting of gut, liver and central compartments."	( Association with polymorphic marmoset cytochrome P450 2C19 of in vivo hepatic clearances of chirally separated R-omeprazole and S-warfarin using individual marmoset physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. Inoue, T; Kusama, T; Sasaki, E; Shimizu, M; Toda, A; Uehara, S; Uno, Y; Utoh, M; Yamazaki, H, 2018)	0.91
"To establish HPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of daphnetin, daphnoretin, and daphneticin in rat plasma after oral and intravenous administration of Daphne giraldii extract, and then use them in the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [Simultaneous determination of daphnetin, daphnoretin, daphneticin in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetic study]. Cao, SL; Dong, XX; Fu, J; Hu, YY; Lin, LF; Ni, J; Yang, CJ; Zhang, M, 2017)	0.46
" There were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of caffeine, omeprazole, metoprolol, chlorzoxazone, and midazolam between the SGI-pretreated and control groups."	( Influence of Shenxiong Glucose Injection on the Activities of Six CYP Isozymes and Metabolism of Warfarin in Rats Assessed Using Probe Cocktail and Pharmacokinetic Approaches. Gong, Z; Huang, J; Li, Y; Liu, C; Liu, T; Lu, Y; Pan, J; Sun, J; Wang, Y; Zheng, J; Zheng, L, 2017)	0.67
" The purpose of the present study is to re-analyse the results in subgroups of patients with differing baseline sensitivity to W, integrated with additional pharmacokinetic data."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic re-evaluation of a genetic-guided warfarin trial. Bozzato, D; De Rosa, G; Fogar, P; Groppa, F; Moz, S; Padoan, A; Padrini, R; Pengo, V; Plebani, M; Zambon, CF, 2018)	0.71
" In conclusion, using the Lou type warfarin pharmacokinetic dosing algorithm equation to administer warfarin markedly shortened the adjustment time of warfarin to reach a stable dose and reduced the adverse reactions rate, thus supporting clinical feasibility."	( Clinical verification of Lou type warfarin pharmacokinetic dosing algorithms equation. Du, X; Ge, X; Ji, N; Jiang, J; Lan, J, 2018)	1.04
" The present study aims to develop a sensitive, rapid and reliable liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous estimation of mice plasma concentrations of LTL, WDL and APG using quercetin as an internal standard for the pharmacokinetic analysis."	( LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of luteolin, wedelolactone and apigenin in mice plasma using hansen solubility parameters for liquid-liquid extraction: Application to pharmacokinetics of Eclipta alba chloroform fraction. Arya, KR; Arya, RK; Cheruvu, HS; Datta, D; Gayen, JR; Hussain, Z; Sharma, C; Singh, RK; Valicherla, GR; Yadav, NK, 2018)	0.48
"The present study aimed at investigating the pharmacokinetic behaviors of six coumarins in normal and breast cancer bone-metastatic mice following oral administration of WSZG extract."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of six coumarins in normal and breast cancer bone-metastatic mice after oral administration of Wenshen Zhuanggu Formula. Chen, W; Han, X; Li, J; Liu, S; Ma, J; Sun, Z; Wang, J; Wu, C, 2018)	0.48
" Then, the blood pharmacokinetic parameters of six bioactive components from WSZG (psoralen, isopsoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin, osthole, and imperatorin) were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of six coumarins in normal and breast cancer bone-metastatic mice after oral administration of Wenshen Zhuanggu Formula. Chen, W; Han, X; Li, J; Liu, S; Ma, J; Sun, Z; Wang, J; Wu, C, 2018)	0.48
"The different pharmacokinetic behaviors might be partly ascribed to intestinal functional disorders and imbalance of gastrointestinal microbiota under the morbid state."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of six coumarins in normal and breast cancer bone-metastatic mice after oral administration of Wenshen Zhuanggu Formula. Chen, W; Han, X; Li, J; Liu, S; Ma, J; Sun, Z; Wang, J; Wu, C, 2018)	0.48
" In addition, Sprague-Dawley rat liver microsomes incubation systems were used to support the in vivo pharmacokinetic data and investigate its potential mechanism."	( Influence of andrographolide on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rats. Wang, X; Zhang, X; Zhao, M, 2018)	0.73
" The pharmacokinetic results indicated that co-administration of andrographolide could increase the systemic exposure of warfarin significantly, including area under the curve (118."	( Influence of andrographolide on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rats. Wang, X; Zhang, X; Zhao, M, 2018)	0.93
" Therefore, the need for non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) with a rapid onset of antithrombotic effects and a predictable pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profile led to the approval of five new drugs: the direct factor Xa (F-Xa) inhibitors rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban and betrixaban (newly approved by FDA) and the direct thrombin (factor-IIa) inhibitor dabigatran etexilate."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of the non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs). Baldessin, L; Bellosta, S; Castiglioni, L; Corsini, A; Gelosa, P; Racagni, G; Tenconi, M, 2018)	0.48
"Poor profiles of potential drug candidates, including pharmacokinetic properties, have been acknowledged as a significant hindrance to the development of modern therapeutics."	( Molecular Modeling Approaches for the Prediction of Selected Pharmacokinetic Properties. Foster, DJR; Petito, ES; Sykes, MJ; Ward, MB, 2018)	0.48
" The current study aimed to investigate the impact of co-administration of pomegranate peel and guava leaves extracts, including their quality markers namely; ellagic acid and quercetin, respectively, on warfarin's in vivo dynamic activity and pharmacokinetic actions, in addition to potential in vitro cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) inhibition."	( Critical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-herb interactions in rats between warfarin and pomegranate peel or guava leaves extracts. Alnaqeeb, M; Ghanim, BY; Idkaidek, N; Mallah, EM; Mansor, KA; Qinna, NA, 2019)	0.93
"Influence of mentioned extracts and their key constituents on warfarin pharmacodynamic and kinetic actions and CYP activity were evaluated."	( Critical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-herb interactions in rats between warfarin and pomegranate peel or guava leaves extracts. Alnaqeeb, M; Ghanim, BY; Idkaidek, N; Mallah, EM; Mansor, KA; Qinna, NA, 2019)	0.98
" To predict the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the main YZP constituents in rat plasma using in silico models, based on the theory that structurally similar constituents show similar pharmacokinetic properties."	( TCM-ADMEpred: A novel strategy for poly-pharmacokinetics prediction of traditional Chinese medicine based on single constituent pharmacokinetics, structural similarity, and mathematical modeling. Li, D; Li, K; Tao, Y; Wang, P; Xu, H; Yang, H; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
"The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was successfully used to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters after oral YZP, YH, or BZ administration."	( TCM-ADMEpred: A novel strategy for poly-pharmacokinetics prediction of traditional Chinese medicine based on single constituent pharmacokinetics, structural similarity, and mathematical modeling. Li, D; Li, K; Tao, Y; Wang, P; Xu, H; Yang, H; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
"The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic evaluations after oral administration of YZP, YH, and BZ to rats."	( TCM-ADMEpred: A novel strategy for poly-pharmacokinetics prediction of traditional Chinese medicine based on single constituent pharmacokinetics, structural similarity, and mathematical modeling. Li, D; Li, K; Tao, Y; Wang, P; Xu, H; Yang, H; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
"A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to simulate the impact of elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-6 on the exposure of several orally administered cytochrome P450 (CYP) probe substrates (caffeine, S-warfarin, omeprazole, dextromethorphan, midazolam, and simvastatin)."	( Simulating the Impact of Elevated Levels of Interleukin-6 on the Pharmacokinetics of Various CYP450 Substrates in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica or Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders in Different Ethnic Populations. Ducray, PS; Endo-Tsukude, C; Gardner, I; Gill, KL; Hatley, OJ; Machavaram, KK; Parrott, N; Terao, K, 2019)	0.7
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling and simulation is a useful tool in predicting the PK profiles of a drug, assessing the effects of covariates such as demographics, ethnicity, genetic polymorphisms and disease status on the PK, and evaluating the potential of drug-drug interactions."	( Development of a Korean-specific virtual population for physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation. Chung, JY; Hatley, O; Kim, Y; Lee, H; Lee, HA; Rhee, SJ; Yi, S; Yoon, S; Yu, KS, 2019)	0.51
"Compared with warfarin, the direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOAC) have fewer pharmacokinetic drug interactions."	( Clinical Management of Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions with Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs). DeLoughery, TG; Herink, MC; Williams, CD; Zhuo, YF, 2019)	0.87
" Plasma concentrations of warfarin enantiomers were determined by UPLC-MS/MS method, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Effects of sulfotanshinone sodium injection on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats Chen, J; Dong, M; Huang, L; Jiang, M; Liu, D; Liu, G; Shi, Y; Zhang, W; Zhou, Y, 2020)	1.08
"Currently, few herbal pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters have been applied successfully for therapeutic monitoring because of the complexity of consistency when there are multiple chemicals and efficacies."	( Pharmacokinetic study of precisely representative antidepressant, prokinetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative compounds from Fructus aurantii and Magnolia Bark. Chen, K; Chen, Y; Huang, X; Liu, Y; Ren, P; Shen, X; Shi, S; Wu, L; Xie, Y; Xu, J; Yan, H; Zhang, X, 2020)	0.56
"This unifying strategy shows how multi-herb formulas pharmacokinetic therapeutic monitoring can be achieved by the method we established."	( Pharmacokinetic study of precisely representative antidepressant, prokinetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative compounds from Fructus aurantii and Magnolia Bark. Chen, K; Chen, Y; Huang, X; Liu, Y; Ren, P; Shen, X; Shi, S; Wu, L; Xie, Y; Xu, J; Yan, H; Zhang, X, 2020)	0.56
" A pharmacokinetic study of skimmin was then successfully conducted using the validated method."	( Determination and pharmacokinetic study of skimmin by UHPLC-MS/MS in rat plasma. He, X; Lou, Y; Lu, X; Qiu, Y; Wu, H; Wu, Z; Zheng, J, 2020)	0.56
" A pharmacokinetic study showed a decreased level of free warfarin in the plasma of diabetic rats."	( Comprehensive Glycomic Analysis Reveals That Human Serum Albumin Glycation Specifically Affects the Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of Different Anticoagulant Drugs in Diabetes. Chen, J; Chi, L; Jin, L; Li, D; Li, W; Linhardt, RJ; Qiu, H; Shi, F; Shi, M; Su, X; Wang, M; Wang, Z; Xu, X; Yin, X; Zhang, Q; Zhou, X, 2020)	0.8
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of scopoletin and tomentine in mixture, and sphaeralcic acid after oral administration of standardized active fraction indicated that these compounds followed a two-compartment model; they were bioavailable in plasma (absorbed) and distributed to blank organs."	( Elimination pharmacokinetics of sphaeralcic acid, tomentin and scopoletin mixture from a standardized fraction of Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don orally administered. Hernández-Pérez, E; Jiménez-Ferrer, E; Nicasio-Torres, P; Serrano-Román, J, 2020)	0.56
" The developed method was applied to evaluating the pharmacokinetic study of 13 bioactive compounds after oral administration of Psoraleae Fructus in rat of different genders."	( Simultaneous characterization of multiple Psoraleae Fructus bioactive compounds in rat plasma by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for application in sex-related differences in pharmacokinetics. Cheng, LY; Song, L; Wu, YL; Yang, L; Yu, YL; Zhang, Y; Zhou, K; Zhou, ZX, 2020)	0.56
" Owing to the risk of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions based on CYP3A4/CYP2C9 inhibition by apatinib, caution is advised in the concurrent use of apatinib with either CYP2C9 or CYP3A4 substrates."	( Effects of Apatinib on the Pharmacokinetics of Nifedipine and Warfarin in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Chen, XY; Guo, LX; Li, W; Liu, YP; Mao, SY; Qu, XJ; Teng, Z; Wang, QR; Zhang, YF; Zhong, DF; Zhu, YT, 2020)	0.8
" We assessed the extent and the factors affecting inter-individual variability in the anticoagulation control using pre-validated pharmacodynamic indices."	( Evaluation of inter-patient variability in the pharmacodynamic indices of warfarin. Al Banna, R; Husain, A; Qader, AM; Sridharan, K, 2020)	0.79
" In this comprehensive review, we provide the first summary of the pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic characteristics of scoparone, and discuss future research prospects."	( Scoparone as a therapeutic drug in liver diseases: Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and molecular mechanisms of action. Chen, X; Cui, B; Fan, X; Feng, H; Hui, Y; Lin, L; Mao, L; Sun, C; Wang, B; Wang, X; Yu, Q; Yu, Z; Zhang, J; Zhao, T; Zhao, X, 2020)	0.56
" However, pharmacokinetic study of coumarins in CR has not been fully studied."	( Simultaneous Determination of Three Coumarins in Rat Plasma by HPLC-MS/MS for Pharmacokinetic Studies Following Oral Administration of Chimonanthi Radix Extract. Feng, Y; Tan, T; Wen, Q; Zhang, J; Zhong, CC; Zhou, MY, 2020)	0.56
" For human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, the metabolic ratios to o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and 7-hydroxycoumarin were set at minor (0."	( Metabolic profiles of coumarin in human plasma extrapolated from a rat data set with a simplified physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Hina, S; Kamiya, Y; Kobayashi, Y; Miura, T; Murayama, N; Shimizu, M; Yamazaki, H, 2020)	0.56
" This study evaluated S-warfarin limited sampling strategy with a population pharmacokinetic (PK) approach to estimate CYP2C9 activity in healthy adults."	( S-warfarin limited sampling strategy with a population pharmacokinetic approach to estimate exposure and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 activity in healthy adults. Bertino, JS; Capparelli, EV; Kashuba, ADM; Ma, JD; Nafziger, AN; Nikanjam, M; Tran, L; Turpault, S, 2021)	1.65
" However, gaps remain regarding the influence of the genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 on specific pharmacodynamic parameters like the warfarin sensitivity index (WSI), prothrombin time international normalized ratio (PT-INR), and log-INR variability."	( Influence of CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 polymorphisms on the pharmacodynamic parameters of warfarin: a cross-sectional study. Al Banna, R; Husain, A; Jassim, G; Malalla, Z; Otoom, S; Sater, M; Sridharan, K, 2021)	1.04
"The evaluated genetic polymorphisms significantly influenced all the pharmacodynamic parameters of warfarin."	( Influence of CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 polymorphisms on the pharmacodynamic parameters of warfarin: a cross-sectional study. Al Banna, R; Husain, A; Jassim, G; Malalla, Z; Otoom, S; Sater, M; Sridharan, K, 2021)	1.06
" There have been limited studies comparing the potential for pharmacokinetic (PK) drug interactions between different anticoagulants."	( Comparison of potential pharmacokinetic drug interactions in patients with atrial fibrillation and changing from warfarin to non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant therapy. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S; Badrick, T; Bernaitis, N, 2021)	0.83
" In this study, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to assess CYPs mediated therapeutic protein drug interactions (TP-DIs) in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) with elevated systemic IL-6 levels when treated by anti-IL-6 therapies."	( Utilization of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model to assess disease-mediated therapeutic protein-disease-drug interaction in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Chen, Y; Miao, X; Wang, L; Zhou, H; Zhou, W, 2022)	0.72
" This study was aimed at performing genotype-driven pharmacokinetic (PK) simulations to predict warfarin levels in Puerto Ricans."	( Genotype-driven pharmacokinetic simulations of warfarin levels in Puerto Ricans. de Las Barreras, C; Duconge, J; Mangas, V; Mejias, VL; Monbaliu, JM; Reyes-González, S; Reynaldo, G; Rodríguez-Vera, L; Stelzer, T; Vlaar, C, 2020)	1.03
" The mean peak concentration (Cmax) was higher for wild-type (0."	( Genotype-driven pharmacokinetic simulations of warfarin levels in Puerto Ricans. de Las Barreras, C; Duconge, J; Mangas, V; Mejias, VL; Monbaliu, JM; Reyes-González, S; Reynaldo, G; Rodríguez-Vera, L; Stelzer, T; Vlaar, C, 2020)	0.82
" Besides radical-scavenging activity, the pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness of the coumarin hybrids were investigated."	( Radical Scavenging Activity and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Coumarin-Hydroxybenzohydrazide Hybrids. Amić, AD; Antonijević, MR; Avdović, EH; Marković, ZS; Milanović, ŽB; Simijonović, DM, 2022)	0.72
" We aimed to apply physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to simulate the complex drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of ritonavir with two anticoagulants, rivaroxaban and racemic warfarin, to address this important clinical conundrum."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling-Guided Dose Management of Oral Anticoagulants when Initiating Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (Paxlovid) for COVID-19 Treatment. Chan, ECY; Wang, Z, 2022)	0.91
" This study aimed to investigate the possible DDI effects of the co-administration of 5-FU with WF using PT-INR and PT-INR/dose ratio as pharmacodynamic parameters."	( Changes in Pharmacodynamic Parameters during Co-administration of 5-FU with Warfarin: A Retrospective Case Series. Hirata, T; Ishii, T; Kokuba, S; Nakamura, K; Shiohira, H; Tayag, JCS, 2022)	0.95
" This study aimed to build a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model reflecting observed changes in physiological and molecular parameters relevant to drug disposition that are associated with MAFLD."	( A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict the Impact of Metabolic Changes Associated with Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease on Drug Exposure. Newman, EM; Rowland, A, 2022)	0.72
" To investigate the preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of three candidate compounds (CY-14S-4A83, CY-16S-4A43, and CY-16S-4A93), liquid chromatography, in tandem with the mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS method, was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of these compounds."	( Pharmacokinetics of Novel Furoxan/Coumarin Hybrids in Rats Using LC-MS/MS Method and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model. Cai, W; Chen, Y; He, Q; Li, Z; Liu, L; Peng, C; Tang, Z; Wang, K; Xiang, X; Yuan, Y; Zhang, S; Zhu, X, 2023)	0.91
" Pharmacokinetic characteristics of probe drugs were subsequently assessed in a Phase I, open-label, single-sequence crossover study in healthy male participants."	( Pharmacokinetic-Interactions of BI 425809, a Novel Glycine Transporter 1 Inhibitor, With Cytochrome P450 and P-Glycoprotein Substrates: Findings From In Vitro Analyses and an Open-Label, Single-Sequence Phase I Study. Chan, T; Desch, M; Hohl, K; Ishiguro, N; Keller, S; Liesenfeld, KH; Müller, F; Schlecker, C; Wind, S; Wunderlich, G, )	0.13
" With BI 425809, area under the plasma concentration curve from administration to the last measurement (AUC 0-tz ) and maximum plasma concentration ( Cmax ) for midazolam were lower than when administered alone."	( Pharmacokinetic-Interactions of BI 425809, a Novel Glycine Transporter 1 Inhibitor, With Cytochrome P450 and P-Glycoprotein Substrates: Findings From In Vitro Analyses and an Open-Label, Single-Sequence Phase I Study. Chan, T; Desch, M; Hohl, K; Ishiguro, N; Keller, S; Liesenfeld, KH; Müller, F; Schlecker, C; Wind, S; Wunderlich, G, )	0.13
" We previously proposed a first approach to leverage the knowledge in QSP models to derive simpler, mechanism-based pharmacodynamic (PD) models."	( Deriving mechanism-based pharmacodynamic models by reducing quantitative systems pharmacology models: An application to warfarin. Falkenhagen, U; Huisinga, W; Kloft, C; Knöchel, J, 2023)	1.12
" Here, we developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that incorporated saturable target binding and other reported hepatic disposition components of warfarin."	( Predicting In Vivo Target Occupancy (TO) Profiles via Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic-TO Modeling of Warfarin Pharmacokinetics in Blood: Importance of Low Dose Data and Prediction of Stereoselective Target Interactions. Aoki, Y; Kim, J; Kim, MS; Lee, W; Sugiyama, Y, 2023)	1.32
" The goal of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) interactions between henagliflozin, a novel selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and warfarin in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions Between Henagliflozin, a Novel Selective SGLT-2 Inhibitor, and Warfarin in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Chen, X; He, X; Huang, Y; Jia, Y; Liu, G; Liu, R; Shen, J; Wang, C; Wang, Y, 2023)	1.31
" A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model can be used to evaluate the BE of two preparations."	( Predicting bioequivalence and developing dissolution bioequivalence safe space in vitro for warfarin using a Physiologically-Based pharmacokinetic absorption model. Cheng, ZZ; Hu, X; Li, YL; Zhang, L, 2023)	1.13

Compound-Compound Interactions

A 58-year-old Hawaiian/Asian/European woman developed an elevated INR and microscopic hematuria as a result of a drug-drug interaction between warfarin and AM/CL. The clinical significance of this interaction has been questioned due to: (1) the lowering of the Warfarin therapeutic range, and the advent of once-daily cimetidine dosing.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Two other agents were combined with EB, 3-Carbethoxypsoralene (3 CPs) activated by 365 nm light or gamma rays."	( Mitochondrial genetic damage induced in yeast by a photoactivated furocoumarin in combination with ethidium bromide or ultraviolet light. Hixon, S; Juliani, MH; Moustacchi, E, 1976)	0.26
" Extension to other high-risk drugs with the potential to interact with other drugs is planned."	( Prevention of adverse drug interactions. Howie, JG; Jeffers, TA; Millar, HR; Petrie, JC, 1977)	0.26
" Omeprazole contains a benzimidazole moiety and thus has the potential to interact with the cytochrome P-450 enzyme group."	( Clinical implications of drug interactions with the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system associated with omeprazole. Humphries, TJ, 1991)	0.28
" These involve a decrease in absorption when fluoroquinolones are given in combination with multivalent metal cations and an inhibition in the metabolism of methylxanthines by fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and norfloxacin."	( Drug interactions with fluoroquinolones. Stein, GE, 1991)	0.28
" The results suggest that both slow release and tablet form dipyridamole in combination with warfarin are useful in the postoperative management of heart valve replacement."	( Dipyridamole combined with anticoagulant in prevention of early postoperative thromboembolism after cardiac valve replacement. Fujita, T; Kawazoe, K; Manabe, H, 1990)	0.5
" The clinical significance of this drug-drug interaction has been questioned due to: (1) the lowering of the warfarin therapeutic range, (2) the lowering of the total daily therapeutic cimetidine dosage, (3) the advent of once-daily cimetidine dosing, and (4) the demonstration that the clearance of the less active warfarin R-enantiomer is decreased to a greater extent than the more active S-enantiomer."	( Do all histamine2-antagonists cause a warfarin drug interaction? Dukes, GE; Hussey, EK, 1989)	0.76
"The most widely used H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, is known to interact with cytochrome P-450 drug-metabolizing enzymes and, therefore, interacts with other drugs which may be administered concurrently."	( Comparative effects of H2-receptor antagonists on drug interaction in rats. Cocchetto, DM; Duggan, DE; Lin, JH; Yeh, KC, )	0.13
"The bactericidal interactions in vitro of two antibiotics active at the cell wall (teicoplanin and vancomycin) or two inhibitors of DNA gyrase (coumermycin and ciprofloxacin) combined with two inhibitors of protein synthesis (rifampicin and LM 427) were assessed against five Staphylococcus aureus strains."	( Comparative in-vitro activities of teicoplanin, vancomycin, coumermycin and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampicin or LM 427, against Staphylococcus aureus. Joly, P; Van der Auwera, P, 1987)	0.27
" Cl934 was also tested by the killing curve method, alone and in combination with coumermycin."	( Comparative in vitro activity of CI934, a new fluoroquinolone, alone and in combination with coumermycin, against gram-positive bacteria. Grenier, P; Klastersky, J; van der Auwera, P; Vandermies, A, 1987)	0.27
" Further studies are required of other well-recognized groups of patients on drugs which are known to interact to assess the relevance and clinical importance of the formidable lists of interactions which are now available to doctors who prescribe drugs."	( Drug interactions in patients on long-term oral anticoagulant and antihypertensive adrenergic neuron-blocking drugs. Petrie, JC; Starr, KJ, 1972)	0.25
" Thus, effects of these drugs and serum levels, where available, should be more closely followed when used in combination with cimetidine."	( Cimetidine drug interactions. Greene, WL; Levinson, MJ; Self, TH, 1983)	0.27
" Furthermore, amiodarone may interact with beta-blocking agents and some of the calcium antagonists to produce symptomatic sinus bradycardia and sinus arrest, especially in a latent or overt sick sinus syndrome."	( Drug interactions with amiodarone. Marcus, FI, 1983)	0.27
" aureus but did not show synergy when combined with nafcillin, vancomycin, or rifampin."	( Antibacterial activity of coumermycin alone and in combination with other antibiotics. Chin, NX; Labthavikul, P; Neu, HC, 1984)	0.27
"Drugs may interact with warfarin through pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic mechanisms."	( Drug interactions with warfarin. Breckenridge, AM; Serlin, MJ, 1983)	0.88
" Brief information on the following reports of drug-drug interactions is given in this article with the intention of giving these reports wider publicity and, possibly, encouraging further observation and research to establish or disprove their validity in a larger and wider range of patients or volunteer subjects."	( Early reports on drug interactions. D'Arcy, PF, 1983)	0.27
"Ampligen, a known immunomodulator and interferon inducer, was used alone and in combination with other antiviral agents to treat ducks congenitally-infected with duck hepatitis B virus."	( The use of ampligen alone and in combination with ganciclovir and coumermycin A1 for the treatment of ducks congenitally-infected with duck hepatitis B virus. Bowden, S; Dixon, R; Einck, L; Locarnini, S; Niu, J; Qiao, M; Wang, Y, 1993)	0.29
" Fibrates should not be combined with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors because of the increased risk of myopathy."	( Serious drug interactions. Aronson, J, 1993)	0.29
"The safety of a very low level of anticoagulation combined with dipyridamole in a rheumatic population (mean age 31 +/- 13 years) with the St."	( Frequency of prosthetic valve-related complications with very low level warfarin anticoagulation combined with dipyridamole after valve replacement using St. Jude Medical prostheses. Bedhesi, S; Dullabh, A; Essop, AR; Essop, MR; Sareli, P; Skoularigis, J; Skudicky, D; Strugo, V; Wisenbaugh, T, 1994)	0.52
" Different mechanisms have to be considered as causes for potential drug-drug interactions."	( Lack of pantoprazole drug interactions in man. Bliesath, H; Hartmann, M; Huber, R; Radtke, HW; Steinijans, VW; Wurst, W; Zech, K, 1994)	0.29
" The pharmacokinetic literature on racemic drugs contains a vast amount of information on drug-drug interactions derived from the measurement of total drug concentrations in plasma and urine."	( Stereoselective and isozyme-selective drug interactions. Gibaldi, M, 1993)	0.29
"Antimicrobials of the fluoroquinolone class are involved in a number of clinically important drug-drug interactions."	( Drug-drug interactions with fluoroquinolones. Marchbanks, CR, )	0.13
" These data suggest that fluconazole can be expected to interact with any drug whose clearance is dominated by P450s 2C9, 3A4, and other as yet undefined isoforms."	( Warfarin-fluconazole. II. A metabolically based drug interaction: in vivo studies. Bauwens, JE; Black, DJ; Evans, JS; Gidal, BE; Kunze, KL; McDonnell, ND; Seaton, TL; Trager, WF; Wienkers, LC, 1996)	1.74
" Candesartan cilexetil was well tolerated both alone and in combination with the other agents."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies with candesartan cilexetil. Högemann, A; Jonkman, JH; Lins, R; Sennewald, R; van Heiningen, PN; van Lier, JJ, 1997)	0.3
"Although drug-drug interactions constitute only a small proportion of adverse drug reactions, they are important because they are often predictable and therefore avoidable or manageable."	( Important drug-drug interactions in the elderly. Routledge, PA; Seymour, RM, 1998)	0.3
" Of 35 patients reviewed, 7 had a predisposing condition such as peptic ulcer and 19 received drugs or folk medicines that can interact with warfarin."	( Drug interactions as a cause of overanticoagulation and bleedings in Chinese patients receiving warfarin. Chan, TY, 1998)	0.72
"Short-term and long-term results with HR + AC indicated that patients with severe CLI and very poor prognosis benefited in terms of survival and limb salvage from initial therapy with HR infusion combined with long-term oral anticoagulation."	( Intravenous hydroxyethylrutosides combined with long-term oral anticoagulation in atherosclerotic nonreconstructable critical leg ischemia: a retrospective study. Glenne, PO; Inácio, J; Larsson, UB; Lavstedt, S; Lund, F; Qian, Z; Schiötz, J; Tillgren, C, 1999)	0.3
" With the high degree of interpatient variability and the unpredictability of various drug-drug interactions with warfarin, close and frequent monitoring of international normalized ratios is the key for safe oral anticoagulation therapy."	( Warfarin-acetaminophen drug interaction revisited. Chan, LN; Nutescu, E; Shek, KL, 1999)	1.96
" This study assessed the comparative frequency of potential drug-drug interactions in patients receiving either omeprazole or lansoprazole."	( Prevalence of potential proton-pump inhibitor drug interactions: a retrospective review of prescriptions in community pharmacies. Fask, A; Saltiel, E, 1999)	0.3
" (+)-Calanolide A, the congeners costatolide and dihydrocostatolide, and (+)-12-oxo(+)-calanolide A, were evaluated in combination with a variety of mechanically diverse inhibitors of HIV replication to define the efficacy and cellular toxicity of potential clinical drug combinations."	( Anti-HIV-1 activity of calanolides used in combination with other mechanistically diverse inhibitors of HIV-1 replication. Buckheit, RW; Flavin, M; Russell, JD; Xu, ZQ, 2000)	0.31
"Many fluoroquinolone antibiotics are inhibitors of cytochrome P450 enzyme systems and may produce potentially important drug interactions when administered with other drugs."	( Drug interactions with clinafloxacin. Abel, R; Alvey, CW; Bron, NJ; Hounslow, NJ; Koup, JR; Randinitis, EJ; Rausch, G; Sedman, AJ; Vassos, AB, 2001)	0.31
"The aim of this work is to identify the medicines which interact with the herbal remedy St John's wort (SJW), and the mechanisms responsible."	( St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes. Arlett, P; Bergquist, C; Gerden, B; Henderson, L; Yue, QY, 2002)	0.31
" Among these patients, 106 (41%) were discharged with a total of 150 prescriptions for drugs that could interact with warfarin to increase the INR."	( The nature and frequency of potential warfarin drug interactions that increase the risk of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation. Ellerbeck, EF; Engelman, KK; Howard, PA; Patterson, KL, )	0.61
"A 58-year-old Hawaiian/Asian/European woman developed an elevated INR and microscopic hematuria as a result of a drug-drug interaction between warfarin and AM/CL."	( Warfarin and amoxicillin/clavulanate drug interaction. Cuni, LJ; Davydov, L; Yermolnik, M, 2003)	1.96
" Pravastatin does not appear to interact with warfarin but has caused an increased INR when combined with the anticoagulant fluindione."	( Oral anticoagulant drug interactions with statins: case report of fluvastatin and review of the literature. Andrus, MR, 2004)	0.58
" Beyond the predictable pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction requiring a significant warfarin dose reduction, the iodine-rich amiodarone affects the thyroid gland, causing overt hypothyroidism or thyrotoxicosis in 14%-18% of cases."	( Complex drug-drug-disease interactions between amiodarone, warfarin, and the thyroid gland. Ezra, D; Farfel, Z; Halkin, H; Kurnik, D; Loebstein, R; Olchovsky, D, 2004)	0.79
" Its ability to be systemically absorbed and interact with other drugs has previously been recorded but is not universally known."	( Miconazole oral gel and drug interactions. Oliver, RJ; Pemberton, MN; Theaker, ED, 2004)	0.32
" Numerous drug compounds are reported to interact with warfarin, necessitating increased prothrombin time monitoring and warfarin dosing adjustments to maintain safe and effective anticoagulation."	( Warfarin and other coumarin derivatives: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug interactions. Wittkowsky, AK, 2003)	2.01
" Overall, ezetimibe has a favourable drug-drug interaction profile, as evidenced by the lack of clinically relevant interactions between ezetimibe and a variety of drugs commonly used in patients with hypercholesterolaemia."	( Ezetimibe: a review of its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Alton, KB; Bergman, AJ; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Kosoglou, T; Paolini, JF; Statkevich, P, 2005)	0.33
" These data demonstrate that warfarin anticoagulation, in combination with successful coronary stenting for acute MI and antiplatelet therapy, does not reduce risk of reinfarction but is associated with increased rates of transfusion."	( Evaluation of safety of warfarin in combination with antiplatelet therapy for patients treated with coronary stents for acute myocardial infarction. Boura, JA; Gallagher, MJ; Kahn, JK; Mattichak, SJ; O'Neill, WW; Reed, PS, 2005)	0.93
" The oral immunomodulatory drugs thalidomide and lenalidomide have produced major therapeutic responses in patients with MM when used in combination with oral steroids and chemotherapy, but a high incidence of VTE has been reported."	( Thromboembolism risk reduction in multiple myeloma patients treated with immunomodulatory drug combinations. Hussein, MA, 2006)	0.33
" A significant proportion of warfarin-related cerebral haemorrhages might have been prevented if greater caution had been taken when prescribing drugs known to interact with warfarin."	( Cerebral haemorrhage induced by warfarin - the influence of drug-drug interactions. Hägg, S; Jacobsson, I; Jönsson, AK; Spigset, O, 2007)	0.91
"Despite the risk of hemorrhage, warfarin is the most commonly used oral anticoagulant today, both as monotherapy and when taken in combination with selected drugs."	( Administrative claims analysis of the relationship between warfarin use and risk of hemorrhage including drug-drug and drug-disease interactions. Berger, J; Young, C; Zhang, K, 2006)	0.86
" The following variables were used to predict the outcome measures: type of drug-drug or drug-disease interaction, patient age and gender, number of unique prescribers during the year for all drugs, specialty of the first prescriber for warfarin, average dose of warfarin, and days of warfarin therapy."	( Administrative claims analysis of the relationship between warfarin use and risk of hemorrhage including drug-drug and drug-disease interactions. Berger, J; Young, C; Zhang, K, 2006)	0.76
"Coumarin anticoagulants are prone to potentially life-threatening drug-drug interactions due to a combination of unfavorable properties."	( Quantity and quality of potential drug interactions with coumarin anticoagulants in the Netherlands. Herings, RM; Koerselman, J; Penning-van Beest, FJ, 2007)	0.34
" This situation substantiates the need for proper monitoring or new anticoagulants with less drug-drug interactions."	( Quantity and quality of potential drug interactions with coumarin anticoagulants in the Netherlands. Herings, RM; Koerselman, J; Penning-van Beest, FJ, 2007)	0.34
" However, it is not known whether the CYP2C9 genotype contributes to the variability in warfarin dosage in the presence of drug-disease and drug-drug interactions."	( Warfarin metabolism and anticoagulant effect: a prospective, observational study of the impact of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism in the presence of drug-disease and drug-drug interactions. Blotnik, S; Caraco, Y; Elami, A; Krasilnikov, I; Muszkat, M, 2007)	2
"The aim of this study was to examine the effects of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism on warfarin dosage requirements in patients with severe comorbid conditions and those treated with medications that potentially interact with warfarin."	( Warfarin metabolism and anticoagulant effect: a prospective, observational study of the impact of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism in the presence of drug-disease and drug-drug interactions. Blotnik, S; Caraco, Y; Elami, A; Krasilnikov, I; Muszkat, M, 2007)	2.01
"In this study population of patients with severe comorbid conditions and those treated with medications that potentially interact with warfarin, CYP2C9 *1/*3 genotype, older age, CHF, and the use of antibiotics were associated with lower warfarin dosage requirements."	( Warfarin metabolism and anticoagulant effect: a prospective, observational study of the impact of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism in the presence of drug-disease and drug-drug interactions. Blotnik, S; Caraco, Y; Elami, A; Krasilnikov, I; Muszkat, M, 2007)	1.99
" However, drug-drug interactions may lead to a greatly increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when these drugs are combined."	( Drug drug interactions between antithrombotic medications and the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Brophy, JM; Delaney, JA; Opatrny, L; Suissa, S, 2007)	0.34
"A number of case reports and well-controlled clinical trials were identified that provided evidence of the relatively well known drug-drug interactions between prescription/OTC NSAIDs and alcohol, antihypertensive drugs, high-dose methotrexate, and lithium, as well as between frequently prescribed narcotics and other central nervous system depressants."	( Adverse drug interactions involving common prescription and over-the-counter analgesic agents. Hersh, EV; Moore, PA; Pinto, A, 2007)	0.34
"Considering the widespread use of analgesic agents, the overall incidence of serious drug-drug interactions involving these agents has been relatively low."	( Adverse drug interactions involving common prescription and over-the-counter analgesic agents. Hersh, EV; Moore, PA; Pinto, A, 2007)	0.34
" The potential for drug-drug interactions with febuxostat was examined in the following three in vitro systems: the characteristics of the binding of febuxostat to human plasma proteins; identification of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes participating in the metabolism of febuxostat; and the potential inhibitory effects of febuxostat on typical CYP reactions."	( In vitro drug-drug interaction studies with febuxostat, a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: plasma protein binding, identification of metabolic enzymes and cytochrome P450 inhibition. Hoshide, S; Kanou, M; Mukoyoshi, M; Muroga, H; Nishimura, S; Taniguchi, K; Umeda, S, 2008)	0.35
"High-throughput characterization of drug-drug interactions in plasma protein binding was demonstrated by using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor."	( Rapid characterization of drug-drug interaction in plasma protein binding using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Kuroda, Y; Saito, M; Sakai, H; Yamaoka, T, 2008)	0.35
" Patients with HIV may also have simultaneous chronic medical conditions, resulting in the possibility of complex drug-drug interactions."	( Possible antiretroviral therapy-warfarin drug interaction. Fulco, PP; Higginson, RT; Zingone, MM, 2008)	0.63
" After removal of excess derivatization reagent and urine matrix components, the monoterpene derivatives were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in combination with fluorescence (FLD) detection and simultaneous mass spectrometric (MS) identification."	( Sensitive determination of monoterpene alcohols in urine by HPLC-FLD combined with ESI-MS detection after online-solid phase extraction of the monoterpene-coumarincarbamate derivates. Duisken, M; Hollender, J; Jähnigen, H; Meesters, RJ, 2008)	0.35
"Most proton pump inhibitors are extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes, as are many other drugs, giving rise to potential drug-drug interactions."	( Drug interaction studies with dexlansoprazole modified release (TAK-390MR), a proton pump inhibitor with a dual delayed-release formulation: results of four randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled, single-centre studies. Gunawardhana, L; Lee, RD; Mulford, D; Vakily, M; Wu, J, 2009)	0.35
"Mean C(max) and AUC values were generally similar for each test substrate when administered with multiple once-daily doses of dexlansoprazole MR or placebo."	( Drug interaction studies with dexlansoprazole modified release (TAK-390MR), a proton pump inhibitor with a dual delayed-release formulation: results of four randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled, single-centre studies. Gunawardhana, L; Lee, RD; Mulford, D; Vakily, M; Wu, J, 2009)	0.35
"Warfarin is an anticoagulant with numerous drug-drug interactions."	( Warfarin potentiation: a review of the "FAB-4" significant drug interactions. Bird, J; Shaw, D; Thi, L, 2009)	3.24
"A novel algorithm, based on the population PK/PD model combined with Bayesian forecasting, gave precise predictions of maintenance dose, leading to individualized warfarin therapy."	( Warfarin-dosing algorithm based on a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model combined with Bayesian forecasting. Higuchi, S; Ieiri, I; Sasaki, T; Tabuchi, H, 2009)	1.99
" Warfarin is widely used for the management of clotting disorders and is prone to drug-drug interactions that can result in subtherapeutic anticoagulation or over-anticoagulation."	( Drug interactions with antiretrovirals and warfarin. Liedtke, MD; Rathbun, RC, 2010)	1.53
"The mechanism and clinical significance of drug-drug interactions between warfarin and individual antiretrovirals are discussed."	( Drug interactions with antiretrovirals and warfarin. Liedtke, MD; Rathbun, RC, 2010)	0.85
"The purpose of this article is to report the first case of markedly increased anticoagulant activity of warfarin when used in combination with doxifluridine, given as a replacement for capecitabine."	( Increased anticoagulant activity of warfarin used in combination with doxifluridine. Genda, T; Hori, S; Miki, A; Nakajima, M; Satoh, H; Sawada, Y; Suehira, M, 2010)	0.85
"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to interact with the oral anticoagulant warfarin and can cause a serious bleeding complication."	( Risk factors of drug interaction between warfarin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in practical setting. Ahn, H; Choi, KH; Kim, AJ; Kim, KB; Kim, KH; Lee, EB; Son, IJ, 2010)	0.84
" Drug-drug interactions were investigated when nebivolol was coadministered to subjects classified as poor CYP2D6 metabolizers and extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers who were receiving other drugs commonly administered to patients with hypertension or compounds metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6."	( Effects of commonly administered agents and genetics on nebivolol pharmacokinetics: drug-drug interaction studies. Gorski, JC; Lindamood, C; Ortiz, S; Rackley, R; Shaw, A, 2011)	0.37
" The goal of the present study was to determine whether AUR and ACA are effective either alone or in combination with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for suppressing SCC tumor growth."	( Effects of ATRA combined with citrus and ginger-derived compounds in human SCC xenografts. Adegboyega, P; Clifford, JL; Gill, JN; Kleiner-Hancock, HE; Mathis, JM; Prince, M; Remeika, A; Robbins, D; Shi, R; Syed, Z, 2010)	0.36
" However, in combination with ATRA at 5, 10, and 30 ppm, ACA 500 ppm significantly inhibited tumor volume by 56%, 62%, and 98%, respectively."	( Effects of ATRA combined with citrus and ginger-derived compounds in human SCC xenografts. Adegboyega, P; Clifford, JL; Gill, JN; Kleiner-Hancock, HE; Mathis, JM; Prince, M; Remeika, A; Robbins, D; Shi, R; Syed, Z, 2010)	0.36
" An important drug-drug interaction between amiodarone and vitamin K antagonists is encountered frequently in daily clinical practice."	( Dronedarone and vitamin K antagonists: a review of drug-drug interactions. Becker, RC; Fiuzat, M; Shirolkar, SC, 2010)	0.36
" No drug-drug interaction between pitavastatin and warfarin was demonstrated."	( Drug-drug interaction study to assess the effects of multiple-dose pitavastatin on steady-state warfarin in healthy adult volunteers. Arana, B; Gosho, M; Hunt, T; Inagaki, Y; Morgan, R, 2011)	0.84
"The aim of this study was to assess the information regarding warfarin interactions that is included in the official labeling of prescription products that interact with warfarin."	( Evaluation of warfarin drug interaction listings in US product information for warfarin and interacting drugs. Anthony, M; Armstrong, EP; Ceron-Cabrera, D; Hines, LE; Malone, DC; Romero, K; Woosley, RL, 2011)	0.97
"This assessment of official US product labeling for 50 drugs, biologics, and drug classes known to interact with warfarin, comprising 73 distinct agents, found that 15% failed to mention the interaction, even though the interaction was mentioned in the warfarin labeling."	( Evaluation of warfarin drug interaction listings in US product information for warfarin and interacting drugs. Anthony, M; Armstrong, EP; Ceron-Cabrera, D; Hines, LE; Malone, DC; Romero, K; Woosley, RL, 2011)	0.94
"To categorize the appropriateness of provider and pharmacist responses to warfarin critical drug-drug interaction (cDDI) alerts, assess responses and actions to the cDDI, and determine the occurrence of warfarin adverse drug events (ADE) after alerts."	( Provider and pharmacist responses to warfarin drug-drug interaction alerts: a study of healthcare downstream of CPOE alerts. Boro, MS; Davoren, JB; Korman, NE; Miller, AM, 2011)	0.87
" C(max) , AUC and Cl) of D, G and R, when administered with COC (a combination of D, G and R), were C(max) 16."	( Simultaneous in vivo RP-HPLC-DAD quantification of multiple-component and drug-drug interaction by pharmacokinetics, using 6,7-dimethylesculetin, geniposide and rhein as examples. Jiao, G; Sun, H; Sun, W; Wang, X; Yuan, Y; Zhang, A, 2012)	0.38
"The induction of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes is one of the risk factors for drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Investigation of drug-drug interactions caused by human pregnane X receptor-mediated induction of CYP3A4 and CYP2C subfamilies in chimeric mice with a humanized liver. Hasegawa, M; Inoue, R; Kakuni, M; Tahara, H; Tateno, C; Ushiki, J, 2012)	0.38
"Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can occur when two drugs interact with the same gene product."	( Discovery and explanation of drug-drug interactions via text mining. Altman, RB; Garten, Y; Percha, B, 2012)	0.38
"To investigate the effects of platycodin D in combination with different active ingredients of Chinese herbs under different therapeutic principles on proliferation and invasion of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines."	( [Effects of platycodin D in combination with different active ingredients of Chinese herbs on proliferation and invasion of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines]. Guo, BF; Han, XH; Liu, S; Ye, YY, 2012)	0.38
"Verifying study showed that the inhibitory effects of platycodin D in combination with curcumenol or osthole on proliferation of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells were better than those of platycodin D in combination with Ophiopogon total saponins and each ingredient used alone (P<0."	( [Effects of platycodin D in combination with different active ingredients of Chinese herbs on proliferation and invasion of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines]. Guo, BF; Han, XH; Liu, S; Ye, YY, 2012)	0.38
"This study is to assess pharmacokinetic (PK) sampling time schedules and trial size requirements of drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies for CYP2C9, based on S-warfarin population PK models."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of S-warfarin to evaluate the design of drug-drug interaction studies for CYP2C9. Aarons, L; Gueorguieva, I; Klein, K, 2012)	0.84
"To study the drug-drug interaction of morinidazole and warfarin and its application, a sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of R-warfarin/S-warfarin in human plasma."	( [Enantioselective determinination of R-warfarin/S-warfarin in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a drug-drug interaction study]. Chen, XY; Jin, S; Liu, K; Zhang, YF; Zhong, DF, 2012)	0.9
"The hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) influence the pharmacokinetics of several drug classes and are involved in many clinical drug-drug interactions."	( Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR, 2012)	0.38
" These data suggest that GLT is unlikely to interact with drugs."	( Evaluation of food-drug interaction of guava leaf tea. Iwadate-Iwata, E; Kaneko, K; Kato, I; Onoue, M; Suzuki, K; Uchida, K, 2013)	0.39
"To investigate potential drug-drug interactions between empagliflozin and warfarin."	( Lack of drug-drug interaction between empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and warfarin in healthy volunteers. Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Rose, P; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.84
"No drug-drug interactions were observed between empagliflozin and warfarin, indicating that empagliflozin and warfarin can be co-administered without dosage adjustments of either drug."	( Lack of drug-drug interaction between empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and warfarin in healthy volunteers. Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Rose, P; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.84
"Warfarin, a frequently prescribed anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index, is susceptible to drug-drug interactions with antiretroviral therapy (ART)."	( Clinical implications of antiretroviral drug interactions with warfarin: a case-control study. Darin, KM; Esterly, JS; Gerzenshtein, L; Othman, F; Postelnick, MJ; Scarsi, KK, 2013)	2.07
" Prompt dose titration to achieve a higher WMD with vigilant monitoring may be required due to these drug-drug interactions."	( Clinical implications of antiretroviral drug interactions with warfarin: a case-control study. Darin, KM; Esterly, JS; Gerzenshtein, L; Othman, F; Postelnick, MJ; Scarsi, KK, 2013)	0.63
"We sought to compare the effects of clopidogrel combined with warfarin with clopidogrel alone in the prevention of restenosis after endovascular treatment (EVT) of the femoropopliteal artery."	( A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial on clopidogrel combined with warfarin versus clopidogrel alone in the prevention of restenosis after endovascular treatment of the femoropopliteal artery. Feng, Y; Guo, M; Li, H; Liang, G; Luo, X; Zhang, C; Zhang, F, 2013)	0.86
"Between June 2008 and May 2009, 88 consecutive patients referred for EVT were randomly divided into a clopidogrel group (42 cases) and a clopidogrel combined with warfarin group (46 cases) before the procedure."	( A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial on clopidogrel combined with warfarin versus clopidogrel alone in the prevention of restenosis after endovascular treatment of the femoropopliteal artery. Feng, Y; Guo, M; Li, H; Liang, G; Luo, X; Zhang, C; Zhang, F, 2013)	0.81
"One of the few cases reported in the literature, this article reviews the case of a 66-year-old man who developed an elevated international normalized ratio and sustained clinically significant bleeding as a result of a drug-drug interaction between warfarin and amoxicillin."	( A clinically significant drug interaction between warfarin and amoxicillin resulting in persistent postoperative bleeding in a dental patient. Donaldson, M; Goodchild, JH, 2013)	0.82
"Blue-violet LED irradiation combined with hemostatic gelatin sponge treatment yielded hemostasis of the extraction socket within 30 seconds without suture in most cases."	( Blue-violet light-emitting diode irradiation in combination with hemostatic gelatin sponge (Spongel) application ameliorates immediate socket bleeding in patients taking warfarin. Ando, T; Ishikawa, I; Katagiri, S; Kumasaka, A; Morita, S; Okamoto, T; Okano, T, 2014)	0.6
" Serotonin-modulating antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs], serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors [SNRIs]) are frequently used in combination with warfarin, but it is unclear whether this combination of drugs influences outcome after primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PICH)."	( Association between warfarin combined with serotonin-modulating antidepressants and increased case fatality in primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a population-based study. Bode, MK; Hillbom, M; Huhtakangas, J; Juvela, S; Löppönen, P; Saloheimo, P; Tetri, S, 2014)	0.92
"Pradigastat, a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 inhibitor, was evaluated for both pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) drug-drug interactions when co-administered with digoxin or warfarin in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction assessment between pradigastat and digoxin or warfarin. Chen, J; Danis, K; Lee, Z; Majumdar, T; Meyers, D; Neelakantham, S; Rebello, S; Sunkara, G; Yan, JH, 2014)	0.81
" Liver transplant patients receive a large number of medications and adverse drug reactions, and drug-drug interactions must be closely monitored."	( Liver injury possibly related to drug interaction after liver transplant: a case report. Jiang, WT; Liu, YH; Pan, C; Thian, Y; Zhu, LQ, 2014)	0.4
"Close monitoring and prompt discontinuation of the drugs with high volume of distribution and metabolized through the liver are necessary to avoid drug-drug interaction in liver transplant patients."	( Liver injury possibly related to drug interaction after liver transplant: a case report. Jiang, WT; Liu, YH; Pan, C; Thian, Y; Zhu, LQ, 2014)	0.4
" This open-label, single-sequence 2-period phase 1 study in healthy subjects evaluated the potential drug-drug interactions between mipomersen and warfarin."	( Lack of clinical pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between warfarin and the antisense oligonucleotide mipomersen. Boltje, I; Grundy, JS; Hard, ML; Li, Z; Singh, T; von Moltke, LL, 2014)	0.83
" Therefore, the potential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between sucroferric oxyhydroxide and selected drugs commonly taken by dialysis patients were investigated."	( Drug-drug interactions between sucroferric oxyhydroxide and losartan, furosemide, omeprazole, digoxin and warfarin in healthy subjects. Chong, E; Kalia, V; Willsie, S; Winkle, P, 2014)	0.62
"Systemic exposure based on AUC0-∞ for all drugs, and AUC0-24 for all drugs except omeprazole (for which AUC 0-8 h was measured), was unaffected to a clinically significant extent by the presence of sucroferric oxyhydroxide, irrespective of whether sucroferric oxyhydroxide was administered with the drug or 2 h earlier."	( Drug-drug interactions between sucroferric oxyhydroxide and losartan, furosemide, omeprazole, digoxin and warfarin in healthy subjects. Chong, E; Kalia, V; Willsie, S; Winkle, P, 2014)	0.62
"There is a low risk of drug-drug interactions between sucroferric oxyhydroxide and losartan, furosemide, digoxin and warfarin."	( Drug-drug interactions between sucroferric oxyhydroxide and losartan, furosemide, omeprazole, digoxin and warfarin in healthy subjects. Chong, E; Kalia, V; Willsie, S; Winkle, P, 2014)	0.83
"To investigate the extent to which clinicians avoid well-established drug-drug interactions associated with warfarin."	( Adherence to guidelines for avoiding drug interactions associated with warfarin--a Nationwide Swedish Register Study. Andersson, ML; Lindh, JD; Mannheimer, B, 2014)	0.85
"Patients in nursing homes are often treated with many drugs concurrently (polypharmacy), which increases the risk of drug-drug interactions."	( [Drug-drug interactions in nursing home patients]. Slørdal, L; Spigset, O; Staurset, HB; Søraas, IA, 2014)	0.4
"The incidence of serious drug-drug interactions among nursing home patients in Trondheim Municipality is low."	( [Drug-drug interactions in nursing home patients]. Slørdal, L; Spigset, O; Staurset, HB; Søraas, IA, 2014)	0.4
" The included patients had at least one elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone laboratory value in the pre-period, continuous warfarin therapy for 100 days prior to levothyroxine initiation, no purchases of medications known to interact with warfarin, no procedures requiring warfarin interruption, and no bleeding or thromboembolic event during the study period."	( An evaluation of the potential drug interaction between warfarin and levothyroxine. Clark, M; Clark, N; Delate, T; Horn, JR; Witt, DM; Wood, MD, 2014)	0.86
"We present a database of prescription drugs and international normalized ratio (INR) data and the applied methodology for its use to assess drug-drug interactions with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs)."	( Pharmacoepidemiological assessment of drug interactions with vitamin K antagonists. dePont Christensen, R; Gagne, JJ; Hallas, J; Larsen, TB; Pottegård, A; Wang, SV, 2014)	0.4
"The aims of this study are to evaluate prevalence and characteristics of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and to evaluate the potential contribution of specific medications, therapeutic categories and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in older adults."	( Understanding adverse drug reactions in older adults through drug-drug interactions. Bettoni, D; Brognoli, F; Concoreggi, C; Marengoni, A; Martini, G; Nobili, A; Onder, G; Pasina, L, 2014)	0.4
" Because of their ability to strongly compete for the ivacaftor binding sites on HSA and AGP, drug-drug interactions between ivacaftor are to be expected with ducosate, montelukast, ibuprofen, dicloxacillin, omeprazole, and loratadine."	( Drug-drug plasma protein binding interactions of ivacaftor. Azad, MA; Baker, M; Carbone, V; Cooper, MA; Huang, JX; Li, J; Schneider, EK; Velkov, T, 2015)	0.42
"Warfarin is known to interact with many drugs; however, there are currently no descriptions of an interaction with linezolid in the literature."	( Potential drug interaction between warfarin and linezolid. Arima, C; Hidaka, H; Kakuma, T; Masunaga, K; Miura, M; Naito, T; Qin, L; Sakai, Y; Watanabe, H, 2015)	2.14
" High doses of amoxicillin/clavulanate were associated with a higher risk of over-anticoagulation when combined with warfarin than were normal doses."	( Warfarin-drug interactions: An emphasis on influence of polypharmacy and high doses of amoxicillin/clavulanate. Abdel-Aziz, MI; Ali, MA; Elfaham, TH; Hassan, AK, 2016)	2.09
"This example of the application of PBPK modeling to predict drug-drug interactions was used to support the labeling of macitentan (Opsumit)."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Macitentan: Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions. Buchmann, S; de Kanter, R; Delahaye, S; Gnerre, C; Kohl, C; Segrestaa, J; Sidharta, PN; Treiber, A, 2016)	0.43
" However, this drug-drug interaction is sparsely investigated in a clinical setting."	( The potential drug-drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and warfarin. Damkier, P; Hansen, MR; Henriksen, DP; Pottegård, A; Rasmussen, L; Stage, TB, 2015)	0.65
"We found no evidence of a clinically meaningful drug-drug interaction between PPIs and warfarin in a Northern European patient population of unselected patients from an everyday outpatient and primary care clinical setting."	( The potential drug-drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and warfarin. Damkier, P; Hansen, MR; Henriksen, DP; Pottegård, A; Rasmussen, L; Stage, TB, 2015)	0.87
"Potential drug-drug DDIs were analyzed for 276,891 dispensed community pharmacy prescriptions."	( Identifying high risk medications causing potential drug-drug interactions in outpatients: A prescription database study based on an online surveillance system. Airaksinen, M; Laine, K; Mikkola, JA; Toivo, TM, )	0.13
" When WF is combined with S-1, the prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR) and dose adjustment of WF should be closely monitored."	( [Evaluation of Drug Interaction between S-1 and Warfarin]. Fuse, N; Ikegawa, K; Nomura, H; Saito, S; Suzuki, S; Yamamoto, K, 2016)	0.69
" Clinically significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between these drugs have been recognized through case studies for many years, but the biochemical mechanisms causing these interactions have not been explained fully."	( Mechanism of Drug-Drug Interactions Between Warfarin and Statins. Bohnert, T; Gan, LL; LeDuc, BW; Shaik, AN; Williams, DA, 2016)	0.7
"Background Drug-drug interactions in patients taking warfarin may contribute to a higher risk of adverse events."	( Study of warfarin utilization in hospitalized patients: analysis of possible drug interactions. Camargo, HP; Girotto, E; Guidoni, CM; Obreli-Neto, PR; Pereira, LR, 2016)	1.1
"0) combined with ASA (mean dose ≥100 mg/day) and ASA."	( Efficacy and safety of aspirin combined with warfarin after acute coronary syndrome : A meta-analysis. Huang, X; Li, J; Li, L; Shen, C; Wu, C; Zhang, P; Zhang, W, 2017)	0.71
"Knowledge about drug-drug interactions commonly arises from preclinical trials, from adverse drug reports, or based on knowledge of mechanisms of action."	( Identifying Drug-Drug Interactions by Data Mining: A Pilot Study of Warfarin-Associated Drug Interactions. Andersson, C; Clemmensen, L; Fosbøl, EL; Gislason, GH; Hansen, PW; Køber, L; Sehested, TS; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2016)	0.67
" This opens up for the use of data mining to discover unknown drug-drug interactions in cardiovascular medicine."	( Identifying Drug-Drug Interactions by Data Mining: A Pilot Study of Warfarin-Associated Drug Interactions. Andersson, C; Clemmensen, L; Fosbøl, EL; Gislason, GH; Hansen, PW; Køber, L; Sehested, TS; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2016)	0.67
"He was confirmed as PVOD combined with PE by biopsy of the explanted lung specimen."	( A case report of PVOD patient combined with pulmonary embolism: Anticoagulation or not? Guo, W; Hou, X; Jiang, H; Lyu, Y; Paudyal, S; Yuan, X; Zheng, J, 2017)	0.46
"We recommend that PVOD patients combined with PE should be treated with anticoagulation therapy indefinitely to prevent the recurrence of life-threatening PE until they get a chance for lung transplantation."	( A case report of PVOD patient combined with pulmonary embolism: Anticoagulation or not? Guo, W; Hou, X; Jiang, H; Lyu, Y; Paudyal, S; Yuan, X; Zheng, J, 2017)	0.46
" Our experience indicates that medical therapy for hemolysis and suspected LVAD thrombosis with warfarin and eptifibatide alone or in combination with argatroban or heparin appears safe and may be effective, although the episodes of recurrent hemolysis after medical management remain high."	( The Use of Eptifibatide Alone or in Combination With Heparin or Argatroban for Suspected Thrombosis in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Devices. Abramov, D; Birks, E; Bitar, A; Lenneman, A; Massey, T; Slaughter, M; Vijayakrishnan, R, 2017)	0.67
"This phase 1, open-label, crossover study sought to evaluate drug-drug interactions between tivantinib and cytochrome P450 (CYP) substrates and tivantinib and P-glycoprotein."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic drug interaction potential of tivantinib (ARQ 197) using cocktail probes in patients with advanced solid tumours. Gajee, R; Papadopoulos, KP; Puzanov, I; Strickler, JH; Tachibana, M; Wang, Y; Zahir, H, 2018)	0.48
"The data suggest that tivantinib 360 mg twice daily has either a minimal or no effect on the pharmacokinetics of probe drugs for CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrates, and decreases the systemic exposure of P-glycoprotein substrates when administered with tivantinib."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic drug interaction potential of tivantinib (ARQ 197) using cocktail probes in patients with advanced solid tumours. Gajee, R; Papadopoulos, KP; Puzanov, I; Strickler, JH; Tachibana, M; Wang, Y; Zahir, H, 2018)	0.48
"There have been concerns about bleeding risks for patients with atrial fibrillation treated with dronedarone in combination with new oral anticoagulants (NOACs)."	( Safety of apixaban in combination with dronedarone in patients with atrial fibrillation. Friberg, L, 2018)	0.48
" All patients with atrial fibrillation who used dronedarone in combination with apixaban or warfarin during 2013-2016 were identified."	( Safety of apixaban in combination with dronedarone in patients with atrial fibrillation. Friberg, L, 2018)	0.7
"Major bleedings were rare among patients with atrial fibrillation treated with dronedarone in combination with apixaban or warfarin."	( Safety of apixaban in combination with dronedarone in patients with atrial fibrillation. Friberg, L, 2018)	0.69
"The use of warfarin, the most commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant, is being questioned by clinicians worldwide due to warfarin several limitations (a limited therapeutic window and significant variability in dose-response among individuals, in addition to a potential for drug-drug interactions)."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of the non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs). Baldessin, L; Bellosta, S; Castiglioni, L; Corsini, A; Gelosa, P; Racagni, G; Tenconi, M, 2018)	0.87
"This study aims to evaluate the associations between switching from warfarin to non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs), exposure to potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs), and major bleeding events in working-age adults with atrial fibrillation (AF)."	( Predictors of Major Bleeding Among Working-Age Adults with Atrial Fibrillation: Evaluating the Effects of Potential Drug-drug Interactions and Switching from Warfarin to Non-vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants. Castelli, G; Feng, X; Innes, K; LeMasters, T; Sambamoorthi, U; Tan, X; Williams, MU; Xiong, L, 2018)	0.91
"Five clinical pharmacology studies evaluated the potential drug-drug interaction between multiple subcutaneous taspoglutide doses and a single dose of lisinopril, warfarin, and simvastatin and multiple doses of digoxin and an oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel."	( Assessment of Drug-Drug Interactions between Taspoglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonist, and Drugs Commonly Used in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Results of Five Phase I Trials. Bogman, K; Brumm, J; Giraudon, M; Hofmann, C; Mangold, B; Niggli, M; Sauter, A; Schmitt, C; Sturm, S; Sturm-Pellanda, C, 2019)	0.71
" Currently, there is no information on whether the frequency of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions and the risk for drug adverse effects differ between older persons with and without diabetes."	( Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions and the risk for drug adverse effects among home-dwelling older persons with and without type 2 diabetes. Haanpää, M; Ikäheimo, I; Karjalainen, M; Kautiainen, H; Mäntyselkä, P; Saltevo, J; Tiihonen, M, 2019)	0.51
"There were no significant differences in the frequency of drug-drug interactions or the risk for drug adverse effects in persons with and without diabetes."	( Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions and the risk for drug adverse effects among home-dwelling older persons with and without type 2 diabetes. Haanpää, M; Ikäheimo, I; Karjalainen, M; Kautiainen, H; Mäntyselkä, P; Saltevo, J; Tiihonen, M, 2019)	0.51
"There is no difference in the frequency of drug-drug interactions or risk for drug adverse effects in older home-dwelling persons with and without diabetes."	( Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions and the risk for drug adverse effects among home-dwelling older persons with and without type 2 diabetes. Haanpää, M; Ikäheimo, I; Karjalainen, M; Kautiainen, H; Mäntyselkä, P; Saltevo, J; Tiihonen, M, 2019)	0.51
"91%, respectively), were separated by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography combined with high-speed counter-current chromatography."	( Development of a method to screen and isolate bioactive constituents from Stellera chamaejasme by ultrafiltration and liquid chromatography combined with semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and high-speed counter current chromatography Hou, W; Huang, Y; Li, S; Liu, C; Wu, T; Xia, J, 2019)	0.51
"This study aimed to compare and determine the prevalence of drug-drug interaction (DDI) and bleeding rate in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients receiving anticoagulants in a clinical setting."	( Prevalence of drug-drug interaction in atrial fibrillation patients based on a large claims data. Kobayashi, H; Koinuma, M; Kuroda, SI; Momo, K; Sugiura, Y; Yasu, T, 2019)	0.51
"The present study aimed to develop a strategy involving quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint qualitative analysis for performing the quality control of Aurantii Fructus."	( Quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker combined with HPLC fingerprint qualitative analyses for comprehensive evaluation of Aurantii Fructus. Cai, X; Huang, D; Lei, Y; Lin, M; Luo, K; Sun, Z; Tan, S; Wang, Y; Xia, X; Yan, J; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Managing this drug-drug interaction (DDI) is challenging because of substantial interpatient variability in DDI magnitude."	( The Magnitude of the Warfarin-Amiodarone Drug-Drug Interaction Varies With Renal Function: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study. Brown, JR; Hennessy, S; Miano, TA; Shashaty, MGS; Yang, W; Zuppa, A, 2020)	0.88
"Administration of finerenone 20 mg once daily confers no risk of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions with substrates of cytochrome P450 enzymes."	( Results from Drug-Drug Interaction Studies In Vitro and In Vivo Investigating the Effect of Finerenone on the Pharmacokinetics of Comedications. Bairlein, M; Gerisch, M; Heinig, R; Loewen, S; Nagelschmitz, J, 2020)	0.56
" The probe cocktail was generally well-tolerated when administered in combination with guselkumab in patients with psoriasis."	( Evaluating Potential Disease-Mediated Protein-Drug Interactions in Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis Receiving Subcutaneous Guselkumab. Chen, D; Piantone, A; Sharma, A; Shu, C; Xu, Y; Xu, Z; Zhou, H; Zhu, Y; Zhuang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" We conducted a register-based cohort study to evaluate the drug-drug interaction between warfarin and statins."	( Drug-drug interaction between warfarin and statins: A Danish cohort study. Andersen, CL; Andersen, JS; Engell, AE; Lind, BS; Persson, F; Pottegård, A; Svendsen, ALO; Willadsen, TG, 2021)	1.13
"We have reported a case of a drug-drug interaction (DDI) involving warfarin and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that resulted in a supratherapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) level."	( Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol dose increase leads to warfarin drug interaction and elevated INR. Bellnier, TJ; Brown, GW; Janda, M; Miskowitz, K, )	0.62
"To characterize the clinical relevance of in vitro drug-drug interaction findings with apararenone (MT-3995), the effects of apararenone on the sensitive substrates of cytochrome P450 3A4 (midazolam) and 2C9 (warfarin), and P-glycoprotein (digoxin), were assessed through a series of studies conducted in healthy volunteers."	( Drug-Drug Interactions of the Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Apararenone With Midazolam, Warfarin, and Digoxin: A Phase 1 Studies in Healthy Volunteers. Kawaguchi, A; Nakamura, T; Shimizu, H, 2020)	0.96
"The findings from this analysis of data from healthy volunteers suggest minimal risk for potential drug-drug interactions between apararenone and other drugs that are likely to be used concurrently in patients."	( Drug-Drug Interactions of the Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Apararenone With Midazolam, Warfarin, and Digoxin: A Phase 1 Studies in Healthy Volunteers. Kawaguchi, A; Nakamura, T; Shimizu, H, 2020)	0.77
" Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of simple coumarins (osthole, umbelliferone, esculin, and 4-hydroxycoumarin) combined with sorafenib (specific inhibitor of Raf (Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma) kinase) in programmed death induction in human glioblastoma multiforme (T98G) and anaplastic astrocytoma (MOGGCCM) cells lines."	( Antiglioma Potential of Coumarins Combined with Sorafenib. Jakubowicz-Gil, J; Langner, E; Maciejczyk, A; Rzeski, W; Skalicka-Woźniak, K; Sumorek-Wiadro, J; Zając, A, 2020)	0.56
"In this in vitro study, possible sensitization effect of suberosin in combination with radiation or hyperthermia was evaluated."	( Suberosin Attenuates the Proliferation of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells in Combination with Radiotherapy or Hyperthermia. Ahmadi, A; Amini, P; Aryafar, T; Ashrafizadeh, M; Farhood, B; Khalafi, L; Mahdavi, SR; Musa, AE; Najafi, M; Nodooshan, SJ; Tavakoli, S, 2021)	0.62
"Suberosin has a potent anti-cancer effect when combined with radiotherapy or hyperthermia."	( Suberosin Attenuates the Proliferation of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells in Combination with Radiotherapy or Hyperthermia. Ahmadi, A; Amini, P; Aryafar, T; Ashrafizadeh, M; Farhood, B; Khalafi, L; Mahdavi, SR; Musa, AE; Najafi, M; Nodooshan, SJ; Tavakoli, S, 2021)	0.62
" The study investigated the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of ceritinib when coadministered with midazolam and warfarin as probe substrates for CYP3A and CYP2C9 activity, respectively."	( Effect of ceritinib on the pharmacokinetics of coadministered CYP3A and 2C9 substrates: a phase I, multicenter, drug-drug interaction study in patients with ALK + advanced tumors. de Braud, F; De Castro Carpeño, J; de Miguel Luken, MJ; Hurtado, FK; Lau, YY; Mau-Sorensen, M; McCulloch, T; Scott, J; Wang, D, 2021)	0.83
" A single dose of a cocktail consisting of midazolam and warfarin was administered with and without concomitant administration of ceritinib."	( Effect of ceritinib on the pharmacokinetics of coadministered CYP3A and 2C9 substrates: a phase I, multicenter, drug-drug interaction study in patients with ALK + advanced tumors. de Braud, F; De Castro Carpeño, J; de Miguel Luken, MJ; Hurtado, FK; Lau, YY; Mau-Sorensen, M; McCulloch, T; Scott, J; Wang, D, 2021)	0.87
"The objective of this paper is to systematically review the literature on drug-drug interactions with warfarin, with a focus on patient-important clinical outcomes."	( Drug-drug interactions with warfarin: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Abbas, M; Agarwal, A; Ahmad, A; Al-Shalabi, F; Benipal, H; Garcia, C; Holbrook, A; Lee, M; Nguyen, L; Obeda, M; Vidug, K; Wang, M; Zeraatkar, D, 2021)	1.13
" We included studies describing drug-drug interactions between warfarin and other drugs."	( Drug-drug interactions with warfarin: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Abbas, M; Agarwal, A; Ahmad, A; Al-Shalabi, F; Benipal, H; Garcia, C; Holbrook, A; Lee, M; Nguyen, L; Obeda, M; Vidug, K; Wang, M; Zeraatkar, D, 2021)	1.15
" Further studies are required to better understand drug-drug interactions leading to thromboembolic outcomes or death."	( Drug-drug interactions with warfarin: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Abbas, M; Agarwal, A; Ahmad, A; Al-Shalabi, F; Benipal, H; Garcia, C; Holbrook, A; Lee, M; Nguyen, L; Obeda, M; Vidug, K; Wang, M; Zeraatkar, D, 2021)	0.92
" Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography combined with quardrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was implemented in both positive and negative ion modes."	( [Study on fragmentation patterns of coumarins in Notopterygium inchum with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry]. Wang, WH; Yan, PZ; Yang, B, 2021)	0.62
" However, clinical guidelines on this drug combination are divergent."	( Drug-drug interactions between vitamin K antagonists and statins: a systematic review. Engell, AE; Hellfritzsch, M; Lind, BS; Pottegård, A; Stage, TB; Svendsen, ALO, 2021)	0.62
" Veverimer is not systemically absorbed, so potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are limited to effects on the absorption of other oral drugs through binding to veverimer in the gastrointestinal tract or increases in gastric pH caused by veverimer binding to hydrochloric acid."	( Assessment of the Potential for Veverimer Drug-Drug Interactions. Biyani, K; Guttendorf, R; Klaerner, G; Lee, A; Li, E; Mathur, V; Parsell, D; Shao, J; Stasiv, Y; Tabakman, S; Tsao, L; Wu, YS, 2021)	0.62
" However, in terms of patients' pathological states, international normalized ratio values combined with drugs used were not associated with disease and may only be a reference for bleeding risk."	( Analysis of the physiological and pathological factors of hospitalized patients taking warfarin and the correlation between drug interactions and warfarin efficacy. Chen, W; Gan, D; Zhang, L, 2021)	0.84
"Sorafenib was suggested to cause drug-drug interaction (DDI) with the common anticoagulant, warfarin based on published studies."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling approach for drug-drug interaction evaluation of warfarin enantiomers with sorafenib. Cai, W; Ghim, JL; Liu, S; Parvez, M; Shin, JG; Sun, H; Tang, Z; Wang, Z; Xiang, X, 2021)	1.05
" This work has demonstrated that using THz spectroscopy combined with DFT calculations is an effective way to analysis of intermolecular weak interactions and biomolecules with similar structures."	( Application of terahertz spectroscopy combined with density functional theory to analysis of intermolecular weak interactions for coumarin and 6-methylcoumarin. Chen, T; Hu, F; Li, Z; Xu, C; Yu, L, 2021)	0.62
"To best promote drug tolerability and efficacy in the clinic, data from drug-drug interaction (DDI) evaluations and subsequent translation of the results to DDI prevention and/or management strategies must be incorporated into the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) product labeling in a consistent manner because differences in language might result in varied interpretations."	( Analysis of Drug-Drug Interaction Labeling Language and Clinical Recommendations for Newly Approved Drugs Evaluated With Digoxin, Midazolam, and S-Warfarin. Henderson, LM; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Steinbronn, CE; Yeung, CK; Yu, J, 2021)	0.82
"The purpose of this paper is to use terahertz (THz) spectroscopy combined with manifold learning and improved support vector machine (SVM) model to identify the coumarin-based food additives."	( Identification of coumarin-based food additives using terahertz spectroscopy combined with manifold learning and improved support vector machine. Chen, T; Ma, L; Tang, Z; Yu, LX, 2022)	0.72
"While the beneficial effects of medications are numerous, drug-drug interactions may lead to adverse drug reactions that are preventable causes of morbidity and mortality."	( Drug interactions in hospital prescriptions in Denmark: Prevalence and associations with adverse outcomes. Andersen, SE; Belling, KG; Biel, JH; Brunak, S; Eriksson, R; Kaas-Hansen, BS; Leal Rodríguez, C, 2022)	0.72
" We measured the prevalence of potential drug-drug interactions in general and discouraged drug pairs in particular during admissions and associations with adverse outcomes: post-discharge all-cause mortality rate, readmission rate and length-of-stay."	( Drug interactions in hospital prescriptions in Denmark: Prevalence and associations with adverse outcomes. Andersen, SE; Belling, KG; Biel, JH; Brunak, S; Eriksson, R; Kaas-Hansen, BS; Leal Rodríguez, C, 2022)	0.72
"Among 2 886 227 hospital admissions (945 475 patients; median age 62 years [IQR: 41-74]; 54% female; median number of drugs 7 [IQR: 4-11]), patients in 1 836 170 admissions were exposed to at least one potential drug-drug interaction (659 525 patients; median age 65 years [IQR: 49-77]; 54% female; median number of drugs 9 [IQR: 6-13]) and in 27 605 admissions to a discouraged drug pair (18 192 patients; median age 68 years [IQR: 58-77]; female 46%; median number of drugs 16 [IQR: 11-22])."	( Drug interactions in hospital prescriptions in Denmark: Prevalence and associations with adverse outcomes. Andersen, SE; Belling, KG; Biel, JH; Brunak, S; Eriksson, R; Kaas-Hansen, BS; Leal Rodríguez, C, 2022)	0.72
"Well-described potential drug-drug interactions are still missed and alerts at point of prescription may reduce the risk of harming patients; prescribing clinicians should be alert when using strong inhibitor/inducer drugs (i."	( Drug interactions in hospital prescriptions in Denmark: Prevalence and associations with adverse outcomes. Andersen, SE; Belling, KG; Biel, JH; Brunak, S; Eriksson, R; Kaas-Hansen, BS; Leal Rodríguez, C, 2022)	0.72
" The 29 studies identified examined warfarin (n = 17), direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) (n = 8), and antiplatelet agents (n = 4) combined with rifampin (n = 28) or rifabutin (n = 1)."	( Systematic review of drug-drug interactions between rifamycins and anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents and considerations for management. Canonica, T; Keh, C; Louie, J; MacDougall, C; P Phan, BA, 2022)	1
" Both warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants are susceptible to drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Drug Interactions Affecting Oral Anticoagulant Use. Chung, MK; Dukes, J; Ezekowitz, MD; Gengler, BE; Gopinathannair, R; Lakkireddy, D; Lip, GYH; Mar, PL; Miletello, M; Noseworthy, PA; Olshansky, B; Perez, A; Reiffel, J; Tisdale, JE, 2022)	1.2
" Endorsed by the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have displaced warfarin as the OAC of choice for both conditions, due to improved safety profiles, fewer drug-drug and drug-diet interactions, and lack of monitoring requirements."	( Personalizing Direct Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for a Diverse Population: Role of Race, Kidney Function, Drug Interactions, and Pharmacogenetics. Brown, TM; Davis, BH; Goff, B; Limdi, NA; Narayan, R; Thompson, LE, 2023)	1.11
" In addition, this case used amiodarone (AMD), and it has been reported that the RDV concentration increases when used in combination with AMD."	( [Significant Prolongation of the International Normalized Ratio Associated with COVID-19 Treatment: Possible Drug Interaction with Remdesivir]. Bando, Y; Ishii, H; Otori, K; Yokota, N, 2022)	0.72
" The in vitro results corroborated this drug-drug interaction and correlated to the clinical findings."	( Dicloxacillin-warfarin drug-drug interaction-A register-based study and in vitro investigations in 3D spheroid primary human hepatocytes. Dalgård Dunvald, AC; Ernst, MT; Hammer, HS; Järvinen, E; Pottegård, A; Pötz, O; Stage, TB, 2023)	1.27
"Whether there are differences in direct oral anticoagulants efficacy and safety in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) combined with hypertension is unclear."	( Efficacy and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Combined With Hypertension: A Multicenter, Retrospective Cohort Study. Chen, X; Dai, H; Du, X; Gu, P; Guan, C; Huang, N; Huang, X; Li, R; Lin, X; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Lv, M; Wu, T; Xu, W; Zhang, J; Zhang, M; Zhang, W; Zheng, Q; Zhu, Z, 2023)	0.91

Bioavailability

The anticoagulant response to warfarin, a narrow therapeutic index drug, increases with age. Warfarin has a long half-life and high bioavailability that allow for once-daily administration.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" There was no consistent effect on the metabolism of dicumarol following treatment with amitriptyline or nortriptyline although the bioavailability of dicumarol appeared to be increased."	( Effects of tricyclic antidepressants on drug metabolism. Birkett, DJ; Graham, GG; Pond, SM; Wade, DN, 1975)	0.25
" administration of coumarin in a cross-over study have been analyzed for extent of bioavailability (EBA) and first-pass effect (FPE)."	( First-pass effect of coumarin in man. Brady, ME; Ritschel, WA; Tan, HS, 1979)	0.26
"The period of time after administration over which blood level measurements are required to obtain a reliable bioavailability comparison of two or more formulations of the same drug was considered by the analysis of bioavailability data taken from the literature."	( Comparative bioavailabilities from truncated blood level curves. Lovering, EG; McGilveray, IJ; McMillan, I; Tostowaryk, W, 1975)	0.25
" The absorption rate (Ka), volume of distribution (Vd) and elimination half-life (T1/2) of warfarin were significantly decreased while Cmax and Tmax were significantly increased after treatment with Danshen."	( The effects of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats. Chan, K; Lo, AC; Woo, KS; Yeung, JH, )	0.57
" We measured RLum in the jejunum of conscious dogs by assessing the absorption rate of two rapidly absorbed probes, glucose, and [14C]warfarin."	( Physiological measurements of luminal stirring in the dog and human small bowel. Anderson, BW; Furne, JK; Levitt, DG; Levitt, MD; Strocchi, A, 1990)	0.48
"The role of absorption rate and enzyme activity on cutaneous metabolism of topically applied xenobiotics was assessed by determining the simultaneous percutaneous penetration/metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-EC) in intact, metabolically viable skin of Sencar mice, hairless guinea pigs, and humans."	( Metabolism of xenobiotics during percutaneous penetration: role of absorption rate and cutaneous enzyme activity. Bronaugh, RL; Collier, SW; Stewart, RF; Storm, JE, 1990)	0.28
"Moricizine is well absorbed after oral administration and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of moricizine. Barbey, JT; Schwartz, SL; Siddoway, LA; Woosley, RL, 1990)	0.28
" However, the bioavailability of vitamin K1 after administration of MM-K was poor (9."	( The bioavailability of a mixed micellar preparation of vitamin K1, and its procoagulant effect in anticoagulated rabbits. Park, BK; Pratt, SK; Scott, AK; White, PM; Winn, MJ, 1989)	0.28
" In dogs the bioavailability of the parent compound was 14%, the absorption of radioactivity 68%."	( Pharmacokinetics of picumast after administration of 14C-picumast dihydrochloride in dogs, rats, rabbits and monkeys. Besenfelder, E; Boehm, E; Neubert, P; Roesch, A; Schaumann, W; Sterz, H, 1989)	0.28
"The pharmacokinetics of picumast dihydrochloride (3,4-dimethyl-7-[4-(4-chlorobenzyl)piperazine-1-yl]propoxycoumarin dihydrochloride) and the pharmacodynamically active metabolites M1 and M2 as well as the absolute bioavailability of picumast dihydrochloride have been studied in healthy volunteers after oral administration of the drug in doses which were considerably higher than therapeutically used."	( Pharmacokinetics of picumast dihydrochloride and its active metabolites M1 and M2 in humans. Besenfelder, E; Dahmen, W; Kaufmann, B; Mosberg, H; Neugebauer, G; Nieder, N; Ponton, T; Wittenbrink-Dix, AM; Woelke-Seidl, E, 1989)	0.28
" absolute bioavailability is 45 +/- 14% for C and 17."	( Pharmacokinetics of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin in the rhesus monkey after intravenous and peroral administration. Denson, DD; Grummich, KW; Ritschel, WA, 1988)	0.27
" A laminar flow model accurately predicted the absorption rate of both probes at all levels of gut distension, as well as the absorption of glucose when RL was the rate-limiting factor in absorption."	( Use of laminar flow and unstirred layer models to predict intestinal absorption in the rat. Kneip, JM; Levitt, DG; Levitt, MD, 1988)	0.27
" Like tetracycline, erythromycin also appears to have the potential for increasing the bioavailability of digoxin in patients who excrete high amounts of reduced digoxin metabolites, apparently through destruction of the gut flora that form these compounds."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions of the macrolide antibiotics. Ludden, TM, )	0.13
" Despite the resistance, bioavailability studies demonstrated normal drug absorption and a prolonged half-life."	( Bioavailability of warfarin in a patient with severe short bowel syndrome. Kearns, PJ; O'Reilly, RA, )	0.46
" Oral warfarin appears to be well absorbed after removal of the majority of the jejunum and ileum."	( Warfarin absorption after massive small bowel resection. Bower, RH; Fischer, JE; LaFrance, RJ; Lutomski, DM, 1985)	2.19
" Available evidence suggests that absorption of amiodarone following oral administration is erratic and unpredictable; oral bioavailability ranges from 22 to 86%."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Kates, RE; Latini, R; Tognoni, G, )	0.13
" Because the bioavailability of salicylate was complete, salicylate was given orally in all subsequent experiments."	( Sex differences in absorption kinetics of sodium salicylate. Miaskiewicz, SL; Shively, CA; Vesell, ES, 1982)	0.26
" In the volunteer study, a significant but small increase in bioavailability was observed for the new formulation."	( Comparison of the bioavailabilities and anticoagulant activities of two warfarin formulations. Bland, R; Harding, SM; Howarth, DJ; Stirling, Y; Stockley, R; Towler, CM, 1982)	0.5
" Oral bioavailability is approx."	( [Pharmacokinetics of Morocromen in animals and man (author's transl)]. Dell, HD; Jacobi, H; Kamp, R; Lorenz, D, 1982)	0.26
" When the prolonged-release dosage form was compared to the peroral solution, the extent of bioavailability of coumarin was 35 per cent, whereas the 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronide was totally available."	( Pilot study on bioavailability of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin upon peroral administration of coumarin in a sustained-release dosage form. Hoffmann, KA; Ritschel, WA, 1981)	0.26
" The results indicate that Danshen extracts can increase the absorption rate constant, area under plasma concentration-time curves, maximum concentrations and elimination half-lives, but decreases the clearances and apparent volume of distribution of both R- and S-warfarin."	( The effects of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on warfarin pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers in rats. Chan, K; Lo, AC; Woo, KS; Yeung, JH, 1995)	0.73
" Its bioavailability by other than the parenteral way of administration is almost negligible."	( -Anticoagulant drugs-. Gulba, DC, 1996)	0.29
" The relative bioavailability of MKH after the administration of the prodrugs was assessed from the area under the plasma concentration of MKO vs."	( Vitamin K prodrugs: 2. water-soluble prodrugs of menahydroquinone-4 for systemic site-specific delivery. Hanada, M; Karube, Y; Matsunaga, K; Matsushima, Y; Oishi, R; Sendo, T; Takata, J, 1995)	0.29
"All compounds showed linear pharmacokinetics, and significant bioavailability of MKH was also observed following the administration of 1 (188%), 2 (87%) and 3 (135%)."	( Vitamin K prodrugs: 2. water-soluble prodrugs of menahydroquinone-4 for systemic site-specific delivery. Hanada, M; Karube, Y; Matsunaga, K; Matsushima, Y; Oishi, R; Sendo, T; Takata, J, 1995)	0.29
" However, coumarin has low absolute bioavailability in man (< 5%), due to extensive first-pass hepatic conversion to 7-hydroxycoumarin followed by glucuronidation."	( Pharmacological and biochemical actions of simple coumarins: natural products with therapeutic potential. Hoult, JR; Payá, M, 1996)	0.29
"Coevaporates of warfarin sodium containing different weight fractions of polyvinylpyrrolidone (Kollidon s5 and 30) polymers of different molecular weights were prepared and their characterization, dissolution properties as well as their bioavailability in rabbits were assessed."	( Improvement of the biological performance of oral anticoagulant drugs. 1. Warfarin. Ammar, HO; el-Nahhas, SA; Ghorab, M; Makram, TS, 1997)	0.87
" Co-administration of candesartan cilexetil with HCTZ produced a statistically significant increase in the bioavailability and Cmax values for candesartan (18% and 25%, respectively)."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies with candesartan cilexetil. Högemann, A; Jonkman, JH; Lins, R; Sennewald, R; van Heiningen, PN; van Lier, JJ, 1997)	0.3
" As a class, these drugs are generally well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (immediate-acting fenofibrate being the exception) and display a high degree of binding to albumin."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of fibric acid derivatives (fibrates). Miller, DB; Spence, JD, 1998)	0.3
"This randomized, controlled study evaluated the bioavailability of phylloquinone from an intravenous lipid emulsion."	( Bioavailability of phylloquinone from an intravenous lipid emulsion. Camilo, ME; Davidson, K; Jatoi, A; Mason, JB; O'Brien, M; Sadowski, JA; Sokoll, L, 1998)	0.3
" This results in a diminished first pass metabolism with higher bioavailability and increased maximal plasma concentrations of substrates of this enzyme."	( Drug interactions with grapefruit juice. Extent, probable mechanism and clinical relevance. Fuhr, U, 1998)	0.3
" The clearance and oral bioavailability values for theophylline, atenolol, propranolol, warfarin, BMS-182874 and BMS-A were determined from continuous withdrawal or intermittent sampling experiments."	( Continuous blood withdrawal as a rapid screening method for determining clearance of oral bioavailability in rats. Humphreys, WG; Morrison, RA; Obermeier, MT, 1998)	0.52
" The method should prove useful in drug discovery screening, where the evaluation of large numbers of compounds for systemic clearance or oral bioavailability is often necessary."	( Continuous blood withdrawal as a rapid screening method for determining clearance of oral bioavailability in rats. Humphreys, WG; Morrison, RA; Obermeier, MT, 1998)	0.3
"The present studies were undertaken to compare the relative pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability of two chemically related natural products which are nonnucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase."	( Pharmaceutical properties of related calanolide compounds with activity against human immunodeficiency virus. Chen, W; Madden, TL; Newman, RA, 1998)	0.3
" Coumadin, because of its predictability and bioavailability to interrupt the coagulation cascade to prevent thrombus formation."	( Warfarin sodium (Coumadin) anticoagulant therapy for vascular access patency. Kinzner, CL, 1998)	1.74
"Grapefruit juice has been shown to enhance oral bioavailability of several drugs including coumarin."	( Naringenin and interindividual variability in interaction of coumarin with grapefruit juice. Bourian, M; Freudenstein, J; Krisp, A; Legrum, W; Runkel, M; Tegtmeier, M, 1999)	0.3
" However, the clinical development of orally active RGD analogs has been hindered by the low oral bioavailability of many such RGD analogs."	( A coumarin-based prodrug strategy to improve the oral absorption of RGD peptidomimetics. Borchardt, RT; Camenisch, G; Hugger, E; Sane, DC; Wang, B; Wang, W; Wheeler, GL; Zhang, H, 2000)	0.31
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."	( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability. Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)	0.31
" The bioavailability of many drugs was tested with grapefruit juice (GJ) coadministration; the inhibition on cytochrome P450 seems due to a synergic action between flavonoids and coumarins."	( Grapefruit: the last decade acquisitions. Tirillini, B, 2000)	0.31
" The reference formulation (R) was assigned a bioavailability of 90%."	( Are the current bioequivalence standards sufficient for the acceptance of narrow therapeutic index drugs? Utilization of a computer simulated warfarin bioequivalence model. Friesen, MH; Walker, SE, )	0.33
" The usual bioavailability of warfarin should be 100%."	( A subtherapeutic international normalized ratio despite increasing doses of warfarin: could this be malabsorption? Delgado, LL; Frazee, LA; Haupt, KM; Lara, LF; Rutecki, GW, 2000)	0.82
" Thus, other properties for good bioavailability besides log P should also be taken into consideration."	( Comparative quantitative structure-activity study of radical scavengers. Boonchoong, P; Vajragupta, O; Wongkrajang, Y, 2000)	0.31
" The bioavailability and nontoxic profile of NM-3 suggests that the efficacy of this agent should be tested in clinical radiotherapy."	( NM-3, an isocoumarin, increases the antitumor effects of radiotherapy without toxicity. Beckett, MA; Gupta, VK; Hari, DM; Hellman, S; Jaskowiak, NT; Kalluri, R; Koons, AM; Kufe, DW; Mauceri, HJ; Posner, MC; Reimer, C; Salloum, RM; Seetharam, S; Weichselbaum, RR, 2000)	0.31
" Single-dose and steady-state studies in rats indicated that danshen increased the absorption rate constants, AUCs, maximum concentrations, and elimination half-lives, but decreased the clearances and apparent volume of distribution of both R- and S-warfarin."	( Interaction between warfarin and danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza). Chan, TY, 2001)	0.82
" Bioavailability (Cmax and area under the curve) increased approximately in proportion with dose, after single and multiple daily oral doses, over the therapeutic dose range (up to 40-80 mg daily), above which systemic availability of olmesartan increased less than proportionally with increase in dose."	( The pharmacokinetic and metabolic profile of olmesartan medoxomil limits the risk of clinically relevant drug interaction. Kirch, W; Laeis, P; Püchler, K, 2001)	0.31
" Moreover, LMWH therapy offers multiple advantages, including improved bioavailability at lower doses, reduced heparin resistance, a longer half-life, and potentially, less bleeding."	( Outpatient-based treatment protocols in the management of venous thromboembolic disease. Spyropoulos, AC, 2000)	0.31
" Both the clinical cases and the in vitro study showed that several enteral feeding products bind warfarin, reducing the bioavailability of the drug."	( Warfarin resistance and enteral feedings: 2 case reports and a supporting in vitro study. Allen, JB; Cabacungan, LR; Penrod, LE, 2001)	1.97
"This paper describes a graphical model for simplifying in vitro absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination (ADME) data analysis through the estimation of oral bioavailability (%F) of drugs in humans and other species."	( Graphical model for estimating oral bioavailability of drugs in humans and other species from their Caco-2 permeability and in vitro liver enzyme metabolic stability rates. Hwang, KK; Mandagere, AK; Thompson, TN, 2002)	0.31
" Warfarin has a long half-life and high bioavailability that allow for once-daily administration and a prolonged pharmacodynamic effect."	( Traditional anticoagulant therapy: why abandon half a century of success? Bussey, H, 2002)	1.22
" Optical biosensor analysis, most suited for studying protein/protein or protein/nucleic acid interactions, was sensitive enough to monitor the binding of low molecular weight compounds to human serum albumin and then suitable for a rapid screening of libraries of potential drugs when bioavailability is the research target."	( Rapid screening of small ligand affinity to human serum albumin by an optical biosensor. Bertucci, C; Cimitan, S, 2003)	0.32
"Because a general unidirectional change in INR response per unit warfarin dose cannot be explained by biologic mechanisms or confounding, we conclude that slightly reduced bioavailability (within the acceptable bioequivalence range) of the new formulation led to overestimated period 2 doses and reduced apparent warfarin sensitivity in all patient subgroups (by period 1 dose or INR), which was most prominent in those individuals with the lowest maintenance dose requirements."	( Increased warfarin doses and decreased international normalized ratio response after nationwide generic switching. Halkin, H; Kokia, E; Kurnik, D; Loebstein, R; Shalev, V; Shapiro, J, 2003)	0.96
" Therefore, the observed differences between K1 and MK-4 with respect to inhibition of arterial calcification may be explained by both differences in their tissue bioavailability and cofactor utilization in the reductase/carboxylase reaction."	( Tissue-specific utilization of menaquinone-4 results in the prevention of arterial calcification in warfarin-treated rats. De Mey, JG; Schurgers, LJ; Soute, BA; Spronk, HM; Thijssen, HH; Vermeer, C, )	0.35
"The bioavailability of warfarin is an important factor affecting the achievement of therapeutic anticoagulation."	( Warfarin in the secondary prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: impact of bioavailability on costs and outcomes. Bartle, WR; Mittmann, N; Oh, PI; Walker, SE, 2004)	2.08
"To compare the cost effectiveness of strategies using warfarin products with variable bioavailability in patients with a prior stroke or transient ischaemic attack related to atrial fibrillation."	( Warfarin in the secondary prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: impact of bioavailability on costs and outcomes. Bartle, WR; Mittmann, N; Oh, PI; Walker, SE, 2004)	2.01
"In patients with atrial fibrillation and a prior ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack, the use of one warfarin agent within the range of acceptable bioavailability can be considered economically attractive from the healthcare perspective."	( Warfarin in the secondary prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: impact of bioavailability on costs and outcomes. Bartle, WR; Mittmann, N; Oh, PI; Walker, SE, 2004)	1.98
"2-(8-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-1-oxo-1Eta-2-benzopyran-3-yl)propionic acid (NM-3) is a small molecule isocoumarin derivative that has recently entered clinical trials as an orally bioavailable anticancer agent."	( 2-(8-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-1-oxo-1H-2-benzopyran-3-yl)propionic acid, a small molecule isocoumarin, potentiates dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of human multiple myeloma cells. Agata, N; Kharbanda, S; Kufe, D; Milhollen, M; Nogi, H, 2004)	0.32
" Flavonol-albumin binding is expected to modulate the bioavailability of flavonols."	( Flavonoid-serum albumin complexation: determination of binding constants and binding sites by fluorescence spectroscopy. Dangles, O; Dufour, C, 2005)	0.33
"Inclusion complex between warfarin and beta-cyclodextrin was obtained to improve the in vitro bioavailability of the drug in acidic media."	( Preformulation study of the inclusion complex warfarin-beta-cyclodextrin. Rubessa, F; Zingone, G, 2005)	0.89
" This suggests that diet or traditional preparation containing cnidiadin may contribute to the reversal of MDR1 multidrug resistance and may affect the bioavailability of Pgp substrates orally administered."	( Inhibition of P-glycoprotein transport function and reversion of MDR1 multidrug resistance by cnidiadin. Barthomeuf, C; Béliveau, R; Boivin, D; Demeule, M; Fournier, C; Grassi, J, 2005)	0.33
" Accordingly, it is suitable for quality-control applications, drug monitoring, and bioavailability and bioequivalency studies."	( Spectrofluorimetric determination of warfarin sodium by using N1-methylnicotinamide chloride as a fluorigenic agent. El Barbary, RA; El Dawy, MA; Mabrouk, MM, )	0.4
" Although coadministration with gemfibrozil and fenofibrate increased the bioavailability of ezetimibe, the clinical significance is thought to be minor considering the relatively flat dose-response curve of ezetimibe and the lack of dose-related increase in adverse events."	( Ezetimibe: a review of its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Alton, KB; Bergman, AJ; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Kosoglou, T; Paolini, JF; Statkevich, P, 2005)	0.33
" The present study confirms the microbial origin of the recently reported in vivo generated hydroxy-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one derivatives in humans and is a further step in the study of the bioavailability and metabolism of ellagic acid and ellagitannins."	( Identification of urolithin a as a metabolite produced by human colon microflora from ellagic acid and related compounds. Cerdá, B; Espín, JC; Periago, P; Tomás-Barberán, FA, 2005)	0.33
" The prodrug (3) showed a 4-fold increase in oral bioavailability over the parent drug meptazinol in rats."	( Design, synthesis, and bioavailability evaluation of coumarin-based prodrug of meptazinol. Jiang, Z; Qiu, Z; Wang, X; Xie, Q, 2005)	0.33
"4-(1-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylpiperidine-4-ylmethyl)-6-chlorochromen-2-one (7) is a potent, orally bioavailable melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHr1) antagonist that causes dose-dependent weight loss in diet-induced obese mice."	( Discovery and characterization of aminopiperidinecoumarin melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists. Blackburn, C; Brodjian, S; Brown, J; Brune, M; Bush, E; Che, JL; Collins, CA; Cullis, C; Dayton, BD; Falls, D; Fey, T; Freeman, J; Fry, D; Gao, J; Geddes, B; Govek, E; Hernandez, L; Iyengar, R; Judd, AS; Knourek-Segel, V; Kym, PR; Lai, SJ; LaMarche, MJ; Lynch, JK; Marsh, K; Marsilje, T; McDowell, C; Mulhern, M; Patane, M; Preusser, LC; Reinhart, GA; Roses, J; Sells, T; Sham, HL; Shapiro, R; Souers, AJ; Vasudevan, A; Wodka, D; Zhao, G, 2005)	0.33
"Grapefruit juice has been shown to increase the oral bioavailability of several clinically important drugs by inhibiting first pass metabolism."	( Radical scavenging and cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitory activity of bergaptol and geranylcoumarin from grapefruit. Girennavar, B; Jadegoud, Y; Jayaprakasha, GK; Nagana Gowda, GA; Patil, BS, 2007)	0.34
" This warrants future human tissue bioavailability studies and further clinical studies in men with CaP."	( Pomegranate ellagitannin-derived metabolites inhibit prostate cancer growth and localize to the mouse prostate gland. Aronson, WJ; Belldegrun, A; Harris, DM; Heber, D; Henning, SM; Lee, RP; Moro, A; Pantuck, AJ; Rettig, M; Sartippour, M; Seeram, NP; Suchard, MA; Zhang, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Higher amount of fluorescence observed in the cells treated with WGA nanoparticles, higher and sustained cellular drug levels, and better bioavailability in lungs of WGA-conjugated nanoparticles indicate superiority of WGA-conjugated nanoparticles over unconjugated nanoparticles."	( Wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated nanoparticles for sustained cellular and lung delivery of budesonide. Misra, A; Surti, N, 2008)	0.35
" The results demonstrated that the absorption rate constants (Ka) or apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) of columbianetin acetate, osthole and columbianadin from extract I had no significant difference among concentration ranges of 62-555 microg x mL(-1), 101-887 microg x mL(-1), 19-186 microg x mL(-1), respectively."	( [In situ rats single pass perfusion intestinal absorption of the effectivein components in Radix Angelicae Pubescentis]. Luan, LB; Wu, YN, 2008)	0.35
" There is a major thrust on the development of orally bioavailable anticoagulant drugs (anti-Xa and anti-IIa agents), which are slated to replace oral anticoagulants."	( Survival of heparins, oral anticoagulants, and aspirin after the year 2010. Adiguzel, C; Bick, R; Clarke, M; Demir, M; Fareed, D; Fareed, J; Hoppensteadt, DA; Wahi, R, 2008)	0.35
" However, its bioavailability and metabolism have not been investigated."	( Metabolism and absorption of auraptene (7-geranyloxylcoumarin) in male SD rats: comparison with 7-ethoxycoumarin. Hosotani, K; Kuki, W; Murakami, A; Ohigashi, H, 2008)	0.35
" There is a major thrust on the development of orally bioavailable anti-Xa and IIa agents, which are slated to replace oral anticoagulants."	( Changing trends in anti-coagulant therapies. Are heparins and oral anti-coagulants challenged? Adiguzel, C; Bick, R; Clarke, M; Cunanan, J; Demir, M; Fareed, J; Iqbal, O; Wahi, R, 2008)	0.35
" We previously found compound 1 to be an orally bioavailable FXa inhibitor in fasted monkeys; however, 1 showed poor bioavailability in rats and fed monkeys."	( Discovery of imidazo[1,5-c]imidazol-3-ones: weakly basic, orally active factor Xa inhibitors. Hiroe, K; Imaeda, Y; Kawamoto, T; Kawamura, M; Konishi, N; Kubo, K; Kuroita, T; Sakamoto, H; Tanaka, T; Tobisu, M, 2008)	0.35
" Therefore establishing the bioavailability of polyphenols from these extract preparations is necessary."	( Pomegranate juice and extracts provide similar levels of plasma and urinary ellagitannin metabolites in human subjects. Chen, S; Dreher, M; Heber, D; Henning, SM; Lee, RP; Li, Z; McKeever, R; Nguyen, M; Seeram, NP; Suchard, MA; Thames, G; Wang, D; Zerlin, A; Zhang, Y, 2008)	0.35
"A decline in the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) that causes endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of diabetes."	( High glucose-induced IKK-Hsp-90 interaction contributes to endothelial dysfunction. Centonze, VE; Konopinski, R; Mohan, S; Natarajan, M; Yan, B, 2009)	0.35
"This study was conducted to investigate putative antagonism of integrin receptors alphaMbeta2 and alphaLbeta2 by a novel coumarin derivative (BOL-303225-A), its efficacy in-vivo after retinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury, and its bioavailability in rat plasma."	( New coumarin-based anti-inflammatory drug: putative antagonist of the integrins alphaLbeta2 and alphaMbeta2. Baiula, M; Bucolo, C; Maltese, A; Maugeri, F; Spampinato, S; Spartà, A; Ward, KW, 2008)	0.35
"The results allowed us to predict that these coumarins are well absorbed in the gut lumen and efflux is not limiting the absorption."	( Coumarins permeability in Caco-2 cell model. Fallarero, A; Galkin, A; Vuorela, PM, 2009)	0.35
" In conclusion, a likely cause of poor osthol bioavailability is rapid phase I metabolism via the cytochrome P450 pathways."	( Determination of osthol and its metabolites in a phase I reaction system and the Caco-2 cell model by HPLC-UV and LC-MS/MS. Hu, M; Wang, K; Xu, H; Yuan, Z; Zhao, Z, 2009)	0.35
" Coumarin and/or VO combined with TA can prolong the resistance time of TET significantly, delay elimination and enhance bioavailability of tetrahydropalmatine."	( [Influence of combination of extractum Angelicae Dahuricae Siccum and total alkaloids of Rhizoma Corydalis on pharmacokinetics of tetrahydropalmatine in rats]. Dai, CL; Liang, XL; Liao, ZG; Wang, GF; Zhang, XH; Zhao, GW, 2009)	0.35
" This method is biologically more relevant because it reflects bioavailability of the test compound to the cells, and the antioxidant action is determined in the cellular environment."	( Urolithins, intestinal microbial metabolites of Pomegranate ellagitannins, exhibit potent antioxidant activity in a cell-based assay. Bialonska, D; Ferreira, D; Kasimsetty, SG; Khan, SI, 2009)	0.35
" SCY-635 was shown to be orally bioavailable in multiple animal species and produced blood and liver concentrations of parent drug that exceeded the 50% effective dose determined in the bicistronic con1b-derived replicon assay."	( SCY-635, a novel nonimmunosuppressive analog of cyclosporine that exhibits potent inhibition of hepatitis C virus RNA replication in vitro. Erdmann, F; Fischer, G; Harris, R; Hopkins, S; Huang, Z; Murray, MG; Ribeill, Y; Scorneaux, B; Smitley, C; Wring, S, 2010)	0.36
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."	( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination. Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)	0.36
"We formulated nano-encapsulation of a naturally occurring coumarin-scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxy coumarin, HMC, C(10)H(8)O(4)), isolated from plant Gelsemium sempervirens having anticancer potentials, with a bio-adhesive agent -polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and tested if its cellular uptake, bioavailability and apoptotic (anticancer) potentials could thus be increased vis-a-vis unencapsulated HMC."	( Polymeric nanoparticle encapsulation of a naturally occurring plant scopoletin and its effects on human melanoma cell A375. Bhattacharyya, SS; Boujedaini, N; Khuda-Bukhsh, AR; Paul, S, 2010)	0.36
" Compound 15l also showed a good oral bioavailability at 42% and effectively inhibited paw edema in rat carrageenan model."	( Structure based optimization of chromen-based TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitors on S1' pocket and their quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study. Cho, M; Choi, JH; Chun, K; Han, G; Joe, BY; Kim, MH; Park, CH; Park, JE; Seo, J; Song, D; Yang, JS; Yoon, H, 2010)	0.36
" Although it is often assumed that use of the oral miconazole gel is acceptable with concomitant warfarin, because of the low bioavailability following buccal administration, drug-drug interactions have been reported following such use."	( Warfarin and miconazole oral gel interactions: analysis and therapy recommendations based on clinical data and a pharmacokinetic model. Miki, A; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y, 2011)	2.03
" The selective CYP3A4 inhibitors, ketoconazole, troleandomycin and ritonavir demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on CMDCK intestinal metabolism, which suggested that co-administration of CMDCK with potent CYP3A inhibitors, such as ritonavir, might decrease its intestinal metabolic clearance and subsequently improve its bioavailability in body."	( [Metabolism of 3-cyanomethyl-4-methyl-DCK, a new anti-HIV candidate, in human intestinal microsomes]. Cui, SL; Deng, JT; Kong, WL; Li, H; Tian, XT; Wen, YY; Xie, L; Zhuang, XM, 2010)	0.36
" Thus, this study suggests that (thiolated) polymers display a promising potential to inhibit cytochrome P450s activity and might turn out to be potentially valuable tools for improving the oral bioavailability of actively secreted compounds by avoiding intestinal metabolism."	( Thiomers: Inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Iqbal, J; Sakloetsakun, D, 2011)	0.37
" In this context, the question was raised whether coumarin in the plant matrix of cinnamon has the same bioavailability as isolated coumarin."	( Relative bioavailability of coumarin from cinnamon and cinnamon-containing foods compared to isolated coumarin: a four-way crossover study in human volunteers. Abraham, K; Lampen, A; Pfister, M; Wöhrlin, F, 2011)	0.37
"Micronization is the most effective way to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs and bioavailability in human body."	( Enhancement of dissolution rate of mitotane and warfarin prepared by using microemulsion systems. Chen, LJ; Chen, YS; Lin, YH; Wu, TC, 2011)	0.62
" In this patient population it is plausible that rifaximin bioavailability increases enough to induce CYP3A4, leading to clinically significant reductions in the bioavailability of CYP3A4 substrates, including R-warfarin."	( Probable interaction between warfarin and rifaximin in a patient treated for small intestine bacterial overgrowth. Hartig, C; Hoffman, JT; Lang, M; Sonbol, E, 2011)	0.85
"Substitution of generic warfarin for imprint warfarin (Coumadin; DuPont/Bristol-Myers Squibb) has been a controversial issue due to bioavailability and bioequivalence concerns."	( Hemorrhagic and thrombotic events associated with generic substitution of warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a retrospective analysis. Biskupiak, JE; Brixner, DI; Fox, ES; Ghate, SR; Hagan, M; Kwong, WJ; Ye, X, 2011)	0.91
" Maintaining patients on a product with consistent bioavailability may optimize the risk-benefit balance of anticoagulation therapy."	( Hemorrhagic and thrombotic events associated with generic substitution of warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a retrospective analysis. Biskupiak, JE; Brixner, DI; Fox, ES; Ghate, SR; Hagan, M; Kwong, WJ; Ye, X, 2011)	0.6
" An in vivo study demonstrated enhanced bioavailability of rapamycin in cubic NP in comparison with native rapamycin in a mouse model with no toxicity and good biocompatibility of void cubic NP at a higher dose of oral administration."	( Enhanced cellular uptake and in vivo pharmacokinetics of rapamycin-loaded cubic phase nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Mohanty, C; Parhi, P; Sahoo, SK, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic study in rats demonstrated that the polymeric micellar nanoparticles significantly enhanced the bioavailability of PTX than Taxol."	( Self-aggregated pegylated poly (trimethylene carbonate) nanoparticles decorated with c(RGDyK) peptide for targeted paclitaxel delivery to integrin-rich tumors. Chen, L; Chen, Y; Fang, X; Gao, X; Gu, J; Jiang, X; Jiang, Y; Law, K; Ren, Q; Ren, X; Sha, X; Wang, X; Xin, H, 2011)	0.37
"The study of fruit and vegetable processing and its effects on the levels of health-promoting constituents and their bioavailability and metabolism is very relevant to understanding the role of these constituents in human health."	( Strawberry processing does not affect the production and urinary excretion of urolithins, ellagic acid metabolites, in humans. Cerdá, B; Espín, JC; García-Conesa, MT; Larrosa, M; Tomás-Barberán, FA; Truchado, P; Vidal-Guevara, ML, 2012)	0.38
" The objective of the present study is to enhance bioavailability of wedelolactone by its complexation with phosphatidyl choline and then formulating it as phyto-vesicles for hepatoprotective activity."	( Development and characterization of phyto-vesicles of wedelolactone for hepatoprotective activity. Dixit, VK; Gupta, NK; Upadhyay, K, 2012)	0.38
" The bioavailability of Pac-MNPs illustrated a prolonged blood circulation in vivo, which demonstrated the presence of significant amounts of drug in rat brain tissues as compared to native paclitaxel."	( The transport of non-surfactant based paclitaxel loaded magnetic nanoparticles across the blood brain barrier in a rat model. Dilnawaz, F; Jagannathan, NR; Mewar, S; Sahoo, SK; Sharma, U; Singh, A, 2012)	0.38
" Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in modulating the bioavailability of these high molecular weight polyphenols."	( Urolithins are the main urinary microbial-derived phenolic metabolites discriminating a moderate consumption of nuts in free-living subjects with diagnosed metabolic syndrome. Andrés-Lacueva, C; Bulló, M; Espín, JC; García-Villalba, R; Jáuregui, O; López-Uriarte, P; Rabassa, M; Salas-Salvadó, J; Tomás-Barberán, F; Tulipani, S; Urpi-Sarda, M, 2012)	0.38
" Ellagitannins exhibit low bioavailability and are transformed in the gut to ellagic acid and its microbiota metabolites urolithin A (Uro-A) and urolithin B (Uro-B)."	( Ellagitannin metabolites, urolithin A glucuronide and its aglycone urolithin A, ameliorate TNF-α-induced inflammation and associated molecular markers in human aortic endothelial cells. Espín, JC; García-Conesa, MT; Giménez-Bastida, JA; González-Sarrías, A; Larrosa, M; Tomás-Barberán, F, 2012)	0.38
" The results indicated that interactions among licorice compounds altered their PK behaviors in 4 aspects: improvement in bioavailability for aglycones (133- and 109-fold increase for liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin, respectively), prolongation in system circulation for glycosides (0."	( Analytical strategy to reveal the in vivo process of multi-component herbal medicine: a pharmacokinetic study of licorice using liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Guo, DA; Liu, CF; Miao, WJ; Qiao, X; Wang, Q; Xiang, C; Ye, M, 2012)	0.38
" Clinical utility via transdermal route was acknowledged using in vivo bioavailability study in male Wistar rats."	( Formulation of niosomal gel for enhanced transdermal lopinavir delivery and its comparative evaluation with ethosomal gel. Kumar, P; Patel, KK; Thakkar, HP, 2012)	0.38
" The oral bioavailability of CMDCK was increased from 15% of the control group to 45% of the RTV concomitant group (2."	( Investigation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and CMDCK, a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Li, H; Shen, GL; Yuan, M; Zhuang, XM, 2013)	0.39
"A novel drug delivery system, TPGS 1000 (TPGS) emulsified zein nanoparticles (TZN), were designed with an objective to improve the oral bioavailability of daidzin, an isoflavone glycoside with estrogenic activities."	( TPGS emulsified zein nanoparticles enhanced oral bioavailability of daidzin: in vitro characteristics and in vivo performance. Gu, L; Zou, T, 2013)	0.39
" The results indicate that bioavailability of ellagitannins appears to be dependent on the composition of gut microbiota."	( Effects of ellagitannin-rich berries on blood lipids, gut microbiota, and urolithin production in human subjects with symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Aura, AM; Espín, JC; Kankainen, M; Kolehmainen, M; Leppänen, T; Maukonen, J; Moilanen, E; Nohynek, L; Oksman-Caldentey, KM; Poutanen, K; Puupponen-Pimiä, R; Seppänen-Laakso, T; Tómas-Barberán, FA; Törrönen, R, 2013)	0.39
" The same trend was observed in a rat in vivo absorption study, in which the highest bioavailability of 134."	( Supersaturated polymeric micelles for oral cyclosporine A delivery. Chen, D; Gan, Y; Xia, D; Yu, H; Zhu, C; Zhu, Q, 2013)	0.39
" Even though OST plays an important role in the BSYZ its bioavailability is poor."	( Bioavailability enhancement of osthole after oral administration of Bushen Yizhi prescription extract to rats followed by Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson fruits extract in comparison to pure osthole at different doses. Chang, X; Chen, Y; Liu, C; Liu, S; Su, R; Wang, Q; Xu, M; Yan, R; Yang, C; Yu, X; Zeng, W; Zhang, L; Zhang, S, 2014)	0.4
"This present study indicated that the bioavailability of pure OST after oral administration was extremely low and it was dramatically enhanced because of the synergistic effect of the traditional Chinese Bushen Yizhi prescription."	( Bioavailability enhancement of osthole after oral administration of Bushen Yizhi prescription extract to rats followed by Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson fruits extract in comparison to pure osthole at different doses. Chang, X; Chen, Y; Liu, C; Liu, S; Su, R; Wang, Q; Xu, M; Yan, R; Yang, C; Yu, X; Zeng, W; Zhang, L; Zhang, S, 2014)	0.4
" Paclitaxel (PTX, 25mg/kg) after oral administration with LL-348 (5mg/kg), the optimal dose of LL-348 as an oral absorption enhancer of PTX, improved the relative bioavailability (RB) of PTX to 961%."	( Effect of coumarin derivative-mediated inhibition of P-glycoprotein on oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel. Chae, SW; Kim, HJ; Kim, NH; Lee, HJ; Lee, K; Rhie, S; Xia, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Present work also suggests that properly optimized encapsulation in appropriate receptor pocket can enhance the bioavailability of drugs."	( Effect of encapsulation in the anion receptor pocket of sub-domain IIA of human serum albumin on the modulation of pKa of warfarin and structurally similar acidic guests: a possible implication on biological activity. Datta, S; Halder, M, 2014)	0.61
" Very little is currently known about roburin bioavailability and biological activity."	( Absorption, metabolism, and effects at transcriptome level of a standardized French oak wood extract, Robuvit, in healthy volunteers: pilot study. Canali, R; Comitato, R; Leoni, G; Maldini, M; Natarelli, L; Natella, F; Schonlau, F; Virgili, F, 2014)	0.4
" 2-Aminoquinoline-based scaffolds were designed with the hope that they could (a) mimic aminopyridines as potent, isoform-selective arginine isosteres and (b) possess chemical properties more conducive to oral bioavailability and CNS penetration."	( Simplified 2-aminoquinoline-based scaffold for potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Chreifi, G; Cinelli, MA; Li, H; Martásek, P; Poulos, TL; Roman, LJ; Silverman, RB, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of solid dispersion to improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of osthole (Ost), a coumarin derivative with various pharmacological activities but with poor aqueous solubility."	( Preparation of osthole-polymer solid dispersions by hot-melt extrusion for dissolution and bioavailability enhancement. Bi, X; Di, L; Kang, A; Li, J; Shan, J; Yun, F; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.4
" Based on, in silico pharmacokinetic studies, compounds 10a-e were identified as lead compounds for future investigation due to their lower toxicity, high drug score values and good oral bioavailability as per OECD guidelines."	( Design and synthesis of novel 2H-chromen-2-one derivatives bearing 1,2,3-triazole moiety as lead antimicrobials. Jain, SC; Kaushik, N; Kushwaha, K, 2014)	0.4
" Analog 1d displayed low bioavailability after oral administration in rats, and this problem was addressed by the synthesis of a series of analogs with different chloro, fluoro, methoxy, triflouromethyl and carboxy substitution patterns at the o-biphenyl group of 1d (1h-1s) and m- and p-pyridine analogs of 1d (1t and 1v)."	( Probing for improved potency and in vivo bioavailability of excitatory amino acid transporter subtype 1 inhibitors UCPH-101 and UCPH-102: design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of substituted 7-biphenyl analogs. Abrahamsen, B; Bastlund, JF; Bunch, L; Bundgaard, C; Demmer, CS; Erichsen, MN; Hansen, J; Jensen, AA; Ruiz, JA, 2014)	0.4
" The absorption rate constant (K(a)) of puerarin increased gradually until the concentration reached 160 µg · mL(-1), after which its absorption became saturated and the apparent permeability (P(app)) values significantly decreased."	( Transport properties of puerarin and effect of extract of Radix Angelicae dahuricae on puerarin intestinal absorption using in situ and in vitro models. Cao, YC; Guan, YM; Liang, XL; Liao, ZG; Zhao, GW; Zhao, LJ; Zhu, JY, 2014)	0.4
" Due to the not well-established bioavailability of ellagitannins, the mechanisms of observed therapeutic effects following oral administration still remain unclear."	( Role of human gut microbiota metabolism in the anti-inflammatory effect of traditionally used ellagitannin-rich plant materials. Granica, S; Kiss, AK; Melzig, MF; Piwowarski, JP; Schopohl, P; Stefańska, J; Zwierzyńska, M, 2014)	0.4
"A pilot intervention study was conducted in human volunteers (n = 4) to establish the bioavailability of urolithins, which are the terminal end-products of ellagitannin metabolism by the gastrointestinal microflora."	( Pilot walnut intervention study of urolithin bioavailability in human volunteers. Gehres, N; Haubner, R; Owen, RW; Pfundstein, B; Ulrich, CM; Würtele, G, 2014)	0.4
" However, green tea may interfere with the oral bioavailability or activity of cardiovascular drugs by various mechanisms, potentially leading to reduced drug efficacy or increased drug toxicity."	( Overview of green tea interaction with cardiovascular drugs. Adachi, E; Cavalca, V; Giroli, MG; Inui, N; Kawabe, K; Laguzzi, F; Misaka, S; Myasoedova, V; Onoue, S; Squellerio, I; Takeuchi, K; Tremoli, E; Veglia, F; Watanabe, H; Werba, JP; Yamada, S, 2015)	0.42
"In vitro studies of ocular bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) from colloidal drug delivery systems do not consider physiological shear stress generated by eyelid wiping and tear flow."	( Cellular uptake of coumarin-6 under microfluidic conditions into HCE-T cells from nanoscale formulations. Al-Halhouli, AT; Bartels, J; Behrends, S; Büttgenbach, S; Dahl, K; Dietzel, A; Finke, JH; Krull, R; Lorenz, T; Müller-Goymann, CC; Peterat, G; Pretor, S; Reichl, S, 2015)	0.42
" Then, PLGA NPs with salvianolic acid B (Sal B), tanshinone IIA (TS IIA), and total panax notoginsenoside (PNS) including notoginsenoside R1 (R1), ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), and ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) were developed to evaluate whether NPs loaded with compound drugs would pass through the RWM and improve the local bioavailability of these agents."	( Enhanced local bioavailability of single or compound drugs delivery to the inner ear through application of PLGA nanoparticles via round window administration. Cai, H; Chen, G; Su, H; Tirelli, N; Wen, L; Wen, X; Yang, F; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Subsequent optimization and removal of the 7-hydroxy group led to coumarin 59, which had increased potency and improved rat bioavailability relative to SS5020."	( Investigation of (E)-3-[4-(2-Oxo-3-aryl-chromen-4-yl)oxyphenyl]acrylic Acids as Oral Selective Estrogen Receptor Down-Regulators. Bailey, A; Callis, R; De Savi, C; Degorce, SL; Ducray, R; Lamont, G; MacFaul, P; Martin, S; Maudet, M; Morgentin, R; Norman, RA; Peru, A; Pink, JH; Plé, PA; Roberts, B; Scott, JS, 2015)	0.42
" Thus, the results presented herein strongly indicate the potential of this scaffold for its use as multi-drug resistance reversal agent or bioavailability enhancer."	( Discovery of 4-acetyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(p-tolyl)-5-methylpyrrole as a dual inhibitor of human P-glycoprotein and Staphylococcus aureus Nor A efflux pump. Bharate, JB; Bharate, SB; Joshi, P; Khan, IA; Kumar, A; Sharma, S; Singh, S; Vishwakarma, RA; Wani, A, 2015)	0.42
" Bioavailability of midazolam was 4% in marmosets, presumably because of contribution of marmoset P450 3A4 expressed in small intestine and liver, with a high catalytic efficiency for midazolam 1'-hydroxylation as evident in the recombinant system."	( Simultaneous pharmacokinetics evaluation of human cytochrome P450 probes, caffeine, warfarin, omeprazole, metoprolol and midazolam, in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Inoue, T; Sasaki, E; Shimizu, M; Toda, A; Uehara, S; Uno, Y; Utoh, M; Yamazaki, H, 2016)	0.66
" Due to the questionable bioavailability of ellagitannins their gut microbiota metabolites-urolithins have come to be regarded as potential factors responsible for biological activities observed in vivo."	( Urolithins, gut microbiota-derived metabolites of ellagitannins, inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Granica, S; Kiss, AK; Moeslinger, T; Piwowarski, JP, 2015)	0.42
" However, the low bioavailability of farnesiferol C limits its therapeutic potential."	( Anti-proliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Dendrosomal Farnesiferol C on Gastric Cancer Cells. Aas, Z; Babaei, E; Dehghan, G; Hosseinpour Feizi, MA, 2015)	0.42
" Promising members of our previously reported 2-aminoquinoline class of nNOS inhibitors, although orally bioavailable and brain-penetrant, suffer from unfavorable off-target binding to other CNS receptors, and they resemble known promiscuous binders."	( Phenyl Ether- and Aniline-Containing 2-Aminoquinolines as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase. Cinelli, MA; Kang, S; Li, H; Martásek, P; Pensa, AV; Poulos, TL; Roman, LJ; Silverman, RB, 2015)	0.42
"We investigated the effect of mixing soy protein isolate and pomegranate juice (PJ) on the bioavailability and metabolism of ellagitannins (ETs) in healthy volunteers."	( Soy protein isolate does not affect ellagitannin bioavailability and urolithin formation when mixed with pomegranate juice in humans. Heber, D; Henning, SM; Hsu, M; Lee, R; Li, Z; ManLam, H; Thames, G; Yang, J, 2016)	0.43
"Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, mucoadhesive polymers and penetration enhancers have been used individually to overcome ocular barriers and increase bioavailability to eye tissues."	( Understanding the influence of surface properties of nanoparticles and penetration enhancers for improving bioavailability in eye tissues in vivo. Katti, DS; Mahaling, B, 2016)	0.43
" As both transient and prolonged exposure to environmental and dietary factors have the potential to lead to heritable alterations in epigenetic states and to modulate additional Sirtuin-dependent phenotypes, we examined the bioavailability and digestive stability of DHC using an in vivo rat model and in vitro digestive simulator."	( Impacts on Sirtuin Function and Bioavailability of the Dietary Bioactive Compound Dihydrocoumarin. Chapple, C; Ferruzzi, MG; Jacobi, JL; Janle, EM; Kirchmaier, AL; Laurentz, SM; Li, X; McCabe, GP; Menze, AK; Yang, B, 2016)	0.43
"The extensive glucuronidation and methylation is responsible for the low oral bioavailability of WEL in rats."	( Wedelolactone metabolism in rats through regioselective glucuronidation catalyzed by uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases 1As (UGT1As). Chen, XY; Huang, XJ; Li, L; Peng, JL; Zhang, CF; Zheng, MY; Zhong, DF, 2016)	0.43
"The Cosmetics Europe Skin Bioavailability and Metabolism Task Force aims to improve the measurement and prediction of the bioavailability of topically-exposed compounds for risk assessment."	( Comparison of protocols for measuring cosmetic ingredient distribution in human and pig skin. Cubberley, R; Duplan, H; Eilstein, J; Gerstel, D; Grégoire, S; Hewitt, N; Jacques-Jamin, C; Klaric, M; Rothe, H; Schepky, A, 2016)	0.43
" This article aimed to develop a nanoencapsulation formulation of PL using water-soluble chitosan and Eudragit S100 and to evaluate its potential for bioavailability enhancement."	( Nanoencapsulation of psoralidin via chitosan and Eudragit S100 for enhancement of oral bioavailability. Song, X; Xiang, C; Yin, J, 2016)	0.43
"8 nm) showed very high physical stability, negligible hemolysis, 428% enhancement in bioavailability with significantly higher intratumoral uptake."	( Tumor stromal disrupting agent enhances the anticancer efficacy of docetaxel loaded PEGylated liposomes in lung cancer. Behl, G; Boakye, CH; Chowdhury, N; Doddapaneni, R; Patel, K; Singh, M, 2016)	0.43
" In this study coumarin derivatives are used to inhibit efflux process and thereby enhance bioavailability of various drugs like paclitaxel (PTX)."	( Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein Mediated Efflux of Paclitaxel by Coumarin Derivatives in Cancer Stem Cells: An In Silico Approach. Misra, K; Tripathi, A, 2016)	0.43
"Coumarins have received a considerable attention in the last three decades as a lead structures for the discovery of orally bioavailable non-peptidic antiviral agents."	( Therapeutic potential of coumarins as antiviral agents. Ahsan, MJ; Ali, MA; Hassan, MZ; Osman, H, 2016)	0.43
"The consumption of foodstuffs yielding circulating compounds able to maintain endothelial function by improving nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability can be considered as an effective strategy for cardiovascular disease prevention."	( Effects on Nitric Oxide Production of Urolithins, Gut-Derived Ellagitannin Metabolites, in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells. Bonadonna, RC; Brighenti, F; Cito, M; Dei Cas, A; Del Rio, D; Fantuzzi, F; Mena, P; Spigoni, V, 2016)	0.43
"AZD1981 is an orally bioavailable chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTh2) receptor antagonist progressed to phase II trials for the treatment of allergic asthma."	( An S-warfarin and AZD1981 interaction: in vitro and clinical pilot data suggest the N-deacetylated amino acid metabolite as the primary perpetrator. Brännström, M; Brealey, C; Gillen, M; Grime, K; Jones, B; Kühn, W; Mant, T; Nordell, P; Pehrson, R; Svanberg, P, 2017)	0.97
" CNM did not pass all parameters of Lipinski's rule of five, with a predicted low oral bioavailability and high plasma protein binding, but with good predicted blood brain barrier penetration."	( Prediction of pharmacokinetic and toxicological parameters of a 4-phenylcoumarin isolated from geopropolis: In silico and in vitro approaches. Beutler, JA; da Cunha, MG; de Alencar, SM; Franchin, M; Franco, GC; Ikegaki, M; Rosalen, PL, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic parameters and absorption rate constants, volumes of the systemic circulation, and hepatic intrinsic clearances for individual PBPK models were estimated for eleven cynomolgus monkeys."	( R-warfarin clearances from plasma associated with polymorphic cytochrome P450 2C19 and simulated by individual physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for 11 cynomolgus monkeys. Hirano, T; Kawano, M; Kusama, T; Mitsui, M; Miura, T; Shimizu, M; Uno, Y; Utoh, M; Yamazaki, H, 2018)	1.2
"Short-term fasting can alter drug exposure but it is unknown whether this is an effect of altered oral bioavailability and/or systemic clearance."	( Effect of Short-Term Fasting on Systemic Cytochrome P450-Mediated Drug Metabolism in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Study Using a Cocktail Approach. Achterbergh, R; Lammers, LA; Mathôt, RAA; Romijn, JA; van Schaik, RHN, 2017)	0.46
" SNEDDS formulation components were rationally selected and optimized for maximum drug loading by applying the design of experiments and further evaluated for stability in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, functional stability of antioxidants, in vitro release, Caco-2 cell uptake, oral bioavailability and prophylactic anticancer activity."	( α-Tocopherol as functional excipient for resveratrol and coenzyme Q10-loaded SNEDDS for improved bioavailability and prophylaxis of breast cancer. Agrawal, AK; Dora, CP; Garg, T; Jain, S; Kushwah, V; Thanki, K, 2017)	0.46
"Targeted drug delivery systems have great potential to overcome the side effect and improve the bioavailability of conventional anticancer drugs."	( Enhanced effect of folated pluronic F87-PLA/TPGS mixed micelles on targeted delivery of paclitaxel. Cheng, F; Gong, YC; Li, YP; Li, ZL; Pan, X; Tao, L; Xiong, XY, 2017)	0.46
" The ability of Psoralidin (Pso), a non-toxic, orally bioavailable compound to inhibit cadmium-induced autophagy to prevent prostate cancer was investigated."	( Inhibition of autophagy prevents cadmium-induced prostate carcinogenesis. Alatassi, H; Ankem, MK; Damodaran, C; Das, TP; Freedman, JH; Kolluru, V; Pal, D; Sears, S; Suman, S, 2017)	0.46
" However, the low bioavailability of ellagitannins and their extensive metabolization in the gastrointestinal tract into ellagic acid and urolithins suggest that the health benefits of consuming ellagitannins rely on the direct effects of their metabolites."	( Urolithins impair cell proliferation, arrest the cell cycle and induce apoptosis in UMUC3 bladder cancer cells. Batista, MT; Carmo, A; Cruz, MT; Gomes, C; Liberal, J, 2017)	0.46
" However, the major limitation of the compound includes poor bioavailability at the tumor site due to short plasma half-life."	( Enhanced anti-metastatic and anti-tumorigenic efficacy of Berbamine loaded lipid nanoparticles in vivo. Kumar Sahoo, S; Parhi, P; Suklabaidya, S, 2017)	0.46
"Among the compounds assayed, auraptene showed to possess potentialities to be a potent activator of both translocation of GLUT4 and glucose influx into skeletal muscle cells with the highest bioavailability among effective compounds."	( The interaction of auraptene and other oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids with glucose transporter type 4. Ashida, H; Daishi, S; Epifano, F; Fiorito, S; Genovese, S; Ikeda, M; Nakgano, T; Taddeo, VA; Yamashita, Y, 2017)	0.46
" After oral administration to mice, BNS-22-loaded siRNP (BNS-22@siRNP) remarkably improves bioavailability and colonic tumor distribution of BNS-22."	( Newly Designed Silica-Containing Redox Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Novel TOP2 Catalytic Inhibitor for Treating Colon Cancer. Kimura, S; Nagasaki, Y; Vong, LB, 2017)	0.46
" As the Ost concentration-time curve showed, Ost-S100-NP can increase the plasma concentration and relative bioavailability of Ost compared with Ost-suspension by oral administration."	( Antifungal activity of osthol in vitro and enhancement in vivo through Eudragit S100 nanocarriers. Cao, YB; Gu, LQ; Han, B; Jiang, YY; Li, LP; Shen, CY; Wang, XJ; Yang, QL; Yu, YQ; Zhang, JY; Zhang, LL, 2018)	0.48
" Despite of the large amounts of in vitro activity information, relatively a little is known about their bioavailability in vivo."	( Theoretical evaluation of ADMET properties for coumarin derivatives as compounds with therapeutic potential. Maciejewska, D; Żołek, T, 2017)	0.46
"Grapefruit juice (GFJ) consumption has been shown to increase the bioavailability of certain orally administered drugs."	( Synthesis of Furanocoumarin, Benzofuran and Coumarin Derivatives Possessing an Inhibitory Effect on Human CYP, and Elucidation of the Inhibitory Mechanism. Yamaguchi, Y, 2017)	0.46
" However, orally consumed geraniin, an ellagitannin, shows low bioavailability and undergoes metabolization to urolithins by gut microbiota."	( An increased autophagic flux contributes to the anti-inflammatory potential of urolithin A in macrophages. Boakye, YD; Groyer, L; Heiss, EH, 2018)	0.48
" absorption rate constants or systemic circulation volumes, were not likely determining factors."	( Association with polymorphic marmoset cytochrome P450 2C19 of in vivo hepatic clearances of chirally separated R-omeprazole and S-warfarin using individual marmoset physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. Inoue, T; Kusama, T; Sasaki, E; Shimizu, M; Toda, A; Uehara, S; Uno, Y; Utoh, M; Yamazaki, H, 2018)	0.69
" Nowadays it is very important to find more selective inhibitors, improve their stability, bioavailability and safety for the human organism."	( Chemical structure and properties of low-molecular furin inhibitors. Kibirev, VK; Osadchuk, TV; Shybyryn, OV, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic experiments show oral bioavailability through gastric absorption."	( Pharmacology and in vivo efficacy of pyridine-pyrimidine amides that inhibit microtubule polymerization. Cescon, DW; Hansen, MD; Hoj, JP; Siddiqui-Jain, A, 2018)	0.48
"Iron is an essential but poorly bioavailable nutrient because of its low solubility, especially in alkaline soils."	( Biosynthesis of redox-active metabolites in response to iron deficiency in plants. Chang, E; Giehl, RFH; Murgia, I; Rajniak, J; Sattely, ES; von Wirén, N, 2018)	0.48
"The study was performed aiming to enhance the solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug osthole by formulating solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) via spherical crystallization technique."	( Preparation and Pharmacokinetics Evaluation of Solid Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System (S-SMEDDS) of Osthole. Chen, J; Fang, W; Gao, S; Gui, Y; Guo, Y; Hu, R; Lu, W; Nie, X; Shen, Q; Sun, C; Wang, B, 2018)	0.48
" The benzoyl chloride derivatives were selected to have different hydrophobic groups and this aims to increase the lipophilicity of the final compounds hoping to increase the bioavailability and thus improve the anti-inflammatory activity."	( Synthesis, In-vivo and In-vitro Anti-inflammatory Evaluation of some Novel Coumarin Derivatives. Al-Wabli, R; El-Haggar, R; Fouad, M, 2018)	0.48
" Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that 1 has an oral bioavailability with an average F-value of 27."	( An antimycobacterial pleuromutilin analogue effective against dormant bacilli. Eslamimehr, S; Franzblau, SG; Kong, Y; Kurosu, M; Lemieux, MR; Mitachi, K; Park, F; Pressly, JD; Siricilla, S; Wang, Y; Yang, D, 2018)	0.48
" The main objective of the current study was to overcome these drawbacks via improved bioavailability by nanoencapsulated emulsions."	( Pickering emulsions stabilized nanocellulosic-based nanoparticles for coumarin and curcumin nanoencapsulations: In vitro release, anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Asabuwa Ngwabebhoh, F; Ilkar Erdagi, S; Yildiz, U, 2018)	0.48
" These findings indicate that RA micelle formulations have great potential as a novel ocular drug-delivery system to improve the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs."	( Novel ultra-small micelles based on rebaudioside A: A potential nanoplatform for ocular drug delivery. Guo, H; Li, J; Li, M; Song, K; Tan, Y; Wu, X; Xin, M; Yu, H; Zheng, Z, 2018)	0.48
" For drugs with narrow therapeutic indexes, such as warfarin, the accepted difference in bioavailability is ≤ 10%."	( Trends in Hospital Visits for Generic and Brand-Name Warfarin Users in Québec, Canada: A Population-Based Time Series Analysis. Blais, C; Guénette, L; Hamel, D; Leclerc, J; Poirier, P; Rochette, L, 2019)	1.01
" These phytochemicals are poorly absorbed and may be transformed by gut microbiota into various metabolites that may impact the colonic mucosa or upon absorption have systemic bioactivity."	( Dietary Black Raspberries Impact the Colonic Microbiome and Phytochemical Metabolites in Mice. Bailey, MT; Clinton, SK; Gu, J; Riedl, KM; Schwartz, SJ; Thomas-Ahner, JM; Vodovotz, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Interestingly, the representative compounds 13 exhibited potent BRD4 binding affinity and cell proliferation inhibitory activity, and especially displayed a favourable PK profile with high oral bioavailability (F = 49."	( Discovery of novel coumarin derivatives as potent and orally bioavailable BRD4 inhibitors based on scaffold hopping. Gu, L; Huang, W; Ma, Z; Shen, Z; Wang, B; Zeng, S; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2019)	0.51
"Osthole, a type of coumarin derivative, owns many biological functions, but the poor water solubility and low bioavailability limit its usage in food and pharmaceutical fields."	( New insights into the binding mechanism between osthole and β-lactoglobulin: Spectroscopic, chemometrics and docking studies. Gong, D; Hu, X; Liu, Y; Pan, J; Wang, R; Zhang, G, 2019)	0.51
" The link between bacterial and viral infections to cancer compels us to highlight fascinating reports from coumarin isolation from microorganisms; comment on the recent bioavailability studies of natural or derived coumarins; and discuss our perspectives with respect to bioisosterism in coumarins, p-glycoprotein inhibition and covalent modification, and bioprobes."	( Translational role of natural coumarins and their derivatives as anticancer agents. Diederich, M; Menezes, JC, 2019)	0.51
"Development of topically administered drug delivery systems for the treatment of ocular diseases have majorly focused on enhancing bioavailability of drugs in the ocular tissues."	( Spatio-temporal control on the delivery of triamcinolone acetonide using polymeric nanoparticles reduces steroid induced cataract. Katti, DS; Reddy, GB; Reddy, SS; Srinivasarao, DA, 2019)	0.51
" However its drawbacks of low bioavailability and big individual difference remain to be improved in clinical application."	( Rapamycin loaded TPGS-Lecithins-Zein nanoparticles based on core-shell structure for oral drug administration. Lv, H; Xie, Z; Zhang, Z, 2019)	0.51
"The global aim of this research was to develop and evaluate self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to improve oral bioavailability of Lurasidone Hydrochloride (LH)."	( Self microemulsifying drug delivery system of lurasidone hydrochloride for enhanced oral bioavailability by lymphatic targeting: In vitro, Caco-2 cell line and in vivo evaluation. Patel, MH; Sawant, KK, 2019)	0.51
" Bioavailability evidence of closely related structural monomers could be applicable to their dimeric forms."	( Natural dimers of coumarin, chalcones, and resveratrol and the link between structure and pharmacology. Diederich, MF; Menezes, JCJMDS, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" This manuscript discusses the bioavailability of coumarin (natural secondary metabolic molecule) that has privileged scaffold for many mycologists to develop it as a broad-spectrum antifungal against several opportunistic mycoses."	( Coumarins: antifungal effectiveness and future therapeutic scope. Kumar, A; Prusty, JS, 2020)	0.56
" We aimed to improve oral bioavailability of UA by formulating it into biodegradable nanoparticles that use a surface-conjugated ligand targeting the gut-expressed transferrin receptor."	( Oral delivery of nanoparticle urolithin A normalizes cellular stress and improves survival in mouse model of cisplatin-induced AKI. Arora, M; Ganugula, R; Kumar, MNVR; Nabity, MB; Sheikh-Hamad, D; Zou, D, 2019)	0.51
" In addition, 9d demonstrated decent bioavailability (F = 39."	( Synthesis and discovery of new compounds bearing coumarin scaffold for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Chen, L; Deng, D; Lan, T; Pei, H; Tang, M; Xue, L; Yang, Z; Ye, H; Zheng, S; Zhu, J, 2020)	0.56
" Hence, the absolute bioavailability of skimmin was approximately 25."	( Determination and pharmacokinetic study of skimmin by UHPLC-MS/MS in rat plasma. He, X; Lou, Y; Lu, X; Qiu, Y; Wu, H; Wu, Z; Zheng, J, 2020)	0.56
" Glycycoumarin (GCM) is a representative coumarin compound in licorice with favorable bioavailability feature."	( Protective effects of glycycoumarin on liver diseases. Fan, L; Hu, H; Yan, M; Yin, S; Zhang, E; Zhao, C; Zhao, S, 2020)	0.56
"The anticoagulant response to warfarin, a narrow therapeutic index drug, increases with age, which may make older patients susceptible to adverse outcomes resulting from small differences in bioavailability between generic and brand products."	( Comparative Outcomes of Treatment Initiation With Brand vs. Generic Warfarin in Older Patients. Dejene, S; Desai, RJ; Dutcher, SK; Franklin, JM; Gagne, JJ; Gopalakrishnan, C; Levin, R; Sarpatwari, AS; Wang, Z; Wittayanukorn, S, 2020)	1.08
"The knowledge on human serum albumin (HSA) binding is of utmost importance as it affects pharmacokinetic behavior and bioavailability of drugs."	( Human Serum Albumin Binding in a Vial: A Novel UV-pH Titration Method To Assist Drug Design. Bajusz, D; Balogh, GT; Dargó, G; Müller, J; Simon, K, 2020)	0.56
" Herein, AUR nano formulations were prepared by triblock (PCL-PEG-PCL) and pentablock (PLA-PCL-PEG-PCL-PLA) biodegradable copolymers in order to increase AUR bioavailability as an anticancer agent."	( Novel nano-vehicle for delivery and efficiency of anticancer auraptene against colon cancer cells. Dadpour, MR; Dehghan, G; Hamishehkar, H; Iranshahi, M; Jalilzadeh, N; Salehi, R; Samadi, N, 2020)	0.56
"Because of their excellent capacity to significantly improve the bioavailability and solubility of chemotherapy drugs, block copolymer micelles are widely utilized for chemotherapy drug delivery."	( Tumor-targeting peptide functionalized PEG-PLA micelles for efficient drug delivery. Cai, Y; Gao, X; Shuai, Q; Sun, X; Xu, J; Xu, Z; Zhu, F, 2020)	0.56
" In this study, a kind of transferrin-modified Ost liposomes (Tf-Ost-Lip) was constructed, which could improve the bioavailability and enhance brain targeting."	( Transferrin-Modified Osthole PEGylated Liposomes Travel the Blood-Brain Barrier and Mitigate Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathology in APP/PS-1 Mice. Cheng, L; Fu, M; Ju, RJ; Kong, L; Li, HY; Li, XT; Liu, JJ; Ni, YN; Wang, YY; Wu, YT; Xiao, HH; Yang, JX; Yao, YJ, 2020)	0.56
" Glycycoumarin (GCM) is a major coumarin compound isolated from licorice with favorable bioavailability property."	( Involvement of activation of PLIN5-Sirt1 axis in protective effect of glycycoumarin on hepatic lipotoxicity. Fan, L; Hu, H; Yin, S; Zhang, E; Zhao, C, 2020)	0.56
" Moreover, hepatic dysfunction might promote bioavailability of scoparone due to limited intrinsic clearance."	( Scoparone as a therapeutic drug in liver diseases: Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and molecular mechanisms of action. Chen, X; Cui, B; Fan, X; Feng, H; Hui, Y; Lin, L; Mao, L; Sun, C; Wang, B; Wang, X; Yu, Q; Yu, Z; Zhang, J; Zhao, T; Zhao, X, 2020)	0.56
" In this work, we assessed the bioavailability of the allelochemical coumarin in soils amended with fresh or field-aged biochars (BCs)."	( Biochar changes the bioavailability and bioefficacy of the allelochemical coumarin in agricultural soils. Cox, L; Gámiz, B; López-Cabeza, R; Spokas, KA; Velarde, P, 2021)	0.62
" Apparent oral clearance and relative bioavailability for caffeine and S-warfarin were not significantly different between the subject populations."	( Therapeutic Protein Drug Interaction Potential in Subjects With Psoriasis: An Assessment Based on Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses of Sensitive Cytochrome P450 Probe Substrates. Mohamed, MF; Othman, AA; Sathe, AG, 2021)	0.85
"Although abundant in soils, iron (Fe) is poorly bioavailable for plants."	( The Coumarins: Secondary Metabolites Playing a Primary Role in Plant Nutrition and Health. Dubos, C; Izquierdo, E; Robe, K; Rouached, H; Vignols, F, 2021)	0.62
" Although results from recent studies indicate that polyphenols and UroA also provide neuroprotective effects, these compounds differ in their bioavailability and may, therefore, have unique effects on limiting neuroinflammation."	( Differential Effects of Whole Red Raspberry Polyphenols and Their Gut Metabolite Urolithin A on Neuroinflammation in BV-2 Microglia. Albusharif, M; Chaidez, V; Chung, S; Polenz, L; Ramer-Tait, AE; Schlange, S; Toney, AM; Works, D, 2020)	0.56
" Our purpose was to develop a delivery system to improve the bioavailability and anti-tumor efficacy of Uro-A."	( Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics Evaluation of PEGylated Urolithin A Liposomes. Chen, L; Hu, J; Li, S; Meng, Y; Qiu, Z; Wang, G; Yi, S; Yu, H; Zhang, C; Zheng, G, 2021)	0.62
" In conclusion, this study indicates that the bioavailability of OST was improved by using the OST-NE via the nasal route."	( Osthole-Loaded Nanoemulsion Enhances Brain Target in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease via Intranasal Administration. Hao, J; Hao, Q; Hou, X; Song, Y; Wang, J; Wang, X, 2021)	0.62
"Nanocrystals (NCs) exhibit potential in improving oral bioavailability for poorly water-soluble drugs."	( FRET imaging revealed that nanocrystals enhanced drug oral absorption by dissolution rather than endocytosis: A case study of coumarin 6. Fu, Q; He, Z; Liu, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, G; Zhang, Z, 2021)	0.62
"This study sought to improve the oral bioavailability and enhance the anti-enteritis effect of fraxetin by incorporating it into long circulating liposomes (F-LC-Lipo)."	( Preparation of Fraxetin Long Circulating Liposome and Its Anti-enteritis Effect. Gu, M; Huang, J; Miao, Z; Wang, L; Wang, X; Xu, Y; Yan, J; Zhang, L, 2021)	0.62
" There are very few studies on the bioavailability of coumarins; therefore, further investigations are necessitated to study the bioavailability of different coumarins which already showed good biological activities in previous studies."	( Natural Coumarins: Exploring the Pharmacological Complexity and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms. Beyatli, A; Calina, D; Cho, WC; Cruz-Martins, N; Docea, AO; Harun, N; Lopez, EP; López-Jornet, P; Shaheen, S; Sharifi-Rad, J; Sharopov, F; Sytar, O; Taheri, Y; Yeskaliyeva, B, 2021)	0.62
" During the application of TCM, the researches about bioavailability enhancement of the bioactive constituents in formula are flourishing."	( Screening and verification of CYP3A4 inhibitors from Bushen-Yizhi formula to enhance the bioavailability of osthole in rat plasma. Chen, JM; Fang, JS; Huang, MJ; Li, WR; Liang, Y; Lin, MJ; Liu, JM; Ma, CR; Wang, Q; Wu, FC; Yu, WQ; Zuo, X, 2022)	0.72
"The aim of this study is to explore the material basis and molecular mechanism from BSYZ in the bioavailability enhancement of OST."	( Screening and verification of CYP3A4 inhibitors from Bushen-Yizhi formula to enhance the bioavailability of osthole in rat plasma. Chen, JM; Fang, JS; Huang, MJ; Li, WR; Liang, Y; Lin, MJ; Liu, JM; Ma, CR; Wang, Q; Wu, FC; Yu, WQ; Zuo, X, 2022)	0.72
"Schisantherin B, a profoundly effective CYP3A4 inhibitor screened from BSYZ antagonized the metabolism of CYP3A4 on OST via activity inhibition, therefore significantly enhanced the bioavailability of OST in rat plasma."	( Screening and verification of CYP3A4 inhibitors from Bushen-Yizhi formula to enhance the bioavailability of osthole in rat plasma. Chen, JM; Fang, JS; Huang, MJ; Li, WR; Liang, Y; Lin, MJ; Liu, JM; Ma, CR; Wang, Q; Wu, FC; Yu, WQ; Zuo, X, 2022)	0.72
" However, its bioavailability to the brain and potential central effects remain unexplored."	( Neuropsychopharmacological profiling of scoparone in mice. Budzyńska, B; El Sayed, NS; Gertsch, J; Kowalczyk, J; Kurach, Ł; Pellegata, D; Skalicka-Woźniak, K, 2022)	0.72
"Foods rich in ellagic tannins are first hydrolyzed into ellagic acid in the stomach and small intestine, and then converted into urolithins with high bioavailability by the intestinal flora."	( Ellagic acid and intestinal microflora metabolite urolithin A: A review on its sources, metabolic distribution, health benefits, and biotransformation. Chen, W; Cui, S; Mao, B; Tang, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhao, J, 2023)	0.91
" Among these, MK7 is the most efficient in terms of bioavailability and biological effect."	( Carboxylative efficacy of trans and cis MK7 and comparison with other vitamin K isomers. Cirilli, I; Dludla, PV; Kaesler, N; Marcheggiani, F; Orlando, P; Silvestri, S; Tiano, L, 2022)	0.72
" Because EA is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, urolithins are considered to play a major role in bioactivity."	( Urolithin A Attenuates Cao, M; Chen, Q; Li, S; Li, TY; Qing, LT; Wang, YX; Wu, CM; Yan, SY; Yu, ZH; Zhao, J, 2022)	0.72
" Quercetin (QUE), a bioflavonoid, may modify the bioavailability of drugs used concurrently by inhibiting CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP1A2, and Pglycoprotein (P-gp)."	( Influence of Quercetin Pretreatment on Pharmacokinetics of Warfarin in Rats. Afzal, H; Ahmad, E; Bano, S; Bukhari, NI; Ismail, MA; Jahangir, M; Shamim, R, 2023)	1.15
" SP11 bioavailability and minimal toxicity in vivo make it a potential candidate to be developed as a novel anticancer agent."	( A Coumarin-Imidazothiadiazole Derivative, SP11 Abrogates Tumor Growth by Targeting HSP90 and Its Client Proteins. Choudhary, B; Karki, SS; Kumar, S; Mahadeva, R; Mhatre, A; Nirgude, S; Ravindran, F; Sharma, S, 2023)	0.91
"Urolithin A (UroA) is gut metabolites of ellagitannins possessing a vast range of biological activities, but its poor water solubility and low bioavailability hinder its potential applications."	( Liposomes encapsulation by pH driven improves the stability, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of urolithin A: A comparative study. Chen, MS; Ding, Q; Hu, Y; Lu, FY; Tu, ZC; Wang, LH; Wei, LF; Zhang, L, 2023)	0.91
"uro and its impact on local gut microbiota, EA-to-urolithin conversion and bioavailability were then investigated in C57BL/6J mice administered to EA only or a synbiotic (G."	( Oral supplementation of Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens promotes ellagic acid metabolism and urolithin bioavailability in mice. Lee, PK; Wong, HC; Yang, Y; Zhao, D, 2024)	1.44

Dosage Studied

CYP2C9(*)3 genotype did not affect the required warfarin dose. It was associated with increased risk of bleeding when treated with routine dosage regimen during the initiation of treatment. ketoprofen in this dosage has no significance effect on the anticoagulant effect of Warfarin.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" No alteration of plasma half-life of warfarin, phenytoin, or tolbutamide was observed following dosage with the tricyclic antidepressants used."	( Effects of tricyclic antidepressants on drug metabolism. Birkett, DJ; Graham, GG; Pond, SM; Wade, DN, 1975)	0.53
"The usefulness of assays for the rapid identification and determination of quantitative plasma levels of warfarin sodium and dicumarol is documented by the case histories of five patients: a man who accidentally took dicumarol for several weeks and developed an acute condition within the abdomen, a man who ingested 500 mg of warfarin sodium in a suicide attempt, a malingering nurse who surreptitiously took dicumarol, a nurse with warfarin intoxication who did not follow dosage prescription because of fear of developing thrombosis, and a woman with calf vein thrombosis who did not ingest the administered warfin sodium becausing of fear of developing bleeding."	( Spectrophotometric assays for warfarin sodium and dicumarol. Use in rapid detection of patients suspected of drug intoxication or surreptitious noningestion. Bachmann, F; Cole, ER, 1976)	0.76
" Although antifertility activity was shown by all of these compounds, the required dosage in mice varied from 13."	( Flavonoids. 8. Synthesis and antifertility and estrogen receptor binding activities of coumarins and delta3-isoflavenes. Christensen, HD; Cook, CE; Kimmel, GL; Rector, DH; Wani, MC, 1975)	0.25
" During a four-month period, the charts of 26 patients were audited for anticoagulant dosages used; laboratory test monitoring of anticoagulant dosage used; laboratory test minitoring of anticoagulant therapy; complications of, contraindications to, and patient compliance with anticoagulant therapy."	( Audit of anticoagulant therapy of pulmonary embolus, deep vein thrombosis and thrombophlebitis. Meinhold, JM; Miller, WA; Reale, EO, 1979)	0.26
" The use of heparin in low dosage reduces the expenditure of control."	( [Experience in thrombosis prevention and treatment in operative medicine]. Thies, HA, 1979)	0.26
" The results demonstrate that patients with acute myocardial infarction develop a coagulopathy characterized by enhanced fibrin formation, which is influenced to only a minor degree by conventional dosage anticoagulant therapy."	( Blood coagulation system pathophysiology in acute myocardial infarction: the influence of anticoagulant treatment on laboratory findings. Alkjaersig, NK; Fletcher, AP; Ghani, FM; Owens, O; Tulevski, V, 1979)	0.26
" Assays were developed and used to determine enantiomer half-lives in rats dosed with racemic warfarin."	( Warfarin enantiomer disposition: determination by stereoselective radioimmunoassay. Ballentine, NH; Cook, CE; Seltzman, TB; Tallent, CR, 1979)	1.92
" The dosage was to effect, to give a 2 to 4 second prolongation of the one stage prothrombin time (OSPT)."	( A preliminary report on the use of warfarin in the treatment of navicular disease. Colles, CM, 1979)	0.54
" Patients subsequently were maintained at that warfarin dosage which maintained prothrombin ratios within this range."	( Predicting warfarin maintenance dosage based on initial response. Brown, MA; Miller, DR, 1979)	0.91
" The dosage should be calculated on the basis of body weight."	( [Anticoagulant-induced prophylaxis of thrombosis (author's transl)]. Tilsner, V, 1977)	0.26
" Several factors contribute to this paradox: (1) the disparity between the high prevalence of thromboembolic events and the low incidence of associated mortality or disability has rendered the required size of trial populations exceedingly large, cumbersome, and costly; (2) the major use of anticoagulants has occurred after a thromboembolic event rather than as an instrument of primary prophylaxis; (3) the difficulties in regulating drug dosage persist and serious hemorrhage remains in infrequent but real complication of therapy; and (4) the physician is invariably apprised of clinical failure (further thrombosis or hemorrhage) but rarely of success (no thrombosis)."	( The anticoagulant dilemma--a prescription for its resolution. Wessler, S, )	0.13
" There is a relatively low complication rate because of the systematic approach to anticoagulation therapy, recognition of the importance of patient education, communication with the primary physician, and flexibility of drug dosage and patient visit regimens."	( Outpatient management of anticoagulation. Davis, FB; Estruch, MT; Samson-Corvera, EB; Tobin, JD; Voigt, GC, 1975)	0.25
" When keeping the heart rate constant by means of a pace maker, carbocromen even at higher dosage caused a clear-cut improvement."	( [The effect of carbocromen on the ST segment of the epicardial electrocardiogram in a model of intermitting myocardial ischemia (author's transl)]. Kunath, B; Nitz, RE; Scholtholt, J; Sirbulescu, R, 1976)	0.26
"A mathematical approach to computing the in vivo drug response profiles (such as plasma level, pharmacological response, and urinary recovery versus time curves) corresponding to observed in vitro dissolution of drug dosage form versus time profiles is described."	( Predictive conversion of in vitro drug dissolution data into in vivo drug response versus time profiles exemplified for plasma levels of warfarin. Erb, RJ; Smolen, VF, 1977)	0.46
"The objectives of this study were to compare the time course of activities and rates of synthesis of activities for the separate clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X and to relate the rate of synthesis of activity of each factor to the plasma concentration of warfarin in individual rats after acute and chronic dosing with warfarin."	( Effect of warfarin on the kinetics of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in rats. Vainieri, H; Wingard, LB, 1977)	0.84
" Empirical dosage resulted in long hospital stays to obtain a stable therapeutic prothrombin time."	( Clinical experience with an oral anticoagulant in children. Carpentieri, U; Harris, LC; Nghiem, QX, 1976)	0.26
" Phenobarbital at plasma concentrations achieved by usual therapeutical dosage schedules of the drug does not interfere with the protein binding of phenprocoumon as could be shown by equilibrium dialysis."	( [Elimination kinetics of phenprocoumon (Marcumar) in liver cirrhosis and after premedication with phenobarbital]. Glogner, P; Heni, N; Lehnhardt, G, 1976)	0.26
" Heparin was delivered by constant infusion and dosage regulated by maintaining the thrombin time at 2 to/ times normal."	( Thromboembolism in pregnancy. Ramsay, DM, 1975)	0.25
" During this period, the prothrombin time (PT) rose remarkably little as the dosage of warfarin was increased."	( Interaction of rifampin and warfarin. Mann, RB; Self, TH, 1975)	0.77
"Trimethylpsoralen, psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen were adminstered in 10 mg dosage orally to 37, 29 and 23 patients with vitiligo."	( A comparative clinical evaluation of trimethylpsoralen, psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen in treating vitiligo. Sehgal, VN, 1975)	0.25
" It is concluded that inhibition of S-warfarin metabolism can help explain the increased anticoagulation seen when phenylbutazone is added to the dosage regimen of a patient stabilized on warfarin."	( Warfarin-phenylbutazone interaction in man: a long term multiple dose study. Lewis, RJ; Rowland, M; Schary, WL, 1975)	1.97
" One group (n = 221) received Heparin (Liquemin Roche) subcutaneously in a dosage of 5000 units 2 hours pre-operatively and every 12 hours until the eighth post-operative day."	( [A comparison of low dose heparin and oral anticoagulants in the prevention ot thrombo-phlebitis following gynaecological operations (author's transl)]. Bader, P; Baertschi, U; Huber, L; Morf, P; Schaer, A, 1975)	0.25
"5 mg/kg iv dose of warfarin either alone, 1 hr after a single 100 mg/kg ip miconazole dose, or on day 5 of a 6-day 50 mg/kg/12 hr ip miconazole dosing regimen."	( Effect of miconazole on warfarin disposition in rabbits. Bates, TR; D'Mello, AP; Venkataramanan, RV, )	0.77
" dosing and its effects did not show tolerance on repeated dosing."	( Pharmacological characterization of PD 118717, a putative piperazinyl benzopyranone dopamine autoreceptor agonist. Christofferson, CL; Corbin, A; Demattos, S; DeWald, HA; Meltzer, LT; Myers, SL; Pugsley, TA; Shih, YH; Whetzel, SZ; Wiley, JN, 1992)	0.28
" The patient, treated with heparin at a dosage of 25,000 units/day for 3 days and 12,500 units/day for an additional 4 days because of a clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis, developed (4 days after the discontinuation of heparin) a clinical and laboratory picture of severe DIC, manifested by subcutaneous hematomas and ecchymoses."	( An unusually prolonged case of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Castaman, G; Girardello, R; Rodeghiero, F; Ruggeri, M, )	0.13
" This dosing regimen creates an extrahepatic vitamin K deficiency while preserving the vitamin K-dependent processes of the liver."	( The warfarin embryopathy: a rat model showing maxillonasal hypoplasia and other skeletal disturbances. Howe, AM; Webster, WS, 1992)	0.84
" After reaching steady-state conditions by repeated administration of warfarin, the prothrombin time (Quick value) was assessed before and after single (600 mg) and multiple dosing (450 mg twice daily in 1 week) of OCBZ."	( Oxcarbazepine does not affect the anticoagulant activity of warfarin. Klosterskov Jensen, P; Krämer, G; Menge, GP; Stoll, KD; Tettenborn, B, )	0.61
"A proper dosage of warfarin after artificial cardiac valve replacements has been determined as an indication of coagulation activity."	( Variations in warfarin concentration in blood and coagulant factors after artificial valve replacement. Ishibashi, M; Kariyazono, H; Nakamura, K; Shimokawa, S; Taira, A; Toyohira, H, 1992)	0.97
" These data support the fact that a warfarin-ciprofloxacin interaction does not routinely occur at this dosage and duration of ciprofloxacin therapy."	( Potential warfarin-ciprofloxacin interaction in patients receiving long-term anticoagulation. Bianco, TM; Bussey, HI; Farnett, LE; Linn, WD; Roush, MK; Wong, YW, 1992)	0.96
"The purposes of this study were (1) to validate prospectively an approach designed to minimize the proportion of patients receiving subtherapeutic doses of heparin and (2) to determine the effectiveness and safety of decreasing the heparin dosage infused on the basis of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) prolongation reflecting both heparin and warfarin sodium effects."	( Optimal therapeutic level of heparin therapy in patients with venous thrombosis. Baylis, B; Brant, R; Brill-Edwards, P; Ginsberg, JS; Hull, RD; Lemaire, J; Panju, AA; Pineo, GF; Raskob, GE; Rosenbloom, D, 1992)	0.45
" Current research aims to identify the ideal plasminogen activator and dosing regimen which maximizes thrombolysis and minimizes disturbance of hemostasis."	( An analysis of current pulmonary embolism therapy. Heit, JA, )	0.13
" The pharmacy-managed service includes chart review, laboratory interpretation, recommendations for warfarin dosage adjustments, physician and patient education, and coordination of follow-up in the outpatient anticoagulation clinic."	( Evaluation of a pharmacy-managed warfarin-monitoring service to coordinate inpatient and outpatient therapy. Ellis, RF; Sharp, GB; Stephens, MA, 1992)	0.78
" The whole-body concentrations of hexobarbital (100 mg/kg dose) in mice 30 min after dosing were 14."	( Inhibition and induction of drug metabolism by psoralens: alterations in duration of sleep induced by hexobarbital and in clearance of caffeine and hexobarbital in mice. Apseloff, G; Gerber, N; Hilliard, JB; Mays, DC, 1991)	0.28
" These revised dosing recommendations incorporate the international normalized ratio (INR), which takes into account the source of thromboplastin."	( Warfarin and the international normalized ratio: reducing interlaboratory effects. Krause, JR; Vanscoy, GJ, 1991)	1.72
"The predictive performance of a nomogram for dosing warfarin was compared with that of a computer program."	( Nomogram for dosing warfarin at steady state. Coleman, RW; Fredriks, DA, 1991)	0.86
"We report a comparison of warfarin treatment outcomes in 172 inpatients in two general hospitals randomly assigned to commence warfarin therapy by one of two methods; the first where warfarin dosage was determined using a flexible dose induction protocol, and the other where dosage was prescribed empirically by resident medical staff."	( Standardised initial warfarin treatment: evaluation of initial treatment response and maintenance dose prediction by randomised trial, and risk factors for an excessive warfarin response. Cosh, DG; Doecke, CJ; Gallus, AS, 1991)	0.9
" There was disagreement concerning the dosage of heparin and the exact use of betablockers, aspirin, warfarin, ACE-inhibitors, magnesium and antiarrhythmics."	( [Drug therapy of acute coronary syndrome. Summary of a hearing arranged by the Norwegian Cardiologic Society and the Institute of pharmacotherapy]. Amlie, JP; Aursnes, I; Osnes, JB; Platou, ES; Smiseth, OA, 1990)	0.49
" There is no evidence that computer-assisted methods of dosage prediction are better than empirical or semi-empirical methods."	( Optimising the dose of oral anticoagulants. Routledge, PA; Shetty, HG, 1991)	0.28
" Fifty patients who were receiving chronic warfarin therapy and who required a dosage adjustment because their prothrombin time was greater than or equal to 2 s away from their target prothrombin time were enrolled."	( Outpatient management of warfarin therapy: comparison of computer-predicted dosage adjustment to skilled professional care. Mungall, D; White, RH, 1991)	0.85
" The patient had received a stable dosage regimen of warfarin for a number of months."	( Possible potentiation of warfarin by fluconazole. Black, DJ; Celum, CL; Seaton, TL, 1990)	0.83
" for 10 days to 10 patients with aortic or mitral valve prostheses did not modify significantly either the level of anticoagulation or the mean daily dosage of warfarin."	( [Picotamide does not interfere with the anticoagulant activity of warfarin in patients wearing heart valve prostheses]. Gresele, P; Migliacci, R; Nenci, GG; Parise, P; Ruina, A; Viola, E, 1990)	0.71
" Potential complications from over- and under- dosage with warfarin were unknown to 119 (74%) and 97 (60%) patients respectively."	( An evaluation of an anticoagulant clinic. Clarke, R; Colwell, N; Graham, I; O'Neill, T; Robinson, K; Tyrrell, J, 1990)	0.52
" Management involved use of monitored, self administered, subcutaneous heparin before or very soon after conception and throughout pregnancy (warfarin having been stopped), planned delivery under cover of intravenous antithrombin III, reduction of heparin dosage at delivery and reintroduction of warfarin in the puerperium."	( A Scottish Hebridean antithrombin III deficient family--twelve years on. Bennett, NB; Douglas, AS; Walker, ID, 1990)	0.48
" This dosing regimen did not have any apparent deleterious effect on the dams and did not affect the fetuses when administered from day 1 to day 12 of pregnancy."	( Exposure of the pregnant rat to warfarin and vitamin K1: an animal model of intraventricular hemorrhage in the fetus. Howe, AM; Webster, WS, 1990)	0.56
" Dosage was adjusted periodically when prothrombin times exceeded 50% above baseline."	( Warfarin sodium for anticoagulation of atherosclerotic miniature swine. Cromeens, DM; Minor, ST; Rodgers, GP, 1990)	1.72
" This suggests that patient's dosed by reference to Manchester venous INR are liable to receive more warfarin than those dosed by the other methods."	( The INR--a help or a hindrance to warfarin dosage? Caldwell, A; Fitzsimons, EJ; McQuaker, G; Morrison, M, 1990)	0.77
" This study was designed to investigate whether the fluoroquinolone norfloxacin at the usual clinical dosage interacts with the anticoagulant agent warfarin."	( Norfloxacin does not alter warfarin's disposition or anticoagulant effect. Bjornsson, TD; Distlerath, LM; Gregg, MH; Rocci, ML; Vlasses, PH; Wheeler, SC; Zing, W, 1990)	0.78
"The dosage of the anticoagulant warfarin sodium is based upon the prolongation of the prothrombin time into an optimal therapeutic range."	( Randomized prospective trial comparing the native prothrombin antigen with the prothrombin time for monitoring oral anticoagulant therapy. Diuguid, CF; Diuguid, DL; Furie, B; Furie, BC; Jacobs, M, 1990)	0.56
" Consistent pharmacodynamic responses were achieved by dosing daily with R-warfarin (0."	( The disposition of the enantiomers of warfarin following chronic administration to rats: relationship to anticoagulant response. Park, BK; Pratt, SK; Winn, MJ, 1989)	0.78
" This suggests that patients dosed by reference to Manchester venous INR are liable to receive more warfarin than those dosed by the other methods."	( Discrepant INR values: a comparison between Manchester and Thrombotest reagents using capillary and venous samples. Caldwell, A; Fitzsimons, EJ; McQuaker, G; Morrison, M, 1989)	0.49
"In a prospective, randomised trial the clinical utility of a predictive warfarin maintenance dosing technique was compared with the more commonly employed empirical dosing method."	( A simple technique for predicting maintenance dosage of warfarin--is it better than empirical dosing? Lyduch, S; Ott, P; Ovesen, L, 1989)	0.76
" In addition, 2,3-epoxy-MQ-4 was identified in the liver of rats which were pretreated with warfarin and then dosed with [14C]MQ-4."	( Identification of menaquinone-4 metabolites in the rat. Fujita, T; Hashimoto, K; Sato, T; Satoh, T; Shimada, K; Tadano, K; Yuzuriha, T, 1989)	0.5
" Massive overdose with these rodenticides justifies stomach washout when the patients are seen early, daily check-ups of coagulability and treatment with Vitamin K at a dosage adapted to the biochemical abnormalities."	( [Prolonged hypocoagulability following the ingestion of anticoagulant raticides]. Chataigner, D; Efthymiou, ML; Elmalem, J; Garnier, R, 1989)	0.28
" Among the stable patients, those with a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolus, or with elevated alanine aminotransferase values, were significantly more likely to require a dosage change."	( Evaluation of factors associated with stability of anticoagulation therapy. Bussey, HI; Clark, GM; Quandt, CM; Rospond, RM, 1989)	0.28
" When steady state was reached (nine days), cimetidine was begun concomitantly in a dosage of 300 mg QID or 800 mg HS for ten days."	( Safety: cimetidine and concomitant theophylline or warfarin--drug interactions and their implications. Frank, WO, 1986)	0.52
" Nineteen out of them were treated with warfarin plus ticlopidine at a dosage enough to prolong the thrombo-test time to approximately 20% of normal value."	( [Abnormalities of blood coagulation and effect of anticoagulant therapy in postoperative patients with lung cancer]. Inoue, H; Kawada, S; Koide, S; Ogawa, J; Shohtsu, A; Tsurumi, T, 1986)	0.54
"We have previously described a model for predicting individual daily maintenance dosage (MD) requirements of warfarin 24 h after the administration of a single dose."	( Warfarin dosage requirements: prospective clinical trial of a method for prediction from the response to a single dose. Coleman, RL; Jupe, DM; McLean, S; Peterson, GM, 1988)	1.93
" The largest reductions of viable counts in the kidneys at each dosage as compared to the bacterial counts of untreated animals were achieved with coumermycin (3."	( Efficacy of coumermycin, ofloxacin and vancomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in experimental infections of mice. Breyer, S; Georgopoulos, A; Hirschl, AM; Rotter, ML; Stanek, G, 1988)	0.27
" A moderate increase in dosage was needed to maintain hypocoagulability during warfarin medication, but there was no difference between the roxithromycin group and the placebo groups, respectively."	( No effect of roxithromycin on pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties of warfarin and its enantiomers. Lunell, E; Manuel, C; Nilsson, LG; Paulsen, O; Saint-Salvi, B, 1988)	0.73
" There was a dose-response relationship between the amount of drug administered to the rats and 14C labeling of the membrane pool of factor X carboxylase substrates."	( Early processing of prothrombin and factor X by the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. Martin, LF; Wallin, R, 1988)	0.27
"In a prospective, randomized study at two university hospitals, the authors examined how effectively housestaff physicians (n = 36) managed the initiation of warfarin therapy compared with a computer-assisted dosing regimen (n = 39) using the software program Warfcalc, which was managed by one of the authors."	( Initiation of warfarin therapy: comparison of physician dosing with computer-assisted dosing. Coleman, RW; Daschbach, MM; Hong, R; Mungall, DR; Murray, W; Venook, AP; White, RH, )	0.69
" The physician and nurse in charge of the anticoagulation clinic and responsible for regulating patient dosage of warfarin were not aware of the change in warfarin brand."	( Medical and economic consequences of a blinded oral anticoagulant brand change at a municipal hospital. Apstein, CS; Foster, E; Richton-Hewett, S, 1988)	0.49
" Complications did not require dosage adjustments and were limited to minor nose bleeds or bruises occurring in two patients before and three patients after vaccination."	( Effect of influenza vaccine on chronic warfarin therapy. Bussey, HI; Saklad, JJ, 1988)	0.54
" Warfarin dosage predictions were made for 29 patients."	( Warfarin dosage predictions assisted by the analog computer. Barr, W; Carter, BL; Rock, W; Taylor, JW, 1988)	2.63
"7 +/- 1 h after start of heparin therapy), (4) insufficient heparin dosing in response to a low PTT, and (5) excessive and prolonged reductions in heparin therapy in response to a PTT greater than three times control, leading to subtherapeutic levels in 56% of subsequent PTTs."	( Physician practices in the treatment of pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis. Jaquiss, RD; Newman, JH; Wheeler, AP, 1988)	0.27
" The substantial correlation (very similar dose-response effects) among the anticoagulant, antithrombotic and antimetastatic efficacies of warfarin in the rat suggests that anticoagulation provides the pharmacological mechanism underlying both the antithrombotic and the antimetastatic effects."	( Correlation of the in vivo anticoagulant, antithrombotic, and antimetastatic efficacy of warfarin in the rat. Best, KL; Frank, JD; Goode, RL; Herrmann, RG; Merriman, RL; Neubauer, BL; Smith, GF; Sundboom, JL; Tanzer, LR, 1988)	0.7
" All fulfilled the following criteria: (1) stable and therapeutic prothrombin time (PT) at baseline, defined as at least two consecutive PTs obtained within two weeks before beginning amiodarone therapy that varied by less than or equal to 15%; (2) no warfarin dosage adjustment in the two weeks prior to amiodarone therapy; (3) no other drugs given that alter coagulation study results; and (4) follow-up PTs obtained 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after initiation of amiodarone treatment."	( The incidence, magnitude, and time course of the amiodarone-warfarin interaction. Blevins, RD; Faitel, K; Goldman, L; Kerin, NZ; Rubenfire, M, 1988)	0.7
" It is concluded that PIP activity dosage in serum may provide with urinary hydroxyproline, further information for the study of collagen metabolism in osteoblastic bone diseases during treatment."	( [Determination of serum proline iminopeptidase activity using a fluorescent substrate in patients with Paget's disease and prostatic bone metastases. Preliminary results]. Bouvier, M; Colson, F; Mathieu, M; Tebib, J; Vianey-Liaud, C, 1986)	0.27
" Initial PT% (21 +/- 5) was unaffected by dosing schedule, total or free plasma warfarin, varying between patients by only 18-24%."	( The negative impact of biological variation in the effect and clearance of warfarin on methods for prediction of dose requirements. Almog, S; Halkin, H; Weiss, P, 1986)	0.73
"The efficacy of a 5-day treatment with coumermycin A1 (hereafter referred to as coumermycin) (at three dosage regimens), with ciprofloxacin, or with coumermycin plus ciprofloxacin was tested in experimental aortic valve endocarditis induced in rats by a strain of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and was compared with the efficacy of a 5-day treatment with cloxacillin plus gentamicin."	( Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in rats with coumermycin A1 and ciprofloxacin, alone or in combination. Glauser, MP; Malinverni, R; Perronne, CM, 1987)	0.27
" The Bayesian method in this study provided good predictions of PTs immediately before hospital discharge based on warfarin dosing and PT response after either four or five days of therapy."	( Effect of using warfarin plasma concentrations in Bayesian forecasting of prothrombin-time response. Coleman, RW; Lee, C; Mungall, DR, 1987)	0.83
"An empirical protocol for dosage adjustment in warfarin therapy was evaluated by means of retrospective analysis of the medical records of 106 outpatients at an anticoagulation clinic followed from January 1981 to August 1984."	( [Oral anticoagulant therapy: analysis of the efficacy of a dosage guide]. Jobin, F; Vigneault, M, 1986)	0.53
" These data show that there is a dose-response relationship between AG dose and induction of warfarin metabolism."	( The influence of a graded dose schedule of aminoglutethimide on the disposition of the optical enantiomers of warfarin in patients with breast cancer. Kvinnsland, S; Lønning, PE; Ueland, PM, 1986)	0.7
" The prothrombin-time ratio was not influenced by warfarin sodium dosage (less than or equal to 5 mg/day versus greater than 5 mg/day) or by the sex of the patient."	( Effect of influenza vaccine in patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy. Jagger, PI; Klauber, MR; Lorentz, SM; Norcross, WA; Weibert, RT, 1986)	0.77
" In experiments 3 and 4, the horses were dosed with warfarin as in experiment 1, and the PT reversal time was evaluated after administration of 300- and 500-mg doses of vitamin K1 IM, respectively."	( Antidotal effect of vitamin K1 against warfarin-induced anticoagulation in horses. Byars, TD; Greene, CE; Kemp, DT, 1986)	0.79
" After receiving their third warfarin dose, patients were randomly assigned to have their warfarin dosages adjusted using one of three dosage-prediction methods: by analog computer (n = 31), linear regression (n = 22), or empiric dosing by the physician (n = 34)."	( Evaluation of three dosage-prediction methods for initial in-hospital stabilization of warfarin therapy. Becker, A; Carter, BL; Taylor, JW, 1987)	0.79
"For many drugs estimation of a safe and effective dosage regimen is difficult."	( Computerized drug therapy: application of the hand-held microcomputer to dosage regimen design. Brouwer, KR; Cook, J; Gwilt, PR; Steinke, M, 1985)	0.27
" Concurrent administration of triacetyloleandomycin with drugs whose metabolism is known to be affected or that could potentially be affected should be avoided unless appropriate adjustments in dosage are made."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions of the macrolide antibiotics. Ludden, TM, )	0.13
"The pathophysiology of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) is briefly discussed, and the efficacy, dosage and administration, laboratory monitoring, and adverse effects of thrombolytic agents, heparin, and warfarin are reviewed."	( Pathophysiology and treatment of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Carter, BL; Jones, ME; Waickman, LA, )	0.32
" However, in the rare situation in which repeated significant bleeding occurs despite careful adjustment of the dosage of warfarin, PST may be an acceptable alternate method of thromboembolism prophylaxis."	( Warfarin versus dipyridamole-aspirin and pentoxifylline-aspirin for the prevention of prosthetic heart valve thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Boey, J; Chan, TK; Cheung, KL; Chow, J; Lee, PK; Mok, CK; Ng, RP; Tse, TF; Wang, R, 1985)	1.92
" Concomitant sulfinpyrazone dosing markedly increased hypoprothrombinemia, decreased clearance of (S)-warfarin, and increased clearance of (R)-warfarin."	( The warfarin-sulfinpyrazone interaction: stereochemical considerations. Gibaldi, M; Goulart, DA; Low, LK; Motley, CH; O'Reilly, RA; Toon, S; Trager, WF, 1986)	1.04
" There was no significant difference from pretreatment levels either in mean warfarin dosage prothrombin index after introduction or withdrawal of meptazinol."	( Effect of meptazinol on chronic anticoagulant therapy. Alm, A; Ryd-Kjellen, E, 1986)	0.5
" Clinical pharmacists provided patient education, monitored patients for hemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications, and adjusted warfarin sodium dosage to maintain therapeutic prothrombin times."	( Retrospective evaluation of a pharmacist-managed warfarin anticoagulation clinic. Garabedian-Ruffalo, SM; Gray, DR; Ruffalo, RL; Sax, MJ, 1985)	0.73
"A 57-year-old black woman required a daily dosage of 50 mg of warfarin sodium to maintain her prothrombin time in a therapeutic range."	( Hereditary warfarin resistance. Investigation of a rare phenomenon. Alving, BM; Barr, CF; Berenberg, JL; Knight, RD; Peck, CC; Strickler, MP, 1985)	0.9
" Vitamin K3 was also cytotoxic in the same dosage range when tested in vitro against the 34 human tumor explants in the soft agar assay system."	( Vitamin K3 inhibition of malignant murine cell growth and human tumor colony formation. Akman, S; Block, JB; Chlebowski, RT; Dietrich, M, 1985)	0.27
" The predictive performance of the four and five prothrombin ratio feedbacks is sufficient to provide clinically useful dosage guidelines early in the course of warfarin therapy."	( Bayesian pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic forecasting of prothrombin response to warfarin therapy: preliminary evaluation. Coleman, RW; Ludden, TM; Mungall, DR; Svec, JM, 1985)	0.69
" The method was used to determine the plasma concentration--time profile of coumermycin A1 in the dog following a single intravenous administration of a 12 mg/kg dose of a solubilized dosage form of the bulk drug substance."	( Determination of coumermycin A1 in plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Conzentino, P; de Silva, JA; Strojny, N, 1985)	0.27
" One should always suspect an ATIII deficiency when in spite of full heparin dosage a prolonged plasma thrombin time is not attained."	( [Antithrombin III deficiency as a risk factor in postoperative thrombosis]. Van Betsbrugge, M, )	0.13
" Follow-up long-term laboratory control and anticoagulant dosage were performed at one centre (the Rikshospitalet)."	( Long-term anticoagulant therapy after myocardial infarction in women. Abrahamsen, AM; Bay, G; Bjerkelund, C; Borchgrevink, CF; Borgen, P; Grande, B; Helle, I; Kjörstad, H; Odegaard, A; Petersen, AM; Rörvik, T; Thorsen, R, 1968)	0.25
"The effect of liposomally-associated vitamin K1, administered orally, was investigated using rabbits with warfarin-induced hypoprothrombinaemia, and evaluated in comparison with other dosage forms of the vitamin, including a vitamin K1 emulsion, the physical mixture of the emulsion with empty liposomes, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil (HCO-60)-stabilized emulsion and the vitamin solubilized by HCO-60."	( Coagulation recovery after warfarin-induced hypoprothrombinaemia by oral administration of liposomally-associated vitamin K1 to rabbits. Ikeda, K; Nagata, M; Nonomura, M; Yotsuyanagi, T, 1984)	0.78
" In the present study, heparin, in the dosage used to prevent progressive renal failure, caused a marked and sustained prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time, as well as a transient prolongation of the bleeding time."	( Inhibition by anticoagulant drugs of the progressive hypertension and uremia associated with renal infarction in rats. Greenberg, JM; Hoffsten, PE; Joist, JH; Kay, D; Klahr, S; Purkerson, ML, 1982)	0.26
"This report describes successful management of recent peripheral arterial occlusions by intra-arterial low dosage thrombolytic drug infusions and percutaneous balloon angioplasty."	( Regional low dosage thrombolytic therapy for peripheral arterial occlusions. Greenwood, LH; Hallett, JW; Yrizarry, JM, 1983)	0.27
" In fact, the latter dosage has an opposite effect on endothelium and increases the number of circulating endothelial cells."	( Experimental prevention of venous thrombosis. Hladovec, J; Prerovský, I, 1980)	0.26
" Dosage is advised, the date of the next visit determined, and the file updated."	( Computer assisted management of warfarin treatment. James, AH; Wilson, R, 1984)	0.55
" The patients were on 7:00 h-13:00 h-19:00 h dosage regimen of 2 controlled release tablets (Venalot Depot; 15 mg C per tablet)."	( Therapeutic concentration of coumarin and predicted dosage regimens. Ritschel, WA, 1984)	0.27
" We conclude that amiodarone is highly effective in high-risk patients with complex refractory cardiac arrhythmias, and that close monitoring and prompt recognition of side effects and appropriate adjustment of dosage or institution of supplemental or replacement therapy (in less than 5% of patients) will allow continuation of amiodarone."	( Evaluation of amiodarone therapy in the treatment of drug-resistant cardiac arrhythmias: long-term follow-up. Hamer, A; Mandel, WJ; Peter, T; Weiss, D, 1983)	0.27
"A table is presented which enables prediction of maintenance dosage of warfarin from a knowledge of initial prothrombin ratii response it was devised following correlation between the two parameters in 63 patients."	( Predicting warfarin dosage. Dobrzanski, S, 1983)	0.89
" Upon 7HC dosing only 7HC, 7HCG and 7HCS were detected in any organ."	( Tissue distribution of coumarin, 7-hydroxycoumarin and their 7-hydroxy metabolites following parenteral administration of 14C-labeled compound in the DBA/lac mouse. Hardt, T; Ritschel, WA, 1983)	0.27
" 7-HC levels upon 7-HC dosing were found to have extremely short half-lives of elimination for all animals tested."	( Dose-related pharmacokinetics of coumarin, 7-hydroxycoumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronide upon intraperitoneal administration of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin in the rat. Hardt, TJ; Ritschel, WA, 1983)	0.27
"The dose-response relationship upon intraperitoneal administration of coumarin (C) and 7-hydroxycoumarin (7HC) in rats was evaluated using the carrageenan induced edema of the hind paw."	( Investigation of the dose-response relationship upon intraperitoneal administration of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin on the carrageenan induced edema of the rat hind paw. Hardt, TJ; Ritschel, WA, 1983)	0.27
"Patients receiving an apparently appropriate maintenance dosage of oral anticoagulant may show unexpected changes in clotting status without readily identifiable cause."	( Changes in the pharmacology of warfarin during long-term administration in dogs. Abbrecht, PH; Covell, DG; Powers, WF, 1984)	0.55
" His prothrombin time ranged between 14 and 17 s (control, 12 s) despite an increase in his warfarin dosage to 25 mg/d."	( Warfarin resistance with nafcillin therapy. Evans, HJ; Qureshi, GD; Reinders, TP; Somori, GJ, 1984)	1.93
" For restrictively cleared drugs, displacement from blood proteins will cause only a transient change in free drug concentration and hence in pharmacodynamic response, so that dosage adjustments are rarely necessary."	( Pharmacokinetic consequences of drug displacement from blood and tissue proteins. MacKichan, JJ, 1984)	0.27
" dosing or 3 and 8 h after repeated oral dosing in the coadministered group were significantly decreased as compared with those in the group received warfarin alone."	( Effect of digoxin on plasma clearance and anticoagulant effect of warfarin in rats. Iwaki, M; Konishi, Y; Ogiso, T, 1984)	0.7
" In the pigs fed the diet with the added Cd, differences in activity of alkaline phosphatase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase values, but not blood urea nitrogen, as well as differences in intensity and duration of response in PT and APTT occurred when pigs were dosed daily for 5 days after AFB1 or warfarin."	( Toxicology of aflatoxin B1, warfarin, and cadmium in young pigs: clinical chemistry and blood coagulation. Edds, GT; Osuna, O, 1982)	0.73
" Although the linear regression was statistically significant in our population, many patients would have excessive or subtherapeutic dosage predictions."	( Prediction of maintenance warfarin dosage from initial patient response. Carter, BL; Hamilton, RA; Reinders, TP, 1983)	0.57
" Increased levels of liver function (serum leucine amino-peptidase (LAP), and serum ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT) were noted during the dosing period, together with slightly increased liver weights terminally for animals receiving 1000 mg/kg/day; however, as no morphological or ultrastructural changes were noted, these findings were considered to be attributable to hypertrophy."	( Toxicity of venalot (a mixture of coumarin and troxerutin) in the baboon. Heywood, R; Majeed, SK; Pulsford, AH; Street, AE, 1983)	0.27
" 5 Clinically important changes in drug effect may be present acutely, within the dosing interval, as a result of altered drug binding."	( Variations in drug free fraction during alcohol withdrawal. Khouw, V; Naranjo, CA; Sandor, P; Sellers, EM, 1983)	0.27
" An international programme of standardization of prothrombin time tests has been developed in order to achieve correct dosage and efficient anticoagulation."	( Warfarin therapy--a practical guide. Bradlow, BA, 1983)	1.71
" This dose dependence, however, was not reflected in the rate of biliary excretion of warfarin's metabolites, which did not show saturation over this dosage range."	( The effect of hepatic uptake on the disappearance of warfarin from the plasma of rats: a kinetic analysis. Abbrecht, PH; Berman, M; Covell, DG, 1983)	0.74
" In all subjects the dosage of W was kept constant throughout the study (21 days)."	( Clinical study of possible interactions between indoprofen and oral anticoagulants. Bergamini, N; Bianchi, A; Caso, P; Gualtieri, S; Iadevaia, V; Jacono, A; Raucci, D; Vigorito, C, 1981)	0.26
" This in-vitro shortening of the prothrombin time could lead to serious clinical errors involving dosage of warfarin derivatives to be administered to patients."	( Warfarin anticoagulation: difficulties in interpretation of the prothrombin time. Gralnick, HR; Kessler, CM; Palmer, RN, )	1.79
" Because of the program's very conservative upper limits for warfarin dosage in the first few days of therapy, the computer-assisted patient require slightly more time (6 days), on the average, to first reach PCA values in the 20% to 30% therapeutic range than did the control patients (4."	( Evaluation of a computer-assisted method for individualized anticoagulation: retrospective and prospective studies with a pharmacodynamic model. Abbrecht, PH; Behrendt, DM; O'Leary, TJ, 1982)	0.51
"An international survey of oral anticoagulant dosage has been carried out comparing the mean dosage prescribed in hospitals in 23 countries."	( Dosage and control of oral anticoagulants: an international collaborative survey. Poller, L; Taberner, DA, 1982)	0.26
" The average racemic plasma warfarin concentration over a dosage interval when adjusted for warfarin dose was not altered by sulphinpyrazone administration."	( Interaction of sulphinpyrazone with warfarin. Birkett, DJ; Foenander, T; Gallus, AS; Miners, JO; Wanwimolruk, S, 1982)	0.83
" at a dosage which maintains therapeutic levels of anticoagulation."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic effects of combined warfarin and 5-flourouracil in advanced colon cancer. Bateman, JR; Block, JB; Chan, KK; Chlebowski, RT; Gota, CH; Weiner, JM, 1982)	0.52
" dosing in the coadministered group were significantly increased as compared with those in the group received warfarin alone."	( Effect of furosemide on plasma clearance, anticoagulant effect and protein binding of warfarin in rats. Iwaki, M; Konishi, Y; Ogiso, T, 1982)	0.7
"A dosage of 3 mg Warfarin/kg body weight causes a highly significant increase in the number of platelets both in TMB (Tryon maze brights) and TMD (Tryon maze dulls) rats."	( [Thrombocyte counts in TMB (Tryon Maze Brights) and TMD (Tryon Maze Dulls) rats following warfarin (author's transl)]. Freund, D; Freund, JL; Glanzmann, P; Gutmark, J; Kahlau, F, 1980)	0.82
" Laboratory determinations were used to directly evaluate therapeutic anticoagulant effects, and dosage regimens were adjusted to achieve desired anticoagulant levels."	( Case study: complications associated with anticoagulant therapy. Davis, GL; Mutnick, AH, 1981)	0.26
" When the prolonged-release dosage form was compared to the peroral solution, the extent of bioavailability of coumarin was 35 per cent, whereas the 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronide was totally available."	( Pilot study on bioavailability of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin upon peroral administration of coumarin in a sustained-release dosage form. Hoffmann, KA; Ritschel, WA, 1981)	0.26
" The binding characteristics of these drugs were not altered when plasma containing either warfarin or tolbutamide at concentrations equivalent to those expected normally after therapeutic dosing were concomitantly spiked with therapeutic amounts of pirprofen."	( Effect of pirprofen on protein binding of warfarin and tolbutamide in human plasma. Chao, D; Luders, RC, 1981)	0.75
"5 mg/kg body weight, was administered with and without a daily dosage of phenylbutazone, 300 mg orally, beginning 3 d before the warfarin dose and continuing throughout the hypoprothrombinemia."	( Stereoselective interaction of phenylbutazone with [12C/13C]warfarin pseudoracemates in man. Howald, W; Motley, CH; O'Reilly, RA; Trager, WF, 1980)	0.71
" Furthermore, the results of repetitive dosing may also be simulated."	( Physiological flow model for drug elimination interactions in the rat. Luecke, RH; Thomason, LE; Wosilait, WD, 1980)	0.26
" A dose-response relation was seen when sensitized human subjects were challenged with dihydrocoumarin, alantroot oil and diethylmalleate."	( Further studies of effects of vehicles and elicitation concentration in experimental contact sensitization testing in humans. Maibach, HI; Marzulli, FN, 1980)	0.26
" In the first 6 h after dosing (i."	( Biliary and urinary excretion of [14C]warfarin in rabbits. Solomonraj, G; Wong, LT, 1980)	0.53
" The author enters in detail the questions of dosage and side-effects as well as complications."	( [Thrombolytic therapy with special reference to old venous occlusions]. Fickert, U; Reissmann, K; Schirmer, R, 1980)	0.26
"5 dosage changes per patient, contrasted with 22."	( Long-term patient self-management of oral anticoagulation. Ansell, JE; Fish, L; Nozzolillo, E; Ostrovsky, D; Patel, N; Peterson, AM, 1995)	0.29
"Results from what is the first long-term study of patient self-monitoring of PTs and self-adjustment of the warfarin sodium dosage for oral anticoagulation suggest that patients can successfully measure their own PTs, adjust their own warfarin dosage, and achieve a degree of therapeutic effectiveness at least as good, if not better than patients managed in an anti-coagulation clinic."	( Long-term patient self-management of oral anticoagulation. Ansell, JE; Fish, L; Nozzolillo, E; Ostrovsky, D; Patel, N; Peterson, AM, 1995)	0.5
" Accumulation of the toxic metabolite due to depleted glutathione stores may have occurred with prolonged high dosing in our subject and been responsible for his abnormal rise in liver enzymes."	( Abnormal serum transaminases following therapeutic doses of acetaminophen in the absence of known risk factors. Bartle, WR; Kwan, D; Walker, SE, 1995)	0.29
" The steady-state AUCTAU over the dosing interval and Cmax of S-warfarin decreased by 12%; however, this change is clinically insignificant because the prothrombin ratio and bleeding time remained unchanged."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of warfarin and nefazodone coadministration in healthy subjects. Chaikin, PC; Dockens, RC; Fulmor, IE; Milbrath, RL; Raymond, RH; Salazar, DE; Uderman, HD, 1995)	0.78
" ASHP supports the use of the INR system on the basis of studies demonstrating that this system permits warfarin dosing that is less dependent on the variability of thromboplastin reagent sensitivity."	( ASHP therapeutic position statement on the use of the International Normalized Ratio system to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy. , 1995)	0.51
" Thus, the dosage of coumadin could be decreased while maintaining an effective threshold level of the drug."	( Development of a hydroxyapatite ceramic matrix for the continuous delivery of coumadin. Bajpai, PK; Mileti, IF, 1995)	0.29
" In 1990 a protocol designed to accommodate either protocol- or physician-determined dosing of warfarin for orthopedic antithrombotic prophylaxis (OAP) was implemented at a community hospital."	( Pharmacy-managed protocol for warfarin use in orthopedic surgery patients. Allington, DR; Erickson, CC; Rivey, MP; Stenson, TA; Stratton, TP; Wood, RD, 1995)	0.8
" Alteration of warfarin dosage should not be required in patients receiving concurrent tacrine therapy."	( Lack of effect of tacrine administration on the anticoagulant activity of warfarin. Garnett, WR; Rajagopalan, R; Reece, PA; Rock, WL; Sedman, AJ; Taylor, JR; Underwood, B, 1995)	0.88
" Both of them inhibited the contraction of the left atrium and reversed the frequency-contraction response from positive to negative staircase in the higher dosage (500 and 1 mumol."	( Effects of osthole on isolated guinea pig heart atria. Li, L; Yang, L; Zhang, CL; Zhao, DK; Zhao, GS; Zhuang, FE, 1995)	0.29
" This study showed that five INR inputs consistently gave accurate steady-state dosage predictions, and in many ways computer modeling was more effective than clinician-determined steady-state dosing in warfarin initialization."	( Initialization of warfarin dosages using computer modeling. Chang, MW; Sun, J, 1995)	0.81
" At the same time, the peripheral venous resistance decreases in a dose-response relationship."	( Effect of a combination of coumarin derivatives and rutoside on venous and lymphatic circulations during severe constriction of the caudal vena cava in rabbits. Angignard, J; Borzeix, MG; Dedieu, F; Dupont, JM; Leutenegger, E; Miloradovich, T, 1995)	0.29
"Patients (40 cases) were treated with daily dosage of warfarin of 2-7 mg after being undergone artificial valve replacements."	( Anticoagulant effects of warfarin and kinetics of K vitamins in blood and feces. Ishibashi, M; Kariyazono, H; Nakamura, K; Saigenji, H; Shimokawa, S; Taira, A; Toyohira, H, 1994)	0.84
" We conclude that the differences between INRs measured with the thromboplastins studied here are sufficiently great to influence patient management through warfarin dosage schedules, particularly in the upper therapeutic range of INR."	( Thromboplastin related differences in the determination of international normalised ratio: a cause for concern? Steering Committee of the UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme in Blood Coagulation. Kitchen, S; Preston, FE; Walker, ID; Woods, TA, 1994)	0.49
" Dosage response to warfarin is influenced by concomitant medication, dietary vitamin K, hepatic dysfunction, and hypermetabolic states."	( Optimal intensity and monitoring warfarin. Hirsh, J, 1995)	0.9
" The dosage requirements of warfarin are reduced by chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and other quinolones, erythromycin and some of the other macrolides, metronidazole and other imidazoles, tetracyclines, amiodarone, cimetidine (but not ranitidine), and fibrates."	( Serious drug interactions. Aronson, J, 1993)	0.58
" The combined model was applied to prothrombin time and plasma concentration-time data obtained after oral administration of single doses of racemic warfarin to healthy subjects either alone or during multiple dosing with the metabolic enzyme inhibitor phenylbutazone or the inducer secobarbital."	( Stereochemical aspects of warfarin drug interactions: use of a combined pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Chan, E; McLachlan, A; O'Reilly, R; Rowland, M, 1994)	0.79
" Three dosage levels (1."	( [Effects of scoparone on hemodynamics in anesthetized rabbits]. Huang, JC; Sun, AX; Wang, RX; Wang, XR, 1993)	0.29
"28) or efficacy (warfarin dosage adjustments, 117 vs."	( Comparison of a standard and a sensitive thromboplastin in monitoring low intensity oral anticoagulant therapy. Brophy, MT; Deykin, D; Fiore, LD; Goodwin, R; Lau, J; Lopez, A, 1994)	0.63
" Because of the potential severity of this interaction, close monitoring of INR and warfarin dosage adjustment is recommended in patients receiving warfarin along with levamisole and 5-FU."	( Possible drug interaction between warfarin and combination of levamisole and fluorouracil. Israel, MK; Scarfe, MA, 1994)	0.79
" Their action is macrophage-dependent and the dosage is critical."	( Treatment with coumarin to prevent or delay recurrence of malignant melanoma. Breslin, B; Browne, H; Browne, HY; Corrigan, T; Daly, L; Daly, P; Edwards, G; Gaffney, E; Lynch, G; Thornes, RD, 1994)	0.29
"Four trials of enoxaparin (involving 567 patients) and six trials of warfarin (involving 630) met the following criteria: randomized controlled trial, prophylaxis started no later than 24 hours after surgery and continued for at least 7 days, warfarin dose monitored and adjusted appropriately, enoxaparin dosage 30 mg twice daily, and DVT confirmed by bilateral venography."	( Cost-effectiveness of enoxaparin versus warfarin prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. Anderson, DR; Goeree, R; O'Brien, BJ, 1994)	0.79
"To determine whether anticoagulation practices have changed when heparin and warfarin are used to treat cerebrovascular disease, and to determine the dosage of aspirin used to treat carotid territory transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)."	( A follow-up survey of clinical practices for the use of heparin, warfarin, and aspirin. Alberts, MJ; Dawson, DV; Massey, EW, 1994)	0.76
" Variations in the sensitivity of the thromboplastin reagents used to perform the PT may result in misinterpretation of the level of anticoagulation and errors in warfarin dosage adjustments."	( Monitoring warfarin therapy with the international normalized ratio. Howard, PA, 1994)	0.87
"Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic information regarding warfarin is used to produce a predictive model based on the idea that pharmacodynamic variability is more important than pharmacokinetic variability in the overall dose-response variability to warfarin."	( Pharmacodynamic optimization of warfarin therapy. Doi, SA, 1994)	0.82
" Health care providers play a key role in the counseling of patients who are considering the use of warfarin, the patient education regarding potential complications and drug interactions, and the ongoing monitoring and laboratory testing needed for dosage adjustments."	( Reducing the risk of stroke in patients with chronic, nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Silva-Smith, A, 1994)	0.5
" The system will automatically adjust and prescribe warfarin dosage for selected patients and set clinic appointments based upon defined criteria."	( Development of a MUMPS-based anticoagulant management system. Hunt, B, 1993)	0.54
" Warfarin dosage was adjusted to achieve stable subtherapeutic anticoagulation."	( Method for studying drug-warfarin interactions. Aberg, J; Grind, M; Murphy, M; Warrington, S, 1993)	1.5
"2 four days after fluconazole was started, despite decreasing the dosage of warfarin."	( Possible interaction between warfarin and fluconazole. Gericke, KR, )	0.65
" After 48 h (day 2), warfarin dosage was changed according to the INR value."	( Reversal of excessive effect of regular anticoagulation: low oral dose of phytonadione (vitamin K1) compared with warfarin discontinuation. Banzato, A; Biasiolo, A; Garelli, E; Pengo, V; Zasso, A, 1993)	0.82
" Initially, the adjusted dosage of standard heparin and fresh frozen plasma was administered."	( [New approaches for treating skin necrosis in protein C deficiency]. Lewandowski, K; Zawilska, K, 1993)	0.29
" We conclude that ketoprofen in this dosage has no significance effect on the anticoagulant effect of warfarin."	( Lack of interaction of ketoprofen with warfarin. Mieszczak, C; Winther, K, 1993)	0.77
" Following stabilization of daily warfarin dosage 1 mg doses of the extracted MK were orally administered."	( The absorption and bioactivity of bacterially synthesized menaquinones. Conly, JM; Stein, KE, 1993)	0.57
" Concomitant use of these agents, even when dosed several hours apart, should be avoided."	( Drug-drug interactions with fluoroquinolones. Marchbanks, CR, )	0.13
"A revised protocol for heparin therapy, in which dosing was based on the patient's weight and the pharmacy staff assumed responsibility for management of the treatment protocol, was evaluated."	( Pharmacy-managed, weight-based heparin protocol. Peterson, JP; Rivey, MP, 1993)	0.29
" A low (100 mg) to medium (325 mg) daily aspirin dosage was more effective than a high dose (975 mg)."	( Optimal antithrombotic therapy following aortocoronary bypass: a meta-analysis. Chen, E; Christakis, GT; Fremes, SE; Goldman, BS; Levinton, C; Naylor, CD, 1993)	0.29
"To compare the effectiveness of three computerised systems that are currently used for assisting warfarin control in outpatients with the customary dosing method used by experienced medical staff."	( Prospective comparative study of computer programs used for management of warfarin. Poller, L; Rowlands, M; Wright, D, 1993)	0.73
"All three computerised systems seemed to give satisfactory control compared with the traditional dosing method."	( Prospective comparative study of computer programs used for management of warfarin. Poller, L; Rowlands, M; Wright, D, 1993)	0.52
" In 39 otherwise healthy outpatients, aged 50-87 years, stabilised on warfarin for prophylaxis of thromboembolism, age, mean International Normalised Ratio (INR), and mean warfarin dosage were recorded."	( The influence of age, liver size and enantiomer concentrations on warfarin requirements. Cope, L; Edwards, C; Kamali, F; Kelly, P; Whittingham, T; Wynne, H, 1995)	0.76
" I give recommendations for dosing and monitoring heparin and warfarin that are based on knowledge of heparin blood levels and on use of the international normalized ratio with warfarin therapy."	( Integrated management of venous thromboembolism. Hyers, TM, 1996)	0.53
" This study was designed to investigate whether losartan at likely dosage levels would alter the anticoagulant response to warfarin."	( Losartan does not affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Bjornsson, TD; Deutsch, PJ; Goldberg, MR; Kong, AN; Osborne, B; Tomasko, L; Waldman, SA, 1995)	0.73
" The risks, however, may be minimized by creation of anticoagulation clinics to ensure optimal dosing and follow-up."	( Stroke prevention: the emerging strategies. Matchar, DB; McCrory, DC, 1996)	0.29
" In this article the indications for, complications of, and methods of dosing and monitoring warfarin in the outpatient setting are reviewed."	( Outpatient anticoagulation issues for the primary care physician. Merli, GJ; Spandorfer, JM, 1996)	0.51
" Dosing adjustments with warfarin sodium (Coumadin, Panwarfin, Sofarin) should be appropriate to the level of the INR and spread over the total weekly dosage for optimum stable control."	( Oral anticoagulant therapy: practical aspects of management. Brigden, ML, 1996)	0.6
" This study compared recommendations on warfarin dosage adjustment and timing of the next appointment made by an algorithm with those made by experienced and inexperienced clinicians."	( Validation of an algorithm for oral anticoagulant dosing and appointment scheduling. Leaning, MS; Patterson, DL; Vadher, BD, 1995)	0.56
" The mean value of controls per patient, the dosage changes, the evolutive controls and the incidence of haemorrhagic and thromboembolic episodes were studied."	( [Comparative study of the stability of oral anticoagulant treatments (warfarin vs acenocoumarol)]. Amián, A; Cañavate, M; Diéguez, JC; Fernández-Jurado, A; Martino, ML; Moreno, MV; Muñiz, R; Prados, D; Quesada, JA; Rodríguez, JN, 1996)	0.53
" However, with procedures having a high risk of bleeding, warfarin dosage may need to be modified."	( Surgical management of patients on warfarin sodium. Beirne, OR; Koehler, JR, 1996)	0.82
" Heparin therapy adapted to the result of the activated cephalin time (two to three times the control value) and oral vitamin K antagonists with a dosage adapted to keep the International Normalized Ratio between 2 and 3 is the safest and most effective treatment to date."	( [Anticoagulant therapy in pulmonary embolism]. Augusseau-Richard, MP; Charbonnier, B; Dessenne, X; Pacouret, G; Pagot, O, 1995)	0.29
" At low warfarin dosage a significant reduction of thrombus (> 30%) went undetected by any test, but was least frequently undetected by factor II and most frequently undetected by PT."	( The anticoagulant, antithrombotic and haemorrhagic effect of long-term warfarin on experimental venous and arterial thrombosis in the rat. Lavelle, SM; MacIomhair, M, )	0.8
" COUMATE was orally active in vivo and after multiple dosing (10 mg/kg/day for 7 days) inhibited liver estrone sulfatase activity by 85%."	( In vivo activity of 4-methylcoumarin-7-O-sulfamate, a nonsteroidal, nonestrogenic steroid sulfatase inhibitor. Potter, BV; Purohit, A; Reed, MJ; Singh, A; Winterborn, CJ; Woo, LW, 1996)	0.29
"To provide a comprehensive review of warfarin use in infants and children, including recommendations for appropriate dosage and monitoring parameters."	( Anticoagulation with warfarin in infants and children. Buck, ML, 1996)	0.89
" In practice B patients were randomized to receive dosing advice either through DSS or through the local hospital laboratory."	( Evaluation of computerized decision support for oral anticoagulation management based in primary care. Bradley, CP; Fitzmaurice, DA; Hobbs, FD; Holder, R; Murray, ET, 1996)	0.29
"001) in the practice where all patients received dosing through DSS."	( Evaluation of computerized decision support for oral anticoagulation management based in primary care. Bradley, CP; Fitzmaurice, DA; Hobbs, FD; Holder, R; Murray, ET, 1996)	0.29
" While none of the patients experienced a bleeding episode, they did require a reduction in their weekly warfarin dosage to achieve an appropriate level of anticoagulation."	( Potential interaction between warfarin and fluvastatin. Aspinall, SL; Kelley, CL; Kroner, BA; Trilli, LE, 1996)	0.8
"Careful monitoring of international normalized ratios and titration of the warfarin dosage is recommended on initiation and for 3 weeks after discontinuation of dicloxacillin in patients receiving warfarin."	( Potential interaction between warfarin and dicloxacillin. Gidal, BE; Mailloux, AT; Sorkness, CA, 1996)	0.81
" The world's literature describing warfarin-rifampin interactions for the past 32 years was reviewed to suggest guidelines for warfarin dosage when rifampin is given simultaneously."	( Inability to attain oral anticoagulation: warfarin-rifampin interaction revisited. Casner, PR, 1996)	0.84
" CLINICAL: We investigated a population of 76 patients treated in an open-label study for six-eight months with a dosage of Coumarin 60 mg/daily + Gingko Biloba 40 mg/daily + Melilotus 40 mg/daily."	( [Contribution of a combination of alpha and beta benzopyrones, flavonoids and natural terpenes in the treatment of lymphedema of the lower limbs at the 2d stage of the surgical classification]. Cataldi, A; Cerreta, G; Derwish, A; Donini, I; Occhionorelli, S; Schettino, A; Vettorello, G, 1996)	0.29
" Warfarin dosage was recorded retrospectively in 104 patients who had been stabilized on warfarin for a median period of 10 years (range 6-24 years) for prophylaxis of thromboembolic disease."	( Effect of ageing upon warfarin dose requirements: a longitudinal study. Edwards, C; Kamali, F; Kelly, P; Long, A; Wynne, HA, 1996)	1.52
" Subsequent doses of warfarin were administered on the basis of dosing nomograms."	( Comparison of 5-mg and 10-mg loading doses in initiation of warfarin therapy. Crowther, M; Harrison, L; Hirsh, J; Johnston, M; Massicotte, MP; Moffat, K, 1997)	0.86
" Improved coagulation test methodology coupled with the incorporation of patient factors such as bodyweight, height, baseline coagulation status, pretreatment heparin sensitivity and heparin concentrations, can be used to improve the accuracy of heparin dosage determination."	( Pharmacokinetic optimisation of the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Agnelli, G; Iorio, A, 1997)	0.3
" In this study, a series of steady-state racemic warfarin, R-warfarin, and S-warfarin serum concentrations, during a 24 h dosage interval, was measured in 10 compliant patients (5 females and 5 males) taking racemic warfarin."	( Steady-state clearance rates of warfarin and its enantiomers in therapeutically dosed patients. Chrystyn, H; Feely, M; Foondun, AS; McAleer, SD, 1997)	0.83
" This is an illustration of the potential of PET to monitor drug effects directly on target biochemical systems in the brain in human volunteers, and the possibility of using these data, rather than pharmacokinetic data, for the determination of dosing intervals."	( MAO-A inhibition in brain after dosing with esuprone, moclobemide and placebo in healthy volunteers: in vivo studies with positron emission tomography. Bergström, M; Eckernäs, SA; Grahnér, A; Greger, G; Gross, G; Långström, B; Müller-Peltzer, H; Németh, G; Safer, A; Traut, M; Westerberg, G, 1997)	0.3
" The initiation of furosemide dosing in a patient receiving a stable dose of warfarin was associated with an 28% decrease in the international normalized ration (INR)."	( Decreased hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin associated with furosemide. Cyr, M; Laizure, SC; Madlock, L; Self, T, 1997)	0.79
"Because of the lack of clinically significant interactions between terbinafine and warfarin during multiple-dose administration of terbinafine, no adjustment of warfarin dosage during concomitant therapy appears to be necessary."	( Evaluation of effects of terbinafine on single oral dose pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant actions of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Francheteau, P; Guerret, M; Hubert, M, )	0.57
"Twelve subjects received a single 25 mg dose of racemic warfarin either alone or on Day 15 of a 21-day oral dosing regimen of 40 mg citalopram daily."	( Investigation of multiple dose citalopram on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of racemic warfarin. Davis, JD; Khan, AZ; Larsen, F; Priskorn, M; Rolan, PE; Sidhu, JS, 1997)	0.76
"99 while the dosage was being adjusted during the first 5 months of warfarin therapy."	( Potential interaction between clarithromycin and warfarin. Kier, KL; Recker, MW, 1997)	0.79
" Appropriate dosage adjustments of warfarin should be performed if an altered response to warfarin is observed."	( Enhancement of warfarin response in a patient receiving etoposide and carboplatin chemotherapy. Hasson, NK; Le, AT; Lum, BL, 1997)	0.93
" Dose-response analysis of coumarin effects indicated that Wistar rats were more sensitive than C57BL/6 mice."	( Intraperitoneal administration of coumarin causes tissue-selective depletion of cytochromes P450 and cytotoxicity in the olfactory mucosa. Ding, X; Gu, J; Lipinskas, TW; Walker, DM; Walker, VE, 1997)	0.3
" As doctors may adjust warfarin dosage for patients in terms of tablet colour, we asked a sample of junior doctors about the colours or strengths of warfarin tablets: 10% were completely correct, one doctor knew none of the colours or strengths and the remainder had a partial knowledge."	( Audit of an anticoagulant clinic: doctor and patient knowledge. Feely, J; Hemeryck, L; McCormack, PM; Stinson, JC, )	0.44
" The analytical method was applied to a fourteen-day experimental study conducted in laying hens that had been orally dosed with warfarin."	( Determination of warfarin in the yolk and the white of hens' eggs by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Fauconnet, V; Morvan, ML; Pinault, L; Pouliquen, H, 1997)	0.84
" Urine samples were collected up to 24 h after dosing and 7-hydroxycoumarin was quantified fluorimetrically in urine hydrolysates after HPLC separation to determine the excretion rates."	( The character of inhibition of the metabolism of 1,2-benzopyrone (coumarin) by grapefruit juice in human. Bourian, M; Legrum, W; Runkel, M; Tegtmeier, M, 1997)	0.3
" Exposure of the GM2E1 cells to NDMA for 4 days caused severe decreases in cell viability, as determined by crystal violet uptake, and showed a sigmoidal dose-response curve with a median lethal dose of 17 microM."	( Heterologous expression of rat P450 2E1 in a mammalian cell line: in situ metabolism and cytotoxicity of N-nitrosodimethylamine. Hollenberg, PF; Lin, HL; Roberts, ES, 1998)	0.3
" Thus atorvastatin had no consistent effect on the anticoagulant activity of warfarin and adjustment in warfarin dosing should not be necessary."	( Atorvastatin does not alter the anticoagulant activity of warfarin. Abel, R; Besserer, J; Gibson, GL; Stern, R, 1997)	0.77
" Having these information will aid in determining dosage of certain medications to the patients with an inherited abnormality of drug metabolizing enzyme."	( [Individualization of drug therapy and pharmacogenetics]. Azuma, J; Yamamoto, I, 1998)	0.3
" Intravenous lipid administration, which is anecdotally reported to precipitate warfarin resistance, may have contributed to the condition, but dosing was less frequent than in published reports."	( Warfarin resistance in a patient with short bowel syndrome. Brophy, DF; Crouch, MA; Ford, SL, )	1.8
" Reliable Thrombotest values are needed to be able to administer the correct dosage of warfarin."	( [Peroral anticoagulant therapy--are the TT-values reliable?]. Asprang, AF; Eilertsen, H; Nerdrum, HJ; Ulveland, K, 1998)	0.52
" They also received diets containing 100 or 500 ppm auraptene for 4 weeks in groups of "initiation" feeding, starting 1 week before the first dosing of AOM."	( Citrus auraptene exerts dose-dependent chemopreventive activity in rat large bowel tumorigenesis: the inhibition correlates with suppression of cell proliferation and lipid peroxidation and with induction of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes. Hara, A; Kakumoto, M; Kawabata, K; Koshimizu, K; Kuki, W; Maeda, M; Murakami, A; Odashima, S; Ohigashi, H; Ota, T; Takahashi, Y; Tanaka, T; Yamane, T; Yonei, H, 1998)	0.3
" Substantial changes in anticoagulation measurement and dosing have occurred during the past several years."	( Modern management of prosthetic valve anticoagulation. Gastineau, DA; Mullany, CJ; Nishimura, RA; Orszulak, TA; Schaff, HV; Tiede, DJ, 1998)	0.3
" Consistent with the modulation of enzyme activity by genetic and other factors, wide interindividual variability occurs in the elimination and/or dosage requirements of prototypic CYP2C9 substrates."	( Cytochrome P4502C9: an enzyme of major importance in human drug metabolism. Birkett, DJ; Miners, JO, 1998)	0.3
" The dosage of Coumadin was maintained constant regardless of the prothrombin time (PT) or cardiac rhythm."	( Aortic valve replacement with the St. Jude Medical prosthesis and fixed dose anticoagulation. Iscan, HZ; Katircioglu, SF; Mavitas, B; Tasdemir, O; Ulus, AT; Yamak, B, )	0.13
" However, the mouse lung was identified as a major target organ in a chronic bioassay, with an oral gavage dosage of 200 mg/kg coumarin increasing the incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas."	( Selective Clara cell injury in mouse lung following acute administration of coumarin. Born, SL; Caudill, D; Fix, AS; Lehman-McKeeman, LD, 1998)	0.3
"0, high-INR patients were significantly more likely to manifest the presence of alcoholism or liver disease, to have been anticoagulated for less than six months, to have experienced more frequent warfarin dosage changes, and to have had the addition of a medication known to interact with warfarin."	( Audit of the frequency and clinical response to excessive oral anticoagulation in an out-patient population. Brigden, ML; Graydon, C; Kay, C; Le, A; McLeod, B, 1998)	0.49
" In the first phase, factors which predict the final maintenance dosage of warfarin were defined and used to build a decision tree and dosage algorithm."	( A new regimen for starting warfarin therapy in out-patients. Austin, CA; Channer, KS; Jackson, PR; Oates, A, 1998)	0.83
" The age, sex, height, weight, alcohol intake, number of cigarettes smoked, concomitant medication, clinical evidence of right heart failure, liver failure, abnormalities in liver enzyme estimations, baseline INR and INR after 2 weeks of 2 mg warfarin daily were used in a polytomous logistic regression analysis with stepwise inclusion of factors to determine which factors influenced the eventual maintenance dosage of warfarin."	( A new regimen for starting warfarin therapy in out-patients. Austin, CA; Channer, KS; Jackson, PR; Oates, A, 1998)	0.78
" A series of preliminary in vivo experiments was conducted to determine an effective non-lethal therapeutic dosage of coumadin for rats."	( A hydroxyapatite system for the continuous release of coumadin an anticoagulant. Bajpai, PK; Lasserre, A; Szmulowicz, U; Tarr, ER, 1997)	0.3
" We compared the benefits of computer-generated anticoagulant dosing with traditional dosing decided by experienced medical staff in achieving target international normalised ratios (INRs)."	( Multicentre randomised study of computerised anticoagulant dosage. European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation. Jespersen, J; Johansen, AM; MacCallum, PK; Magalhães, A; Münster, AM; Poller, L; Shiach, CR, 1998)	0.3
"For all patients combined, computer-generated dosing was significantly beneficial overall in achieving target INR (p=0."	( Multicentre randomised study of computerised anticoagulant dosage. European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation. Jespersen, J; Johansen, AM; MacCallum, PK; Magalhães, A; Münster, AM; Poller, L; Shiach, CR, 1998)	0.3
" Finally, the role of LMWH and heparinoids and appropriate dosing have still to be determined."	( Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy. Ginsberg, JS; Hirsh, J, 1998)	0.3
"In this study the warfarin level in the plasma of 60 patients receiving different dosage regimens of warfarin were determined by HPLC."	( Determination of dosage requirements of warfarin in Iranian patients using HPLC technique. Amanlou, M; Andalibi, P; Farsam, H; Gharouni, M, 1998)	0.9
" Its promoted advantages are: it obtains a blood sample by finger-stick versus venipuncture; rapid turnaround time for results; resultant dosage adjustments (as appropriate) performed in minutes versus hours or days after testing; relative ease of use by nonlaboratory personnel; and potential for home monitoring."	( Comparison of a portable capillary whole blood coagulation monitor and standard laboratory methods for determining international normalized ratio. Fuller, RE; Koerner, SD, 1998)	0.3
" The warfarin dosage was almost doubled in order to maintain a therapeutic INR."	( Potential interaction involving warfarin and ritonavir. Cousins, ES; Knoell, KR; Young, TM, 1998)	1.1
" Potentiation of warfarin effect and subsequent decrease in the warfarin dosage requirement was anticipated following ritonavir administration; however, the opposite occurred."	( Potential interaction involving warfarin and ritonavir. Cousins, ES; Knoell, KR; Young, TM, 1998)	0.92
" Subsequent doses were based on dosing algorithms."	( A randomized trial comparing 5-mg and 10-mg warfarin loading doses. Crowther, MA; Ginsberg, JB; Harrison, L; Hirsh, J; Johnson, J; Kearon, C; Massicotte, MP, 1999)	0.56
" Their predictable pharmacokinetics, increased bioavailability, and longer plasma half-life allow for once- or twice-daily dosing and eliminate the need for routine laboratory monitoring."	( Low-molecular-weight heparins. Huang, JN; Shimamura, A, 1998)	0.3
" The mean maintenance warfarin dosage was significantly lower in patients after the Fontan operation, with or without valvar replacement, in the absence of apparent liver dysfunction."	( Low dose oral anticoagulation therapy in Chinese children with congenital heart disease. Cheung, YF; Leung, MP, 1998)	0.61
" However, the clinical development of oral dosage forms of these RGD analogs has been hindered by their low intestinal mucosal permeability."	( Synthesis and evaluation of novel coumarin-based esterase-sensitive cyclic prodrugs of peptidomimetic RGD analogs with improved membrane permeability. Borchardt, RT; Camenisch, GP; Elmo, J; Wang, B; Wang, W; Zhang, H, 1999)	0.3
" Warfarin has a complex dose-response relationship that makes safe and effective use a challenge."	( Warfarin therapy: evolving strategies in anticoagulation. Bushwick, BM; Horton, JD, 1999)	2.66
"2 kg and were dosed daily with 2 to 3 mg of coumadin."	( Oral anticoagulant therapy and international normalized ratios in swine. Brickey, DA; Doe, RH; McGlasson, DL, 1998)	0.3
"We assessed the ability of a graphic nomogram to adjust steady-state warfarin dosages and to predict international normalized ratios (INR) after a dosage change, compared with an anticoagulation clinic pharmacist and a Bayesian regression computer program."	( A graphic nomogram for warfarin dosage adjustment. Coleman, RW; Dalere, GM; Lum, BL, 1999)	0.85
" Similarly, alterations in the pharmacokinetics of warfarin were not detected under the multiple dosing paradigm."	( Possible influences of ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats. Chan, KW; Chang, Q; Chang, S; Li, RC; Ng, LS; Zhu, M, 1999)	0.78
" This study was designed to evaluate whether montelukast at clinically used dosage levels would interfere with the anticoagulant effect of warfarin."	( Effect of montelukast on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Arnout, J; De Lepeleire, I; De Schepper, PJ; Depré, M; Freeman, A; Gertz, B; Holland, S; Van Hecken, A; Verbesselt, R; Wong, PH; Wynants, K, 1999)	0.74
" The aim of this study was to investigate the antithrombotic effect and the slope of the dose-response curves of the multifactorial coagulation inhibitor warfarin in comparison with the single factor low-molecular-weight thrombin inhibitors melagatran and inogatran."	( Antithrombotic effects and bleeding time of thrombin inhibitors and warfarin in the rat. Carlsson, S; Elg, M; Gustafsson, D, 1999)	0.74
"There is a close dependency between warfarin dosage and fetal complications."	( Dose-dependent fetal complications of warfarin in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves. Cotrufo, M; De Feo, M; De Santo, LS; Pollice, A; Tedesco, N; Vitale, N, 1999)	0.85
" In 119 dosage adjustment decisions, there were only 3 errors (2."	( Outpatient self-management of warfarin therapy: a pilot study. Campbell, L; Carter, C; Fung, A; Gin, K; Shalansky, K; Sunderji, R, 1999)	0.59
" Close monitoring of INR is recommended, and warfarin dosage adjustment may be necessary."	( Potential interaction between azithromycin and warfarin. Foster, DR; Milan, NL, 1999)	0.82
" Moreover, the dose-response relationships for coumarin-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity are non-linear, with tumour formation only being observed at high doses which are associated with hepatic and pulmonary toxicity."	( Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity: relevance for human risk assessment. Lake, BG, 1999)	0.3
"5 mg/kg) of warfarin either alone or on day 4 of an 8-day oral dosing regimen of 10 mg/kg CoQ10 daily."	( Accuracy of repeated blood sampling in rats: a new technique applied in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies of the interaction between warfarin and co-enzyme Q10. Chan, E; Zhou, Q, 1998)	0.88
"Warfarin is considered as a narrow therapeutic drug-an agent for which small changes in dosage can lead to significant changes in response."	( Warfarin responses in total joint and hip fracture patients. Huang, Z; Jobin, S; Johnson, LJ; Messieh, M, 1999)	3.19
" Home Care coordinated community laboratory services, communication with and anticoagulant dosage adjustment by the patient's personal family physician."	( Home prophylactic warfarin anticoagulation program after hip and knee arthroplasty. Schuringa, P; Yen, D, 1999)	0.64
"No clinically important effect of irbesartan on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin are likely to occur during concomitant administration; therefore, neither a dosage adjustment of irbesartan or warfarin nor any additional monitoring of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin is necessary."	( Irbesartan does not affect the steady-state pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin. Gielsdorf, W; Mangold, B; Marino, MR, 1999)	0.75
" Using coumarin dosages (50 and 200 mg/kg) and a dosing schedule modeled after the chronic bioassay, the current study examined the effects of repeated coumarin administration in mouse lung."	( Development of tolerance to Clara cell necrosis with repeat administration of coumarin. Born, SL; Caudill, D; Fix, AS; Lehman-McKeeman, LD, 1999)	0.3
"5 mg/week; however, the warfarin dosage had to be reduced to 48."	( Identification of a gemcitabine-warfarin interaction. Kinikar, SA; Kolesar, JM, 1999)	0.89
" Fontan patients required 25% decreased dosage as compared with other congenital heart disease patients."	( Analysis of warfarin therapy in pediatric patients: A prospective cohort study of 319 patients. Andrew, M; Chan, AK; Julian, JA; Marzinotto, V; Massicotte, P; Mitchell, L; Streif, W, 1999)	0.68
" It is concluded that the pharmacodynamic effects of warfarin are not affected by gemifloxacin, and therefore both drugs can be co-administered without dosage adjustment."	( Lack of effect of gemifloxacin on the steady-state pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Bird, N; Davy, M; Fuder, H; Rost, KL, )	0.61
" A dose-response of vitamin K on the effect of warfarin anticoagulation has not yet been established."	( Vitamin K: a practical guide to the dietary management of patients on warfarin. Booth, SL; Centurelli, MA, 1999)	0.79
" The warfarin dosage had remained constant for many weeks in both patients prior to and during the tolterodine trials."	( Tolterodine-warfarin drug interaction. Colucci, VJ; Rivey, MP, 1999)	1.2
" This study describes methods to obtain citrated whole blood and plasma from the zebrafish, analyze in vitro coagulation in small plasma volumes, obtain uniform dosing of zebrafish with oral anticoagulants, and demonstrate specific factor activities via chromogenic assays."	( Analysis of blood coagulation in the zebrafish. Jagadeeswaran, P; Sheehan, JP, )	0.13
" All patients required a warfarin dosage reduction (range 18-74%, mean 44%)."	( Warfarin-5-FU interaction--a consecutive case series. Berlin, JD; Freeberg, BL; Johnson, CL; Kolesar, JM; Schiller, JH, 1999)	2.05
"4 and an increased warfarin dosage was required for three weeks following discontinuation of dicloxacillin treatment in order to maintain therapeutic INRs."	( Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis during dicloxacillin therapy. Arnesen, H; Halvorsen, S; Husebye, T, 1999)	0.63
"A warfarin loading protocol adjusting doses for age was compared to both Fennerty's protocol (Fenn) and empirical dosing (Emp)."	( Comparison of an age adjusted warfarin loading protocol with empirical dosing and Fennerty's protocol. Cosh, D; Druskeit, T; Eaton, VS; Gallus, AS; Jorgensen, LE; Miller, C; Roberts, GW; Wing, LM, 1999)	1.31
" The patient took the same dosage for 6-7 days and experienced severe epistaxis that required two visits to the emergency room."	( Epistaxis associated with elevation of INR in a patient switched to generic warfarin. Dent, LA; Wagner, JL, 2000)	0.54
" Interference's from other antibiotics, drugs and dosage forms additives, in capsules and vials dosage forms, were investigated."	( Selective spectrofluorimetric determination of phenolic beta-lactam antibiotics through the formation of their coumarin derivatives. Belal, SF; El Walily, AF; Gazy, AA; Khamis, EF, 1999)	0.3
" Common drug-drug, drug-food, and drug-disease interactions also are reviewed along with practical dosing recommendations."	( Outpatient management of patients on warfarin. Beckey, NP, )	0.4
" The dosage scheme was subsequently tested in a pilot study including 35 patients."	( Evaluation of a simple dosage scheme for transition from phenprocoumon to warfarin in oral anticoagulation. Brandslund, I; Dahler-Eriksen, BS; Dahler-Eriksen, K; Kristiansen, C; Larsen, TB; Lassen, JF, 2000)	0.54
"Several studies have demonstrated that heparin assays, such as anti-activated factor X (anti-Xa) assays, can be successfully substituted for activated partial thromboplastin time for heparin dosage monitoring."	( Monitoring unfractionated heparin therapy: relationship between eight anti-Xa assays and a protamine titration assay. Kitchen, S; Preston, FE; Theaker, J, 2000)	0.31
"Anti-coagulated patients are monitored at regular intervals to ensure that their warfarin dosage is appropriate for their target International Normalized Ratio."	( Anti-coagulant monitoring service delivery: a comparison of costs of hospital and community outreach clinics. Buxton, MJ; Davies, A; Patterson, DL; Webster-King, J, 2000)	0.53
" In contrast, both DMN 2-4 hr after dosing and 2-AAF 12-16 hr after dosing produced significant increases in UDS assessed as the net nuclear grain count."	( Lack of effect of coumarin on unscheduled DNA synthesis in the in vivo rat hepatocyte DNA repair assay. Edwards, AJ; Lake, BG; Price, RJ; Renwick, AB, 2000)	0.31
" This led to a restructuring of the anticoagulant service, which included the appointment of a nurse specialist and the implementation of a computer-assisted warfarin dosing system."	( Evaluation of an alternative model of anticoagulant care. Allard, SA; Duncan, B; Hennessy, BJ; Vyas, M, )	0.33
" There was a parallel increase in the number of patients presenting on a flexible 'walk-in' basis for phlebotomy with postal dosing with 76% of patients now being managed on a flexible postal system."	( Evaluation of an alternative model of anticoagulant care. Allard, SA; Duncan, B; Hennessy, BJ; Vyas, M, )	0.13
" Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio calculations demonstrate that warfarin dosed to an international normalized ratio of 2-2."	( Cost effectiveness of deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis after hip fracture. Chisholm, MA; Wade, WE, 2000)	0.54
"There is an increasing use of computer-based dosage programs to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy in outpatients."	( A computer generated induction system for hospitalized patients starting on oral anticoagulant therapy. Ageno, W; Johnson, J; Nowacki, B; Turpie, AG, 2000)	0.31
" The purpose of this study was to ascertain the frequency and influence of CYP polymorphisms on warfarin dosing in our patient population."	( Cytochrome P450 polymorphisms are associated with reduced warfarin dose. Borecki, I; Buchman, TG; Freeman, BD; McGrath, S; Zehnbauer, BA, 2000)	0.77
" Correlation analysis of data showed that warfarin dosage was significantly and negatively correlated with patient age (r = -0."	( The influence of (R)- and (S)-warfarin, vitamin K and vitamin K epoxide upon warfarin anticoagulation. Butler, TJ; Edwards, C; Kamali, F; Wynne, HA, 2000)	0.86
" Fluoxetine at the dosage studied does not predictably effect the hypoprothrombinemic response of warfarin."	( Lack of effect of fluoxetine on the hypoprothrombinemic response of warfarin. Anderson, ML; Ford, MA; Jaskar, DW; Rindone, JP, 1997)	0.75
" These studies show that it is possible to detect the active ingredients in the intact dosage form, even where the substance comprises <1% of the total mass of the tablet."	( Evaluation of solid-state forms present in tablets by Raman spectroscopy. Langkilde, FW; Taylor, LS, 2000)	0.31
"To compare the dosing requirements and international normalized ratios (INRs) associated with two bioequivalent crystalline warfarin sodium products in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation."	( A randomized, crossover comparison of warfarin products in the treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation. Adler, DS; Black, EA; Bussey, HI; Godwin, JE; McGee, DL; Vlasses, PH; Weibert, RT; Wilson, DB; Wittkowsky, AK; Yeager, BF, 2000)	0.78
" Patients were randomly assigned to initially either continue DuPont warfarin or receive Apothecon warfarin for four weeks, with weekly evaluation of dosage and INR changes, safety, and efficacy."	( A randomized, crossover comparison of warfarin products in the treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation. Adler, DS; Black, EA; Bussey, HI; Godwin, JE; McGee, DL; Vlasses, PH; Weibert, RT; Wilson, DB; Wittkowsky, AK; Yeager, BF, 2000)	0.81
" Neither the propensity for a dosage change or an INR change nor the magnitude of a dosage change or INR change appeared related to a particular warfarin product (NS for each variable after each study period)."	( A randomized, crossover comparison of warfarin products in the treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation. Adler, DS; Black, EA; Bussey, HI; Godwin, JE; McGee, DL; Vlasses, PH; Weibert, RT; Wilson, DB; Wittkowsky, AK; Yeager, BF, 2000)	0.78
"Low-level anticoagulation with phenindione combined to low dosage of dipyridamole was clinically more effective than the higher standard monotherapy."	( Standard versus low-level anticoagulation combined to low-dose dipyridamole after mitral valve replacement. Allam, H; Awad, A; Hassaballah, F; Hassouna, A, 2000)	0.31
" The trapezoidal rule was used to compare the area under the curve for intravenous versus oral dosing of warfarin."	( A subtherapeutic international normalized ratio despite increasing doses of warfarin: could this be malabsorption? Delgado, LL; Frazee, LA; Haupt, KM; Lara, LF; Rutecki, GW, 2000)	0.75
"Niacin increased HDL cholesterol levels by 30%, with the majority of effect achieved at a dosage of 500 mg twice daily."	( Effective and safe modification of multiple atherosclerotic risk factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Applegate, WB; Crouse, JR; Davis, KB; Egan, D; Elam, MB; Garg, R; Herd, JA; Hunninghake, DB; Johnson, WC; Kennedy, JW; Kostis, JB; Sheps, DS, 2000)	0.31
" The new warfarin dosage was 75 mg per week, a 250% dosage increase."	( Warfarin resistance due to sulfasalazine. Kovacs, MJ; Martin, JE; Teefy, AM, 2000)	2.17
" Elderly patients with atrial fibrillation, prior stroke, and lower literacy skills may have difficulty reading brochures that explain dosing instructions, procedures to follow, and the risks and benefits of anticoagulants."	( Anticoagulant patient information material is written at high readability levels. Byrd, JC; Collins, C; Estrada, CA; Higgs, VB; Hryniewicz, MM, 2000)	0.31
" Others increase the activity and can cause bleeding if the dosage of the anticoagulant is not reduced appropriately."	( [Adverse reactions of coumarin derivative interactions]. Orzechowska-Juzwenko, K; Wiela-Hojeńska, A, 2000)	0.31
" However, we know that ejection fraction and symptom class do not always match and that the regulation of warfarin dosing is more difficult in worsening heart failure."	( Anticoagulation and heart failure. Graham, SP, 2001)	0.52
" We also explored the dosage and international normalized ratio (INR) among Chinese patients during long-term warfarin therapy."	( Long-term treatment with warfarin in Chinese population. Chenhsu, RY; Chiang, SC; Chou, MH; Lin, MF, 2000)	0.82
" Long-term growth was not affected by a high cumulative dosage or exposure after the first trimester."	( Growth until puberty after in utero exposure to coumarins. Gerver, WJ; Geven-Boere, LM; Odink, RJ; Rosendaal, FR; Sauer, PJ; Van der Veer, E; Van Driel, D; Wesseling, J, 2000)	0.31
" Warfarin was absorbed rapidly after oral administration, and the dosage did not affect the time to maximum concentration (S:0."	( Plasma pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers in cats. Freeman, LC; Kraft, SL; Lewis, DC; Smith, SA, 2000)	1.51
" Wide inter-individual variations in both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic response suggest that a more optimal dosing of warfarin may be possible with the development of individual pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic algorithms, analogous to those currently employed in human patients."	( Pharmacodynamics of warfarin in cats. Freeman, LC; Kraft, SL; Lewis, DC; Melethil, S; Smith, SA, 2000)	0.84
" Appropriate use of warfarin requires patient monitoring and dosage adjustments, to ensure its safety and efficacy."	( Therapeutic monitoring of warfarin: the appropriate response marker. Afonso, M; Costa, IM; Falcão, AC; Lanaot, JM; Ratado, P; Soares, PJ, 2000)	0.93
" Initiating warfarin dosing in the elderly should be done cautiously, with doses of 5 mg or less."	( Oral anticoagulants. Pharmacologic issues for use in the elderly. Hylek, EM, 2001)	0.69
" Plasma levels of (+)-calanolide A at all dosing levels were quite variable; however, both the mean concentration in plasma (C(max)), and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve increased proportionately in relation to the dose."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of single doses of (+)-calanolide a, a novel, naturally occurring nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy, human immunodeficiency virus-negative human subjects. Creagh, T; Dutta, B; Eiznhamer, DA; Flavin, MT; Giltner, J; Ruckle, JL; Tolbert, DT; Xu, ZQ, 2001)	0.31
" The former were intuitively dosed after a 2-day loading of 10 mg warfarin/d."	( Pharmacodynamic optimization of warfarin therapy II. Doi, SA, )	0.65
"Warfarin is highly effective in preventing thromboembolism and more recent clinical trials have established that adjusted dosing is highly effective in reducing the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation."	( [Oral anticoagulation in older patients. Establishment and validation of a new posologic warfarin regimen]. Chaïbi, P; Chatap, G; Giraud, K; Sadji, F; Vincent, JP, 2001)	1.98
"The inhibition potential of drugs towards five major human hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes (CYP2A6, 3A4, 2C9, 2D6, and 2E1) was investigated via cassette dosing of the five probe substrates (coumarin, midazolam, tolbutamide, dextromethorphan, and chlorzoxazone) in human liver microsomes using a 96-well plate format."	( High-throughput cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition screening via a cassette probe-dosing strategy. VI. Simultaneous evaluation of inhibition potential of drugs on human hepatic isozymes CYP2A6, 3A4, 2C9, 2D6 and 2E1. Bu, HZ; Knuth, K; Magis, L; Teitelbaum, P, 2001)	0.31
" The effect of pharmacist dosing was also demonstrated in the difference in timing of warfarin administration by nursing staff."	( Pharmacist involvement with warfarin dosing for inpatients. Boddy, C, 2001)	0.83
" The variability in CYP1A2 activity in healthy adults, based on data after oral and intravenous dosage (CLm, CL and AUC), ranged from 34 to 42%."	( Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment. human variability in the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2 probe substrates. Dorne, JL; Renwick, AG; Walton, K, 2001)	0.31
" A principle caveat of this medication is that the dosage required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect varies up to 120-fold between individuals."	( Genetic mechanisms for hypersensitivity and resistance to the anticoagulant Warfarin. Linder, MW, 2001)	0.54
" In addition, anastrozole had no clinically significant effect on the pharmacodynamic effects of warfarin, as assessed 240 h after warfarin dosing by measurement of prothrombin time (s) (glsmean, anastrozole 11."	( The effect of anastrozole on the single-dose pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant activity of warfarin in healthy volunteers. März, W; Merz, M; Nauck, M; Seiberling, M; Wong, J; Yates, RA, 2001)	0.75
" Much of the information surrounding the pharmacokinetics and dosing of unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin obtained from non-pregnant patients has been applied to pregnant women."	( Antithrombotic therapy during pregnancy. Chan, WS; Chunilal, SD; Ginsberg, AS, 2001)	0.31
"Single doses of warfarin (20 mg) were administered prior to and during 2 weeks of dosing with raloxifene 120 mg/day."	( Divergent effects of raloxifene HCI on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Allerheiligen, SR; Ghosh, A; Knadler, MP; Miller, JW; Skerjanec, A, 2001)	0.88
" The pharmacology of warfarin in the elderly is reviewed, including important drug interactions and current dosing recommendations for elderly patients."	( Anticoagulation in the elderly. Henderson, MC; White, RH, 2001)	0.63
" A 233% increase in warfarin dosage over 4 months proved insufficient to attain a therapeutic INR during long-term rifampin therapy More aggressive titration of the warfarin dosage was needed."	( Difficulties in anticoagulation management during coadministration of warfarin and rifampin. Lee, CR; Thrasher, KA, 2001)	0.87
" It was not until 1983 that the problem was resolved and it was shown that the less intense UK-type regimen was just as effective as the higher North American type dosage in the prevention of venous thrombosis but caused much less bleeding."	( The oral anticoagulant saga: past, present, and future. Duxbury, BM; Poller, L, 2001)	0.31
" The rates of fall of the four vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, and X) with the large loading dose and with the daily dosage of 15 mg were compared in six of the subjects."	( Studies on coumarin anticoagulant drugs. Initiation of warfarin therapy without a loading dose. Aggeler, PM; O'Reilly, RA, 1968)	0.49
" Patients practicing self-managed anticoagulation (51 patients) did so at home, measuring their international normalized ratio and then deciding on their dosage of warfarin, while conventionally controlled patients (n = 49) attended hospital clinics or were managed by their family physicians."	( Self-managed anticoagulation: results from a two-year prospective randomized trial with heart valve patients. O'Kane, HO; Sidhu, P, 2001)	0.51
"1, necessitating a decrease in dosage to 1 mg."	( Fixed minidose versus-adjusted low-dose warfarin after total joint arthroplasty: a randomized prospective study. Hozack, WJ; Moriarty, L; Rothman, RH; Sharkey, PF; Sokoloff, B; Vives, MJ, 2001)	0.58
"The anticoagulation therapy with low dosage of warfarin (< 5 mg/d) is safe and convenient for the mothers during pregnancy following mechanical heart valve replacement and has low fetus abnormal rate."	( [The follow-up of 12 pregnant women with anticoagulation therapy after mechanical heart valve replacement]. Dong, L; Shi, Y; Tian, Z, 2001)	0.57
" Three days after ferulenol administration, dosed animals showed hypoprothrombinemia with internal and external hemorrhages similar to those described in ferulosys and anti-vitamin K experimental poisonings."	( Acute toxicity of ferulenol, a 4-hydroxycoumarin isolated from Ferula communis L. Faouzi, MY; Fraigui, O; Lamnaouer, D, 2002)	0.31
" Dose-feeding deterrency activity correlations were governed by various sigmoidal functions, except in the case of imperatorin and bergapten, which had dose-response curves showing irregular traces with two maxima."	( Evaluation of synergism in the feeding deterrence of some furanocoumarins on Spodoptera littoralis. Alonso-Amelot, ME; Calcagno, MP; Coll, J; Faini, F; Lloria, J, 2002)	0.31
" Doses were compared with those recommended by a dosing nomogram."	( Warfarin dosage in postpartum women: a case-control study. Brooks, C; Gould, J; James, DK; Ramsay, MM; Rutherford, JM, 2002)	1.76
" We would recommend the use of a dosing nomogram."	( Warfarin dosage in postpartum women: a case-control study. Brooks, C; Gould, J; James, DK; Ramsay, MM; Rutherford, JM, 2002)	1.76
" For clinical accuracy, discrepant pairs were identified and evaluated to determine whether dosage adjustments would have been needed based on values obtained."	( Accuracy of the avosure PT pro system compared with a hospital laboratory standard. Brosnan, MJ; Choe, HM; Curtis, DM; Mitrovich, S; Rigelsky, JM; Streetman, DS, 2002)	0.31
" Screening for CYP2C9 variants may allow clinicians to develop dosing protocols and surveillance techniques to reduce the risk of adverse drug reactions in patients receiving warfarin."	( Association between CYP2C9 genetic variants and anticoagulation-related outcomes during warfarin therapy. Farin, FM; Higashi, MK; Kondo, LM; Rettie, AE; Srinouanprachanh, SL; Veenstra, DL; Wittkowsky, AK, 2002)	0.73
" In fact, even retrospective data on heparin provide miserably inadequate information for those making a decision on the correct dosing regimen."	( Anticoagulation during pregnancy. Foster, E; Naqvi, TZ, 2002)	0.31
"5 mg/day for 3 weeks, with dosage adjustments only in cases of over-anticoagulation."	( Simple, hybrid deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolus prophylaxis after total hip arthroplasty. Olin, MD; Ward, WG, 1999)	0.3
" This interaction depends on the dosage of KGK, and ten times the amount of the human daily dose of KGK did not exhibit pharmacokinetic interaction with warfarin, suggesting that KGK did not influence the effect of warfarin unless the daily dose was strictly maintained."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between warfarin and kangen-karyu, a Chinese traditional herbal medicine, and their synergistic action. Deguchi, Y; Kano, Y; Makino, T; Okamoto, T; Okukubo, Y; Wakushima, H, 2002)	0.79
" The aim of our study was to find proper dosage regimens of phenprocoumon and warfarin allowing initiation of oral anticoagulant treatment in a short time."	( [Initiation of oral anticoagulant treatment: comparison between different dosage regimens of warfarin and phenprocoumon]. Bernardo, A; Heidt, M; Kemkes-Matthes, B; Matzdorff, A; Winkler, L, 2002)	0.76
"To identify patient-specific factors predictive of maintenance warfarin dosage requirements >5 mg/d."	( Patient-specific factors predictive of warfarin dosage requirements. Absher, RK; Moore, ME; Parker, MH, 2002)	0.82
"Current technologies for assessing genetic deletions and duplications of greater than one kilobase are labor-intensive or rely on PCR-based methods, and none offers the ability to simultaneously detect dosage abnormalities, assess 5'-to-3' cytosine-guanosine (CpG) methylation, and interrogate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)."	( High-throughput detection of submicroscopic deletions and methylation status at 15q11-q13 by a photo-cross-linking oligonucleotide hybridization assay. Cheng, P; Ferrante-Raimondi, M; Huan, B; Peoples, R; Van Atta, R; Wang, J; Weltman, H; Wood, M, 2002)	0.31
"We used a light-activated interstrand nucleic acid cross-linking system (XLnt technology) to determine gene dosage at the 15q11-q13 deletion/duplication locus."	( High-throughput detection of submicroscopic deletions and methylation status at 15q11-q13 by a photo-cross-linking oligonucleotide hybridization assay. Cheng, P; Ferrante-Raimondi, M; Huan, B; Peoples, R; Van Atta, R; Wang, J; Weltman, H; Wood, M, 2002)	0.31
" Concurrent evaluation of dosage and CpG methylation yielded dosage results within specification for 18 of 19 deletion and 8 of 12 NC samples."	( High-throughput detection of submicroscopic deletions and methylation status at 15q11-q13 by a photo-cross-linking oligonucleotide hybridization assay. Cheng, P; Ferrante-Raimondi, M; Huan, B; Peoples, R; Van Atta, R; Wang, J; Weltman, H; Wood, M, 2002)	0.31
" The treatment protocols for low molecular weight heparin and warfarin, using dosing protocols determined by weight and INR results, are described."	( Outpatient treatment of community acquired venous thromboembolism--the Christchurch experience. Han, DY; Heaton, D; Inder, A, 2002)	0.56
" Dosage adjustment was undertaken using a simple dosing algorithm."	( A randomised controlled trial of patient self management of oral anticoagulation treatment compared with primary care management. Allan, TF; Fitzmaurice, DA; Gee, KM; Hobbs, FD; Murray, ET, 2002)	0.31
" In Group 1, for 6 months, dosage was based on the CoaguChek and for the second 6 months on the coagulometer."	( Reliability of point-of-care prothrombin time testing in a community clinic: a randomized crossover comparison with hospital laboratory testing. Campbell, B; Chauhan, N; Keown, M; Poller, L; Shiach, CR, 2002)	0.31
" This rabbit model with a high dosage of clopidogrel and aspirin, and a short-time exposure of the heart valve leaflets to rabbit blood under laminar flow, should be further evaluated with respect to whether it can give information about antithrombotic regimens in patients after mechanical heart valve replacement."	( Effects of combined therapy of clopidogrel and aspirin in preventing thrombus formation on mechanical heart valves in an ex vivo rabbit model. Bickel, C; Buerke, M; Hauroeder, B; Hundt, F; Meyer, J; Peetz, D; Rupprecht, HJ; Schlitt, A; Victor, A, 2002)	0.31
" We developed a nomogram for the dosing of warfarin that was specific for joint arthroplasty."	( Comparison of a nomogram and physician-adjusted dosage of warfarin for prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis after arthroplasty. Alexander, D; Anderson, DR; Blundell, J; Burton, E; Gross, M; Leighton, R; Petrie, D; Robinson, KS; Stanish, W; Wilson, SJ, 2002)	0.82
"This study demonstrated that the administration of warfarin during hospitalization with use of a nomogram designed for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis following total hip or knee arthroplasty provided effective and safe prophylaxis that was comparable with that provided by physician-adjusted dosing of warfarin."	( Comparison of a nomogram and physician-adjusted dosage of warfarin for prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis after arthroplasty. Alexander, D; Anderson, DR; Blundell, J; Burton, E; Gross, M; Leighton, R; Petrie, D; Robinson, KS; Stanish, W; Wilson, SJ, 2002)	0.81
"To assess the accuracy of warfarin dosing decisions and the degree of numeric bias between two point-of-care devices using a local reference laboratory's international normalized ratio (INR) as the standard measure, and to determine the relationship between dosing decisions and INR values obtained with the point-of-care devices."	( Differences in warfarin dosing decisions based on international normalized ratio measurements with two point-of-care testing devices and a reference laboratory measurement. Bragg, L; Connor, JT; Fink, J; Kottke-Marchant, K; Mazzoli, G; Shermock, KM, 2002)	0.97
"Dosing agreement was assessed as the proportion of agreement between each device and the laboratory in terms of maintenance dosage adjustments (increase, decrease, or no change)."	( Differences in warfarin dosing decisions based on international normalized ratio measurements with two point-of-care testing devices and a reference laboratory measurement. Bragg, L; Connor, JT; Fink, J; Kottke-Marchant, K; Mazzoli, G; Shermock, KM, 2002)	0.67
"Assessing dosing decisions yielded distinct, useful clinical information."	( Differences in warfarin dosing decisions based on international normalized ratio measurements with two point-of-care testing devices and a reference laboratory measurement. Bragg, L; Connor, JT; Fink, J; Kottke-Marchant, K; Mazzoli, G; Shermock, KM, 2002)	0.67
" In this report, we describe a woman with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome who developed extensive pulmonary embolism despite receiving a proven therapeutic dosage of low molecular weight heparin."	( Low-molecular weight heparin: treatment failure in a patient with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Ahmed, S; Karim, A; Mattana, J; Patel, D; Siddiqui, R, 2002)	0.31
" Fluvoxamine has an extensive elimination half-life of 17-22 hours after a single dose, which increases with multiple dosing by 30-50%."	( Fluvoxamine interaction with warfarin. Elliott, ES; Limke, KK; Shelton, AR, 2002)	0.61
" Mean elimination half-life in the two highest dosing cohorts combined was 15."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of multiple escalating doses of (+)-calanolide A, a naturally occurring nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy HIV-negative volunteers. Creagh, T; Dutta, B; Eiznhamer, DA; Flavin, MT; Giltner, J; Jenta, T; Ruckle, JL; Tolbert, DT; Xu, ZQ, )	0.13
" Awareness and application of this knowledge will improve drug use in clinical practice and provide the physician with further appreciation that standard drug dosing may not be appropriate in all patients."	( Pharmacogenetics affects dosing, efficacy, and toxicity of cytochrome P450-metabolized drugs. Bertino, JS; Nafziger, AN; Rogers, JF, 2002)	0.31
"A Bayesian algorithm, employing a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model, for the effective and rapid prediction of warfarin maintenance dosing requirements was developed."	( A Bayesian method based on clotting factor activity for the prediction of maintenance warfarin dosage regimens. Aarons, L; Parker, EM; Pitsiu, M; Rowland, M, 2003)	0.75
" During the course of anticoagulation, both patients were prescribed fenofibrate and experienced threefold and twofold increases in international normalized ratio (INR), respectively, requiring total weekly warfarin dosage reductions of 30-40%."	( Fenofibrate potentiates warfarin effects. Kim, KY; Mancano, MA, 2003)	0.81
"We suggest serial monitoring of INR and consider an empiric 20% reduction in warfarin dosage when fenofibrate is initiated, with the possibility for a greater warfarin dosage reduction based on INR results."	( Fenofibrate potentiates warfarin effects. Kim, KY; Mancano, MA, 2003)	0.85
"Warfarin induction is accomplished by titrating dosage to coagulation test results."	( A randomized trial of initial warfarin dosing based on simple clinical criteria. Burrows, G; Jaeger, J; Kumar, J; Maida, M; Malik, A; Ord, L; Patel, J; Shine, D, 2003)	2.05
"4; (2) to compare the dosing strategies of an ACS and primary care providers (PCPs); and (3) to quantify the relationship between reduction of the warfarin dose and the subsequent fall in the INR."	( Warfarin dose reduction vs watchful waiting for mild elevations in the international normalized ratio. Banet, GA; Gage, BF; Gatchel, SK; Milligan, PE; Waterman, AD, 2003)	1.96
"From all 231 patients, we obtained INRs and warfarin dosing history."	( Warfarin dose reduction vs watchful waiting for mild elevations in the international normalized ratio. Banet, GA; Gage, BF; Gatchel, SK; Milligan, PE; Waterman, AD, 2003)	2.02
" An increased warfarin dosage was required for a patient receiving 12-week cycles of mercaptopurine for acute promyelocytic leukemia."	( Diminished anticoagulant effects of warfarin with concomitant mercaptopurine therapy. Martin, LA; Mehta, SD, 2003)	0.95
" Further, although low-molecular-weight heparins probably cause less maternal osteoporosis and thrombocytopenia than unfractionated heparin, the appropriate dosing regimens for prevention and treatment of thrombosis during pregnancy have not been established."	( Treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy. Bates, SM, 2002)	0.31
"Unfractionated heparin therapy is care intensive because of dose-response variability, and because of the necessity of constant intravenous infusion and frequent monitoring."	( Challenges to the effective use of unfractionated heparin in the hospitalized management of acute thrombosis. Barry, MJ; Chan, AT; Gardner, M; Henault, LE; Hylek, EM; Regan, S; Singer, DE, 2003)	0.32
" Owing to a concern regarding noncompliance and the adverse effect of bleeding, warfarin dosage was adjusted in one patient even though his first INR value was in the high end of the therapeutic range (2."	( Effect of levofloxacin coadministration on the international normalized ratios during warfarin therapy. Burrows, MM; Enlow, AM; Greenwood, MC; Kilpatrick, DM; Lower, DL; Yamreudeewong, W, 2003)	0.77
" They are as efficient and save as unfractionated heparins and allow weight-adapted dosing with daily subcutaneous injections in most patients."	( [Anticoagulation in patients with venous thromboembolism]. Rüfer, A; Wuillemin, WA, 2003)	0.32
"In 80 consecutive, anticoagulated patients scheduled for minor surgery, we reduced warfarin daily dosage by 50% on days 4, 3 and 2 before the surgery, restoring the original dose the day immediately before surgery."	( A simple and safe nomogram for the management of oral anticoagulation prior to minor surgery. Bertesi, M; Cappi, C; Castelli, I; Marietta, M; Pozzi, S; Simoni, L; Torelli, G, 2003)	0.54
"The introduction of chronic dosing of orlistat may reduce the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamin K, with the result that a lower dose of warfarin may be required."	( Orlistat enhances warfarin effect. Armstrong, KM; Fraser, HW; MacWalter, RS, 2003)	0.85
" Dosing was determined individually by the investigators with a goal of maintaining an AT activity of 80 to 150 percent."	( Use of recombinant human antithrombin in patients with congenital antithrombin deficiency undergoing surgical procedures. Bauer, KA; Bonfiglio, J; Greist, A; Holmes, HE; Konkle, BA; Weinstein, R, 2003)	0.32
" Further study of this product is needed to define optimal dosing and further assess clinical response."	( Use of recombinant human antithrombin in patients with congenital antithrombin deficiency undergoing surgical procedures. Bauer, KA; Bonfiglio, J; Greist, A; Holmes, HE; Konkle, BA; Weinstein, R, 2003)	0.32
"Once- or twice-daily subcutaneous dosing of LMWHs without laboratory monitoring has facilitated outpatient VTE therapy."	( Outpatient treatment of acute venous thromboembolic disease. Gage, BF; Yusen, RD, 2003)	0.32
" Mean T(1/2) values showed that half-life was dosage independent."	( Pharmacokinetics of a novel anti-asthmatic, scoparone, in the rabbit serum assessed by a simple HPLC method. Fang, Y; Li, Z; Watanabe, Y, 2003)	0.32
"48) or optimal ACE dosage (CARD 50% versus IM 42%, P=0."	( Physician specialty and quality of care for CHF: different patients or different patterns of practice? Cox, JL; Haddad, H; Howlett, JG; Johnstone, DE; McDonald, M; Stanley, J, 2003)	0.32
"To compare a 10-mg dosing nomogram with a 5-mg nomogram that has been suggested to be sufficient for warfarin initiation."	( Comparison of 10-mg and 5-mg warfarin initiation nomograms together with low-molecular-weight heparin for outpatient treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Anderson, DR; Boyle, E; Kells, G; Kovacs, J; Kovacs, MJ; Morrow, B; Rodger, M; Wells, PS, 2003)	0.83
" The geometric mean dosage of warfarin did not change during the treatment periods: Ginkgo biloba 36."	( [Effect of Coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in patients on long-term warfarin treatment. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial]. Engelsen, J; Hansen, KF; Nielsen, JD, 2003)	0.87
"Inpatients and outpatients commencing warfarin therapy at 2 teaching hospitals were dosed according to the age-adjusted protocol."	( Assessment of an age-adjusted warfarin initiation protocol. Cosh, DG; Eaton, VS; Gallus, AS; Helboe, T; Jensen, I; Nielsen, CB; Roberts, GW, 2003)	0.88
" After an additional 2 days of empiric dosage adjustment by the attending physician, 86% of the subjects demonstrated a stable INR."	( Assessment of an age-adjusted warfarin initiation protocol. Cosh, DG; Eaton, VS; Gallus, AS; Helboe, T; Jensen, I; Nielsen, CB; Roberts, GW, 2003)	0.61
"The age-adjusted dosing protocol rapidly achieved a stable INR with minimal overanticoagulation."	( Assessment of an age-adjusted warfarin initiation protocol. Cosh, DG; Eaton, VS; Gallus, AS; Helboe, T; Jensen, I; Nielsen, CB; Roberts, GW, 2003)	0.61
" Intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors effectively prevent periprocedural thrombotic complications, but their short duration of action and parenteral dosing don't allow for long-term protection."	( What is the role for improved long-term antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention? Berger, P; Steinhubl, S, 2003)	0.32
" After these 5 weeks of dosage increases, the INR became supratherapeutic for 3 weeks, resulting in a subsequent dosage decrease."	( Bosentan and warfarin interaction. Hood, EH; Murphey, LM, )	0.5
"600 patients on long term dosage of warfarin."	( Reliability of international normalised ratios from two point of care test systems: comparison with conventional methods. Chauhan, N; Jespersen, J; Keown, M; Poller, L; Shiach, C; Tripodi, A; van den Besselaar, AM, 2003)	0.59
" Few studies have compared the influence of using different monitors on dosage decisions."	( Potential dosing errors using portable prothrombin time monitoring devices. Ezra, D; Halkin, H; Kurnik, D; Loebstein, R; Lubetsky, A, 2003)	0.32
"Clinic attendance intervals, average warfarin dosages, interval of dosage change, INR values and variations from accepted normal."	( Pattern of anticoagulation control after heart valve surgery at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. Ogendo, SW, 2000)	0.58
"Anticoagulation control at the KNH still needs some improvements in clinic attendance and better dosage adjustments to achieve more appropriate INR values."	( Pattern of anticoagulation control after heart valve surgery at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. Ogendo, SW, 2000)	0.31
"Self-management of warfarin is an evolving strategy that involves self-testing of the international normalized ratio using a point-of-care device and adjustment of warfarin dosage by the patient using a dosage-adjustment nomogram."	( Patient self-management of oral anticoagulation: a review. Carter, C; Fung, A; Gin, K; Shalansky, K; Sunderji, R, 2003)	0.65
"04 years, the mean oral import warfarin dosage was (2."	( [Low intensity anticoagulation therapy after mechanical heart valve replacement]. Dong, L; Ma, JY; Shi, YK; Tian, ZP; Wang, X; Yi, J, 2003)	0.6
"To establish and evaluate an external quality assessment scheme for warfarin dosing for users of a computerised decision support system, BAP-PC."	( External quality assessment for warfarin dosing using computerised decision support software. Fitzmaurice, DA; Murray, ET; Oppenkowski, TP; Sandhar, H, 2003)	0.84
" The variables of CYP2C9 genotype and age can be applied to restrict the dosage range considered for individual patients."	( Warfarin dose adjustments based on CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms. Adams, JE; Antonino-Green, D; Bukaveckas, BL; Johnson, N; Lacefield, N; Linder, MW; Looney, S; Valdes, R, 2002)	1.76
" Upon dilution of samples, concentrates and plasma exhibited the same dose-response characteristics."	( Factor VIII determination in patient's plasma and concentrates: a novel test equally suited for both matrices. Eich, S; Grundmann, C; Hanker, C; König, H; Kusch, M; Seitz, R, 2003)	0.32
" The dosage varies from individual to individual and is subject to adjustment due to interactions with other medications and alcohol."	( Evaluation of patient knowledge regarding oral anticoagulants. Bouchier-Hayes, D; Chambers, F; Nanra, J; Roche-Nagle, G; Young, S, )	0.13
" A small but significant effect on uterine wet weight was noted with raloxifene dosed at 1 mg/kg."	( Effects of SP500263, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator, on bone, uterus, and serum cholesterol in the ovariectomized rat. Anderson, DW; Bhagwat, SS; Brady, H; Gayo-Fung, LM; Leisten, J; Lipps, SG; McKie, JA; O'Leary, E; Patnaik, N; Stein, B; Sutherland, MK, 2003)	0.32
"The patients' medical records were evaluated; data were collected on patient demographics and on vitamin K1 dosage and route of administration, warfarin dosage, and international normalized ratio (INR) before and after vitamin K1 administration."	( A retrospective evaluation of vitamin K1 therapy to reverse the anticoagulant effect of warfarin. Adams, AG; Armitstead, JA; Davis, GA; Fan, J, 2003)	0.74
" Likewise, the risk of oral bleeding from anticoagulants such as warfarin is often over stated, and unnecessary adjustment of NSAID or warfarin dosage puts patients at risk for significant morbidity and mortality."	( Dental management considerations for the patient with an acquired coagulopathy. Part 2: Coagulopathies from drugs. Gibson, J; Leitch, J; Lockhart, PB; Pond, SH, 2003)	0.56
" Physicians dosed independently and pharmacists used a warfarin sodium nomogram to manage patients."	( Comparison of physician- and pharmacist-managed warfarin sodium treatment in open heart surgery patients. Brown, GR; Lai, DK; Tilley, JA; Tschol, N; Wong, H, 2003)	0.82
" Appropriate use of UFH and warfarin requires close patient monitoring and dosage adjustments to ensure tolerability and efficacy."	( Anticoagulation therapy in children. Goulden, NJ; Halsey, C; Ronghe, MD, 2003)	0.61
"The authors examine the scientific basis for properly managing the dosage of anticoagulants for dental patients who are receiving anticoagulation therapy."	( Lack of a scientific basis for routine discontinuation of oral anticoagulation therapy before dental treatment. Jeske, AH; Suchko, GD, 2003)	0.32
" CYP2C9 variants, age, weight, concurrent drug treatment and indication for treatment significantly influenced warfarin dosing in these patients, explaining 29% of the variation in dose."	( Warfarin sensitivity related to CYP2C9, CYP3A5, ABCB1 (MDR1) and other factors. Karlsson, J; Magnusson, PK; Melhus, H; Sörlin, K; Wadelius, C; Wadelius, M; Wallerman, O; Yue, QY, 2004)	1.98
" We also determined the role of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) polymorphism on coumarin dosage and INR in NSAID users."	( Potential interaction between acenocoumarol and diclofenac, naproxen and ibuprofen and role of CYP2C9 genotype. Brouwers, JR; de Jong-van den Berg, LT; de Vries-Bots, AM; Piersma-Wichers, M; Plat, AW; Slomp, J; van Dijk, AA; van Dijk, KN, 2004)	0.32
" The stricter criteria set down by the clinician resulted in 73% of paired results producing the same dosage decision."	( Accuracy, reproducibility and clinical utility of the CoaguChek S portable international normalized ratio monitor in an outpatient anticoagulation clinic. Bereznicki, LR; Jackson, SL; Jupe, DM; Kimber, RI; Marsden, KA; Peterson, GM; Tegg, E; Vial, JH, 2004)	0.32
" Studies have demonstrated that initial dosing of warfarin with CYP2C9*3 with a five-milligram dose caused an increase in the international normalized ratio and significant risk of bleeding."	( Polymorphism induced sensitivity to warfarin: a review of the literature. Gandhi, PJ; Gardner, AJ; Palkimas, MP; Skinner, HM, 2003)	0.85
" After INR values declined to 2-3, warfarin was reinitiated with dosing adjusted using factor X and II activity levels."	( Warfarin initiation and monitoring with clotting factors II, VII, and X. Dager, WE; Diaz, JA; Gosselin, RC; Trask, AS, 2004)	2.04
"6 one week after subsequent fish oil reduction, necessitating a return to the original warfarin dosing regimen."	( Fish oil interaction with warfarin. Buckley, MS; Goff, AD; Knapp, WE, 2004)	0.85
" Innovations in warfarin management, including patient self-management and computerized dosing programs, are alternatives for improved care that are available with or without input by an anticoagulation service."	( The future of anticoagulation clinics. Macik, BG, )	0.48
" Although estimated to prevent twenty strokes per induced bleeding episode, warfarin is under-used because of the difficulty of controlling dosage and the fear of inducing bleeding."	( Identification of the gene for vitamin K epoxide reductase. Chang, CY; Jin, DY; Khvorova, A; Li, T; Lin, PJ; Stafford, DW, 2004)	0.55
" Three decision trees for solid oral dosage forms or liquid suspensions are provided for evaluating when and how polymorphs of drug substances should be monitored and controlled in ANDA submissions."	( Regulatory considerations of pharmaceutical solid polymorphism in Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs). Adams, RC; Furness, MS; Gill, DS; Holcombe, FO; Raw, AS; Yu, LX, 2004)	0.32
"A 67-year-old man receiving a stable maintenance dosage of warfarin experienced an increased international normalized ratio (INR) without bleeding when his atorvastatin therapy was switched to fluvastatin."	( Oral anticoagulant drug interactions with statins: case report of fluvastatin and review of the literature. Andrus, MR, 2004)	0.57
"This retrospective study evaluated the dosages given to 125 patients who started therapy with warfarin in a clinical center where physicians used the same approach for dosing and frequency of monitoring."	( CYP2C9 genotypes and dose requirements during the induction phase of oral anticoagulant therapy. Mannucci, PM; Moia, M; Peyvandi, F; Siboni, SM; Spreafico, M, 2004)	0.54
" It is anticipated that using dosing regimens modified to take into account the contribution of age and CYP2C9 genotype has the potential to improve the safety of warfarin therapy."	( Contribution of age, body size, and CYP2C9 genotype to anticoagulant response to warfarin. Daly, AK; Frearson, R; Kamali, F; Kesteven, P; Khan, TI; King, BP; Wood, P; Wynne, H, 2004)	0.75
" Dosing with St John's wort or ginseng was continued for 7 days after administration of the warfarin dose."	( Effect of St John's wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Ammit, AJ; Day, RO; Duke, CC; Jiang, X; Liauw, WS; McLachlan, AJ; Roufogalis, BD; Williams, KM, 2004)	0.77
" CYP2C9 genotyping in these patients provided a likely explanation for their continued low warfarin dosage requirements."	( CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms and warfarin. Dickmann, LJ; Goldstein, JA; Hon, YY; Kidd, RS; Redman, AR; Ritchie, DM, 2004)	0.83
" In conclusion, coadministration of etanercept and warfarin would not be expected to change the pharmacokinetics of either medication; therefore, no dosage adjustment is needed in cases in which warfarin and etanercept are coadministered."	( Absence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between etanercept and warfarin. Buckwalter, M; Korth-Bradley, J; Metzger, D; Parks, V; Patat, A; Zhou, H, 2004)	0.81
"Action research workshops, supported by questionnaires and clinical audit, to define the strengths and weaknesses of the service and the effectiveness of the computerised decision support system used to set the dosage of anticoagulant and time interval to the next appointment."	( Lessons from the implementation of a near patient anticoagulant monitoring service in primary care. de Lusignan, S; Singleton, A; Wells, S, 2004)	0.32
" Warfarin is a potential target for pharmacogenetics-based dosing because of its wide use, variability in individual response, high prevalence of genetic variants and severity of adverse drug reactions (4)."	( Use of pharmacogenetics to guide warfarin therapy. Eby, C; Gage, BF; McLeod, HL; Voora, D, 2004)	1.52
" Among patients treated with warfarin, there is little correlation among dose, serum concentration, and therapeutic effect, necessitating individualized dosing guided by therapeutic monitoring of the prothrombin time."	( Warfarin and other coumarin derivatives: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug interactions. Wittkowsky, AK, 2003)	2.05
" New medications in development with more predictable dosing and fewer drug-drug interactions may reduce the complexities of achieving optimal anticoagulation and increase the practicality of long-term anticoagulant therapy for patients with AF at risk of stroke."	( The increasing need for anticoagulant therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Ezekowitz, MD; Falk, RH, 2004)	0.32
"7% of all dosing variability according to multiple regression."	( Relative impact of covariates in prescribing warfarin according to CYP2C9 genotype. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, I; Hillman, MA; Wilke, RA, 2004)	0.58
"At least 10% of patients with lupus anticoagulant receiving long-term warfarin therapy may have falsely high INR values, which could lead to inappropriate warfarin dosage reduction."	( Unreliability of international normalized ratio for monitoring warfarin therapy in patients with lupus anticoagulant. Rosborough, TK; Shepherd, MF, 2004)	0.8
"The ability to use printed material to function in society (literacy) and to handle basic numerical concepts (numeracy) may have implications in patients' ability to follow dosing schedules."	( Literacy and numeracy skills and anticoagulation control. Byrd, JC; Collins, C; Estrada, CA; Martin-Hryniewicz, M; Peek, BT, 2004)	0.32
" Both are effective anticoagulants, but their use is associated with a number of impediments, including the need for intensive coagulation monitoring, wide variation in dose-response relationships, multiple drug interactions (in the case of warfarin), and serious immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (in the case of heparin)."	( Limitations of traditional anticoagulants. Hawkins, D, 2004)	0.51
" Clinically, patients with these mutations are more sensitive to the effects of warfarin, require lower warfarin dosing requirements to reach a particular therapeutic endpoint, and are at increased risk for over-anticoagulation and bleeding complications during both initiation and maintenance therapy."	( Pharmacogenomics and the management of oral anticoagulation. Wittkowsky, AK, 2004)	0.55
"Interethnic differences in warfarin dosing in Asian subjects may result from other genetic, dietary, or environmental influences; however, these novel variants in the gene warrant further characterization through functional studies."	( Novel CYP2C9 genetic variants in Asian subjects and their influence on maintenance warfarin dose. Goh, BC; Guo, JY; Lee, HS; Lee, SC; Lim, YT; Liu, TC; Loke, C; Lu, WL; Rankin, SC; Tan, T; Wu, TS; Zhang, Q; Zhao, F, 2004)	0.85
"Clinical pharmacists monitored patients' anticoagulation status using point-of-care analyzers and making dosage changes as needed under a collaborative agreement."	( Ability of clinical pharmacists in a community pharmacy setting to manage anticoagulation therapy. Amruso, NA, )	0.13
" Among the key recommendations in this article are the following: for dosing of VKAs, we suggest the initiation of oral anticoagulation therapy with doses between 5 and 10 mg for the first 1 or 2 days for most individuals, with subsequent dosing based on the international normalized ratio (INR) response (Grade 2B)."	( The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Ansell, J; Bussey, H; Hirsh, J; Hylek, E; Jacobson, A; Poller, L, 2004)	0.32
"To compare the effectiveness of pharmacists dosing warfarin for in-patients, in comparison to that of junior doctors, in order to establish the value of a pharmacist-controlled in-patient anti-coagulation service."	( Evaluation of warfarin dosing by pharmacists for elderly medical in-patients. Burns, N, 2004)	0.94
"Two wards at Brighton General Hospital were under pharmacist-control of warfarin dosing and three wards remained under the care of doctors."	( Evaluation of warfarin dosing by pharmacists for elderly medical in-patients. Burns, N, 2004)	0.92
" Significantly fewer patients dosed by pharmacists had episodes of over or under anti-coagulation (91% vs 67%) and fewer INR tests were requested (2."	( Evaluation of warfarin dosing by pharmacists for elderly medical in-patients. Burns, N, 2004)	0.68
"Pharmacist dosing of warfarin for in-patients had a beneficial effect on most aspects of anti- coagulation control."	( Evaluation of warfarin dosing by pharmacists for elderly medical in-patients. Burns, N, 2004)	1
"6 years) and their parents were trained in home blood analysis of INR and in coumarin dosage adjustment."	( Oral anticoagulation therapy in children: successfully controlled by self-management. Andersen, NT; Christensen, TD; Hansen, OK; Hasenkam, JM; Hjortdal, VE; Maegaard, M, 2004)	0.32
" Uremic toxins were also incubated with purified human albumin, and dose-response experiments with the two most toxic agents in terms of protein damage (guanidine and guanidinopropionic acid) were carried out."	( Plasma protein aspartyl damage is increased in hemodialysis patients: studies on causes and consequences. D'Aniello, A; De Santo, NG; Galletti, P; Ingrosso, D; Lombardi, C; Perna, AF; Satta, E, 2004)	0.32
"To review the literature investigating initial dosing of warfarin at 5 or 10 mg for treatment of acute venous thromboembolism."	( Initiating warfarin therapy: 5 mg versus 10 mg. Didomenico, RJ; Eckhoff, CD; Shapiro, NL, 2004)	0.96
"Studies of the initial dosing of warfarin at 5 or 10 mg were evaluated and relevant information was included, as were those that identified known factors that influence the maintenance dose of warfarin."	( Initiating warfarin therapy: 5 mg versus 10 mg. Didomenico, RJ; Eckhoff, CD; Shapiro, NL, 2004)	0.99
"For the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism, warfarin dosing is often provider dependent."	( Initiating warfarin therapy: 5 mg versus 10 mg. Didomenico, RJ; Eckhoff, CD; Shapiro, NL, 2004)	0.97
" Traditional therapy with oral anticoagulants has several disadvatages: narrow therapeutic window, and often unpredictable dose-response so that frequent monitoring of the INR is required."	( [New perspectives for anticoagulation in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation: oral antithrombins]. Giansante, C; Scardi, S, 2004)	0.32
" Efforts to achieve optimal venous thromboembolism prophylaxis by modifying the intensity of oral warfarin treatment have produced equivocal results, and there is a need for new, efficacious antithrombotic drugs providing predictable, well-tolerated oral dosing without the need for coagulation monitoring."	( Treatment of venous thromboembolism and long-term prevention of recurrence: present treatment options and ximelagatran. Eriksson, H, 2004)	0.54
"Novel antithrombotic agents, with more specific activity on the coagulation cascade, more predictable pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, simpler dosing regimens, and few or no laboratory monitoring requirements, have been developed to overcome limitations associated with some of the nonspecific traditional anticoagulants."	( Emerging options in the treatment of venous thromboembolism. Nutescu, EA, 2004)	0.32
" After a 7- or 14-day treatment, TFPC exhibited an inverted U-shaped dose-response relations, maximal effects were obtained at 30 mg/kg, when the efficacy appeared to be more than that of amitriptyline and fluoxetine."	( Behavioral and biochemical studies of total furocoumarins from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia in the forced swimming test in mice. Chen, Y; Kong, LD; Kung, HF; Xia, X; Zhang, L, 2005)	0.33
" Moreover, ximelagatran has rapid onset and offset of action, fixed oral dosing without the need for anticoagulation monitoring, low potential for food and drug interactions, and a therapeutic margin wider than that of warfarin."	( New possibilities in anticoagulant management of atrial fibrillation. Waldo, AL, 2004)	0.51
" Response to previous change in dosage (16."	( Frequency and causes of overanticoagulation and underanticoagulation in patients treated with warfarin. Devine, EB; Wittkowsky, AK, 2004)	0.54
" This study supports the safety of dosing dalteparin based on actual body weight in obese patients."	( The safety of dosing dalteparin based on actual body weight for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism in obese patients. Al-Yaseen, E; Anderson, J; Kovacs, MJ; Martin, J; Wells, PS, 2005)	0.33
" If the international normalized ratio (INR) was kept > 2 for a long period, by means of frequent check-ups and effective dosage adjustment, the chance of death, recurrent myocardial infarction or stroke was 30-50% lower than when acetylsalicylic acid only was used."	( [Antithrombotic therapy after myocardial infarction: arguments for the use of acetylsalicylic acid and coumarin derivatives]. Brouwer, A; Verheugt, FW; Waskowsky, WM, 2005)	0.33
" The daily maintenance dosage is predicted from the international normalized ratio (INR) measured the day after the third daily intake of a 4-mg dose."	( Initiation of warfarin therapy in elderly medical inpatients: a safe and accurate regimen. Boddaert, J; Debray, M; Donval, V; Gisselbrecht, M; Gouin, I; Mahé, I; Pautas, E; Perret-Guillaume, C; Romain-Pilotaz, M; Seux, ML; Siguret, V; Verny, M, 2005)	0.69
" The percentage of patients who required a warfarin dosage adjustment based on the post-INR (secondary outcome measure) was 41% (9 of 22 patients) in the levofloxacin group and 33% (7 of 21 patients) in the felodipine group."	( Retrospective evaluation of a possible interaction between warfarin and levofloxacin. Anderson, HG; McCall, KL; Scott, JC, 2005)	0.83
" Dosing with ginkgo or ginger was continued for 7 days after administration of the warfarin dose."	( Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Ammit, AJ; Day, RO; Duke, CC; Jiang, X; Liauw, WS; McLachlan, AJ; Roufogalis, BD; Williams, KM, 2005)	0.78
"Several proofs of principle have established that pharmacogenetic testing for mutations altering expression and functions of genes associated with drug disposition and response can decrease the "trial-and-error" dosing and reduce the risk of adverse drug reactions."	( Pharmacogenetic testing: proofs of principle and pharmacoeconomic implications. Dervieux, T; Meshkin, B; Neri, B, 2005)	0.33
"001) between the pharmacogenetics-predicted warfarin doses and the warfarin maintenance doses, prospectively validating the dosing algorithm."	( Prospective dosing of warfarin based on cytochrome P-450 2C9 genotype. Bukaveckas, BL; Burnett, RS; Clohisy, J; Eby, C; Gage, BF; Gatchel, SK; Grosso, L; Linder, MW; Maloney, W; McLeod, HL; Milligan, PE; Voora, D, 2005)	0.9
" After three cycles of chemotherapy over a 10-week period, the patient's dosage requirements returned to her baseline level (before treatment with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin had started)."	( Increasing warfarin dosage reductions associated with concurrent warfarin and repeated cycles of 5-Fluorouracil therapy. Davis, DA; Fugate, SE, 2005)	0.72
" There are no clinically significant effects of age, sex or race on ezetimibe pharmacokinetics and no dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with mild hepatic impairment or mild-to-severe renal insufficiency."	( Ezetimibe: a review of its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Alton, KB; Bergman, AJ; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Kosoglou, T; Paolini, JF; Statkevich, P, 2005)	0.33
" The differences in allele frequencies of A/G allele and its levels of VKORC1 promoter activity may underscore the inter-individual differences in warfarin dosage as well as inter-ethnic differences between Chinese and Caucasians."	( A novel functional VKORC1 promoter polymorphism is associated with inter-individual and inter-ethnic differences in warfarin sensitivity. Charng, MJ; Chen, CH; Chen, JJ; Chen, YF; Chen, YT; Hung, CR; Lee, MT; Lu, MJ; Wei, CY; Wu, JY; Wung, JC; Yuan, HY, 2005)	0.74
"The warfarin dosage for maintenance therapy in elderly patients, especially those older than 75 years, appeared to be inversely related to age."	( Warfarin maintenance dosages in the very elderly. Morrill, GB; Singla, DL, 2005)	2.33
"To determine whether computer-aided dosing of warfarin is superior to physician dosing to maintain a patient in a rehabilitation hospital within a target international normalized ratio goal."	( Efficacy of computer-aided dosing of warfarin among patients in a rehabilitation hospital. Ahangar, B; Brain, C; Burke, DT; Marciello, MA; Mitra, R, 2005)	0.86
" A total of 30 consecutive patients admitted receiving warfarin were randomized to either clinician dosing or computer-aided warfarin dosing for the duration of their hospitalization."	( Efficacy of computer-aided dosing of warfarin among patients in a rehabilitation hospital. Ahangar, B; Brain, C; Burke, DT; Marciello, MA; Mitra, R, 2005)	0.85
"Computer-aided dosing of warfarin resulted in 61."	( Efficacy of computer-aided dosing of warfarin among patients in a rehabilitation hospital. Ahangar, B; Brain, C; Burke, DT; Marciello, MA; Mitra, R, 2005)	0.9
" Data including warfarin sodium dosage and estimated INR unit for each time period were collected and analyzed."	( Relationship of international normalized ratio to bleeding and thromboembolism rates in Taiwanese patients receiving vitamin K antagonist after mechanical valve replacement. Chen, YS; Chu, SH; Lin, FY; Liu, CH; Wang, SS; Yu, HY, 2005)	0.67
"There were no differences between warfarin products in terms of mean INR results or number of dosage adjustments required."	( Are brand-name and generic warfarin interchangeable? Multiple n-of-1 randomized, crossover trials. Bates, SM; Crowther, MA; Dolovich, L; Douketis, JD; Ginsberg, JS; Goldsmith, C; Holbrook, AM; Pereira, JA; Thabane, L, )	0.71
"Examination of the ways in which staff in the anticoagulation clinic dealt with high International Normalized Ratio (INR) results, not dosed by the computer programme, revealed an unacceptable variation in dosage change."	( Audit of correction of high INR in an anticoagulation clinic. Green, PJ; Hirri, HM, 2005)	0.33
"Current dosing algorithms do not account for genetic and environmental factors for warfarin dose determinations."	( The impact of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic polymorphism and patient characteristics upon warfarin dose requirements: proposal for a new dosing regimen. Avery, P; Daly, AK; Kamali, F; Kesteven, P; Khan, TI; King, BP; Monkhouse, L; Sconce, EA; Wood, P; Wynne, HA, 2005)	0.78
"5% of the additional tests resulted in a subsequent dosage change."	( Improving the outcomes of anticoagulation in rural Australia: an evaluation of pharmacist-assisted monitoring of warfarin therapy. Bereznicki, LR; Jackson, SL; Jupe, DM; Misan, GM; Peterson, GM; Vial, JH, 2005)	0.54
"The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, dosage and administration, contraindications, and adverse effects of ximelagatran are reviewed."	( Ximelagatran: an orally active direct thrombin inhibitor. Gulseth, MP, 2005)	0.33
" Because of the potentially serious consequences of this interaction, close monitoring of the International Normalized Ratio and warfarin dosage adjustment are recommended for patients receiving warfarin together with gefitinib."	( Drug interaction between gefitinib and warfarin. Abe, T; Hagiri, S; Ishii, K; Katagiri, M; Kato, E; Kobayashi, H; Kuboto, M; Masuda, N; Mitsufuji, H; Onoda, S; Ryuge, S; Takada, N; Tanaka, N; Wada, M; Yamamoto, M; Yanaihara, T; Yanase, N; Yokoba, M, 2005)	0.8
" Peritransitional INRs, aPTTs, anticoagulant dosing patterns, and outcomes were evaluated in 165 HIT patients who were transitioned, without guidelines, from argatroban to warfarin therapy."	( Transitioning from argatroban to warfarin therapy in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Hursting, MJ; Lewis, BE; Macfarlane, DE, 2005)	0.8
" Despite the growing data regarding the appropriate use and dosing of agents used for chronic anticoagulation, use in clinical practice remains low, thus leading to a theoretical reduction in the risk-to-benefit ratio in the clinical setting relative to that reported in the literature."	( A preliminary assessment of the critical differences between novel oral anticoagulants currently in development. McBride, BF, 2005)	0.33
" Warfarin has an unpredictable pharmacokinetic profile and a variable dose-response relationship that requires frequent coagulation monitoring and dose adjustments to maintain a target intensity that is both safe and effective."	( Treating patients with venous thromboembolism: initial strategies and long-term secondary prevention. Bounameaux, H; Huisman, MV, 2005)	1.24
" This has stimulated the development of new agents with improved benefit-risk profiles, such as ximelagatran, the first of the oral direct thrombin inhibitors, which has a wider therapeutic margin and low potential for drug interactions, allowing fixed dosing without anticoagulation monitoring."	( Prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Halperin, JL; Olsson, SB, 2005)	0.33
" Treatment with LMWH has several clinical advantages over treatment with UFH, including less-frequent dosing and elimination of the need for monitoring."	( Anticoagulants in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Merli, G, 2005)	0.33
" Linear and multiple regression analysis were used for statistical analysis to determine the correlation between variables and the importance of various factors as the determinants of warfarin dosage requirement."	( Factors affecting the maintenance stable warfarin dosage in Hong Kong Chinese patients. Chau, TS; Cheng, G; Lee, KK; Lee, VW; Waye, MM; You, JH, 2005)	0.79
" The feasibility of prospective CYP2C9 model-based warfarin dosing has not yet been assessed."	( A prospective, randomized pilot trial of model-based warfarin dose initiation using CYP2C9 genotype and clinical data. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, I; Hillman, MA; Schmelzer, J; Vidaillet, HJ; Wilke, RA; Yale, SH, 2005)	0.83
"To evaluate the feasibility of applying a CYP2C9 gene-based warfarin dosing model in clinical practice."	( A prospective, randomized pilot trial of model-based warfarin dose initiation using CYP2C9 genotype and clinical data. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, I; Hillman, MA; Schmelzer, J; Vidaillet, HJ; Wilke, RA; Yale, SH, 2005)	0.82
"Primary outcome measurements were patient willingness to participate, physician willingness to refer, sample processing time, ability to administer calculated dosage and adequacy of follow-up."	( A prospective, randomized pilot trial of model-based warfarin dose initiation using CYP2C9 genotype and clinical data. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, I; Hillman, MA; Schmelzer, J; Vidaillet, HJ; Wilke, RA; Yale, SH, 2005)	0.58
" Blood draw to dosage calculation time (including genotyping) required approximately 4 hours."	( A prospective, randomized pilot trial of model-based warfarin dose initiation using CYP2C9 genotype and clinical data. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, I; Hillman, MA; Schmelzer, J; Vidaillet, HJ; Wilke, RA; Yale, SH, 2005)	0.58
"Prospective application of a multivariate CYP2C9 gene-based warfarin dosing model is feasible."	( A prospective, randomized pilot trial of model-based warfarin dose initiation using CYP2C9 genotype and clinical data. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, I; Hillman, MA; Schmelzer, J; Vidaillet, HJ; Wilke, RA; Yale, SH, 2005)	0.82
" The coumarin derivatives are not convenient to use, as they have a narrow therapeutic index and require frequent laboratory monitoring and dosage adjustment."	( Long-term anticoagulation: the prospects for alternatives to warfarin. Ansell, J, 2005)	0.57
" The guidelines presented are necessarily consensual and outline procedures for patient selection, training, product procurement, product maintenance, quality assurance procedures, dosage adjustment and clinical supervision."	( An evidence-based review and guidelines for patient self-testing and management of oral anticoagulation. Fitzmaurice, DA; Gardiner, C; Kitchen, S; Machin, SJ; Mackie, I; Murray, ET, 2005)	0.33
"Intervention patients used a point of care device to measure international normalised ratio twice a week and a simple dosing chart to interpret their dose of warfarin."	( Self management of oral anticoagulation: randomised trial. Fitzmaurice, DA; Hobbs, FD; Holder, R; Hussain, S; McCahon, D; Murray, ET; Raftery, JP; Sandhar, H, 2005)	0.53
"A 58-year-old man who was taking warfarin at a stable dosage was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis."	( Increase in international normalized ratio after smoking cessation in a patient receiving warfarin. Evans, M; Lewis, GM, 2005)	0.83
" These findings suggest that warfarin is used conservatively, and dosed cautiously, diminishing the full potential benefit of anticoagulant therapy in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation."	( Treatment patterns and real-world effectiveness of warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation within a managed care system. Darkow, T; Hauch, O; Kim, J; Lew, KH; Vanderplas, AM, 2005)	0.87
" Since hereditary pharmacodynamic (VKORC1) and pharmacokinetic (CYP2C9) factors account for up to 50% of the inter-individual variability of the warfarin response, these genetic markers may serve as clinically relevant predictors of warfarin dosing in future studies."	( VKORC1 haplotypes and their impact on the inter-individual and inter-ethnical variability of oral anticoagulation. Daugela, L; Geisen, C; Müller, CR; Oldenburg, J; Seifried, E; Sittinger, K; Steffens, M; Watzka, M; Wienker, TF, 2005)	0.53
" In addition, LMWHs allow for convenient daily dosing without requiring routine monitoring and the option of home therapy."	( Considerations and challenges with existing treatments for thrombosis in cancer patients. Schwartz, RN, 2005)	0.33
"In the absence of readily identifiable predictors, only higher warfarin dosing and/or more frequent monitoring (possibly with point-of-care/home monitoring devices) may minimize the time that INRs are subtherapeutic, especially in patients receiving low-dose and/or high-intensity anticoagulation therapy."	( Search for predictors of nontherapeutic INR results with warfarin therapy. Cannon, RO; Chen, JT; Csako, G; Dang, DK; Macklin, LR; McGriff-Lee, NJ; Rosenfeld, KG; Wesley, RA, 2005)	0.81
" Because a relationship between diabetes and warfarin dosing has been suggested previously, we assessed the impact of this comorbidity in our model as well."	( Impact of age, CYP2C9 genotype and concomitant medication on the rate of rise for prothrombin time during the first 30 days of warfarin therapy. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Hillman, MA; Vidaillet, HJ; Wilke, RA, 2005)	0.79
" Dosing of FFP and vitamin K had no effect."	( Timing of fresh frozen plasma administration and rapid correction of coagulopathy in warfarin-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Engel, C; Frontiero, V; Goldstein, JN; Greenberg, SM; Joseph, A; Rosand, J; Smith, EE; Snider, R; Thomas, SH, 2006)	0.56
" The use of vitamin K antagonists is complicated by a narrow therapeutic index and an unpredictable dose-response relationship, giving rise to frequent bleeding complications or insufficient anticoagulation."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of vitamin K antagonists: warfarin, phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol. Ufer, M, 2005)	0.58
"We report a case of intolerance to warfarin dosing due to impaired drug metabolism in a patient heterozygous for the CYP2C9*3 allele."	( A case of intolerance to warfarin dosing in an intermediate metabolizer of CYP2C9. Kim, JS; Kim, JW; Lee, SY, 2005)	0.91
" In a 6 week dose-response study of select NOCs and 7,8-benzoflavone (a potent P4501 inhibitor that had little effect on GSTs), DMBA-DNA adduct formation was inhibited by 0, 43 and 24% in the limettin groups; by 26, 26 and 69% in the isopimpinellin groups; and by 80, 96 and 97% in the 7,8- benzoflavone groups at 35, 70 and 150 mg/kg, respectively."	( Naturally occurring coumarins inhibit 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene DNA adduct formation in mouse mammary gland. Campbell, CT; Kleiner, HE; Prince, M; Robertson, TA; Wells, AJ, 2006)	0.33
" However, one half of the women had either a clinically relevant increase of the INR greater than 4, or bleeding that required their dosage of warfarin to be decreased."	( Single-dose fluconazole for vulvovaginal candidiasis: impact on prothrombin time in women taking warfarin. Turrentine, MA, 2006)	0.75
"The dosage requirement of warfarin to achieve a given international normalized ratio (INR) often varies considerably between the immediate postoperative period and long-term follow-up in patients with prosthetic heart valves, leading to INR instability."	( Increased sensitivity to warfarin after heart valve replacement. BinEsmael, TM; Butchart, EG; Payne, N; Rahman, M, 2006)	0.94
" Twelve were on an average warfarin dosage of 19."	( A retrospective study of coagulation abnormalities in patients receiving concomitant capecitabine and warfarin. Diasio, R; Ledbetter, L; Saif, MW; Shah, HR, 2006)	0.85
" STX64 was administered orally (nine patients at 5 mg and five patients at 20 mg) as an initial dose followed 1 week later by 3 x 2 weekly cycles, with each cycle comprising daily dosing for 5 days followed by 9 days off treatment."	( Phase I study of STX 64 (667 Coumate) in breast cancer patients: the first study of a steroid sulfatase inhibitor. Coombes, RC; Dobbs, N; Elliott, M; Kulinskaya, E; Potter, BV; Purohit, A; Reed, MJ; Stanczyk, FZ; Stanway, SJ; Sufi, S; Vigushin, D; Ward, R; Wilson, RH; Woo, LW, 2006)	0.33
"The median inhibition of STS activity by STX64 was 98% in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and 99% in breast tumor tissue at the end of the 5-day dosing period."	( Phase I study of STX 64 (667 Coumate) in breast cancer patients: the first study of a steroid sulfatase inhibitor. Coombes, RC; Dobbs, N; Elliott, M; Kulinskaya, E; Potter, BV; Purohit, A; Reed, MJ; Stanczyk, FZ; Stanway, SJ; Sufi, S; Vigushin, D; Ward, R; Wilson, RH; Woo, LW, 2006)	0.33
"05) associated with average warfarin dosage after adjustment for VKORC1*1173."	( Polymorphisms in the VKORC1 gene are strongly associated with warfarin dosage requirements in patients receiving anticoagulation. Bryant, B; Evans, JP; Huang, TY; Lange, EM; Lange, LA; Li, T; Li, X; Malone, R; Stafford, DW; Susswein, L, 2006)	0.87
" The consistent findings regarding the role of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 in warfarin metabolism and maintenance dosage represent a clinically useful proof of principal for the use of pharmacogenomic information in medicine and may lead to improved understanding of warfarin's actions."	( Polymorphisms in the VKORC1 gene are strongly associated with warfarin dosage requirements in patients receiving anticoagulation. Bryant, B; Evans, JP; Huang, TY; Lange, EM; Lange, LA; Li, T; Li, X; Malone, R; Stafford, DW; Susswein, L, 2006)	0.81
" CYP2C9 genotype predicts warfarin dosage even in an uncontrolled, retrospective survey of unselected patients on warfarin therapy."	( Frequency of CYP2C9 polymorphisms affecting warfarin metabolism in a large anticoagulant clinic cohort. Cole, DE; Fu, L; Moridani, M; Selby, R; Sukovic, T; Wong, B; Yun, F, 2006)	0.9
"There are significant differences among patients treated with warfarin in the dosage volumes necessary to reach an optimum therapeutic effect."	( [Pharmacogenetics of warfarin]. Kessler, P, 2006)	0.89
" A less severe bleeding or asymptomatic increase in the international normalized ratio can be treated effectively by skipping or decreasing of the warfarin dosage and/or oral administration of vitamin K1 (i."	( [Hemorrhagic complications during warfarin treatment]. Blatný, J; Brejcha, M; Gumulec, J; Kessler, P; Klaricová, K; Klodová, D; Králová, S; Lasota, Z; Penka, M; Riedlová, P; Sumná, E; Wróbel, M, 2006)	0.81
" Pharmacists should be aware of the US Food and Drug Administration-approved uses for each LMWH, dosing options, and the advantages and disadvantages of available delivery systems for various patient populations."	( Treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis: distinguishing among antithrombotic agents. Pruemer, J, 2006)	0.33
" The dosing recommendations were summarized on a prescribing guidance pocket chart."	( [Prescribing guidance pocket chart on the initiation of warfarin therapy in a geriatric hospital: a useful but challenging tool]. Berigaud, S; Chevallier, A; Gouin-Thibault, I; Harboun, M; N'Guyen, A; Pautas, E; Siguret, V, )	0.38
"5 is a major clinical challenge in real-life practice, given that the complex relationship between warfarin dosage and response is readily altered by a variety of factors such as concurrent medications, illnesses, genetic influences, and dietary/lifestyle changes."	( Pharmacoeconomics of anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a review. Bramkamp, M; Szucs, TD, 2006)	0.55
" To reduce the risk of adverse effects related to excessive anticoagulation with the start of leflunomide in patients taking warfarin, clinicians should increase their frequency of INR monitoring and adjust the warfarin dosage accordingly to maintain therapeutic anticoagulation."	( Leflunomide and warfarin interaction: case report and review of the literature. Chonlahan, J; Halloran, MA; Hammonds, A, 2006)	0.89
" On her next anticoagulation clinic visit, the patient's INR had increased, although the dosage of warfarin had been reduced when the tolterodine had been prescribed."	( Probable interaction between tolterodine and warfarin. Taylor, JR, 2006)	0.81
" There is wide interindividual variability in dosage requirements, which makes anticoagulation response unpredictable."	( The future prospects of pharmacogenetics in oral anticoagulation therapy. Kamali, F; Pirmohamed, M, 2006)	0.33
" In the triple therapy group, the international normalized ratio or aspirin dosage did not influence the bleeding risk."	( Combination therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel and warfarin following coronary stenting is associated with a significant risk of bleeding. Bergman, G; Chou, E; Hong, MK; Khurram, Z; Minutello, R; Naidu, S; Parikh, M; Wong, SC, 2006)	0.59
" Clinicians must be aware of the need for close anticoagulation monitoring and dosage adjustment in patients receiving concomitant warfarin and methimazole."	( Effect of Graves' disease and methimazole on warfarin anticoagulation. Busenbark, LA; Cushnie, SA, 2006)	0.8
"Investigators commonly rely on unvalidated, mainly arithmetic criteria to predict if point-of-care fingerstick devices that assess International Normalized Ratio (INR) lead to the same warfarin dosing decisions as a standard measure."	( Validity of criteria used to evaluate fingerstick devices that assess international normalized ratio. Bragg, L; Connor, JT; Fink, JM; Shermock, KM; Smith, NT, )	0.32
"Criteria that predict warfarin dosing agreement between 2 INR measurements were evaluated using clinicians' actual dosing decisions as the standard."	( Validity of criteria used to evaluate fingerstick devices that assess international normalized ratio. Bragg, L; Connor, JT; Fink, JM; Shermock, KM; Smith, NT, )	0.45
"The prediction criteria misclassified dosing agreement for between 19% and 38% of paired INR values (x: 27%)."	( Validity of criteria used to evaluate fingerstick devices that assess international normalized ratio. Bragg, L; Connor, JT; Fink, JM; Shermock, KM; Smith, NT, )	0.13
"The unvalidated criteria used to predict warfarin dosing agreement between 2 INR measurements are associated with large error."	( Validity of criteria used to evaluate fingerstick devices that assess international normalized ratio. Bragg, L; Connor, JT; Fink, JM; Shermock, KM; Smith, NT, )	0.4
" Warfarin dosing was repeated after 18 days of fluvastatin 40 mg twice daily to evaluate CYP2C9 activity after inhibition."	( Effects of fluvastatin and cigarette smoking on CYP2C9 activity measured using the probe S-warfarin. Bauer, S; Bertino, JS; Gaedigk, A; Kashuba, AD; Kim, MJ; Kirchheiner, J; Nafziger, AN, 2006)	1.46
" The risks associated with the use of anticoagulants, especially warfarin, and the requirement of meticulous dosing with subsequent vigilant monitoring provides some explanation for this discrepancy."	( Pharmacy-managed anticoagulation: assessment of in-hospital efficacy and evaluation of financial impact and community acceptance. Donovan, JL; Drake, JA; Tran, MT; Whittaker, P, 2006)	0.57
"Several pilot studies, focusing primarily on adherence to warfarin dosing guidelines, found general equivalence between pharmacist and physician management and specifically illustrated the potential benefit gained simply through adherence to protocols."	( Pharmacy-managed anticoagulation: assessment of in-hospital efficacy and evaluation of financial impact and community acceptance. Donovan, JL; Drake, JA; Tran, MT; Whittaker, P, 2006)	0.58
" Both are effective anticoagulants, but their use is associated with a number of impediments, including the need for intensive coagulation monitoring, wide variation in dose-response relationships, multiple drug interactions (in the case of warfarin), and serious immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (in the case of heparin)."	( Role of current and emerging antithrombotics in thrombosis and cancer. Mousa, SA, 2006)	0.52
" Subjects received warfarin on the 10th day of 16 days of dosing with either solifenacin or placebo."	( Multiple doses of the antimuscarinic agent solifenacin do not affect the pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics of warfarin or the steady-state pharmacokinetics of digoxin in healthy subjects. Krauwinkel, WJ; Kuipers, ME; Smulders, RA, 2006)	0.87
"Since the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of warfarin and the steady-state pharmacokinetics of digoxin were not affected by coadministration of solifenacin in healthy subjects, the need for dosing adjustments for digoxin and/or warfarin does not seem warranted."	( Multiple doses of the antimuscarinic agent solifenacin do not affect the pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics of warfarin or the steady-state pharmacokinetics of digoxin in healthy subjects. Krauwinkel, WJ; Kuipers, ME; Smulders, RA, 2006)	0.78
"There are potential risks associated with the use of warfarin in children, particularly as the dosing requirements may decrease as patients get older."	( Oral anticoagulation in a pediatric hospital: impact of a quality improvement initiative on warfarin management strategies. Caudilla, CD; Gurwitch, KD; Moffett, BS; Mott, AR; Parham, AL, 2006)	0.8
"The intervention included: (1) revision of hospital drug formulary so that warfarin dosing was in accordance with the most recent guidelines; (2) warfarin administration restricted to one time of the day (12."	( Oral anticoagulation in a pediatric hospital: impact of a quality improvement initiative on warfarin management strategies. Caudilla, CD; Gurwitch, KD; Moffett, BS; Mott, AR; Parham, AL, 2006)	0.78
" Prospective studies that incorporate both CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes and environmental factors in warfarin dose calculation will be required to demonstrate the safety, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility of individualized dosing regimens."	( Genetic influences on the response to warfarin. Kamali, F, 2006)	0.82
"There remains considerable controversy regarding optimal initial warfarin dosing in patients with acute venous thromboembolism."	( Comparison of a single end point to determine optimal initial warfarin dosing (5 mg versus 10 mg) for venous thromboembolism. DeSantis, SM; Gerhard-Herman, M; Goldhaber, SZ; Kosowsky, JM; Kucher, N; McKean, SC; Quiroz, R, 2006)	0.81
" Monitoring outcomes (time in therapeutic range, clinic visits per year, frequency of warfarin dosing adjustments, reasons for out-of-range INRs) were similar between groups, as was the frequency of major bleeding complications (3."	( Warfarin-related outcomes in patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome managed in an anticoagulation clinic. Blackburn, J; Downing, J; Nutescu, E; Wittkowsky, AK, 2006)	2
" Optimal warfarin dosing in turn drives other positive anticoagulation-related outcomes."	( The pharmocogenomics of warfarin: closing in on personalized medicine. Rettie, AE; Tai, G, 2006)	1.06
"5 points above the INR before fluoroquinolone use; major or minor bleeding events; requirement for vitamin K administration; warfarin dosage reduction or withholding doses; and warfarin-related hospital, emergency, or urgent care admissions or visits."	( Anticoagulation-related outcomes in patients receiving warfarin after starting levofloxacin or gatifloxacin. Cole, J; Mathews, S; Ryono, RA, 2006)	0.79
" The aims of this study were to derive a pharmacogenetics-based dosing algorithm by use of retrospective information and to validate it through a data-splitting method in a separate cohort of equal size."	( A warfarin-dosing model in Asians that uses single-nucleotide polymorphisms in vitamin K epoxide reductase complex and cytochrome P450 2C9. Goh, BC; Guo, JY; Lee, SC; Nafziger, A; Soong, R; Tham, LS; Wang, LZ, 2006)	1.06
" Current dosing algorithms for vitamin K administration in the non-urgent treatment of over-anticoagulation do not take this variability in response into account."	( Appraisal of current vitamin K dosing algorithms for the reversal of over-anticoagulation with warfarin: the need for a more tailored dosing regimen. Kamali, F; Sconce, EA, 2006)	0.55
" A 30% dosage reduction from warfarin 60 to 42 mg/week was eventually needed."	( Successful anticoagulation and continuation of tramadol therapy in the setting of a tramadol-warfarin interaction. Dumo, PA; Kielbasa, LA, 2006)	0.84
" After a few dosage increases, ending with a weekly warfarin dose of 21 mg, the patient's INR values remained in the therapeutic range."	( Effects of prednisone on the International Normalized Ratio. Chock, A; Faulkner, MA; Skrabal, MZ; Stading, JA, 2006)	0.58
" We suggest that Asp36Tyr is a new marker of the high end of the warfarin dosing range."	( A coding VKORC1 Asp36Tyr polymorphism predisposes to warfarin resistance. Almog, S; Amariglio, N; Cohen, Y; Dvoskin, I; Gak, E; Halkin, H; Ken-Dror, G; Loebstein, R; Lubetsky, A; Rechavi, G; Vecsler, M, 2007)	0.83
"Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic range and wide inter-individual dosing requirements that may be related to functional variants of genes affecting warfarin metabolism (i."	( Genotypes of the cytochrome p450 isoform, CYP2C9, and the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 conjointly determine stable warfarin dose: a prospective study. Anderson, JL; Carlquist, JF; Clarke, JL; Horne, BD; James, BC; Kolek, MJ; Lappé, DL; Muhlestein, JB; Whiting, BM, 2006)	1.98
" A quantitative dosing algorithm incorporating genotypes for 2C9 and VKORC1 could substantially improve initial warfarin dose-selection and reduce related complications."	( Genotypes of the cytochrome p450 isoform, CYP2C9, and the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 conjointly determine stable warfarin dose: a prospective study. Anderson, JL; Carlquist, JF; Clarke, JL; Horne, BD; James, BC; Kolek, MJ; Lappé, DL; Muhlestein, JB; Whiting, BM, 2006)	0.75
" We compared the stability of anticoagulant control in the 12 months prior to and 10 days after immunisation, restricting analysis to those patients whose warfarin dosage was unchanged before and after vaccination."	( Lack of effect of influenza immunisation on anticoagulant control in patients on long-term warfarin. Ashby, D; MacCallum, P; Madhani, M; Mt-Isa, S, 2007)	0.76
" Post-marketing experience suggests that standard dosing of lepirudin is too high; current recommendations are to avoid the initial lepirudin bolus and to begin with lower infusion rates, even in patients without overt renal dysfunction."	( Think of HIT. Warkentin, TE, 2006)	0.33
"We examined the quality of anticoagulation produced by two paper-based warfarin dosing algorithms in a randomized clinical trial of warfarin therapy."	( Paper-based dosing algorithms for maintenance of warfarin anticoagulation. Costantini, L; Crowther, MA; Wilson, SE, 2007)	0.83
"72 hours under placebo, and the maximum decrease in prothrombin time values after warfarin dosing was 58."	( Significant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with the NO-independent sGC activator HMR1766. Ding, R; Haefeli, WE; Hirschfeld-Warneken, A; Lehr, KH; Mikus, G; Oberwittler, H; Teichert, L; Wesch, R; Willerich, H, 2007)	0.8
"Clinical management of warfarin therapy is complex, and dosing algorithms do not include genetic factors or interactions with other drugs for warfarin dose determinations."	( Oral anticoagulation with warfarin is significantly influenced by steroids and CYP2C9 polymorphisms in children with cancer. Bergan, S; Holmstrøm, H; Ruud, E; Wesenberg, F, 2008)	0.96
" A simple dosing scheme for low molecular weight heparins is given here and all requirements are discussed for safe guidance through episodes of bridging anticoagulation."	( [Bridging anticoagulation]. Haas, S; Halbritter, K; Schellong, SM, 2007)	0.34
" Dose-response studies in the same rat model demonstrated that more than 90% inhibition of STS activity in tumors was necessary to induce tumor shrinkage."	( A novel steroidal selective steroid sulfatase inhibitor KW-2581 inhibits sulfated-estrogen dependent growth of breast cancer cells in vitro and in animal models. Akinaga, S; Anazawa, H; Ishida, H; Kuwabara, T; Li, PK; Murakata, C; Nakata, T; Sato, N; Shiotsu, Y; Suzuki, M; Takebayashi, M; Tanaka, H; Terasaki, Y, 2007)	0.34
"The purpose of this study is to address the safety and efficacy of a warfarin dosing nomogram."	( The effectiveness of warfarin dosing from a nomogram compared with house staff dosing. Asnis, PD; Bass, AR; Gardner, MJ; Leitzes, AH; Peterson, MG; Ranawat, A, 2007)	0.89
" Warfarin dosing is variable because its activity is influenced by dietary intake of vitamin K, genetic polymorphisms in enzymes that are involved in its metabolism and numerous drug-drug interactions that promote or reduce its activity."	( Beyond heparin and warfarin: the new generation of anticoagulants. Linkins, LA; Weitz, JI, 2007)	1.58
" The aim was to evaluate the influence of two CYP2C9 functional polymorphisms (*2 and *3) on warfarin dose in African-Americans, an unstudied population and Caucasians, and also to assess the effect of these polymorphisms on anticoagulation response after accounting for nongenetic factors and genetic factors that might also impact the dose-response relationship of warfarin."	( Warfarin and cytochrome P450 2C9 genotype: possible ethnic variation in warfarin sensitivity. Chen, Z; Christie, J; Kealey, C; Kimmel, SE; Price, M; Samaha, FF; Thorn, CF; Whitehead, AS, 2007)	2
" The association of APOE with warfarin dosing was independent of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms."	( Apolipoprotein E genotype and warfarin dosing among Caucasians and African Americans. Brensinger, CM; Chen, Z; Christie, J; Kealey, C; Kimmel, SE; Newcomb, CW; Price, M; Thorn, CF; Whitehead, AS, 2008)	0.92
" This analysis focused on patient characteristics, type of surgery, argatroban dosing schedule, monitoring of anticoagulation and outcomes."	( Argatroban for anticoagulation during cardiac surgery. Kloecker, GH; Laber, DA; Martin, ME, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacogenomics has led to several genetic tests that provide clinical dosing recommendations."	( Pharmacogenomics and its implications for autoimmune disease. Carleton, B; Hayden, MR; Katzov, H; Ross, CJ, )	0.13
" The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of having allelic variants CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 on the pharmacokinetics, dosage regimen, and the rate of hemorrhage in patients with constant atrial fibrillation taking warfarin."	( [The influence of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in patients with constant atrial fibrillation]. Bulytova, IuM; Dobrovol'skiĭ, AB; Ignat'ev, IV; Kropacheva, ES; Kukes, VG; Mikheeva, IuA; Panchenko, EP; Ramenskaia, GV; Sychev, DA, 2007)	0.74
"This study was designed to assess the effect of CYP2C19 polymorphism on warfarin dosage requirements and bleeding complications in the Korean population."	( CYP2C19 polymorphism in Korean patients on warfarin therapy. Chung, CS; Hwang, HJ; Kim, JH; Kim, JM; Lee, S, 2007)	0.83
" Warfarin is associated with a notoriously narrow therapeutic window where small variations in dosing may result in hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications."	( Evaluation of genetic factors for warfarin dose prediction. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, I; Schmelzer, JR; Vidaillet, HJ; Yale, SH; Zhang, KQ, 2007)	1.53
"A model was constructed by evaluating the contribution to dosing variability of the following clinical factors: age, gender, body surface area, and presence or absence of prosthetic heart valves or diabetes."	( Evaluation of genetic factors for warfarin dose prediction. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, I; Schmelzer, JR; Vidaillet, HJ; Yale, SH; Zhang, KQ, 2007)	0.62
" Here, we describe the path taken to identify the association between common vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 genetic variation and warfarin dosing in patients."	( Identifying the genotype behind the phenotype: a role model found in VKORC1 and its association with warfarin dosing. Crawford, DC; Rieder, MJ; Ritchie, MD, 2007)	0.76
" An individual requiring five- to 20-fold higher dosage than average for anticoagulation may be considered as having resistance to warfarin."	( Early mechanical mitral valve thrombosis in a patient with warfarin resistance. Balbay, Y; Maden, O; Sasmaz, H; Yasar, AS, 2007)	0.79
"Group 1 included 65 attempted filter retrievals in 61 therapeutically anticoagulated patients by measured INR or dosing when receiving low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)."	( Safety of inferior vena cava filter retrieval in anticoagulated patients. Barton, RE; Deloughery, TG; Hoppe, H; Irani, Z; Kaufman, JA; Keller, FS; Lakin, PC; Petersen, BD; Yavuz, K, 2007)	0.34
"The VKORC1 -1639A allele accounts for low dosage requirements of most patients without a CYP2C9 variant."	( Estimation of warfarin maintenance dose based on VKORC1 (-1639 G>A) and CYP2C9 genotypes. Herrnberger, MR; Johnson, NA; Linder, MW; Reynolds, KK; Shennan, M; Valdes, R; Zhu, Y, 2007)	0.7
" No dosage adjustment of either warfarin or vildagliptin is necessary when these drugs are co-medicated."	( Effect of the novel oral dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor vildagliptin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Dole, WP; He, YL; Howard, D; Leon, S; Ligueros-Saylan, M; Riviere, GJ; Rosenberg, M; Sabo, R; Sunkara, G, 2007)	0.83
" Fixed doses of LMWH are customarily used for VTE prophylaxis regardless of body weight or body mass index, but weight-based dosing with larger doses for obese patients may be more effective than fixed doses."	( Assessing, preventing, and treating venous thromboembolism: evidence-based approaches. Nutescu, EA, 2007)	0.34
"Cytocbrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 polymorphism affects the warfarin dosage requirement in stable outpatients."	( Warfarin metabolism and anticoagulant effect: a prospective, observational study of the impact of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism in the presence of drug-disease and drug-drug interactions. Blotnik, S; Caraco, Y; Elami, A; Krasilnikov, I; Muszkat, M, 2007)	2.03
"The aim of this study was to examine the effects of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism on warfarin dosage requirements in patients with severe comorbid conditions and those treated with medications that potentially interact with warfarin."	( Warfarin metabolism and anticoagulant effect: a prospective, observational study of the impact of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism in the presence of drug-disease and drug-drug interactions. Blotnik, S; Caraco, Y; Elami, A; Krasilnikov, I; Muszkat, M, 2007)	2.01
" Clinical data, international normalized ratio (INR), and warfarin dosage were recorded from medical records."	( Warfarin metabolism and anticoagulant effect: a prospective, observational study of the impact of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism in the presence of drug-disease and drug-drug interactions. Blotnik, S; Caraco, Y; Elami, A; Krasilnikov, I; Muszkat, M, 2007)	2.03
"In this study population of patients with severe comorbid conditions and those treated with medications that potentially interact with warfarin, CYP2C9 *1/*3 genotype, older age, CHF, and the use of antibiotics were associated with lower warfarin dosage requirements."	( Warfarin metabolism and anticoagulant effect: a prospective, observational study of the impact of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism in the presence of drug-disease and drug-drug interactions. Blotnik, S; Caraco, Y; Elami, A; Krasilnikov, I; Muszkat, M, 2007)	1.99
"We report a case of intolerance to warfarin dosing due to impaired drug metabolism in a patient with CYP2C9*3/*4."	( A case report of a patient carrying CYP2C9*3/4 genotype with extremely low warfarin dose requirement. Kim, JS; Kim, JW; Lee, SY; Nam, MH, 2007)	0.85
" Together with the previously described CYP2C9 variants and other dose-influencing factors, such as age, gender and weight, individualized dosing algorithms have become available."	( VKORC1: molecular target of coumarins. Müller, CR; Oldenburg, J; Rost, S; Watzka, M, 2007)	0.34
"Warfarin anticoagulation therapy is complicated by its narrow therapeutic index and by wide inter-individual differences in dosing requirements arising, in part, from genetic factors."	( Rapid melting curve analysis for genetic variants that underlie inter-individual variability in stable warfarin dosing. Anderson, JL; Carlquist, JF; Clark, JL; Horne, BD; Kahn, SF; May, HT; McKinney, JT; Muhlestein, JB; Nicholas, ZP, 2008)	2
" A higher dosage of FPP-3 however, did cause significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of wafarin."	( The effect of 1-furan-2-yl-3-pyridine-2-yl-propenone on pharmacokinetic parameters of warfarin. Choi, HG; Jeong, TC; Lee, ES; Shanmugam, S; Woo, JS; Yong, CS; Yoo, BK, 2007)	0.56
"The pharmacogenetic factors contributing to warfarin dosing are of great interest to clinicians, and may have utility in the management of at-risk patients prescribed warfarin."	( Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) tagSNPs have limited utility for predicting warfarin maintenance dose. Reiner, AP; Rettie, AE; Rieder, MJ, 2007)	0.83
" When the dosage of ASE is equal to pure compound caculated by the amount of isofraxidin, it has been found to have two maximum concentrations in plasma while the pure compound only showed one peak in the plasma concentration-time curve."	( Pharmacokinetics of isofraxidin in rat plasma after oral administration of the extract of Acanthopanax senticosus using HPLC with solid phase extraction method. Bi, K; Cao, H; Lv, H; Sun, H; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Despite the limitation of their narrow therapeutic dosage window, the broad variation of intra- and inter-individual drug requirement, and the relatively high incidence of bleeding complications, prescriptions for coumarins are increasing due to the aging populations in industrialised countries."	( Current pharmacogenetic developments in oral anticoagulation therapy: the influence of variant VKORC1 and CYP2C9 alleles. Bevans, CG; Fregin, A; Geisen, C; Müller-Reible, C; Oldenburg, J; Watzka, M, 2007)	0.34
"To evaluate the safety and efficacy of apixaban, a potent, direct, oral inhibitor of FXa, in patients following total knee replacement (TKR), and to investigate dose-response relationships."	( The efficacy and safety of apixaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor, as thromboprophylaxis in patients following total knee replacement. Ansell, J; Davidson, BL; Deitchman, D; Gallus, A; Lassen, MR; Pineo, G, 2007)	0.34
" The oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) are potential alternatives to warfarin, offering fixed dosing without drug and dietary interactions and the need for international normalized ratio monitoring."	( Direct thrombin inhibition and stroke prevention in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: experience from the SPORTIF III and V Trials. Choy, AM; Deedwania, P; Ford, GA; Frison, L; Karalis, DG; Lindholm, CJ; Olsson, SB; Pluta, W, 2007)	0.57
" His warfarin dosage had to be increased to a maximum of 88 mg/week to achieve a therapeutic INR."	( Interaction between warfarin and nafcillin: case report and review of the literature. Epplen, K; Foruhari, F; Frey, RJ; Kim, KY, 2007)	1.18
" It is anticipated that the use of dosing regimens modified by taking into account the contribution of age, weight, and the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes has the potential to improve the safety of warfarin therapy."	( Contribution of age, body weight, and CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype to the anticoagulant response to warfarin: proposal for a new dosing regimen in Chinese patients. Huang, C; Miao, L; Shen, Z; Yang, J, 2007)	0.75
" Further research is needed into alternative dosing regimes, the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of patient education and training in long-term oral anticoagulation therapy, UK-relevant cost-effectiveness, the effectiveness of PSM in children, and the potential future developments of near-patient testing devices."	( Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different models of managing long-term oral anticoagulation therapy: a systematic review and economic modelling. Connock, M; Fitzmaurice, D; Fry-Smith, A; Jowett, S; Moore, D; Song, F; Stevens, C, 2007)	0.34
" On August 16, 2007, the FDA updated the label of warfarin to include information on pharmacogenetic testing and to encourage, but not require, the use of this information in dosing individual patients initiating warfarin therapy."	( Pharmacogenetics of warfarin: regulatory, scientific, and clinical issues. Gage, BF; Lesko, LJ, 2008)	0.92
" It is widely believed that no dosage adjustment is required in patients with renal insufficiency, making it a preferred agent in patients on renal replacement therapy (Reddy and Grossman, Ann Pharm 2005;39:1601-1605)."	( Prolonged half-life of argatroban in patients with renal dysfunction and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome being treated for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Athar, U; Gajra, A; Hudson, J; Husain, J; Lynch, J, 2008)	0.35
" Dosing algorithms have not been widely adopted because they require a fixed initial warfarin dose (eg, 5 mg) and are not tailored to other factors that may affect the international normalized ratio (INR)."	( Optimal initial dose adjustment of warfarin in orthopedic patients. Barrack, RL; Burnett, RS; Clohisy, JC; Deych, E; Eby, CS; Gage, BF; Gatchel, SK; Grice, GR; Lenzini, PA; Milligan, PE, 2007)	0.84
" There are numerous drug/drug and drug/food interactions, and there is difficulty in dosing for one-third of patients."	( The new anticoagulants. Money, SR; Stone, WM; Tonnessen, BH, 2007)	0.34
"(1) Dosing algorithms tailored to individual genetic, demographic, and clinical factors may minimize the risk for bleeding during the initiation of warfarin therapy."	( Pharmacogenomics and warfarin therapy. Ndegwa, S, 2007)	0.86
" A formula that combined the phytocompounds in the same proportions as in the herbal extract decreased the dosage of each compound required to achieve maximal AR inhibition."	( Compounds from Wedelia chinensis synergistically suppress androgen activity and growth in prostate cancer cells. Chen, HY; Chen, LR; Hsiao, PW; Ke, FC; Lin, EH; Lin, FM; Tsai, MJ, 2007)	0.34
" no change in warfarin dosing in 40 chronically anticoagulated patients initiating trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) or levofloxacin."	( Impact of preemptive warfarin dose reduction on anticoagulation after initiation of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or levofloxacin. Ahmed, A; Fay, WP; Kaus, CA; Stephens, JC, 2008)	1.03
" An expectant strategy consisting of no change in warfarin dosing with short-term INR follow-up appears reasonable in patients treated with levofloxacin."	( Impact of preemptive warfarin dose reduction on anticoagulation after initiation of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or levofloxacin. Ahmed, A; Fay, WP; Kaus, CA; Stephens, JC, 2008)	0.92
"Pharmacogenetic-guided dosing of warfarin is a promising application of "personalized medicine" but has not been adequately tested in randomized trials."	( Randomized trial of genotype-guided versus standard warfarin dosing in patients initiating oral anticoagulation. Anderson, JL; Barton, S; Carlquist, JF; Grove, AS; Horne, BD; Kahn, SF; May, HT; Muhlestein, JB; Nicholas, ZP; Samuelson, KM; Stevens, SM, 2007)	0.87
" Standard dosing followed an empirical protocol, whereas pharmacogenetic-guided dosing followed a regression equation including the 3 genetic variants and age, sex, and weight."	( Randomized trial of genotype-guided versus standard warfarin dosing in patients initiating oral anticoagulation. Anderson, JL; Barton, S; Carlquist, JF; Grove, AS; Horne, BD; Kahn, SF; May, HT; Muhlestein, JB; Nicholas, ZP; Samuelson, KM; Stevens, SM, 2007)	0.59
" Elements discussed include the most fundamental measure, time in therapeutic range, along with other parameters including therapy initiation, time to therapeutic range, dosing management when patients are not in therapeutic range, perioperative dosing management, patient education, and other important outcome measures."	( Outpatient management of oral vitamin K antagonist therapy: defining and measuring high-quality management. Ansell, J; Phillips, KW, 2008)	0.35
"POC testing increased the frequency of INR testing, and additional use of a standardized protocol for warfarin dosing increased the percentage of patients within the INR goal range."	( Improving anticoagulation therapy using point-of-care testing and a standardized protocol. Carek, PJ; Dickerson, LM; Franke, CA, )	0.35
" We report here the distribution of the intron 1 -136 T>C (1173 T>C intron) polymorphism of VKORC1, previously reported to be associated with warfarin maintenance dose in Caucasians and Japanese, in several ethnic populations from Japan and Israel, and describe its significance for warfarin dosage in Japanese cardiovascular surgery patients."	( Ethnic differences in the VKORC1 gene polymorphism and an association with warfarin dosage requirements in cardiovascular surgery patients. Fujioka, T; Fukuhiro, Y; Fukushima, N; Gurwitz, D; Habano, W; Nakai, K; Obara, W; Oka, T; Okabayashi, H; Suwabe, A; Tsuboi, J, 2007)	0.77
" Inappropriate dosing continues to contribute to significant morbidity and mortality due to thrombotic disease and bleeding."	( Use of genetic and nongenetic factors in warfarin dosing algorithms. Wu, AH, 2007)	0.61
" Dosing errors were the most common type."	( How useful are voluntary medication error reports? The case of warfarin-related medication errors. Clancy, CM; Cousins, DD; Hicks, RW; Keyes, MA; Smith, SR; Zhan, C, 2008)	0.59
"Summarize evidence regarding genetic testing in adults to inform warfarin dosing to reduce adverse drug events such as serious bleeding."	( A rapid-ACCE review of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 alleles testing to inform warfarin dosing in adults at elevated risk for thrombotic events to avoid serious bleeding. Haddow, JE; McClain, MR; Palomaki, GE; Piper, M, 2008)	0.82
"The most important gaps identified are: which variants should be included in a testing panel, lack of data from external proficiency testing, lack of validated dosing algorithm incorporating genetic and nongenetic factors, evidence of clinical utility, reliable economic analyses, and methods to address several ethical, legal, and social implications issues."	( A rapid-ACCE review of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 alleles testing to inform warfarin dosing in adults at elevated risk for thrombotic events to avoid serious bleeding. Haddow, JE; McClain, MR; Palomaki, GE; Piper, M, 2008)	0.58
" However, even with careful monitoring, initiation of warfarin dosing is associated with highly variable responses between individuals and challenges achieving and maintaining levels within the narrow therapeutic range that can lead to adverse drug events."	( Pharmacogenetic testing of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 alleles for warfarin. Flockhart, DA; Gage, B; Gandolfi, R; King, R; Lyon, E; Nussbaum, R; O'Kane, D; Schulman, K; Veenstra, D; Watson, MS; Williams, MS, 2008)	0.84
"Initiation of warfarin therapy using trial-and-error dosing is problematic."	( Use of pharmacogenetic and clinical factors to predict the therapeutic dose of warfarin. Aquilante, CL; Barrett, A; Deych, E; Eby, C; Farnett, LE; Gage, BF; Glynn, RJ; Grice, G; Grosso, L; Johnson, JA; Langaee, T; Lenzini, P; Marsh, S; McLeod, HL; Milligan, PE; Rettie, AE; Ridker, PM; Rieder, MJ; Veenstra, DL; Voora, D, 2008)	0.93
"Recent efforts have focused on developing dosing algorithms that included genetic information to try to improve warfarin dosing."	( Warfarin therapy: in need of improvement after all these years. Kimmel, SE, 2008)	2
"Additional research is needed to further test whether interventions can be used to improve warfarin dosing and outcomes."	( Warfarin therapy: in need of improvement after all these years. Kimmel, SE, 2008)	2.01
"In the United States, fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) is commonly used for urgent reversal of warfarin; however, dosage recommendations are difficult to find."	( Retrospective evaluation of a method to predict fresh-frozen plasma dosage in anticoagulated patients. Bourguet, CC; Elackattu, AE; Elder-Arrington, J; Frazee, LA; Gutierrez, W; Haller, NA, )	0.35
" Commencement of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet resulted in a series of subtherapeutic INRs that led to a 16% increase in the dosage requirement to maintain therapeutic INRs."	( Potential interaction between warfarin and high dietary protein intake. Donaldson, AR; Hester, EK; Hornsby, LB, 2008)	0.63
" On a subset where complete data were available (n=92), we developed a dosing equation that predicts the actual dose needed to maintain target anticoagulation using demographic variables and genotypes."	( Dosing algorithm for warfarin using CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotyping from a multi-ethnic population: comparison with other equations. Drake, K; Haller, C; Linder, M; Smith, A; Valdes, R; Wang, P; Wu, AH, 2008)	0.66
" Besides well-known demographic or environmental factors (advanced age, vitamin K intake, concomitant drugs, comorbid conditions, and acute illnesses), genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified as strongly affecting the maintenance dosage and its variability."	( Warfarin therapy: influence of pharmacogenetic and environmental factors on the anticoagulant response to warfarin. Gouin-Thibault, I; Pautas, E; Siguret, V, 2008)	1.79
"Aim of the study was to investigate frequency and influence of alleles CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and dosing regimen of warfarin and on development of hemorrhagic complications."	( [Cytochrome P4502C9(CYP2C9) gene polymorphism and safety of therapy with warfarin]. Bulytova, IuM; Dobrovol'skiĭ, AB; Ignat'ev, IV; Kropacheva, ES; Mikheeva, IuA; Panchenko, EP; Ramenskaia, GV; Sychev, DA, 2008)	0.78
" The secondary endpoint was the frequency of warfarin dosage changes."	( Characteristics of the amiodarone-warfarin interaction during long-term follow-up. Asinger, RW; Lu, Y; Nelson, BJ; Qi, D; Rausch, DJ; Won, KA, 2008)	0.88
" No other notable changes in INR or amiodarone or warfarin dosage occurred throughout the remainder of the 80-week study period."	( Characteristics of the amiodarone-warfarin interaction during long-term follow-up. Asinger, RW; Lu, Y; Nelson, BJ; Qi, D; Rausch, DJ; Won, KA, 2008)	0.88
" Pharmacogenetic-based dosing algorithms can improve accuracy of initial warfarin dosing but require rapid genotyping for cytochrome P-450 2C9 (CYP2C9) *2 and *3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) SNP."	( Performance of commercial platforms for rapid genotyping of polymorphisms affecting warfarin dose. Eby, C; Gage, BF; King, CR; Phillips, MS; Porche-Sorbet, RM; Renaud, Y; Ridker, PM, 2008)	0.8
" The Scheffe post hoc test revealed no significant differences in mean INR values obtained during receipt of the two dosage regimens."	( Pharmacodynamics of uniform versus nonuniform warfarin dosages. Bertino, JS; Gartung, AM; Hameed, MS; Nafziger, AN, 2008)	0.6
"Our findings suggest that it is safe to use a nonuniform dosage regimen of warfarin to reach a target INR range."	( Pharmacodynamics of uniform versus nonuniform warfarin dosages. Bertino, JS; Gartung, AM; Hameed, MS; Nafziger, AN, 2008)	0.83
" Because of elevated liver enzyme levels, the azathioprine dosage was decreased to 100 mg daily."	( Azathioprine-induced warfarin resistance. Pendleton, RC; Rondina, MT; Vazquez, SR, 2008)	0.66
" Therefore, -1639G>A is a suitable biomarker for warfarin dosing across ethnic populations."	( Regulatory polymorphism in vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) affects gene expression and warfarin dose requirement. Cavallari, LH; Chen, H; Johnson, JA; Momary, KM; Sadée, W; Wang, D, 2008)	0.81
"Warfarin dosing is correlated with polymorphisms in vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) and the cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) genes."	( A genome-wide scan for common genetic variants with a large influence on warfarin maintenance dose. Cooper, GM; Feng, H; Johnson, JA; Langaee, TY; Rettie, AE; Rieder, MJ; Ritchie, MD; Roden, DM; Schwarz, UI; Smith, JD; Stanaway, IB; Stein, CM; Veenstra, DL, 2008)	2.02
" The observation clearly highlights the inadequacy of the current dosing regimens and the need to move toward a more individualized approach to warfarin therapy."	( Role of pharmacodiagnostic of CYP2C9 variants in the optimization of warfarin therapy in Malaysia: a 6-month follow-up study. Harun, R; Ismail, R; Langmia, IM; Lee, WL; Ngow, H; Salleh, MZ; Teh, LK, 2008)	0.78
" The guidelines include specific recommendations for nonheparin anticoagulant dosing that differ from the package inserts."	( Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Greinacher, A; Koster, A; Lincoff, AM; Warkentin, TE, 2008)	0.35
"These results suggest that a dosage adjustment of either drug is not necessary during coadministration of tigecycline and warfarin."	( Evaluation of a potential tigecycline-warfarin drug interaction. Harper, DM; Matschke, K; Raible, DG; Speth, JL; Zimmerman, JJ, 2008)	0.82
" Therefore, we wanted to determine whether it was feasible to undertake typical minor plastic surgery procedures without altering patients' warfarin dosage regimens."	( Continuing warfarin during cutaneous surgery. Siddiqui, H; Sugden, P, 2008)	0.94
" Using sublingual warfarin dosing we were able to achieve therapeutic anticoagulation without complications."	( Sublingual administration of warfarin: a novel form of delivery. Batke-Hastings, S; Carman, TL, 2008)	0.97
"The objective of this study was to determine whether warfarin dosing algorithms developed for Caucasians and African Americans on the basis of clinical, environmental, and genetic factors will perform better than an empirical starting dose of 5 mg/day."	( Dosing algorithms to predict warfarin maintenance dose in Caucasians and African Americans. Brensinger, CM; Chen, J; Chen, Z; Christie, J; Kealey, C; Kimmel, SE; Newcomb, CW; Price, M; Samaha, FF; Schelleman, H; Thorn, CF; Whitehead, AS, 2008)	0.89
" When the standard warfarin dosing protocol was followed, 33% of patients were still delayed."	( The use of warfarin as thromboprophylaxis for lower limb arthroplasty. Dunbar, MR; Karthikeyan, S; Upadhyay, PK, 2008)	1.06
"The role of genetic polymorphisms and genetic testing in guiding warfarin dosing is discussed, as are the selection and monitoring of anticoagulant therapy for obese patients, patients with severe renal impairment, and patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT); case studies are used to illustrate each topic."	( Considerations in using anticoagulant therapy in special patient populations. Dobesh, PP; Haines, ST; Phillips, KW, 2008)	0.58
" People with certain ethnic backgrounds have a greater likelihood of having genetic polymorphisms that reduce warfarin dosing requirements and increase the risk of bleeding."	( Considerations in using anticoagulant therapy in special patient populations. Dobesh, PP; Haines, ST; Phillips, KW, 2008)	0.56
" To facilitate gene-guided warfarin dosing we created a non-profit website, http://www."	( Laboratory and clinical outcomes of pharmacogenetic vs. clinical protocols for warfarin initiation in orthopedic patients. Barrack, RL; Clohisy, JC; Deych, E; Dowd, MB; Eby, CS; Gage, BF; Gatchel, SK; Grice, GR; King, CR; Kronquist, K; Lenzini, PA; Marchand, R; Millican, EA; Milligan, PE; Murphy, CV; Porche-Sorbet, RM; Subherwal, S, 2008)	0.87
" To address the association of genetic factors and warfarin dosage for ethnic Han Chinese, we genotyped six candidate genes involved in the warfarin interactive pathway with focus on SNPs with reported association with warfarin dose."	( Genetic factors contribute to patient-specific warfarin dose for Han Chinese. Chen, QS; Hou, ZS; Li, HL; Ma, SJ; Tai, S; Tjong, WY; Wang, TL; Wu, GS; Wu, M; Xu, S; Zhu, HT, 2008)	0.85
" When conventional warfarin dosing was compared with pharmacogenomic-based dosing, no significant difference was seen between groups in terms of time spent within the target INR range (41."	( Genetic testing for warfarin therapy initiation. Bukaveckas, BL; Cahoon, WD; Hynicka, LM, 2008)	1
"Due to its narrow therapeutic index and substantial inter-patient variability in clinical response, warfarin represents an ideal drug candidate to benefit from the promise of pharmacogenomic-guided dosing strategies."	( Warfarin dosing and the promise of pharmacogenomics. Dumas, TE; Hawke, RL; Lee, CR, 2007)	2
" The management of oral anticoagulation is challenging because of a large variability in the dose-response relationship, which is in part caused by genetic polymorphisms."	( Pharmacogenetics of oral anticoagulants: a basis for dose individualization. Fuhr, U; Kirchheiner, J; Lazar, A; Stehle, S, 2008)	0.35
"Of 757 patients prescribed anticoagulation at discharge from March 2005 through June 2007, duration of therapy (for unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin [UFH/LMWH]) and recent dosing and monitoring information (for warfarin) were the areas with the biggest deficits."	( Deficits in discharge documentation in patients transferred to rehabilitation facilities on anticoagulation: results of a systemwide evaluation. Chan-Macrae, M; Gandara, E; Lee, J; Moniz, TT; O'Malley, T; Schnipper, JL; Ungar, J, 2008)	0.53
" Dosing algorithms have been developed that incorporate clinical, demographic, and genetic information to help select a warfarin starting dose."	( Warfarin pharmacogenetics. Limdi, NA; Veenstra, DL, 2008)	2
"A dosing algorithm including genetic (VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes) and nongenetic factors (age, weight, therapeutic indication, and cotreatment with amiodarone or simvastatin) explained 51% of the variance in stable weekly warfarin doses in 390 patients attending an anticoagulant clinic in a Brazilian public hospital."	( Pharmacogenetics of warfarin: development of a dosing algorithm for brazilian patients. Dias-Neto, E; Ojopi, EB; Perini, JA; Rangel, F; Santana, IS; Silva-Assunção, E; Struchiner, CJ; Suarez-Kurtz, G, 2008)	0.85
" Several warfarin dosing algorithms have been constructed, adapted on CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes and clinical factors, to predict the best dose for each patient."	( Evidence for a pharmacogenetic adapted dose of oral anticoagulant in routine medical practice. Becquemont, L, 2008)	0.76
"To meet growing demand for oral anticoagulation worldwide there has been increased dependence on computer-assistance in dosage although the safety and effectiveness of any of the individual computer-assisted dosage programs has not previously been established."	( A multicentre randomised clinical endpoint study of PARMA 5 computer-assisted oral anticoagulant dosage. Ibrahim, S; Jespersen, J; Keown, M; Lowe, G; Moia, M; Palareti, G; Poller, L; Roberts, C; Tripodi, A; Turpie, AG; van den Besselaar, AM; van der Meer, FJ, 2008)	0.35
" Oral anticoagulant monitoring in Trinidad and Tobago could benefit from the centralization of such services to designated clinics with specialized staff and computer-assisted dosing which adopt internationally accepted guidelines for practice."	( Establishing an oral anticoagulant monitoring service in a multiethnic developing country. Carter, R; Casimire, T; Charles, KS; Peters, S; Tweedle, J, 2008)	0.35
" There were no dosing changes or discernible compliance issues in the 10 months preceding the change in INR."	( Elevated International Normalized Ratio after concurrent ingestion of cranberry sauce and warfarin. Mergenhagen, KA; Sherman, O, 2008)	0.57
" An overview of the persistent issues related to warfarin therapy and our current understanding of the genetic and clinical factors affecting warfarin dosing is presented."	( Understanding the pharmacogenetic approach to warfarin dosing. Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, I, 2010)	0.87
"2), requiring a warfarin dosage reduction."	( Probable interaction between warfarin and torsemide. Bird, J; Carmona, C, 2008)	0.98
" No levothyroxine dosage changes occurred over the previous 14 months; thus, this also was ruled out as a possible etiology."	( Probable interaction between warfarin and torsemide. Bird, J; Carmona, C, 2008)	0.64
"Noncoding polymorphisms in the VKORC1 gene associate with variation of interindividual dosing requirements of warfarin and other coumarin anticoagulants."	( VKORC1 polymorphisms in Amerindian populations of Brazil. Perini, JA; Petzl-Erler, ML; Suarez-Kurtz, G; Tsuneto, LT, 2008)	0.56
" Close monitoring and dosage adjustment may be necessary to maintain therapeutic anticoagulation in these patients."	( Warfarin resistance after total gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy. Kirton, OC; Sobieraj, DM; Wang, F, 2008)	1.79
"Warfarin is a medication with a narrow therapeutic index, nonlinear intrapatient pharmacokinetics, and high interpatient variability in its dose-response relationship."	( Pharmacogenomic dosing of warfarin: ready or not? Lackner, TE, 2008)	2.09
"Warfarin dosing algorithms do not account for genetic mutations that can affect anticoagulation response."	( VKORC1 variant genotypes influence warfarin response in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty: a pilot study. Fontaine, RN; Glueck, CJ; González Della Valle, A; Khakharia, S; Salvati, EA; Taveras, N; Wang, P, 2009)	2.07
" We assessed the quality of our current software-assisted warfarin dosing in the year 2006 in 941 unselected consecutive patients on stable OA with atrial fibrillation (AF), venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prosthetic heart valves (PHV) by comparing it to our previous cardiologist-based dosing practice in 1992 when a study was carried out on 241 comparable patients."	( Warfarin anticoagulation intensity in specialist-based and in computer-assisted dosing practice. Einarsdottir, KA; Gudmundsdottir, BR; Onundarson, PT, 2008)	2.03
"We report a case of fatal internal haemorrhage in an elderly man who consumed only cranberry juice for two weeks while maintaining his usual dosage of warfarin."	( Fatal haemopericardium and gastrointestinal haemorrhage due to possible interaction of cranberry juice with warfarin. Beddall, A; Griffiths, AP; Pegler, S, 2008)	0.76
" Dosing algorithms have been developed and continue to be refined that incorporate the polymorphisms of P450 2C9 and vitamin K epoxide reductase."	( Overview of pharmacogenetics in anticoagulation therapy. Duncan, A; Hill, CE, 2008)	0.35
" Warfarin is often used, but initial dosing and management can be difficult."	( A safe, effective, and easy to use warfarin initiation dosing nomogram for post-joint arthroplasty patients. Pendleton, RC; Peters, CL; Strong, MB; Vinik, R; Wanner, N; Wheeler, M, 2010)	1.55
" The dosage requirement of warfarin to produce therapeutic anticoagulation varies widely among patients."	( [Warfarin resistance and related pharmacogenetic information]. Takahashi, H, 2008)	1.55
" The use of algorithms for dosing that incorporate pharmacogenomic information perform better than those using clinical data alone."	( New issues in oral anticoagulants. Francis, CW, 2008)	0.35
"The effect of CYP2C9 and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) genotypes was evaluated for the early-phase and steady-state warfarin dosing in Korean patients with mechanical heart valve replacement."	( Effect of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes on early-phase and steady-state warfarin dosing in Korean patients with mechanical heart valve replacement. Cho, KH; Han, IY; Jang, YJ; Kim, EY; Kim, HS; Lee, SS; Oh, M; Shin, JG, 2009)	0.79
"The genotypes of CYP2C9 variants including CYP2C9*3, CYP2C9*13, and CYP2C9*14, and VKORC1 1173C>T were assessed for the association with warfarin dosing in 265 patients whose data were collected for warfarin dose; international normalized ratio (INR), comedication, comorbidity, and other clinical characteristics."	( Effect of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes on early-phase and steady-state warfarin dosing in Korean patients with mechanical heart valve replacement. Cho, KH; Han, IY; Jang, YJ; Kim, EY; Kim, HS; Lee, SS; Oh, M; Shin, JG, 2009)	0.79
"In the early phase of warfarin therapy, the combined genotypes of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 caused statistically significant difference in warfarin dose from day 7 of warfarin dosing and the subsequent time course of dose increase showed significant difference among the three different genotypes (P<0."	( Effect of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes on early-phase and steady-state warfarin dosing in Korean patients with mechanical heart valve replacement. Cho, KH; Han, IY; Jang, YJ; Kim, EY; Kim, HS; Lee, SS; Oh, M; Shin, JG, 2009)	0.9
"The heterozygous CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes influence warfarin dosing in an early phase as well as steady state of warfarin therapy in Korean patients with mechanical heart valve replacement."	( Effect of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes on early-phase and steady-state warfarin dosing in Korean patients with mechanical heart valve replacement. Cho, KH; Han, IY; Jang, YJ; Kim, EY; Kim, HS; Lee, SS; Oh, M; Shin, JG, 2009)	0.83
"This study showed that age, weight and VKORC1 and CYP2C9 polymorphism had significant influences on warfarin dose requirements and should be considered on dosing regimens modification to improve the safety of warfarin therapy."	( [Association between CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic polymorphism and warfarin dose requirements]. Huang, CR; Jiang, WP; Miao, LY; Shen, ZY; Yang, J, 2008)	0.8
"Despite a lack of clear recommendations to guide decision-making, reductions in enoxaparin sodium dosage in the elderly and in patients with mild and moderate renal dysfunction are common in patients with acute coronary syndrome."	( Factors associated with bleeding in elderly hospitalized patients treated with enoxaparin sodium : a prospective, open-label, observational study. Beckerman, P; Ben-Artzi, M; Ben-Yehuda, A; Haber, G; Levin, A; Muszkat, M; Varon, D, 2009)	0.35
" While this may simplify dosing and monitoring, it will still be necessary to weigh the risks and benefits of therapy."	( Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation--pharmacologic strategies. Goldbarg, SH; Mehta, D; Tiyyagura, SR, )	0.13
" Furthermore, multivariate analysis was performed to investigate a warfarin dosing algorithm."	( Effect of VKORC1-1639 G>A polymorphism, body weight, age, and serum albumin alterations on warfarin response in Japanese patients. Akimoto, T; Doi, O; Hayashi, H; Inoue, K; Itoh, K; Kawarasaki, Y; Kimura, M; Moriwaki, H; Sakawa, S; Tashiro, Y; Yoshizawa, M, 2009)	0.81
" The dosing algorithm of warfarin maintenance dose was investigated by multivariate linear regression."	( Effect of VKORC1-1639 G>A polymorphism, body weight, age, and serum albumin alterations on warfarin response in Japanese patients. Akimoto, T; Doi, O; Hayashi, H; Inoue, K; Itoh, K; Kawarasaki, Y; Kimura, M; Moriwaki, H; Sakawa, S; Tashiro, Y; Yoshizawa, M, 2009)	0.88
"The literature on the pharmacogenomics of warfarin and the use of genetic testing to optimize initial and maintenance warfarin dosing is reviewed."	( Pharmacogenomics of warfarin: uncovering a piece of the warfarin mystery. Dager, WE; Grice, GR; Gulseth, MP, 2009)	0.94
" Several dosing models used to predict warfarin dosing (initial or refinement) have been retrospectively evaluated in diverse patient populations."	( Pharmacogenomics of warfarin: uncovering a piece of the warfarin mystery. Dager, WE; Grice, GR; Gulseth, MP, 2009)	0.95
"The increased understanding of pharmacogenomics may improve patient safety during initial dosing of warfarin."	( Pharmacogenomics of warfarin: uncovering a piece of the warfarin mystery. Dager, WE; Grice, GR; Gulseth, MP, 2009)	0.89
" This effect was abrogated in Nrf2(-/-) mice dosed with oltipraz, attenuated in mice Nrf2(-/-) mice treated with auraptene and imperatorin, and still significant in Nrf2(-/-) mice treated with isopimpinellin."	( Comparison of citrus coumarins on carcinogen-detoxifying enzymes in Nrf2 knockout mice. Childers, A; Itoh, K; Kleiner, HE; Li, Y; Prince, M; Yamamoto, M, 2009)	0.35
" There were no cases with major bleeding as a complication, but for 2 cases, the international normalized ratio high value exceeded the remedy limits, and temporary dosage discontinuance was required."	( Anticoagulation therapy with heparin and warfarin in total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis knee. Ishii, N; Kimura, K; Kishimoto, C; Konishi, K; Ohtani, S; Okamura, H, 2009)	0.62
" Testing for these variant alleles might allow more personalized dosing of warfarin during the induction phase."	( Cost-effectiveness of using pharmacogenetic information in warfarin dosing for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Eckman, MH; Gage, BF; Greenberg, SM; Rosand, J, 2009)	0.83
"To examine the cost-effectiveness of genotype-guided dosing versus standard induction of warfarin therapy for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation."	( Cost-effectiveness of using pharmacogenetic information in warfarin dosing for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Eckman, MH; Gage, BF; Greenberg, SM; Rosand, J, 2009)	0.82
"Genotype-guided dosing consisting of genotyping for CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, and/or VKORC1 versus standard warfarin induction."	( Cost-effectiveness of using pharmacogenetic information in warfarin dosing for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Eckman, MH; Gage, BF; Greenberg, SM; Rosand, J, 2009)	0.81
"In the base case, genotype-guided dosing resulted in better outcomes, but at a relatively high cost."	( Cost-effectiveness of using pharmacogenetic information in warfarin dosing for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Eckman, MH; Gage, BF; Greenberg, SM; Rosand, J, 2009)	0.6
"Few published studies describe the effect of genotype-guided dosing on major bleeding events, and although these studies show a trend toward decreased bleeding, the results are not statistically significant."	( Cost-effectiveness of using pharmacogenetic information in warfarin dosing for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Eckman, MH; Gage, BF; Greenberg, SM; Rosand, J, 2009)	0.6
"A pharmacogenetics-based dosing model was derived using retrospective data from 266 Chinese patients and multiple linear regression analysis."	( Validation of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes on interindividual warfarin maintenance dose: a prospective study in Chinese patients. Chen, BL; Chen, HS; Chen, KM; He, Y; Hu, XJ; Huang, L; Huang, SW; Huang, ZH; Jia, YK; Li, L; Li, Q; Ma, LQ; Wang, HF; Wang, XQ; Xiang, DK; Xu, DL; Xu, XM; Zou, XM, 2009)	0.59
"1% of warfarin dosing variance."	( Validation of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes on interindividual warfarin maintenance dose: a prospective study in Chinese patients. Chen, BL; Chen, HS; Chen, KM; He, Y; Hu, XJ; Huang, L; Huang, SW; Huang, ZH; Jia, YK; Li, L; Li, Q; Ma, LQ; Wang, HF; Wang, XQ; Xiang, DK; Xu, DL; Xu, XM; Zou, XM, 2009)	1.08
"A pharmacogenetics-based dosing algorithm has been developed for improvement in the time to reach the stable dosing of warfarin."	( Validation of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes on interindividual warfarin maintenance dose: a prospective study in Chinese patients. Chen, BL; Chen, HS; Chen, KM; He, Y; Hu, XJ; Huang, L; Huang, SW; Huang, ZH; Jia, YK; Li, L; Li, Q; Ma, LQ; Wang, HF; Wang, XQ; Xiang, DK; Xu, DL; Xu, XM; Zou, XM, 2009)	0.8
" The genotypes of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 alone account for nearly 3 times more of the variability ( approximately 30%) in warfarin dosing than do age, weight, gender, and other clinical factors combined ( approximately 12%)."	( A regulatory science perspective on warfarin therapy: a pharmacogenetic opportunity. Huang, SM; Kim, MJ; Lesko, LJ; Meyer, UA; Rahman, A, 2009)	0.84
" When warfarin is used concurrently with antiretrovirals, close monitoring of INR response is recommended in lieu of empiric warfarin dosing adjustments, given the limited information available and the quality of evidence."	( Warfarin-antiretroviral interactions. Liedtke, MD; Rathbun, RC, 2009)	2.28
" These observations suggest that warfarin may need to be initiated at a lower dosage and monitored more closely in patients with moderate or severe CKD compared with the general population."	( Kidney function influences warfarin responsiveness and hemorrhagic complications. Acton, RT; Allon, M; Arnett, DK; Baird, MF; Beasley, TM; Goldstein, JA; Limdi, NA; McGwin, G, 2009)	0.93
" Human single base variants examined by spatial DNA melting analysis included rs354439, HTR2A 102T > C, and three alleles that affect appropriate warfarin dosage (CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, and VKORC1 1173C > T)."	( Spatial DNA melting analysis for genotyping and variant scanning. Crews, N; Gale, B; Montgomery, J; Pryor, R; Wittwer, CT, 2009)	0.55
"Patients who were actively bleeding were not included, and warfarin dosing after enrollment was not mandated or followed."	( Oral vitamin K versus placebo to correct excessive anticoagulation in patients receiving warfarin: a randomized trial. Ageno, W; Anderson, D; Blostein, MD; Clark, NP; Crowther, MA; Dowd, MB; Garcia, D; Ginsberg, J; Kahn, SR; Kearon, C; Kovacs, MJ; Rodger, MA; Schulman, S; Selby, R; Silingardi, M; Siragusa, S; Vesely, SK; Wang, L; Wells, P; Witt, DM, 2009)	0.82
" Less frequent dosing schedules generally improve adherence."	( Will a once-weekly anticoagulant for the treatment and secondary prevention of thromboembolism improve adherence? Cohen, AT; Maillardet, L; Yavin, Y, 2009)	0.35
" For the mother and fetus, effective and safe treatment is readily available with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), but optimal dosing of these agents in pregnancy remains controversial."	( Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy: diagnosis, management and prevention. Bates, SM; Chunilal, SD, 2009)	0.35
"Computer-assisted oral anticoagulant dosage is being increasingly used to meet growing demands for oral anticoagulation."	( A multicentre randomised assessment of the DAWN AC computer-assisted oral anticoagulant dosage program. Bryan, S; Burgess-Wilson, M; Heagerty, A; Ibrahim, S; Jespersen, J; Keown, M; Lowe, G; Maccallum, P; Moia, M; Palareti, G; Poller, L; Roberts, C; Samama, M; Shiach, C; Tripodi, A; Turpie, AG; van den Besselaar, AM; van der Meer, FJ; Wright, D, 2009)	0.35
" Moreover the potential benefit of genotype-guided dosing implemented after initiation of therapy in a racially diverse population has not been explored."	( Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 on warfarin response during initiation of therapy. Acton, RT; Beasley, TM; Goldstein, JA; Limdi, NA; Wiener, H, )	0.41
"3% of the variance in dose change over the first 30 days of therapy demonstrating that the usefulness of genotype-guided dosing may extend beyond first day of therapy."	( Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 on warfarin response during initiation of therapy. Acton, RT; Beasley, TM; Goldstein, JA; Limdi, NA; Wiener, H, )	0.41
" Whether genotype-guided dosing will decrease the risk of over-anticoagulation, improve anticoagulation control and most importantly improve outcomes for chronic warfarin users remains to be proven."	( Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 on warfarin response during initiation of therapy. Acton, RT; Beasley, TM; Goldstein, JA; Limdi, NA; Wiener, H, )	0.61
"Genotype-guided initial warfarin dosing may reduce over-anticoagulation and serious bleeding compared to a one-dose-fits-all dosing method."	( Genetic testing before anticoagulation? A systematic review of pharmacogenetic dosing of warfarin. Bent, S; Garcia, DA; Kangelaris, KN; Nussbaum, RL; Tice, JA, 2009)	0.88
"The objective of this review was to investigate the safety and efficacy of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin in reducing the occurrence of serious bleeding events and over-anticoagulation."	( Genetic testing before anticoagulation? A systematic review of pharmacogenetic dosing of warfarin. Bent, S; Garcia, DA; Kangelaris, KN; Nussbaum, RL; Tice, JA, 2009)	0.79
" Selected articles were randomized trials comparing pharmacogenetic dosing of warfarin versus a "standard" dose control algorithm in adult patients taking warfarin for the first time."	( Genetic testing before anticoagulation? A systematic review of pharmacogenetic dosing of warfarin. Bent, S; Garcia, DA; Kangelaris, KN; Nussbaum, RL; Tice, JA, 2009)	0.8
" Differences in study quality, dosing algorithms, length of follow-up and outcome measures limited meta-analysis."	( Genetic testing before anticoagulation? A systematic review of pharmacogenetic dosing of warfarin. Bent, S; Garcia, DA; Kangelaris, KN; Nussbaum, RL; Tice, JA, 2009)	0.57
" We sought to confirm our clinical impression and to gather data for the development of a guide to dosing these patients."	( Decreasing warfarin sensitivity during the first three months after heart valve surgery: implications for dosing. Kim, YK; Meijer, K; Schulman, S, 2010)	0.75
" Data on dosing and INR results were collected and time in therapeutic range (TTR) calculated."	( Decreasing warfarin sensitivity during the first three months after heart valve surgery: implications for dosing. Kim, YK; Meijer, K; Schulman, S, 2010)	0.75
" A dosing algorithm was modeled from the data in this patient group."	( Decreasing warfarin sensitivity during the first three months after heart valve surgery: implications for dosing. Kim, YK; Meijer, K; Schulman, S, 2010)	0.75
" A dosing algorithm that takes increasing requirements into account is proposed."	( Decreasing warfarin sensitivity during the first three months after heart valve surgery: implications for dosing. Kim, YK; Meijer, K; Schulman, S, 2010)	0.75
" It is unique because it includes equal numbers of VKA-experienced and naive patients and evaluates 2 different dosages of dabigatran, which may allow tailoring of dosing to individual patient needs."	( Rationale and design of RE-LY: randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy, warfarin, compared with dabigatran. Connolly, S; Ezekowitz, MD; Oldgren, J; Parekh, A; Reilly, PA; Themeles, E; Varrone, J; Wallentin, L; Wang, S; Yusuf, S, 2009)	0.57
"We developed an interactive voice response system to communicate to patients the results of international normalized ratio testing and their dosage schedules for anticoagulation therapy."	( Effect of an interactive voice response system on oral anticoagulant management. Forster, AJ; Oake, N; Rodger, MA; van Walraven, C, 2009)	0.35
"8%) of 1557 scheduled dosage messages, with no further input required from clinic staff."	( Effect of an interactive voice response system on oral anticoagulant management. Forster, AJ; Oake, N; Rodger, MA; van Walraven, C, 2009)	0.35
" The evaluation of time-course and dose-response relationships for imperatorin, osthole and valproate in the maximal electroshock seizure test revealed that the compounds produced a clear-cut antielectroshock action in mice and the experimentally derived ED(50) values for imperatorin ranged between 167 and 290 mg/kg, those for osthole ranged from 253 to 639 mg/kg, whereas the ED(50) values for valproate ranged from 189 to 255 mg/kg."	( Anticonvulsant and acute neurotoxic effects of imperatorin, osthole and valproate in the maximal electroshock seizure and chimney tests in mice: a comparative study. Andres-Mach, M; Cisowski, W; Czuczwar, SJ; Glensk, M; Glowniak, K; Luszczki, JJ; Wojda, E, 2009)	0.35
" Data collection included patient demographics; international normalized ratios (INRs) before, at time of, and after SCH; risk factors for increased risk of bleeding; patient-reported complications related to SCH; recent changes in medication use; and warfarin dosage adjustments made in response to the event."	( Risk factors and complications of subconjunctival hemorrhages in patients taking warfarin. Leiker, LL; Mehta, BH; Pruchnicki, MC; Rodis, JL, 2009)	0.76
" Studies were included if they (1) contained at least one warfarin dosing group that enrolled >25 patients for whom INR control was monitored for at least three weeks, (2) included only patients treated in the United States, (3) used a patient-time approach to report outcomes, and (4) reported proportion of time spent in the therapeutic INR range."	( Evaluating the impact of study-level factors on warfarin control in U.S.-based primary studies: a meta-analysis. Baker, WL; Cios, DA; Coleman, CI; Phung, OJ; Sander, SD, 2009)	0.85
" Regular control of treatment intensity is required since inappropriate dosage increases the risk for complications."	( Comparison and evaluation of a Point-of-care device (CoaguChek XS) to Owren-type prothrombin time assay for monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy with warfarin. Hillarp, A; Nilsson, C; Strandberg, K; Svensson, PJ; Wieloch, M, 2009)	0.55
" It has been suggested that dosing algorithms incorporating them might outperform usual care."	( Predicting warfarin maintenance dose in patients with venous thromboembolism based on the response to a standardized warfarin initiation nomogram. Kovacs, MJ; Lazo-Langner, A; Monkman, K, 2009)	0.74
" Regardless of the fibric acid derivative chosen, an empiric dosage reduction of 20% and close INR monitoring are warranted in patients receiving warfarin."	( Interaction between gemfibrozil and warfarin: case report and review of the literature. Dixon, DL; Williams, VG, 2009)	0.83
" Although the Japanese are more sensitive to warfarin therapy than Caucasians, the relationship between age and warfarin dosage in the Japanese has not been investigated in detail."	( Relationship between aging and dosage of warfarin: the current status of warfarin anticoagulant therapy for Japanese outpatients in a department of cardiovascular medicine. Miura, T; Nishinaka, T; Terada, T; Yonezawa, K, 2009)	0.88
" The daily dosage of warfarin and the dosage adjusted according to the PT-INR (dose/PT-INR), wherein the lower values indicate a higher sensitivity to warfarin therapy, were significantly inversely correlated with age."	( Relationship between aging and dosage of warfarin: the current status of warfarin anticoagulant therapy for Japanese outpatients in a department of cardiovascular medicine. Miura, T; Nishinaka, T; Terada, T; Yonezawa, K, 2009)	0.94
" Since elderly Japanese patients with low PT-INR values are especially sensitive to warfarin, greater caution should be exercised while determining the dosage schedule in such patients."	( Relationship between aging and dosage of warfarin: the current status of warfarin anticoagulant therapy for Japanese outpatients in a department of cardiovascular medicine. Miura, T; Nishinaka, T; Terada, T; Yonezawa, K, 2009)	0.84
" The patients were followed for 1 year with weekly international normalized ratio (INR), dosage and adverse events recorded."	( Thrice weekly warfarin administration in haemodialysis patients. Bueti, J; Komenda, P; Lang, C; Miller, L; PonnamPalam, A; Reslerova, M; Rigatto, C; Sood, A; Sood, MM, 2009)	0.71
"003) compared to the daily dosage group."	( Thrice weekly warfarin administration in haemodialysis patients. Bueti, J; Komenda, P; Lang, C; Miller, L; PonnamPalam, A; Reslerova, M; Rigatto, C; Sood, A; Sood, MM, 2009)	0.71
"In this pilot study, thrice weekly warfarin appears to be a safe and feasible dosing strategy in a select patient population."	( Thrice weekly warfarin administration in haemodialysis patients. Bueti, J; Komenda, P; Lang, C; Miller, L; PonnamPalam, A; Reslerova, M; Rigatto, C; Sood, A; Sood, MM, 2009)	0.99
" During the routine care arm, patients attended the AMS at least every 4-6 weeks and were dosed by the anticoagulation pharmacist or physician."	( Randomized controlled trial of supervised patient self-testing of warfarin therapy using an internet-based expert system. Byrne, S; O'Shea, S; Ryan, F, 2009)	0.59
" The most significant protective effect was demonstrated when 1 mg/kg dosage of C(60)HyFn was administered before irradiation."	( Peculiarities of the antioxidant and radioprotective effects of hydrated C60 fullerene nanostuctures in vitro and in vivo. Andrievsky, GV; Bruskov, VI; Gudkov, SV; Tykhomyrov, AA, 2009)	0.35
" Whether genotype-guided dosing is clinically beneficial remains unclear, but studies are currently underway that will help to determine this."	( Genetic and clinical factors relating to warfarin dosing. Jonas, DE; McLeod, HL, 2009)	0.62
" Evaluation of potential gene-gene interactions between CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms showed significant differences in dosing for CYP2C9 genotypes within the VKORC1-1639G/A subgroup (P = ."	( Pharmacogenetic impact of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 allelic variants on warfarin dose requirements in a hispanic population isolate. Arcos-Burgos, M; Camargo, M; Falla, D; Lewis, JE; Martinez, AF; Mejia, F; Palacio, L; Tobon, I, 2010)	0.6
" We used decision-tree modeling to simulate the outcomes of CYP2C9 and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) genotype-guided dosing in patients in whom warfarin therapy is to be initiated."	( Potential clinical and economic outcomes of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype-guided dosing in patients starting warfarin therapy. Cheng, G; Tsui, KK; Wong, RS; You, JH, 2009)	0.76
" To evaluate the impact of testing using the CoaguChek XS on clinical anticoagulant dosing decisions."	( Point-of-care monitoring of oral anticoagulation therapy in children. Comparison of the CoaguChek XS system with venous INR and venous INR using an International Reference Thromboplastin preparation (rTF/95). Burgess, J; DeRosa, L; Greenway, A; Ignjatovic, V; Monagle, P; Newall, F; Summerhayes, R, 2009)	0.35
" Even though PCCs are widely used, the ideal dosing regimen is far from established."	( Optimizing warfarin reversal--an ex vivo study. Gatt, A; Kitchen, S; Makris, M; Riddell, A; Tuddenham, EG; van Veen, JJ, 2009)	0.74
" She had been receiving a relatively stable dosage of warfarin 4 mg/day for several months, with stable international normalized ratios (INRs)."	( Potential interaction between pomegranate juice and warfarin. Komperda, KE, 2009)	0.85
"A) We reviewed retrospectively 364 patients with unchanged maintenance dose for at least 6 months and an occasional INR outside the therapeutic range regarding decision on dosing and the effect on the next INR."	( Single-dose adjustment versus no adjustment of warfarin in stably anticoagulated patients with an occasional international normalized ratio (INR) out of range. Ennis, D; Melinyshyn, A; Rudd-Scott, L; Schulman, S, 2010)	0.62
"Although the frequencies of pharmacogenetic variants differ among racial groups, most pharmacogenetic algorithms for genotype-guided warfarin dosing only include two CYP2C9 alleles (*2 and *3) and a single VKORC1 allele (g."	( CYP2C9*8 is prevalent among African-Americans: implications for pharmacogenetic dosing. Desnick, RJ; Halperin, JL; Jaremko, M; Kornreich, R; Lubitz, SA; Scott, SA, 2009)	0.56
" Given most warfarin pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms only include CYP2C9*2 and *3, the inclusion of CYP2C9*8 alone could reclassify the predicted metabolic phenotypes of almost 10% of African-Americans, or when combined with CYP2C9*5, *6 and *11, more than 15%."	( CYP2C9*8 is prevalent among African-Americans: implications for pharmacogenetic dosing. Desnick, RJ; Halperin, JL; Jaremko, M; Kornreich, R; Lubitz, SA; Scott, SA, 2009)	0.73
" The validity of the model and a comparison with other dosing methods were evaluated by bootstrap resampling and a cross-validation method."	( Warfarin-dosing algorithm based on a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model combined with Bayesian forecasting. Higuchi, S; Ieiri, I; Sasaki, T; Tabuchi, H, 2009)	1.8
" Bootstrap resampling and cross-validation showed robustness and a superior predictive performance compared with other dosing methods."	( Warfarin-dosing algorithm based on a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model combined with Bayesian forecasting. Higuchi, S; Ieiri, I; Sasaki, T; Tabuchi, H, 2009)	1.8
" We developed a computational decision-support tool that combines patient-specific genotype and phenotype information to provide strategic dosage guidance."	( Interactive modeling for ongoing utility of pharmacogenetic diagnostic testing: application for warfarin therapy. Bon Homme, M; Eby, C; Gage, BF; Linder, MW; Reynolds, KK; Silvestrov, N; Valdes, R, 2009)	0.57
"The target interval of plasma S-warfarin concentration required to yield a therapeutic INR can be predicted from the VKORC1 genotype (pharmacodynamics), and the progressive changes in S-warfarin concentration after repeated daily dosing can be predicted from the CYP2C9 genotype (pharmacokinetics)."	( Interactive modeling for ongoing utility of pharmacogenetic diagnostic testing: application for warfarin therapy. Bon Homme, M; Eby, C; Gage, BF; Linder, MW; Reynolds, KK; Silvestrov, N; Valdes, R, 2009)	0.85
" Although the polymorphisms in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 explain a significant proportion of the interindividual variability in warfarin dose requirement, currently available evidence based on a few small studies relating to the use of pharmacogenetics-guided dosing in the initiation of warfarin therapy has not shown improved outcomes in either safety or efficacy of therapy."	( Pharmacogenetics of warfarin. Kamali, F; Wynne, H, 2010)	0.89
" However, results predict only one third of all dosing variation, the value of testing in reducing bleeding and thrombosis rates remains unproved, and cost-effectiveness is not established."	( Should we be applying warfarin pharmacogenetics to clinical practice? No, not now. Grody, WW; Rosove, MH, 2009)	0.67
" Medical information, including the indication for warfarin use, warfarin dosing and dosing changes, and exposure to gefitinib were collected from computerized databases and medical records."	( Effect of gefitinib on warfarin antithrombotic activity. Arai, S; Fukui, T; Hataishi, R; Iwasaki, M; Katagiri, M; Katono, K; Kobayashi, H; Kubota, M; Masuda, N; Mitsufuji, H; Nishii, Y; Onoda, S; Otani, S; Ryuge, S; Takakura, A; Wada, M; Yamamoto, M; Yanaihara, T; Yanase, N; Yokoba, M, 2009)	0.92
" Trials of low-intensity anticoagulation for people with grafts and of fixed 1 mg daily warfarin dosing in people with catheters showed no benefit."	( Use of warfarin in people with low glomerular filtration rate or on dialysis. Clase, CM; Holden, RM, )	0.81
" Translation of these findings into clinical guidelines for warfarin dosing may be required to assess its impact on the safety and efficacy of warfarin."	( VKORC1 diplotype-derived dosing model to explain variability in warfarin dose requirements in Asian patients. Cheung, YB; Chowbay, B; Kong, MC; Lal, S; Lee, LH; Ooi, LL; Sandanaraj, E; Xiang, X, 2009)	0.83
" On the contrary, no significant difference of plasma free warfarin concentration between genotypes was observed in each dosage group."	( VKORC1 genotypes are associated with response to warfarin but free warfarin concentration during initial anticoagulation in healthy Chinese volunteers. Chen, GL; Jiang, JJ; Li, YS; Liu, H; Liu, LW; Tian, L; Xie, S; Xu, L, 2009)	0.85
" Pharmacokinetics (AUC for R(+) and S(-) warfarin) and pharmacodynamics (INR of R(+) or S(-) warfarin) were not meaningfully altered following coadministration of multiple-dose sitagliptin and single-dose warfarin, indicating that no dosage adjustment for warfarin is necessary when coadministered with sitagliptin."	( Multiple doses of sitagliptin, a selective DPP-4 inhibitor, do not meaningfully alter pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Herman, GA; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Liu, Q; Maes, A; Wagner, JA; Wright, DH, 2009)	0.82
"This study evaluated the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing of warfarin at steady state when taken concomitantly with once-daily doses of duloxetine."	( Effects of duloxetine on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin at steady state in healthy subjects. Chappell, J; He, J; Knadler, MP; Lee, D; Lobo, E; Mitchell, M, 2009)	0.81
"Preoperatively, patients discontinued VKA for 5 +/- 1 days; in those at low risk for thrombosis, LMWH was given at a prophylactic dosage of 3800 UI (nadroparin) or 4000 UI (enoxaparin) anti-factor (F) Xa once daily the night before the procedure."	( Patients requiring interruption of long-term oral anticoagulant therapy: the use of fixed sub-therapeutic doses of low-molecular-weight heparin. Abbene, I; Caramazza, D; Casuccio, A; Lo Coco, L; Malato, A; Pizzo, G; Saccullo, G; Siragusa, S, 2010)	0.36
" The objective of our study was to determine the effect of introducing a simple two-step dosing algorithm, as compared with dosing by anticoagulation clinic staffs on the basis of their experience, on time in therapeutic range (TTR) of warfarin therapy."	( Effect of a simple two-step warfarin dosing algorithm on anticoagulant control as measured by time in therapeutic range: a pilot study. Connolly, SJ; Eikelboom, JW; Kaatz, S; Kim, YK; Meijer, K; Nieuwlaat, R; Raju, N; Schulman, S, 2010)	0.84
"We compared TTRs of all clinic patients before and after the introduction of a simple two-step dosing algorithm at a single anticoagulation clinic in Canada, between 1 August 2006 and 24 December 2008."	( Effect of a simple two-step warfarin dosing algorithm on anticoagulant control as measured by time in therapeutic range: a pilot study. Connolly, SJ; Eikelboom, JW; Kaatz, S; Kim, YK; Meijer, K; Nieuwlaat, R; Raju, N; Schulman, S, 2010)	0.65
" Introduction of the dosing algorithm significantly increased TTR of patients with a therapeutic INR range of 2-3 from 67."	( Effect of a simple two-step warfarin dosing algorithm on anticoagulant control as measured by time in therapeutic range: a pilot study. Connolly, SJ; Eikelboom, JW; Kaatz, S; Kim, YK; Meijer, K; Nieuwlaat, R; Raju, N; Schulman, S, 2010)	0.65
"The introduction of a simple two-step warfarin-dosing algorithm in place of dosing by experienced anticoagulation clinic staff significantly improved mean TTR for patients in a tertiary-care anticoagulation clinic."	( Effect of a simple two-step warfarin dosing algorithm on anticoagulant control as measured by time in therapeutic range: a pilot study. Connolly, SJ; Eikelboom, JW; Kaatz, S; Kim, YK; Meijer, K; Nieuwlaat, R; Raju, N; Schulman, S, 2010)	0.93
" To date, several pharmacogenetic-guided dosing algorithms for coumarin derivatives, predominately for warfarin, have been developed."	( Genotype-guided dosing of coumarin derivatives: the European pharmacogenetics of anticoagulant therapy (EU-PACT) trial design. Barallon, R; Briz, M; Daly, AK; de Boer, A; Haschke-Becher, E; Kamali, F; Kirchheiner, J; Maitland van der Zee, AH; Manolopoulos, VG; Pirmohamed, M; Redekop, WK; Rosendaal, FR; van Schie, RM; Verhoef, TI; Wadelius, MI, 2009)	0.57
"0) using a standard dosing protocol."	( Ability of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 to predict therapeutic warfarin dose during the initial weeks of therapy. Deych, E; Eby, CS; Ferder, NS; Gage, BF; Giri, T; Glynn, RJ; Goldhaber, SZ; Harris, JK; King, CR; McLeod, HL; Milligan, PE; Ridker, PM, 2010)	0.61
" The objective of this study was to explore the incremental effect of pharmacogenomic-guided warfarin dosing under various conditions using clinical trial simulation."	( Pharmacogenomic trial design: use of a PK/PD model to explore warfarin dosing interventions through clinical trial simulation. Salinger, DH; Shen, DD; Thummel, K; Veenstra, DL; Vicini, P; Wittkowsky, AK, 2009)	0.81
"Our initial results imply that pharmacogenomic-guided warfarin dosing may be more useful in settings with less intensive patient follow-up, and when adjustments are made for slower therapeutic response in patients with a CYP2C9 variant."	( Pharmacogenomic trial design: use of a PK/PD model to explore warfarin dosing interventions through clinical trial simulation. Salinger, DH; Shen, DD; Thummel, K; Veenstra, DL; Vicini, P; Wittkowsky, AK, 2009)	0.84
"001) or with a manual dosing algorithm (22% vs 4%, p<0."	( Underuse of evidence-based warfarin dosing methods for atrial fibrillation patients. Barker, L; Connolly, SJ; Eikelboom, JW; Haynes, RB; Kim, YK; Nieuwlaat, R; Yusuf, S, 2010)	0.66
" Sensitive analyses demonstrated that the impacts of gene polymorphism on warfarin dosage requirement were significantly different between Caucasian and Asian population, and the results of meta-analyses were stable and reliable."	( Impact of VKORC1 gene polymorphism on interindividual and interethnic warfarin dosage requirement--a systematic review and meta analysis. Ge, W; Yang, L; Yu, F; Zhu, H, 2010)	0.83
"In this study, we aimed to identify additional genes influencing warfarin dosing in the Han-Chinese population."	( Genetic determinants of warfarin dosing in the Han-Chinese population. Chen, CH; Chen, JJ; Chen, YT; Chou, CH; Chuang, HP; Lee, MT; Lu, LS; Saleem, AN; Wen, MS; Wu, JY, 2009)	0.9
"In this study, we screened for SNPs in 13 genes (VKORC1, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, PROC, APOE, EPHX1, CALU, GGCX, ORM1, ORM2, factor II, factor VII and CYP4F2) and tested their associations with warfarin dosing with univariate and multiple regression analysis."	( Genetic determinants of warfarin dosing in the Han-Chinese population. Chen, CH; Chen, JJ; Chen, YT; Chou, CH; Chuang, HP; Lee, MT; Lu, LS; Saleem, AN; Wen, MS; Wu, JY, 2009)	0.85
" The incorporation of these two genes into warfarin dosing algorithms could improve the accuracy of prediction in the Han-Chinese population."	( Genetic determinants of warfarin dosing in the Han-Chinese population. Chen, CH; Chen, JJ; Chen, YT; Chou, CH; Chuang, HP; Lee, MT; Lu, LS; Saleem, AN; Wen, MS; Wu, JY, 2009)	0.92
"The RE-LY study compared dabigatran in the dose of 150 mg and 110 mg twice daily, without laboratory monitoring, with the conventional treatment with warfarin dosed according to INR in 18,113 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and high risk of embolisation."	( [The results of the RE-lY study promise more effective, safer and easier prevention of embolic complications in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation]. Vojácek, J, 2009)	0.55
"We constructed a Markov model to evaluate whether and under what circumstances genetically-guided warfarin dosing could be cost-effective for newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation patients."	( Cost-effectiveness of genotype-guided warfarin dosing for patients with atrial fibrillation. Avorn, J; Choudhry, NK; Patrick, AR, 2009)	0.84
" She was receiving a weekly maintenance dosage of 14 mg."	( Elevated International Normalized Ratio associated with concurrent use of ophthalmic erythromycin and warfarin. Gerschutz, GP; Hoffmann, TK; Malone, PM; Parker, DL; Tucker, MA, 2010)	0.58
" Nevertheless, appropriate therapeutic monitoring and dosage readjustments should be carried out in order to ensure its safety and efficacy."	( Usefulness of factor II and factor X as therapeutic markers in patients under chronic warfarin therapy. Alves, G; Costa, IM; Falcão, AC; Rodrigues, M; Serralheiro, AI, 2010)	0.58
"5mg/kg until the INR is therapeutic, although the efficacy of this lower dosing regimen has not been well studied."	( Peri-procedural anticoagulation in patients undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation. Johnson, SA; Rondina, MT; Vazquez, SR, 2010)	0.36
" The inclusion of additional CYP2C9 variants may improve the predictive ability of warfarin dosing algorithms for African Americans."	( Genetic and clinical predictors of warfarin dose requirements in African Americans. Cavallari, LH; Coty, WA; Johnson, JA; Langaee, TY; Momary, KM; Nutescu, EA; Patel, SR; Shapiro, NL; Viana, MA, 2010)	0.86
" We determined the frequencies of alleles, single carriers, and double carriers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes in a Puerto Rican cohort and gauged the impact of these polymorphisms on warfarin dosage using a published algorithm."	( Prevalence of combinatorial CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes in Puerto Ricans: implications for warfarin management in Hispanics. Bogaard, K; Cadilla, CL; D'Agostino, D; Duconge, J; Gorowski, K; Kocherla, M; Piovanetti, P; Renta, JY; Ruaño, G; Santiago-Borrero, PJ; Seip, RL; Windemuth, A, 2009)	0.76
"Warfarin exhibits significant interindividual variability in dosing requirements."	( Rapid genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms influencing warfarin drug response by surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Wu, HM; Xu, L; Yang, S, 2010)	2.04
" Although these data should be viewed as hypothesis generating, cautious dosing and monitoring with simultaneous initiation of warfarin and amiodarone may be warranted."	( An evaluation of the early pharmacodynamic response after simultaneous initiation of warfarin and amiodarone. Edwin, SB; Jennings, DL; Kalus, JS, 2010)	0.79
" The case of genetic testing to inform dosing with warfarin, an anticoagulant, is used to illustrate differing perspectives on evidence and decision making for personalized medicine."	( Personalized medicine and genomics: challenges and opportunities in assessing effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and future research priorities. Armstrong, K; Conti, R; Grosse, SD; Lesko, LJ; Veenstra, DL, )	0.38
" dosage of 1 mg/kg body weight without any negative effect on the weight of the host mice."	( Herbal compound farnesiferol C exerts antiangiogenic and antitumor activity and targets multiple aspects of VEGFR1 (Flt1) or VEGFR2 (Flk1) signaling cascades. Ahn, KS; Bae, H; Choi, S; Kim, KH; Kim, SH; Lee, EO; Lee, HJ; Lee, JH; Lee, Y; Lü, J; Ryu, SY, 2010)	0.36
" Since the concomitant use of warfarin and the oral fluoropyrimidines was unavoidable in this case, the warfarin dosage was adjusted to keep INR within goal range (1."	( Increased anticoagulant activity of warfarin used in combination with doxifluridine. Genda, T; Hori, S; Miki, A; Nakajima, M; Satoh, H; Sawada, Y; Suehira, M, 2010)	0.92
"To keep INR within goal range, the maintenance dosage of warfarin was reduced during the treatment with doxifluridine as well as capecitabine."	( Increased anticoagulant activity of warfarin used in combination with doxifluridine. Genda, T; Hori, S; Miki, A; Nakajima, M; Satoh, H; Sawada, Y; Suehira, M, 2010)	0.88
"Gene-based warfarin dosing algorithms have largely been developed in homogeneous populations, and their generalizability has not been established."	( Comparative performance of gene-based warfarin dosing algorithms in a multiethnic population. Agarwal, A; Desnick, RJ; Doheny, D; Halperin, JL; Jaremko, M; Lubitz, SA; Peter, I; Rothlauf, EB; Scott, SA; Van Der Zee, S; Yoo, C, 2010)	1.02
" Gene-based dosing algorithms explained 37-55% of the variation in warfarin dose requirements."	( Comparative performance of gene-based warfarin dosing algorithms in a multiethnic population. Agarwal, A; Desnick, RJ; Doheny, D; Halperin, JL; Jaremko, M; Lubitz, SA; Peter, I; Rothlauf, EB; Scott, SA; Van Der Zee, S; Yoo, C, 2010)	0.87
"Existing gene-based dosing algorithms explained between approximately one-third and one-half of the variability in warfarin dose requirements in this racially and ethnically diverse cohort."	( Comparative performance of gene-based warfarin dosing algorithms in a multiethnic population. Agarwal, A; Desnick, RJ; Doheny, D; Halperin, JL; Jaremko, M; Lubitz, SA; Peter, I; Rothlauf, EB; Scott, SA; Van Der Zee, S; Yoo, C, 2010)	0.84
" The addition of the rs2108622 genotype as a variable has only a marginal effect on the predictive power of a warfarin dosing algorithm derived from this patient cohort."	( Impact of CYP4F2 rs2108622 on the stable warfarin dose in an admixed patient cohort. Perini, JA; Silva-Assunção, E; Struchiner, CJ; Suarez-Kurtz, G, 2010)	0.84
"The objectives of this retrospective cohort study are to evaluate the accuracy of pharmacogenetic warfarin dosing algorithms in predicting therapeutic dose and to determine if this degree of accuracy warrants the routine use of genotyping to prospectively dose patients newly started on warfarin."	( Accuracy assessment of pharmacogenetically predictive warfarin dosing algorithms in patients of an academic medical center anticoagulation clinic. Burgwinkle, P; Donovan, JL; Gore, J; Lemon, SC; Shaw, PB; Tran, MT, 2010)	0.83
" Since the completion of the Human Genome Project, great strides have been made towards the goal of personalised dosing of drugs in people, as exemplified by the development of gene-guided dosing of the anticoagulant drug, warfarin."	( Comparative and veterinary pharmacogenomics. Court, MH; Mosher, CM, 2010)	0.55
"The aim of this study was to determine whether folic acid supplementation increases the dosage requirement of the CYP2C9 substrate warfarin, and the formation clearance of the CYP2C9-mediated product, (S)-7-hydroxywarfarin."	( Effects of folic acid supplementation on the pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant effect of warfarin: an open-label, prospective study of long-term administration in adults. Adar, L; Bialer, O; Blotnick, S; Caraco, Y; Cascorbi, I; Muszkat, M; Ufer, M; Xie, HG, 2010)	0.79
"Patients aged >or=18 years with folic acid deficiency who were receiving long-term treatment with a stable dosage of warfarin were studied prospectively, before and 30 to 60 days after the initiation of supplementation with folic acid."	( Effects of folic acid supplementation on the pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant effect of warfarin: an open-label, prospective study of long-term administration in adults. Adar, L; Bialer, O; Blotnick, S; Caraco, Y; Cascorbi, I; Muszkat, M; Ufer, M; Xie, HG, 2010)	0.79
" Changes in warfarin dosage requirements and INR were nonsignificant."	( Effects of folic acid supplementation on the pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant effect of warfarin: an open-label, prospective study of long-term administration in adults. Adar, L; Bialer, O; Blotnick, S; Caraco, Y; Cascorbi, I; Muszkat, M; Ufer, M; Xie, HG, 2010)	0.96
" In a research study using an earlier four-color version of the assay, it was demonstrated that warfarin dosing can be influenced by a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4F2 variant."	( DMET microarray technology for pharmacogenomics-based personalized medicine. Burmester, JK; Mansfield, E; Sedova, M; Shapero, MH, 2010)	0.58
" The assay results are used in genotype-based warfarin dosing algorithms."	( Comparison of assay systems for warfarin-related CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotyping. Barua, PK; Howe, JG; Maurice, CB; Simses, D; Smith, P; Stack, G, 2010)	0.9
" Genetic polymorphisms associated with warfarin metabolism have been identified, but the clinical utility of genetic testing in warfarin dosing has not been established."	( Validation and comparison of pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing algorithms for application of pharmacogenetic testing. Bona, R; Fang, M; Roper, N; Storer, B, 2010)	0.88
" With an anticoagulation clinic protocol as a guide, changes are considered in the Coumadin dosage and made through the usual procedure."	( Point-of-care INR determination, coumadin dosage changes, and use of a historical, self-updating database in a prison. Mathis, D; O'Reilly, K, 2010)	0.36
"Warfarin dosing is difficult to establish because of considerable interindividual variation."	( Evaluation of pharmacogenetic algorithm for warfarin dose requirements in Japanese patients. Fukuda, S; Hiroe, M; Hosaka, S; Kashida, M; Kashima, T; Kato, N; Kimura, S; Okazaki, O; Takeuchi, F; Tanaka, Y, 2010)	2.06
" Also, an increase in warfarin dosage was found to be appropriate for the current status of alcohol drinking (4 mg/week, as against non-drinking) and smoking (3."	( Evaluation of pharmacogenetic algorithm for warfarin dose requirements in Japanese patients. Fukuda, S; Hiroe, M; Hosaka, S; Kashida, M; Kashima, T; Kato, N; Kimura, S; Okazaki, O; Takeuchi, F; Tanaka, Y, 2010)	0.94
"The IWPC pharmacogenetic algorithm has clinical application, particularly in identifying Japanese patients who require a low dosage of warfarin and are at greater risk of excessive anticoagulation."	( Evaluation of pharmacogenetic algorithm for warfarin dose requirements in Japanese patients. Fukuda, S; Hiroe, M; Hosaka, S; Kashida, M; Kashima, T; Kato, N; Kimura, S; Okazaki, O; Takeuchi, F; Tanaka, Y, 2010)	0.83
" Wildtype (GGT(+/+)) and GGT-deficient (GGT(-/-)) mice on a C57BL/6/129SvEv hybrid background were dosed orally with corn oil (vehicle) or coumarin (200 mg/kg)."	( Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase null mice fail to develop tolerance to coumarin-induced Clara cell toxicity. Born, SL; Kaetzel, RS; Lehman-McKeeman, LD; Lewis, CL; Reed, DJ; Vassallo, JD, 2010)	0.36
" Large randomized clinical trials are currently underway to further solidify the safety, clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic-guided dosing algorithms for warfarin, acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon."	( Pharmacogenetics of coumarinic oral anticoagulants. Manolopoulos, VG; Ragia, G; Tavridou, A, 2010)	0.55
" Methods for the statistical assessment of optimum dosing are lacking."	( A general framework for dose optimization. Altman, RB; Ashley, EA; Das, AK; Sagreiya, H; Turcott, RG, 2009)	0.35
" Using a clinical warfarin dosing algorithm derived from research-quality data, we evaluated the data quality of both a general-purpose database and a coagulation-specific database."	( The utility of general purpose versus specialty clinical databases for research: warfarin dose estimation from extracted clinical variables. Altman, RB; Sagreiya, H, 2010)	0.92
"Patients were assigned according to care unit to the computer-generated dosing group (CGD) or the standard management group (SM; usual physician-based care)."	( Improving anticoagulation control in hospitalized elderly patients on warfarin. Bal Dit Sollier, C; Cambus, JP; Drouet, L; Golmard, JL; Gouin-Thibault, I; Horellou, MH; Levy, C; Mahé, I; Pautas, E; Siguret, V, 2010)	0.59
"Initiation regimen and long-term rules that have specifically been developed and included in a computerized dosage program improve quality of anticoagulation in elderly inpatients, allowing them to benefit from a quality of care as high as that of younger ambulatory patients."	( Improving anticoagulation control in hospitalized elderly patients on warfarin. Bal Dit Sollier, C; Cambus, JP; Drouet, L; Golmard, JL; Gouin-Thibault, I; Horellou, MH; Levy, C; Mahé, I; Pautas, E; Siguret, V, 2010)	0.59
" The relationship between warfarin sensitivity and CYP2C9 and VKORC1 variants is strong, and is the basis for several proposed dosing algorithms."	( Gene-based warfarin dosing compared with standard of care practices in an orthopedic surgery population: a prospective, parallel cohort study. McMillin, GA; Melis, R; Pendleton, RC; Peters, CL; Strong, MB; Vinik, RG; Wanner, NA; Wilson, A, 2010)	1.05
" Among the 35 patients identified who had an INR ≥ 5, concomitant use of antibiotics was more common than among 105 matched controls; improper warfarin dosing also appeared to contribute to the high INRs."	( Oral anticoagulation in the hospital: analysis of patients at risk. Crook, JE; Cucchi, MW; Dawson, NL; Klipa, D; O'Brien, AK; Valentino, AK, 2011)	0.57
" Recent studies suggest that the pharmacogenomics-guided dosing algorithm can accurately predict warfarin dosage and might reduce adverse events."	( Role of warfarin pharmacogenetic testing in clinical practice. Lam, YY; Tan, GM; Wu, E; Yan, BP, 2010)	1.01
" Thereafter, a temporal dose-response (K-PD) model was developed from information on dose, INR, age, and CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype, with drug clearance as a covariate."	( A pharmacometric model describing the relationship between warfarin dose and INR response with respect to variations in CYP2C9, VKORC1, and age. Dahl, ML; Deloukas, P; Hamberg, AK; Jonsson, EN; Lindh, JD; Padrini, R; Rane, A; Wadelius, M, 2010)	0.6
" Consequently, universal application of dosing paradigms based on such evidence may be confounded because ethnicity also influences dose."	( Warfarin maintenance dose in older patients: higher average dose and wider dose frequency distribution in patients of African ancestry than those of European ancestry. Clemente, JL; Curtis, KD; Garwood, CL; Ibe, GN; Kandula, VA; Whittaker, P, 2010)	1.8
"Pharmacogenomic warfarin dosing has been suggested to produce more accurate dosing and an improved patient safety profile; however, very few models have been derived in patients with venous thromboembolism."	( A regression model to predict warfarin dose from clinical variables and polymorphisms in CYP2C9, CYP4F2, and VKORC1: Derivation in a sample with predominantly a history of venous thromboembolism. Clermont, J; Gin, B; Kassem, S; Langlois, N; Majeed, H; Taljaard, M; Wells, PS, 2010)	1
"Warfarin dosing remains challenging because of its narrow therapeutic window and large variability in dose response."	( Extending and evaluating a warfarin dosing algorithm that includes CYP4F2 and pooled rare variants of CYP2C9. Altman, RB; Berube, C; Hamilton, A; Mir, A; Ramakrishnan, R; Sagreiya, H; Sagrieya, H; Wen, A, 2010)	2.1
"Aim of the work was selection of optimal for patients in Russia algorithm of warfarin dosing based on results of pharmacogenomic testing."	( [Which of algorithms of warfarin dosing based on results of pharmacogenetic testing is suitable for patients in Russia]. Antonov, IM; Kropacheva, ES; Panchenko, EP; Sychev, DA, 2010)	0.9
" The large clinical trials COAG and EU-PACT will define the extent to which pharmacogenetic dosing affects the safety and efficacy of warfarin and coumarin derivatives."	( Implementing genotype-guided antithrombotic therapy. Duconge, J; Ruaño, G; Seip, RL, 2010)	0.56
" It has been suggested that dosing algorithms incorporating genetics might outperform usual care but it is still unclear whether such an approach has a definitive clinical advantage."	( Predicting warfarin dose. Kovacs, MJ; Lazo-Langner, A, 2010)	0.75
"In this article we review: the current knowledge on the clinical and genetic determinants of warfarin dosing and summarize how such determinants have been incorporated in clinical practice; the main pharmacogenetics-based predictive models and their performance; and the potential clinical role of recently developed alternative predictive models not incorporating genetic information."	( Predicting warfarin dose. Kovacs, MJ; Lazo-Langner, A, 2010)	0.97
" The optimal drug therapies and dosing strategies for reducing VTE risk are not well defined for many clinical situations, despite the availability of evidence-based guidelines from authoritative sources."	( Issues in assessing and reducing the risk for venous thromboembolism. Dager, WE, 2010)	0.36
"Compared with other racial/ethnic populations studied, only approximately one in 80 African-Americans were CYP4F2*3 homozygous, indicating that this population would benefit less from dosing algorithms that include this variant."	( Combined CYP2C9, VKORC1 and CYP4F2 frequencies among racial and ethnic groups. Desnick, RJ; Khasawneh, R; Kornreich, R; Peter, I; Scott, SA, 2010)	0.36
" The purpose of this study was to examine a simple method to evaluate whether optional variables are appropriate as factors to improve dosing algorithms."	( Application of Akaike information criterion to evaluate warfarin dosing algorithm. Ariyoshi, N; Harada, T; Imamaki, M; Ishii, I; Kitada, M; Kobayashi, Y; Miyazaki, M; Sato, Y; Shimura, H; Takahashi, K; Yamagata, S; Yokoyama, I, 2010)	0.61
" Dosing algorithms were constructed by multivariate linear regression analyses and were evaluated by the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)."	( Application of Akaike information criterion to evaluate warfarin dosing algorithm. Ariyoshi, N; Harada, T; Imamaki, M; Ishii, I; Kitada, M; Kobayashi, Y; Miyazaki, M; Sato, Y; Shimura, H; Takahashi, K; Yamagata, S; Yokoyama, I, 2010)	0.61
" We evaluated the adequacy of these variables as factors to improve the dosing algorithm using the AIC."	( Application of Akaike information criterion to evaluate warfarin dosing algorithm. Ariyoshi, N; Harada, T; Imamaki, M; Ishii, I; Kitada, M; Kobayashi, Y; Miyazaki, M; Sato, Y; Shimura, H; Takahashi, K; Yamagata, S; Yokoyama, I, 2010)	0.61
"The aim of the study is to improve our understanding of the worldwide allele frequency distribution of four genetic polymorphisms known to influence warfarin dosing (VKORC1 rs9923231, CYP2C9 rs1799853, CYP2C9 rs1057910 and CYP4F2 rs2108622)."	( Worldwide allele frequency distribution of four polymorphisms associated with warfarin dose requirements. Bigham, AW; Edwards, M; Gozdzik, A; Parra, EJ; Ross, KA; Suarez-Kurtz, G, 2010)	0.79
" The objective was to develop and validate a warfarin dosing algorithm using genetic, clinical and demographic data of Chinese patients from an anticoagulation clinic in Hong Kong."	( Warfarin dosing algorithm using clinical, demographic and pharmacogenetic data from Chinese patients. Cheng, G; Choi, KC; Lim, CK; Mu, Y; Waye, MM; Wong, RS; You, JH, 2011)	2.07
"Evidence regarding the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of genotype-based warfarin dosing has been conflicting, although some recent studies have suggested a potential benefit in certain subgroups."	( Will there be a role for genotyping in warfarin therapy? Gandara, E; Wells, PS, 2010)	0.86
" Pharmacogenetic-guided dosing has been proposed as an effective way of reducing bleeding rates."	( A systematic review of cost-effectiveness analyses of pharmacogenetic-guided dosing in treatment with coumarin derivatives. Barallon, R; Briz, M; Daly, A; Darba, J; de Boer, A; Geitona, M; Haschke-Becher, E; Hughes, DA; Kamali, F; Kirchheiner, J; Maitland-van der Zee, AH; Manolopoulos, VG; Pirmohamed, M; Redekop, WK; Rosendaal, FR; Siebert, U; van Schie, RM; Verhoef, TI; Wadelius, M, 2010)	0.36
" Educational outcomes were assessed via a short answer assignment and evaluation of their warfarin dosing recommendations for five hypothetical scenarios."	( Training Australian pharmacists for participation in a collaborative, home-based post-discharge warfarin management service. Bereznicki, LR; Jackson, SL; Peterson, GM; Stafford, L; van Tienen, EC, 2010)	0.8
"Pharmacists' score in the short answer assignment and evaluation of their responses to the hypothetical warfarin dosing scenarios."	( Training Australian pharmacists for participation in a collaborative, home-based post-discharge warfarin management service. Bereznicki, LR; Jackson, SL; Peterson, GM; Stafford, L; van Tienen, EC, 2010)	0.79
"The considerable variability in the warfarin dose-response relationship between individuals, is explained mainly by genetic variation in its major metabolic (CYP2C9) and target (VKORC1) enzymes."	( Warfarin and vitamin K intake in the era of pharmacogenetics. Almog, S; Halkin, H; Kurnik, D; Loebstein, R; Lurie, Y, 2010)	2.08
" During follow-up, warfarin dosage and associated Prothrombin Time-International Normalized Ratio (P-INR) values were recorded."	( [Association of polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2C9 exon 4 and -65G>C with warfarin sensitivity]. Cai, H; Huang, L; Men, JL; Wang, ZX; Wei, MX, 2010)	0.92
" The warfarin maintenance dosage in CYP2C9 exon 4 -65CG carriers was significantly higher than those with wild-type -65GG."	( [Association of polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2C9 exon 4 and -65G>C with warfarin sensitivity]. Cai, H; Huang, L; Men, JL; Wang, ZX; Wei, MX, 2010)	1.1
"A model-based approach was used to integrate data from a phase II study in order to provide a quantitative rationale for selecting the apixaban dosage regimen for a phase III trial."	( Quantification of apixaban's therapeutic utility in prevention of venous thromboembolism: selection of phase III trial dose. Feng, Y; Leil, TA; Mohan, P; Paccaly, A; Pfister, M; Zhang, L, 2010)	0.36
"The Clarification of Optimal Anticoagulation through Genetics (COAG) trial is a large, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized trial to determine whether use of a genotype-guided dosing algorithm (using clinical and genetic information) to initiate warfarin treatment will improve anticoagulation status when compared to a dosing algorithm using only clinical information."	( Prospective alpha allocation in the Clarification of Optimal Anticoagulation through Genetics (COAG) trial. Ellenberg, JH; French, B; Geller, NL; Joo, J; Kimmel, SE; Rosenberg, Y, 2010)	0.54
" Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GGCX, therefore, may affect dosing of the vitamin K antagonist, warfarin."	( Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase and its influence on warfarin dose. Deych, E; Eby, C; Gage, BF; Grice, G; King, CR; Lenzini, P; Milligan, P; Porche-Sorbet, RM; Ridker, PM, 2010)	0.83
" The patient's warfarin dosage was adjusted to reach a target INR of 2-3."	( Elevated international normalized ratio associated with concomitant warfarin and erlotinib. Amarshi, N; Billingsley, A; Nair, BA; Thomas, KS, 2010)	0.95
"Aim of the study was to compare numbers of episodes of excess hypocoagulation and bleeding with warfarin dosing based on pharmacogenetic testing and traditional method in patients with high risk of thromboembolic complications."	( [Anticoagulant action and safety of warfarin dosing based on pharmacogenetic testing: results of the first Russian prospective pilot study]. Antonov, IM; Dmitriev, VA; Dobrovol'skiĭ, OB; Ignat'ev, IV; Kropacheva, ES; Kukes, VG; Naumova, IuV; Panchenko, EP; Sychev, DA; Tashenova, IA, 2010)	0.85
" Incorporating genotypes of rs2108622 into a warfarin dosing algorithm that considers age, body surface area, status of amiodarone co-administration and genotypes of SNPs in the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes improved the model's predictability to 43."	( Genome-wide association study identifies genetic determinants of warfarin responsiveness for Japanese. Cha, PC; Kamatani, N; Kubo, M; Minami, S; Mushiroda, T; Nakamura, Y; Takahashi, A, 2010)	0.86
" Polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase genes (VKORC1) have been shown to affect VKA dosing in adults."	( In pediatric patients, age has more impact on dosing of vitamin K antagonists than VKORC1 or CYP2C9 genotypes. Dietrich, K; Eldin, NS; Geisen, C; Mitchell, LG; Nowak-Göttl, U; Schaffranek, D; Yasui, Y, 2010)	0.36
" Warfarin dosing algorithms that include 'race' terms defined for other populations are clearly not applicable to the heterogeneous and extensively admixed Brazilian population."	( VKORC1 polymorphisms in Brazilians: comparison with the Portuguese and Portuguese-speaking Africans and pharmacogenetic implications. Amorim, A; Damasceno, A; de Moraes, MO; Hutz, MH; Ojopi, EB; Pena, SD; Perini, JA; Prata, MJ; Ribeiro-dos-Santos, A; Romano-Silva, MA; Struchiner, CJ; Suarez-Kurtz, G; Teixeira, D, 2010)	1.27
" We used the data from factor VII levels and thrombin generation studies before and after anticoagulation to control dosage and to decide on a suitable therapeutic range for the INR."	( Anticoagulation of a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and factor VII deficiency. Davidson, SJ; Tillyer, L; Turner, N, 2010)	0.36
" Due to the special characteristics of warfarin, such as the variability of doses for each individual, the narrow margin between adequate and inadequate doses, interaction with multiple pharmaceutical products, interference of its action by vitamin K present in the diet and the possibility of hemorrhagic complications or thrombotic recurrence, this drug requires a very careful dosage and strict laboratory and clinical monitoring."	( [Fifty years of clinical use of warfarin]. Quintero-González, JA, 2010)	0.91
" The associations between genetic and demographic factors with respect to warfarin dosage were analyzed."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variation associated with VKORC1 and CYP2C9 polymorphisms in Thai patients taking warfarin. Namchaisiri, J; Panomvana, D; Sangviroon, A; Tassaneeyakul, W, 2010)	0.8
" Additionally, data for OAC dosage and the associated measured International Normalized Ratio (INR) demonstrate that OAC therapy is often discontinued by physicians, although stable therapeutic INR levels may be reached at higher OAC dosages."	( Thirteen novel VKORC1 mutations associated with oral anticoagulant resistance: insights into improved patient diagnosis and treatment. Bevans, CG; Geisen, C; Müller, CR; Oldenburg, J; Rost, S; Seifried, E; Sittinger, K; Spohn, G; Watzka, M, 2011)	0.37
"OACR mutations of VKORC1 predispose afflicted patients to high OAC dosage requirements, for which stable, therapeutic INRs can sometimes be attained."	( Thirteen novel VKORC1 mutations associated with oral anticoagulant resistance: insights into improved patient diagnosis and treatment. Bevans, CG; Geisen, C; Müller, CR; Oldenburg, J; Rost, S; Seifried, E; Sittinger, K; Spohn, G; Watzka, M, 2011)	0.37
"Absorption is a critical component of the pharmacokinetics for solid dosage forms administered orally."	( Role of drug absorption in the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic interventions for stroke. Conrado, DJ; Derendorf, H; Gonzalez, D, 2010)	0.36
" Yet, advances in standardized VTE treatment continue to evolve and include issues related to the selection and dosing of parenteral anticoagulants (eg, relative efficacy and dosing in the obese patient, patients with renal impairment, and pregnant patients), optimal location of initial care delivery, use of dosing initiation nomograms for vitamin K antagonists with the potential of gene-based dosing, and demonstration that longterm low molecular weight heparin therapy may be optimal for some patient populations (eg, those with active cancer)."	( Established venous thromboembolism therapies: heparin, low molecular weight heparins, and vitamin K antagonists, with a discussion of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Hull, RD; Pendleton, RC; Rodgers, GM, 2010)	0.36
" The search results were reviewed by the authors and papers concerning pharmacogenomic testing in warfarin dosing were procured and reviewed."	( Clinical applications of pharmacogenomics guided warfarin dosing. Mahajan, P; Meyer, KS; Price, HJ; Wall, GC, 2013)	0.86
"Although numerous studies have demonstrated that a significant portion of warfarin dosing variability can be explained by genetic polymorphisms, few prospective studies have been conducted that examine the integration of this information in practical dosing situations."	( Clinical applications of pharmacogenomics guided warfarin dosing. Mahajan, P; Meyer, KS; Price, HJ; Wall, GC, 2013)	0.88
"Several studies have shown that pharmacogenomic testing for warfarin dosing is more accurate that other dosing schemes."	( Clinical applications of pharmacogenomics guided warfarin dosing. Mahajan, P; Meyer, KS; Price, HJ; Wall, GC, 2013)	0.89
"A total of 26 patients in the control period were compared with 144 patients who had received dosing consultations by a pharmacist during the initiation of warfarin."	( Efficacy and safety of a pharmacist-managed inpatient anticoagulation service for warfarin initiation and titration. Chadachan, V; Lee, HK; Quek, YN; Tay, JC; Wong, YM, 2011)	0.79
"In this observational, pilot study, the efficacy and feasibility of the fixed dose strategy compared to the variable dosing regimen, is investigated."	( Fixed versus variable dose of prothrombin complex concentrate for counteracting vitamin K antagonist therapy. Huisman, W; Khorsand, N; Meijer, K; Muller, M; Overdiek, JW; van Hest, RM; Veeger, NJ, 2011)	0.37
"Warfarin exhibits wide interpatient variability in dosing requirements."	( Influence of CYP4F2 rs2108622 (V433M) on warfarin dose requirement in Asian patients. Chowbay, B; Lee, LH; Sandanaraj, E; Singh, O; Subramanian, K, 2011)	2.08
" The pharmacist plays a key role in identifying patients for whom subcutaneous UFH treatment may be a viable alternative, recommending an appropriate dosing regimen, and educating health-care professionals and patients about safe use."	( Subcutaneous unfractionated heparin for treatment of venous thromboembolism in end-stage renal disease. Chesson, MM; Metzger, NL, 2010)	0.36
" In those patients who required a warfarin dosage reduction, the dose was reduced by 38% and 41% in the 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine groups, respectively."	( Comparison of the 5-fluorouracil-warfarin and capecitabine-warfarin drug interactions. Dowell, JE; Martin, R; Shah, SR; Ussery, SM, 2010)	0.92
" To evaluate the utility of preemptive warfarin dosage adjustment for preventing non-therapeutic INR following prednisone-warfarin co-administration."	( Empiric warfarin dose adjustment with prednisone therapy. A randomized, controlled trial. Delate, T; Dowd, MB; Martinez, K; Vavra, KA; Witt, DM, 2011)	1.07
" It was the objective of this study to evaluate the level of anticoagulation control when a specialised anticoagulation clinic changed from empirical dosing to the use of this new algorithm."	( A prospective study of an aggressive warfarin dosing algorithm to reach and maintain INR 2 to 3 after heart valve surgery. Carter, D; Kim, YK; Meijer, K; Schulman, S, 2011)	0.64
"Multiple warfarin pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms have been reported to date."	( Comparison of warfarin pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms in a racially diverse large cohort. Cao, D; Shin, J, 2011)	1.15
"Warfarin pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms were identified using the PubMed database."	( Comparison of warfarin pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms in a racially diverse large cohort. Cao, D; Shin, J, 2011)	2.17
" Eight variables were associated with the follow-up INR (baseline INR, warfarin noncompliance, held warfarin doses, a warfarin dosage adjustment, diet change, alcohol use, tobacco use, and any medication changes)."	( Pharmacy students provide care comparable to pharmacists in an outpatient anticoagulation setting. Allen, A; Dalal, K; Fike, DS; Horton, N; McCall, KL, 2010)	0.59
" One dose of warfarin was withheld and then the total weekly warfarin dosage was decreased by another 10%."	( A potential interaction between warfarin and atovaquone. Dean, SR; Hidalgo, K; Lyles, A, 2011)	1.02
"the merit of applying pharmacogenomics in the induction phase of warfarin therapy for personalized dosing is controversial and highly dependent on its cost-effectiveness."	( Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of warfarin pharmacogenomics. You, JH, 2011)	0.89
" Studies incorporating clinical efficacy data of genotype-guided dosing algorithm had shown that warfarin pharmacogenomics would improve quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained."	( Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of warfarin pharmacogenomics. You, JH, 2011)	0.87
"3, respectively-far in excess of the therapeutic range, despite the lower dosage in effect from day 7 onward."	( Exposure to non-therapeutic INR in a high risk cardiovascular patient: potential hazard reduction with genotype-guided warfarin (Coumadin) dosing. Bower, B; D'Agostino, D; Duconge, J; Gorowski, K; Kocherla, M; Ortiz-Rivera, OJ; Rodríguez-Vélez, R; Ruaño, G; Seip, RL; Vergara, C; Villagra, D; Windemuth, A, 2010)	0.57
" This has led to warfarin dosing algorithms that include these polymorphisms and explains between 47% and 56% of variability in dose in Caucasians."	( The missing association: sequencing-based discovery of novel SNPs in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 that affect warfarin dose in African Americans. Cavallari, LH; Cox, NJ; Gamazon, E; Kittles, RA; Nicolae, D; Patel, SR; Perera, MA; Poindexter, S, 2011)	0.93
" This table may potentially increase the use of pharmacogenetic warfarin dosing in clinical practice; however, its accuracy has not been quantified."	( Genetic warfarin dosing: tables versus algorithms. Brensinger, CM; Finkelman, BS; Gage, BF; Johnson, JA; Kimmel, SE, 2011)	1.04
" Five dose prediction methods were compared: 2 methods using only clinical information (empiric 5 mg/day dosing and a formal clinical algorithm), 2 genetic tables (the new warfarin label table and a table based on mean dose stratified by genotype), and 1 formal pharmacogenetic algorithm, using both clinical and genetic information."	( Genetic warfarin dosing: tables versus algorithms. Brensinger, CM; Finkelman, BS; Gage, BF; Johnson, JA; Kimmel, SE, 2011)	1
" But, although thousands of study patients already have been treated, there are questions to be answered such as treatment adherence in absence of monitoring, safety and efficacy in risk patients, dosage adjustment and interactions with other drugs, before conclusions can be drawn towards their potential to replace VKA."	( Old and new anticoagulants. Harbrecht, U, 2011)	0.37
"To investigate the influence of polymorphisms in CYP2C9, VKORC1, CYP4F2 and F2 genes on warfarin dose-response and develop a model including genetic and non-genetic factors for warfarin dose prediction needed for each patient."	( Influence of genetic, biological and pharmacological factors on warfarin dose in a Southern Brazilian population of European ancestry. Amon, LC; Bandinelli, E; Botton, MR; Hutz, MH; Rohde, LE, 2011)	0.83
" The search results were reviewed by the authors and papers concerning pharmacogenomic testing in warfarin dosing were procured and reviewed."	( Clinical applications of pharmacogenomics guided warfarin dosing. Mahajan, P; Meyer, KS; Price, HJ; Wall, GC, 2011)	0.84
"Although numerous studies have demonstrated that a significant portion of warfarin dosing variability can be explained by genetic polymorphisms, few prospective studies have been conducted that examine the integration of this information in practical dosing situations."	( Clinical applications of pharmacogenomics guided warfarin dosing. Mahajan, P; Meyer, KS; Price, HJ; Wall, GC, 2011)	0.85
"Several studies have shown that pharmacogenomic testing for warfarin dosing is more accurate that other dosing schemes."	( Clinical applications of pharmacogenomics guided warfarin dosing. Mahajan, P; Meyer, KS; Price, HJ; Wall, GC, 2011)	0.87
" We confirmed the roles of three well-established loci (CYP2C9, VKORC1 and CYP4F2) in explaining warfarin dosage variation in the three Asian populations."	( Translational aspects of genetic factors in the prediction of drug response variability: a case study of warfarin pharmacogenomics in a multi-ethnic cohort from Asia. Chan, SL; Chia, KS; Goh, BC; Lee, SC; Suo, C; Teo, YY, 2012)	0.81
"A total of 230 patients were randomized to either a clinical arm where dosing algorithms considered only clinical information or an interventional arm where dosing algorithms used clinical and genotypic variables (CYP2C9, CYP4F2, and VKORC1)."	( A randomized controlled trial of genotype-based Coumadin initiation. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, IE; Rottscheit, CM; Schmelzer, JR; Yale, SH, 2011)	0.37
"Genotype-informed dosing clearly improved prediction of therapeutic dose beyond that available with clinical parameters."	( A randomized controlled trial of genotype-based Coumadin initiation. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, IE; Rottscheit, CM; Schmelzer, JR; Yale, SH, 2011)	0.37
" No significant differences were noted in the mean warfarin dosage among the 5 cities, and between men and women (p=0."	( Warfarin maintenance dose in Iranian patients. A cross sectional study in 5 cities of Iran. Farhoudi, M; Keyani, S; Khoshjoo, F; Sanaat, Z; Tayyebikhosroshahi, H; Tayyebikhosroshahi, M, 2011)	2.06
" Based on the RE-LY study we investigated the cost-effectiveness of Health Canada approved dabigatran etexilate dosing (150 mg bid for patients <80 years, 110 mg bid for patients ≥80 years) versus warfarin and "real-world" prescribing (i."	( Cost-effectiveness of dabigatran etexilate for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation: a Canadian payer perspective. Bradley-Kennedy, C; Connolly, S; Kansal, AR; Linnehan, J; Peng, S; Plumb, JM; Sorensen, SV, 2011)	0.56
" The two other randomized trials found no significant differences in the magnitude or number of dosage changes between patients switched to brand name or generic warfarin."	( Brand name versus generic warfarin: a systematic review of the literature. Ageno, W; Clark, N; Crowther, MA; Dentali, F; Donadini, MP; Garcia, D; Hylek, E; Witt, DM, 2011)	0.87
" It has been suggested that genotyping for variants in these genes can improve warfarin dosing and decrease bleeding complications."	( Failure of pharmacogenetic-based dosing algorithms to identify older patients requiring low daily doses of warfarin. Kane, L; Moore, K; Schwartz, JB; Wu, AH, 2011)	0.81
"Pharmacogenetic data add to our understanding of variability in warfarin dosing requirements but do not accurately identify older patients requiring the lowest warfarin doses."	( Failure of pharmacogenetic-based dosing algorithms to identify older patients requiring low daily doses of warfarin. Kane, L; Moore, K; Schwartz, JB; Wu, AH, 2011)	0.82
" Herein we describe a pharmacogenetic study conducted on an Italian patient with warfarin hypersensitivity, who required a very low dosage to achieve therapeutic anticoagulation effect."	( Characterization of a novel CYP2C9 gene mutation and structural bioinformatic protein analysis in a warfarin hypersensitive patient. Borgiani, P; Ciccacci, C; Desideri, A; Falconi, M; Forte, V; Novelli, G; Oteri, F; Paolillo, N, 2011)	0.81
" Disadvantages of dabigatran may include a higher frequency of dyspepsia compared with warfarin, lack of dosing information in severe renal impairment, possible missed opportunities for periodic health examinations and interventions due to elimination of regular physician's visit for international normalized ratio monitoring, and drug costs."	( Dabigatran etexilate: the first oral anticoagulant available in the United States since warfarin. Cheng-Lai, A; Tran, A, )	0.58
" The discussion of the clinical role of genotype-guided coumarin dosing is ongoing."	( Validation of a rapid and inexpensive allele-specific amplification (ASA)-PCR genotyping assay for vitamin K antagonist pharmacogenomics. Bönig, H; Geisen, C; Luxembourg, B; Seifried, E; Sittinger, K; Spohn, G, 2011)	0.37
" We expect that pharmacogenetics-based dosing decisions may reduce the frequency of over- and undertreatment with vitamin K antagonists, especially during drug initiation, and thus improve patient safety."	( Validation of a rapid and inexpensive allele-specific amplification (ASA)-PCR genotyping assay for vitamin K antagonist pharmacogenomics. Bönig, H; Geisen, C; Luxembourg, B; Seifried, E; Sittinger, K; Spohn, G, 2011)	0.37
" Before the use of dosing software, medication adjustments were made by physicians using published guidelines."	( Management of warfarin in children with heart disease. Fye, P; Mahle, WT; McConnell, ME; Simpson, SA, 2011)	0.73
"2 and remained suppressed throughout the duration of her rifaximin regimen despite incremental warfarin dosage increases (highest dose, 15 mg/day for 2 days, followed by 11."	( Probable interaction between warfarin and rifaximin in a patient treated for small intestine bacterial overgrowth. Hartig, C; Hoffman, JT; Lang, M; Sonbol, E, 2011)	0.88
"Testing for cytochrome P450-2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) variant alleles is recommended by the FDA for dosing of warfarin."	( Clinical relevance of VKORC1 (G-1639A and C1173T) and CYP2C9*3 among patients on warfarin. Fazleen Haslinda, MH; Harun, R; Langmia, IM; Ngow, HA; Roziah, MJ; Salleh, MZ; Teh, LK; Zakaria, ZA, 2012)	0.8
" Linear regression modelling using age, CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes, sex, weight and height was undertaken to define a warfarin dosing algorithm."	( Clinical relevance of VKORC1 (G-1639A and C1173T) and CYP2C9*3 among patients on warfarin. Fazleen Haslinda, MH; Harun, R; Langmia, IM; Ngow, HA; Roziah, MJ; Salleh, MZ; Teh, LK; Zakaria, ZA, 2012)	0.81
"This study identifies factors which affect warfarin dosing in the Malaysia population."	( Clinical relevance of VKORC1 (G-1639A and C1173T) and CYP2C9*3 among patients on warfarin. Fazleen Haslinda, MH; Harun, R; Langmia, IM; Ngow, HA; Roziah, MJ; Salleh, MZ; Teh, LK; Zakaria, ZA, 2012)	0.87
"An 89-year-old man receiving long-term anticoagulation with warfarin sodium (total weekly dosage of 19 mg) arrived at the anticoagulation clinic for his monthly visit."	( Moxifloxacin-acetaminophen-warfarin interaction during bacille Calmette-Guerin treatment for bladder cancer. Berube, C; Lee, R; Wen, A, 2011)	0.91
" New and emerging oral alternatives to warfarin promise to combine the advantages of oral dosing and effective anticoagulation with improvements in safety, leading to reduced monitoring and dose adjustment."	( A pharmacoeconomic perspective on stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Fendrick, AM, 2010)	0.63
" The predicted dosing window is highly accordant with the final dose recommendation based upon extensive clinical studies."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban using a computer model for blood coagulation. Burghaus, R; Coboeken, K; Gaub, T; Kuepfer, L; Lippert, J; Mueck, W; Sensse, A; Siegmund, HU; Weiss, W, 2011)	0.37
" For stroke prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation, patients take vitamin K antagonists of the coumarin type, which have a narrow therapeutic window and whose dosage must be regularly monitored."	( Oral, direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors: the replacement for warfarin, leeches, and pig intestines? Hillisch, A; Roehrig, S; Straub, A, 2011)	0.6
"Coadministration of linagliptin did not alter the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of R- or S-warfarin, indicating that no dosage adjustment for warfarin is necessary when co-administered with linagliptin."	( Effect of linagliptin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Brand, T; Graefe-Mody, EU; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Stangier, J; Withopf, B; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.82
" Feedback from other clinicians was generally positive, with a majority of those surveyed indicating that increased pharmacist involvement in anticoagulation monitoring and dosage adjustment resulted in improved patient care; about 80% indicated that they concurred with pharmacists' recommendations at least 75% of the time."	( Development and implementation of a pharmacist-managed inpatient anticoagulation monitoring program. Burton, BL; Ensor, CR; Kraus, PS; Nesbit, TW; Ross, PA; Streiff, MB; Thomas, ML; Wellman, JC, 2011)	0.37
" The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of these polymorphisms on the time taken to determine the warfarin maintenance dose for individual patients, and to assess the advantages of genotype-based dosing on initial anticoagulant therapy."	( Influence of CYP2C9 and vitamin k oxide reductase complex (VKORC)1 polymorphisms on time to determine the warfarin maintenance dose. Aomori, T; Araki, T; Fujita, Y; Kurabayashi, M; Nakamura, K; Nakamura, T; Obayashi, K; Yamamoto, K, 2011)	0.79
"We discuss the rationale of our trial on the basis of the current recommendations and specific aspects of trial design as, time window, choice of endpoints, dosing of fresh frozen plasma and prothrombin complex concentrate, monitoring and analysis of safety parameters, and rescue treatment."	( International normalised ratio normalisation in patients with coumarin-related intracranial haemorrhages--the INCH trial: a randomised controlled multicentre trial to compare safety and preliminary efficacy of fresh frozen plasma and prothrombin complex-- Freiberger, A; Griebe, M; Hennerici, M; Hüsing, J; Ivandic, B; Kollmar, R; Pfefferkorn, T; Poli, S; Steiner, T; Wartenberg, KE; Weimar, C, 2011)	0.37
" Substantial inter-individual variation in dosing requirements and the narrow therapeutic index of this widely-prescribed drug make safe initiation and dose stabilization challenging."	( Absence of novel CYP4F2 and VKORC1 coding region DNA variants in patients requiring high warfarin doses. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, I; Schmelzer, JR; Yale, SH, 2011)	0.59
"In this study, we used DNA sequence analysis to determine whether additional variants in CYP4F2 and VKORC1 gene coding regions contribute to variable dosing requirements among individuals for whom the actual dose was the highest relative to regression model- predicted dose."	( Absence of novel CYP4F2 and VKORC1 coding region DNA variants in patients requiring high warfarin doses. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Glurich, I; Schmelzer, JR; Yale, SH, 2011)	0.59
" In the future, newer classes of oral anticoagulants and genomic-based dosing strategies may further expand or improve the management options for many patients at risk for thromboembolism."	( Vitamin K antagonists--current concepts and challenges. Garcia, D; Moualla, H, 2011)	0.37
" GIFT will answer two questions: (1) does pharmacogenetic (PGx) dosing reduce the rate of adverse events in orthopedic patients; and (2) is a lower target international normalized ratio (INR) non-inferior to a higher target INR in orthopedic participants? The composite primary endpoint of the trial is symptomatic and asymptomatic VTE (identified on screening ultrasonography), major hemorrhage, INR ≥ 4, and death."	( Genetics informatics trial (GIFT) of warfarin to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT): rationale and study design. Anderson, JL; Bass, AR; Davila-Roman, V; Do, EJ; Eby, CS; Gage, BF; Lenzini, P; McMillin, GA; Nunley, RM; Pendleton, RC; Proctor, P; Stevens, SM; Woller, SC, 2012)	0.65
" AuriculA, the Swedish national quality registry for atrial fibrillation and anticoagulation, is used for follow-up and dosage control of warfarin."	( Anticoagulation control in Sweden: reports of time in therapeutic range, major bleeding, and thrombo-embolic complications from the national quality registry AuriculA. Eriksson, N; Frykman, V; Rosenqvist, M; Själander, A; Svensson, PJ; Wieloch, M, 2011)	0.57
" Use of the AuriculA dosing programme could have contributed to the results by keeping dosing regimens consistent over all centres."	( Anticoagulation control in Sweden: reports of time in therapeutic range, major bleeding, and thrombo-embolic complications from the national quality registry AuriculA. Eriksson, N; Frykman, V; Rosenqvist, M; Själander, A; Svensson, PJ; Wieloch, M, 2011)	0.37
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."	( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury. Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)	0.37
" Several environmental factors and numerous genes, of which CYP2C9 and VKORC1 are the most important, have been associated with interindividual dosage variability."	( Novel CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene variants associated with warfarin dosage variability in the South African black population. Gregersen, N; Krause, A; Mitchell, C, 2011)	0.62
"In this study, we genotyped 213 South African black individuals for CYP2C9 and VKORC1 variants and a small subset of environmental factors that may be responsible for warfarin dosage variability."	( Novel CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene variants associated with warfarin dosage variability in the South African black population. Gregersen, N; Krause, A; Mitchell, C, 2011)	0.81
"46028) are associated with a decrease in warfarin dosage, β-blockers are independently associated with a decrease in warfarin dosage and two known VKORC1 variants (rs7200749 and rs7294) are associated with an increase in warfarin dosage."	( Novel CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene variants associated with warfarin dosage variability in the South African black population. Gregersen, N; Krause, A; Mitchell, C, 2011)	0.88
"VKORC1 rs9923231 AA and CYP2C9 rs17847036 GG genotypes were associated with low dosage requirements of most patients (2."	( Genetic factors associated with patient-specific warfarin dose in ethnic Indonesians. Raharjo, SB; Suriapranata, IM; Tai, SS; Tjong, WY; Utama, A; Wang, T; Yuniadi, Y, 2011)	0.62
" The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, and VKORC1 (G-1639A) polymorphisms on the variability of warfarin dosage requirements in Lithuanian patients after heart valve replacement."	( The influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene polymorphisms on optimal warfarin doses after heart valve replacement. Benetis, R; Jakuška, P; Lesauskaitė, V; Tatarūnas, V; Veikutienė, A, 2011)	0.81
"Daily warfarin dosage significantly correlated with weight (r=0."	( The influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene polymorphisms on optimal warfarin doses after heart valve replacement. Benetis, R; Jakuška, P; Lesauskaitė, V; Tatarūnas, V; Veikutienė, A, 2011)	1.09
" We performed a study in order to assess the divisibility of one dosage strength of score-lined warfarin and of score-lined fluindione."	( [Divisibility of warfarin and fluindione tablets tested in elderly patients and their family circle]. Despres, J; Golmard, JL; Gouin-Thibault, I; Gouronnec, A; Grange, J; Koenig, N; Mitha, N; Pautas, E; Peyron, I; Siguret, V, 2011)	0.93
"Warfarin is a drug with a narrow therapeutic index and large interindividual variability in daily dosing requirements."	( The population pharmacokinetics of R- and S-warfarin: effect of genetic and clinical factors. Aarons, L; Al-Zubiedi, S; Daly, AK; Deloukas, P; Hatch, E; Hughes, D; Jorgensen, AL; Kamali, F; Lane, S; Matthews, I; Ogungbenro, K; Park, BK; Pirmohamed, M, 2012)	2.08
"Our analysis, based on exposure rather than dose, provides quantitative estimates of the clinical and genetic factors impacting on the clearance of both the S- and R-enantiomers of warfarin, which can be used in developing improved dosing algorithms."	( The population pharmacokinetics of R- and S-warfarin: effect of genetic and clinical factors. Aarons, L; Al-Zubiedi, S; Daly, AK; Deloukas, P; Hatch, E; Hughes, D; Jorgensen, AL; Kamali, F; Lane, S; Matthews, I; Ogungbenro, K; Park, BK; Pirmohamed, M, 2012)	0.83
"Clinical and pharmacogenetic variables provided a basis for improving the safety and effective dosage of warfarin; however, the use of a pharmacogenetic algorithm will require patient data obtained during clinical trials."	( [Genetic and bioenvironmental factors associated with warfarin response in Colombian patients]. Beltrán, L; Henao, J; Isaza, C; Machado, J; Pinzón, A; Porras, G; Vallejos, A, )	0.59
"Participants were asked to indicate whether they used computerized dosing support software (CDSS) and to complete a series of questions with respect to anticoagulant management provision."	( Management of patients receiving oral anticoagulants using computer dosing software--does everyone agree? Data from a UK NEQAS (blood coagulation) exercise. Cotton, P; Jennings, I; Keeling, D; Kitchen, D; Kitchen, S; MacLean, R; Walker, ID; Warner, B; Woods, TA, 2012)	0.38
" Hence, linear dose-response curves between RLuc activity and specific inhibitors were obtained, as was faster drug screening through real-time measurement of chemiluminescence."	( An in vitro coupled transcription/translation reporter system for hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Chen, KJ; Hsu, SH; Lee, JC; Lin, CK; Tseng, CK, 2011)	0.37
" Our report reinforces the relevance of pharmacogenetic testing to explain warfarin dose variability and to enable individualized dosage adjustments for improved warfarin treatment outcomes."	( Low dose requirement for warfarin treatment in a patient with CYP2C9*3/*13 genotype. Huh, W; Kim, DK; Kim, JS; Ko, JW; Kwon, MJ; Lee, SY; On, YK, 2011)	0.9
" The warfarin dose was decreased to 20 mg/wk, and the INR remained stable with that dosage for the next 11 months."	( Elevated international normalized ratio associated with use of dronedarone and warfarin. Haber, SL; Pogge, EK, 2011)	1.11
" If a significant interaction is noted, the warfarin dosage should be decreased and the patient should be monitored within 2 weeks to assess the need for further adjustments."	( Elevated international normalized ratio associated with use of dronedarone and warfarin. Haber, SL; Pogge, EK, 2011)	0.86
" Studies have shown that potential clinical and economic benefits of CYP2C9/VKORC1 genotype-guided dosing are only marginal."	( [Possible application of pharmacogenomics to warfarin therapy]. Murata, M, 2011)	0.63
" Clinicians are increasingly being challenged with making uncertain anticoagulant dosing decisions, as the optimal dosing strategy for most anticoagulants in the obese patient population remains unknown."	( Anticoagulating obese patients in the modern era. Arya, R; Patel, JP; Roberts, LN, 2011)	0.37
"0 at a weekly warfarin dosage of 52."	( Elevated international normalized ratio values associated with concomitant use of warfarin and ceftriaxone. Burns, S; Clark, TR, 2011)	0.96
" There was no evidence of heterogeneity in treatment effect across dosing groups."	( Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism with rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and moderate renal impairment. Becker, RC; Califf, RM; Fox, KA; Halperin, JL; Hankey, GJ; Mahaffey, KW; Nessel, CC; Paolini, JF; Patel, MR; Piccini, JP; Singer, DE; Wojdyla, D, 2011)	0.6
"0 to test an interaction, we retrospectively evaluated potential dosing algorithms using all methods available to us to decrease the time needed for INR stabilization, which could be useful for future interaction studies in healthy subjects."	( Evaluation of methods for achieving stable INR in healthy subjects during a multiple-dose warfarin study. Chappell, JC; Dickinson, G; Haber, H; Jin, Y; Lobo, ED; Mitchell, MI, 2012)	0.6
"Published pharmacogenetic and clinical dosing algorithms used to initiate pharmacotherapy with warfarin were applied, predicted doses and actual doses were compared by regression analysis, and concentration-time profiles of S-warfarin were simulated using SimCYP® software."	( Evaluation of methods for achieving stable INR in healthy subjects during a multiple-dose warfarin study. Chappell, JC; Dickinson, G; Haber, H; Jin, Y; Lobo, ED; Mitchell, MI, 2012)	0.82
"Induction to a pharmacodynamic steady state for warfarin for future multiple-dose warfarin drug-interaction studies in healthy volunteers may be predicted using a pharmacogenetic-based dosing algorithm."	( Evaluation of methods for achieving stable INR in healthy subjects during a multiple-dose warfarin study. Chappell, JC; Dickinson, G; Haber, H; Jin, Y; Lobo, ED; Mitchell, MI, 2012)	0.86
" In several small prospective studies, INR results were elevated to a statistically significant extent that would require a change in warfarin dosing and monitoring in clinical practice."	( Effect of acetaminophen on international normalized ratio in patients receiving warfarin therapy. Hughes, GJ; Patel, PN; Saxena, N, 2011)	0.8
"To compare the accuracy of the pharmacogenetic dosing table included in the warfarin label with two empiric dosing strategies in predicting initial therapeutic warfarin doses, and to identify factors that influence the accuracy of the table."	( Accuracy of the pharmacogenetic dosing table in the warfarin label in predicting initial therapeutic warfarin doses in a large, racially diverse cohort. Kayser, SR; Shin, J, 2011)	0.85
"Mean absolute error (MAE) and mean percentage of patients whose predicted doses were within 20% of their actual therapeutic doses (percentage within 20%) were compared between the pharmacogenetic table and two empiric dosing strategies."	( Accuracy of the pharmacogenetic dosing table in the warfarin label in predicting initial therapeutic warfarin doses in a large, racially diverse cohort. Kayser, SR; Shin, J, 2011)	0.62
"Using the pharmacogenetic dosing table included in the warfarin label resulted in higher accuracy of dosing prediction than two empiric dosing strategies."	( Accuracy of the pharmacogenetic dosing table in the warfarin label in predicting initial therapeutic warfarin doses in a large, racially diverse cohort. Kayser, SR; Shin, J, 2011)	0.87
"Warfarin nomograms to guide dosing have been shown to improve control of the international normalized ratio (INR) in the general outpatient setting."	( Evaluation of an electronic warfarin nomogram for anticoagulation of hemodialysis patients. Barnieh, L; Hemmelgarn, BR; MacKay, E; MacRae, JM; Manning, MA; Thomson, BK; Zhang, J, 2011)	2.11
" The dosage of 110 mg bid should be preferably used in patients older than 75 years at a higher bleeding risk."	( Preventing cardioembolic stroke in atrial fibrillation with dabigatran. Diener, HC; Eikelboom, JW; Hohnloser, SH; Weimar, C, 2012)	0.38
"The objective of this study was to develop a pharmacogenetic dosing algorithm for warfarin in Korean patients with atrial fibrillation and to compare it with the published pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms for accuracy to predict warfarin maintenance dose."	( Development and comparison of a warfarin-dosing algorithm for Korean patients with atrial fibrillation. Bang, OY; Cho, HJ; Huh, W; Kim, JS; Kim, JW; Ko, JW; Lee, SY; On, YK, 2011)	0.88
"6] kg) were used to create a dosing algorithm, which was validated against an independent group of patients (n = 108; mean age: 67."	( Development and comparison of a warfarin-dosing algorithm for Korean patients with atrial fibrillation. Bang, OY; Cho, HJ; Huh, W; Kim, JS; Kim, JW; Ko, JW; Lee, SY; On, YK, 2011)	0.65
" As no algorithm could be considered the best for all dosing ranges, it may be important to consider the characteristics or limitations of each dosing algorithm and the nature of a population in choosing the most appropriate pharmacogenetic dosing."	( Development and comparison of a warfarin-dosing algorithm for Korean patients with atrial fibrillation. Bang, OY; Cho, HJ; Huh, W; Kim, JS; Kim, JW; Ko, JW; Lee, SY; On, YK, 2011)	0.65
" For the patient with liver cirrhosis, who is receiving warfarin, PT-INR values might be elevated during the early period of sorafenib treatment dosage as for the increase in quantity."	( [Gastrointestinal hemorrhage associated with concurrent use of sorafenib and warfarin for hepatocellular carcinoma]. Hara, F; Hirano, N; Iida, K; Ishii, K; Kikuchi, Y; Shiozawa, K; Sumino, Y; Wakui, N; Watanabe, M, 2011)	0.84
" The recently published International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium pharmacogenetic-based warfarin dosing algorithm (based on data derived from anticoagulated adults) consistently overestimated warfarin dose for our cohort of children."	( VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotype and patient characteristics explain a large proportion of the variability in warfarin dose requirement among children. Avery, PJ; Biss, TT; Brandão, LR; Chalmers, EA; Daly, AK; Grainger, JD; Hanley, JP; Kamali, F; Leathart, JB; Williams, MD, 2012)	0.86
" Moreover, coumarin-based benzotriazoles in combination with antibacterial chloromycin or antifungal fluconazole, showed notable antimicrobial efficacy with less dosage and broader antimicrobial spectrum."	( [Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of coumarin-based benzotriazoles and their synergistic effects with chloromycin and fluconazole]. Geng, RX; Ji, QG; Shi, Y; Zhou, CH; Zhou, XD, 2011)	0.37
"It is essential that the dosage level of warfarin is appropriately adjusted by frequent PT-INR measurements when warfarin and S-1 are coadministered."	( Individual differences in prothrombin time-international normalized ratio variation following coadministration of the anticancer agents S-1 and warfarin: 3 case reports. Hori, S; Kondo, G; Maeda, T; Miki, A; Satoh, H; Sawada, Y; Yamamuro, F, 2011)	0.84
" The VKORC1 genotype is an important determinant of response to warfarin in Chinese, but some genetic variants found in other ethnic groups that have a large effect on warfarin response and dosing are not commonly found in Chinese."	( The pharmacogenetics of the response to warfarin in Chinese. Cheung, BM; Lam, MP, 2012)	0.89
" For this purpose it is essential to pursue optimal biochemical control of secondary hyperparathyroidism, but we must consider that in the individual patient the choice of drugs and their dosage can be essential for the development of calcifications."	( [Update on the pathogenesis and possible therapeutic approach to vascular calcifications in patients with chronic renal failure]. Mazzaferro, S; Muci, ML; Pasquali, M; Pirro', G; Rotondi, S; Tartaglione, L, )	0.13
" The experience for the dosing of warfarin in such extremely rare cases has been seldom reported."	( Extremely low warfarin dose in patients with genotypes of CYP2C9*3/*3 and VKORC1-1639A/A. Gao, L; He, L; Li, K; Lu, CY; Luo, J; Tian, JW; Wang, HJ; Xu, B; Yang, J; Yang, T; Yin, T; Zhang, WZ; Zhang, YX; Zhao, YS, 2011)	1.01
"Warfarin, the most common oral anticoagulant, is the ideal candidate for pharmacogenetic dosing and gene-based 'individualization' of care."	( Genotype-based dosing algorithms for warfarin therapy: data review and recommendations. Anderson, JL; Carlquist, JF; Horne, BD; Johnson, EG, 2011)	2.08
"05) in a dose-response relationship with international normalized ratio."	( Warfarin-related intraventricular hemorrhage: imaging and outcome. Ayres, AM; Battey, TW; Biffi, A; Cortellini, L; Gilson, AJ; Goldstein, JN; Greenberg, SM; Rosand, J; Rost, NS; Schwab, K; Viswanathan, A, 2011)	1.81
" We assessed the effects of CYP2C9, VKORC1 1173 C/T polymorphisms, and old age on warfarin dosing and sensitivity by measuring plasma S-/R-warfarin levels in Korean patients."	( The effect of CYP2C9, VKORC1 genotypes and old age on warfarin pharmacologic sensitivity in korean patients with thromboembolic disease. Kim, HY; Kim, JQ; Moon, HW; Noh, J; Song, J; Yun, IJ; Yun, YM, 2011)	0.84
" We sought to determine whether a detailed warfarin dosing protocol administered by pharmacists with minimal physician oversight significantly reduced the proportion of hospitalized patients with a supratherapeutic INR."	( Inpatient warfarin management: pharmacist management using a detailed dosing protocol. Bamlet, WR; Dawson, NL; Hedges, MA; Klipa, D; Maniaci, MJ; Patel, AV; Persoff, J; Porter, IE; Roy, A, 2012)	1.04
"To investigate whether assessment of warfarin dosing every 12 weeks is as safe as assessment every 4 weeks."	( Warfarin dose assessment every 4 weeks versus every 12 weeks in patients with stable international normalized ratios: a randomized trial. Julian, JA; Levine, M; Parpia, S; Rudd-Scott, L; Schulman, S; Stewart, C, 2011)	2.08
"Assessment of warfarin dosing every 12 weeks seems to be safe and noninferior to assessment every 4 weeks."	( Warfarin dose assessment every 4 weeks versus every 12 weeks in patients with stable international normalized ratios: a randomized trial. Julian, JA; Levine, M; Parpia, S; Rudd-Scott, L; Schulman, S; Stewart, C, 2011)	2.17
" To demonstrate the utility of the global PK-PD model, we compared the predicted initial anticoagulation responses with previously established warfarin dosing algorithms."	( Clinical and genetic determinants of warfarin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during treatment initiation. Crown, N; Dresser, GK; Gong, IY; Kim, RB; Lazo-Langner, A; Roden, DM; Rodger, M; Schwarz, UI; Stein, CM; Tirona, RG; Wells, PS; Zou, G, 2011)	0.84
" We sought to develop an optimal pharmacogenetic warfarin dosing algorithm that incorporated clinical and genetic information."	( The Creating an Optimal Warfarin Nomogram (CROWN) Study. Creager, MA; Freeman, MW; Gobburu, J; Goldhaber, SZ; Joshi, V; Kucherlapati, R; Lee, JY; Lesko, LJ; Morgan, TV; Nelson, K; Perlstein, TS; Schoenfeld, D, 2012)	0.94
" Novel direct factor IIa inhibitors and direct factor Xa inhibitors currently in development can be administered at a fixed dose and do not require routine coagulation monitoring and ongoing dosage adjustment to ensure their effectiveness and safety."	( Novel oral anticoagulants and their role in clinical practice. Wittkowsky, AK, 2011)	0.37
" Several warfarin pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms and United States Food and Drug Administration-cleared genotyping tests are available for clinical use."	( Role of pharmacogenomics in the management of traditional and novel oral anticoagulants. Cavallari, LH; Perera, MA; Shin, J, 2011)	0.79
" We evaluated the inductive effect of rifampicin (RIF), a typical human PXR ligand, on the plasma exposure to the four P450 substrate drugs (triazolam/CYP3A4, pioglitazone/CYP2C8, (S)-warfarin/CYP2C9, and (S)-(-)-mephenytoin/CYP2C19) by cassette dosing in PXB mice."	( Investigation of drug-drug interactions caused by human pregnane X receptor-mediated induction of CYP3A4 and CYP2C subfamilies in chimeric mice with a humanized liver. Hasegawa, M; Inoue, R; Kakuni, M; Tahara, H; Tateno, C; Ushiki, J, 2012)	0.57
" The dosage and duration of oseltamivir treatment were similar whether the INR values increased or not."	( Effect of oseltamivir on bleeding risk associated with warfarin therapy: a retrospective review. Cho, SH; Hong, KS; Jung, JW; Kang, HR; Kwon, JW; Lee, SH; Yu, KS, 2012)	0.63
" The warfarin maintenance doses were compared among patients with different genotypes of the 5 genes, and a warfarin stable dosing algorithm was derived based on genetic and non-genetic factors."	( [Impact of five genetic polymorphisms on inter-individual variation in warfarin maintenance dose]. An, BQ; Chen, BL; Huang, SW; Li, GF; Wu, HL; Xiang, DK, 2011)	1.12
" The warfarin stable dosing algorithm acquired from the optimal regression model could explain 57."	( [Impact of five genetic polymorphisms on inter-individual variation in warfarin maintenance dose]. An, BQ; Chen, BL; Huang, SW; Li, GF; Wu, HL; Xiang, DK, 2011)	1.12
"This study suggested that genetic factors are the major determinants of the warfarin maintenance dose, and warfarin stable dosing algorithm may be useful for helping clinicians to prescribe warfarin with greater safety and efficiency."	( [Impact of five genetic polymorphisms on inter-individual variation in warfarin maintenance dose]. An, BQ; Chen, BL; Huang, SW; Li, GF; Wu, HL; Xiang, DK, 2011)	0.83
" Dosage was not correlated to INR (r = -0."	( Measurement of warfarin in the oral fluid of patients undergoing anticoagulant oral therapy. Di Francesco, F; Fuoco, R; Ghimenti, S; Lomonaco, T; Murgia, L; Onor, M; Paolicchi, A; Pellegrini, G; Ruocco, L; Trivella, MG, 2011)	0.72
" To observe and repeat imaging? Reverse his anticoagulation? Change his dosing regimen of warfarin? In the next room, you quickly evaluate a 51-year-old obese woman with nonspecific back and abdominal pain that started 24 hours before and has slowly progressed to become intolerable."	( An evidence-based approach to managing the anticoagulated patient in the emergency department. Hanlon, D, 2011)	0.59
" The daily dosage of warfarin, concentration of S- and R-warfarin in plasma, and prothrombin time international normalized ratio (PT-INR) was used as the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic indices."	( CYP4F2 gene polymorphism as a contributor to warfarin maintenance dose in Japanese subjects. Aomori, T; Araki, T; Fujita, Y; Hasegawa, A; Kurabayashi, M; Nakamura, K; Nakamura, T; Obayashi, K; Ohmori, S; Okada, Y; Yamamoto, K, 2012)	0.96
" Warfarin dosing and International Normalized Ratio history were obtained from hospital charts and CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms were genotyped."	( Validation of warfarin pharmacogenetic algorithms in clinical practice. Bahroun, I; Brugada, R; Dubé, MP; Lapointe, M; Marin-Leblanc, M; Mongrain, I; Perreault, S; Phillips, M; Provost, S; Talajic, M; Tardif, JC; Turgeon, J, 2012)	1.65
"Our study demonstrates the value of published pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms for the prediction of warfarin doses, in particular for patients with low or high therapeutic dose requirements."	( Validation of warfarin pharmacogenetic algorithms in clinical practice. Bahroun, I; Brugada, R; Dubé, MP; Lapointe, M; Marin-Leblanc, M; Mongrain, I; Perreault, S; Phillips, M; Provost, S; Talajic, M; Tardif, JC; Turgeon, J, 2012)	0.95
" However, disagreement exists regarding the proper dosing strategy (i."	( Study of Octaplex dosing accuracy: an in vitro analysis. Chin-Yee, IH; Hsia, CC; Keeney, M; Kovacs, MJ; Lazo-Langner, A; Patriquin, CJ, 2012)	0.38
" This study sought to develop and validate clinical and PGx dosing algorithms for warfarin dose refinement on days 6-11 after therapy initiation."	( Pharmacogenetic warfarin dose refinements remain significantly influenced by genetic factors after one week of therapy. Anderson, JL; Angchaisuksiri, P; Barrack, RL; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Carlquist, JF; Eby, CS; Eriksson, N; Gage, BF; Glynn, RJ; Grice, GR; Horne, BD; Jorgensen, AL; Kim, HS; Kimmel, SE; Kronquist, KE; Kurnik, D; Lenzini, PA; Li, J; Limdi, NA; Lindh, JD; McMillin, GA; Pendleton, RC; Pirmohamed, M; Rane, A; Ridker, PM; Shin, JG; Stein, CM; Wadelius, M, 2012)	0.95
"Warfarin is a commonly used oral anticoagulant and the dosage is individually adjusted on the basis of the international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring."	( Influence of CYP4F2 genotype on warfarin dose requirement-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hu, D; Huang, J; Liang, R; Sun, Y; Wang, C; Zhao, H, 2012)	2.11
" A drug interaction study for warfarin with a novel CETP inhibitor is expected to be helpful in defining dosing regimens."	( Lack of a meaningful effect of anacetrapib on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Ali, M; Connolly, SM; Cote, J; Degroot, B; Garg, A; Krishna, R; Li, S; Liu, Y; Maes, A; Stoch, SA; Stypinski, D; Wagner, JA, 2012)	0.89
" Thus, no dosage adjustment for warfarin is necessary when co-administered with anacetrapib."	( Lack of a meaningful effect of anacetrapib on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Ali, M; Connolly, SM; Cote, J; Degroot, B; Garg, A; Krishna, R; Li, S; Liu, Y; Maes, A; Stoch, SA; Stypinski, D; Wagner, JA, 2012)	0.88
" The validity of the dosing algorithm was confirmed in a cohort of venous thromboembolism patients on warfarin therapy."	( Genetic polymorphisms are associated with variations in warfarin maintenance dose in Han Chinese patients with venous thromboembolism. Kong, FC; Li, YY; Wang, C; Wang, HY; Yang, YH; Zhang, W; Zhang, WJ; Zhu, J, 2012)	0.84
"6%) clinical considerations may warrant its inclusion in pharmacogenetic screening for initial warfarin dosing in clinic populations with a heterogeneous population base."	( Evaluation of the warfarin-resistance polymorphism, VKORC1 Asp36Tyr, and its effect on dosage algorithms in a genetically heterogeneous anticoagulant clinic. Cole, DE; Fu, L; Selby, R; Shuen, AY; Wong, BY, 2012)	0.93
" As the choices for oral anticoagulants increase, with many oral anticoagulant drugs currently in the pipeline awaiting completion of clinical trials, the guidelines for venous thromboembolism prevention, stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, and treatment of acute arterial and venous thrombi will also shift from the current standards to new standards set by these clinical trials for optimal dosing and duration of treatment."	( Oral factor Xa and direct thrombin inhibitors: a clinical perspective. Fareed, J; Lewis, B; Thethi, I, )	0.13
"To test the associations between genotypes, international normalized ratio (INR) measurements, and warfarin dosing and gauge the impact of these polymorphisms on warfarin dose, using a published algorithm."	( Prediction of warfarin dose reductions in Puerto Rican patients, based on combinatorial CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes. Alejandro-Cowan, Y; Bogaard, K; Cadilla, CL; Cruz-Gonzalez, I; Duconge, J; Feliu, JF; Gorowski, K; Kocherla, M; Ramos, AS; Renta, JY; Rivera-Miranda, G; Ruaño, G; Seip, RL; Valentin, II; Vazquez, J; Velez, M, 2012)	0.96
"This study laid important groundwork for supporting a prospective pharmacogenetic trial in Puerto Ricans to detect the benefits of incorporating relevant genomic information into a customized DNA-guided warfarin dosing algorithm."	( Prediction of warfarin dose reductions in Puerto Rican patients, based on combinatorial CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes. Alejandro-Cowan, Y; Bogaard, K; Cadilla, CL; Cruz-Gonzalez, I; Duconge, J; Feliu, JF; Gorowski, K; Kocherla, M; Ramos, AS; Renta, JY; Rivera-Miranda, G; Ruaño, G; Seip, RL; Valentin, II; Vazquez, J; Velez, M, 2012)	0.93
" Coding region polymorphisms CYP2C9*2 and *3 contribute to interperson variability in drug dosage and clinical outcomes, whereas the role of a regulatory polymorphism remains uncertain."	( CYP2C9 promoter variable number tandem repeat polymorphism regulates mRNA expression in human livers. Gawronski, BE; Gong, Y; Johnson, JA; Khalifa, SI; Langaee, TY; Shahin, MH; Sun, X; Wang, D, 2012)	0.38
" Patient charts were reviewed for a predefined set of possible causes: Drug-drug interactions, alcohol abuse, disease, start-up or recent change in dosage and dosage errors."	( Excessive anticoagulation with warfarin or phenprocoumon may have multiple causes. Hallas, J; Holck, LH; Madsen, H; Meegaard, PM; Pottegård, A, 2012)	0.66
"CYP2C9(*)3 genotype did not affect the required warfarin dose while it was associated with increased risk of bleeding when treated with routine dosage regimen during the initiation of treatment."	( [Impact of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphism on warfarin response during initiation of therapy]. Fei, HW; Lin, SG; Liu, Y; Tan, HH; Yang, M; Yu, XY; Zhong, SL, 2011)	0.88
"Warfarin pharmacogenomic algorithms reduce dosing error, but perform poorly in non-European-Americans."	( Predicting warfarin dosage in European-Americans and African-Americans using DNA samples linked to an electronic health record. Basford, MA; Bowton, E; Cowan, J; Crawford, DC; Delaney, JT; Denny, JC; Jiang, M; Masys, DR; Oetjens, MT; Pulley, JM; Ramirez, AH; Ritchie, MD; Roden, DM; Schildcrout, JS; Shi, Y; Speltz, P; Xu, H; Zink, R; Zuvich, RL, 2012)	2.21
" Implementing these predictions via dispensable pill regimens similarly reduced dosing error."	( Predicting warfarin dosage in European-Americans and African-Americans using DNA samples linked to an electronic health record. Basford, MA; Bowton, E; Cowan, J; Crawford, DC; Delaney, JT; Denny, JC; Jiang, M; Masys, DR; Oetjens, MT; Pulley, JM; Ramirez, AH; Ritchie, MD; Roden, DM; Schildcrout, JS; Shi, Y; Speltz, P; Xu, H; Zink, R; Zuvich, RL, 2012)	0.77
"To evaluate the feasibility of clinical application for genetic based dosing algorithm in the predication of warfarin maintenance dose in Chinese population."	( [Clinical applications of dosing algorithm in the predication of warfarin maintenance dose]. An, BQ; Huang, L; Huang, SW; Li, GF; Wu, HL; Xiang, DK, 2011)	0.82
"The predicted dosing algorithm incorporating genetic and non-genetic factors may shorten the duration of achieving efficiently a stable dose of warfarin."	( [Clinical applications of dosing algorithm in the predication of warfarin maintenance dose]. An, BQ; Huang, L; Huang, SW; Li, GF; Wu, HL; Xiang, DK, 2011)	0.81
"Warfarin dosing is affected by clinical and genetic variants, but the contribution of the genotype associated with warfarin resistance in pharmacogenetic algorithms has not been well assessed yet."	( A new warfarin dosing algorithm including VKORC1 3730 G > A polymorphism: comparison with results obtained by other published algorithms. Cini, M; Cosmi, B; Frascaro, M; Guazzaloca, G; Legnani, C; Palareti, G; Valdrè, L, 2012)	2.3
"1% of patients to the low (≤25 mg/week), intermediate (26-44 mg/week) and high (≥ 45 mg/week) dosing range, respectively."	( A new warfarin dosing algorithm including VKORC1 3730 G > A polymorphism: comparison with results obtained by other published algorithms. Cini, M; Cosmi, B; Frascaro, M; Guazzaloca, G; Legnani, C; Palareti, G; Valdrè, L, 2012)	0.86
"No eligible pharmacogenetic algorithm could perform the best for all dosing range in the Chinese patients under low intensity warfarin anticoagulation."	( Comparative performance of warfarin pharmacogenetic algorithms in Chinese patients. Gao, L; Liu, Y; Lu, C; Wang, H; Xu, B; Xu, Q; Yang, J; Yin, T; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2012)	0.88
"The cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4F2 isozyme has been reported to metabolize vitamin K(1) in vitro, and the V433M polymorphism in the CYP4F2 gene has been associated with reduced vitamin K(1) metabolism and the need for a higher maintenance dosage in patients receiving warfarin."	( Effects of CYP4F2 polymorphism on response to warfarin during induction phase: a prospective, open-label, observational cohort study. Bejarano-Achache, I; Bialer, M; Caraco, Y; Levy, L; Mlynarsky, L; Muszkat, M, 2012)	0.82
" The pre-operative anticoagulation trial to determine the warfarin daily dosage needed to reach target international normalized ratio (INR) represented the main stem of such protocol."	( Mechanical aortic valve replacement in young women planning on pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes under low oral anticoagulation, a pilot observational study on a comprehensive pre-operative counseling protocol. Cotrufo, M; D'Oria, V; De Feo, M; De Santo, LS; Della Corte, A; Giordano, S; Nappi, G; Romano, G, 2012)	0.62
" Patterns of warfarin daily dosage and induced INRs were characterized during pregnancy."	( Mechanical aortic valve replacement in young women planning on pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes under low oral anticoagulation, a pilot observational study on a comprehensive pre-operative counseling protocol. Cotrufo, M; D'Oria, V; De Feo, M; De Santo, LS; Della Corte, A; Giordano, S; Nappi, G; Romano, G, 2012)	0.75
" Pharmacogenetics (PG) could improve dosing efficiency and safety, but clinical trials evidence is meager."	( A randomized and clinical effectiveness trial comparing two pharmacogenetic algorithms and standard care for individualizing warfarin dosing (CoumaGen-II). Anderson, JL; Bair, TL; Barton, S; Brunisholz, K; Carlquist, JF; Horne, BD; Huntinghouse, JA; Knight, S; Mansfield, JW; Mower, CP; Muhlestein, JB; Robinson, M; Rollo, JS; Samuelson, KM; Siler, D; Stevens, SM; Woller, SC, 2012)	0.59
"A Randomized and Clinical Effectiveness Trial Comparing Two Pharmacogenetic Algorithms and Standard Care for Individualizing Warfarin Dosing (CoumaGen-II) comprised 2 comparisons: (1) a blinded, randomized comparison of a modified 1-step (PG-1) with a 3-step algorithm (PG-2) (N=504), and (2) a clinical effectiveness comparison of PG guidance with use of either algorithm with standard dosing in a parallel control group (N=1866)."	( A randomized and clinical effectiveness trial comparing two pharmacogenetic algorithms and standard care for individualizing warfarin dosing (CoumaGen-II). Anderson, JL; Bair, TL; Barton, S; Brunisholz, K; Carlquist, JF; Horne, BD; Huntinghouse, JA; Knight, S; Mansfield, JW; Mower, CP; Muhlestein, JB; Robinson, M; Rollo, JS; Samuelson, KM; Siler, D; Stevens, SM; Woller, SC, 2012)	0.79
"These findings suggest that PG dosing should be considered for broader clinical application, a proposal that is being tested further in 3 major randomized trials."	( A randomized and clinical effectiveness trial comparing two pharmacogenetic algorithms and standard care for individualizing warfarin dosing (CoumaGen-II). Anderson, JL; Bair, TL; Barton, S; Brunisholz, K; Carlquist, JF; Horne, BD; Huntinghouse, JA; Knight, S; Mansfield, JW; Mower, CP; Muhlestein, JB; Robinson, M; Rollo, JS; Samuelson, KM; Siler, D; Stevens, SM; Woller, SC, 2012)	0.59
"A few warfarin pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms have been proposed,based on multiethnic or homogeneous populations, to estimate warfarin therapeutic doses."	( Accuracy assessment of pharmacogenetic algorithms for warfarin dose prediction in Chinese patients. Guo, Y; Lei, X; Liang, P; Liu, Y; Sun, J; Yan, Z; Zhou, H, 2012)	1.11
" Limitations of the brodifacoum model precluded a careful assessment of dose-response relationships."	( 5/6 nephrectomy as a validated rat model mimicking human warfarin-related nephropathy. Brodsky, SV; Calomeni, E; Forbes, R; Hebert, LA; Nadasdy, G; Nadasdy, T; Ozcan, A; Rovin, BH; Satoskar, AA; Ware, K, 2012)	0.62
" Warfarin subcutaneous dosage forms were administered to rabbits."	( Evaluation of subcutaneous forms in the improvement of pharmacokinetic profile of warfarin. Bonneaux, F; Camargo, JA; Javot, L; Lecompte, T; Maincent, P; Sapin, A; Scala-Bertola, J, 2012)	1.51
"Few pharmacogenomic dosing regimens of warfarin have been developed for Chinese patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF)."	( A new algorithm to predict warfarin dose from polymorphisms of CYP4F2 , CYP2C9 and VKORC1 and clinical variables: derivation in Han Chinese patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation. Tao, Y; Wei, M; Xie, D; Ye, F; Yu, F; Zhu, J; Zhu, Y, 2012)	0.95
" Due to narrow therapeutic range and significant side effects, warfarin dosage determination becomes a challenging task in clinical practice."	( Predicting warfarin dosage from clinical data: a supervised learning approach. Hu, YH; Lo, CL; Tai, CT; Wu, F, 2012)	1.01
"The investigated models can not only facilitate clinicians in dosage decision-making, but also help reduce patient risk from adverse drug events."	( Predicting warfarin dosage from clinical data: a supervised learning approach. Hu, YH; Lo, CL; Tai, CT; Wu, F, 2012)	0.77
" Conversely, patients with GG genotype had a more stable dosage of VKA (P = 0."	( Oral anticoagulation and VKORC1 polymorphism in patients with a mechanical heart prosthesis: a 6-year follow-up. Altamura, N; Consoloni, L; Di Lenarda, A; Fiotti, N; Giansante, C; Grassi, G; Mazzone, C; Pandullo, C; Pitacco, P; Scardi, S, 2012)	0.38
" The emergence of new anticoagulants that offer equal or superior efficacy, greater safety and the convenience of fixed oral dosing may make warfarin the less preferred option."	( Prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: anticoagulant and antiplatelet options. Halperin, JL; Varughese, CJ, 2012)	0.58
"Rats were treated with single oral administration of edoxaban, repeated oral dosing of warfarin for 4 days and single subcutaneous administration of enoxaparin before thrombosis or haemorrhage induction."	( Comparison of antithrombotic and haemorrhagic effects of edoxaban, an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, with warfarin and enoxaparin in rats. Edo, N; Honda, Y; Kamisato, C; Kita, A; Morishima, Y; Shibano, T; Tsuji, N, 2012)	0.81
"Specific guidelines for initial dosing of warfarin in ischaemic stroke patients have not been developed."	( Age- and weight-adjusted warfarin initiation nomogram for ischaemic stroke patients. Jo, MW; Kang, DW; Kim, JS; Kwon, SU; Yoo, SH, 2012)	0.95
" To assist in estimating therapeutic warfarin doses, the warfarin label provides a pharmacogenomic dosing table and various warfarin pharmacogenomic dosing algorithms are available."	( Clinical pharmacogenomics of warfarin and clopidogrel. Shin, J, 2012)	0.94
" Pharmacogenetic polymorphisms are major determinants of warfarin pharmacokinetic and dynamics and included in several warfarin dosing algorithms."	( Pharmacogenomics of warfarin in populations of African descent. Botton, MR; Suarez-Kurtz, G, 2013)	0.96
" Dosed twice daily, dabigatran offers recipients the ability to forego regular international normalized ratio coagulation monitoring as well as eliminating dietary restrictions (i."	( Dabigatran for the prevention of thromboembolic complications in the elderly: a RE-LY-able alternative to warfarin? Freeman, MK; Hughes, PJ, 2012)	0.59
"This study aims to test a new dosing regimen for dabigatran etexilate in patients with a mechanical bileaflet valve."	( A comparison of dabigatran etexilate with warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves: THE Randomized, phase II study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of oral dabigatran etexilate in patients after heart valve replacement (RE-ALIGN). Brueckmann, M; Connolly, SJ; Eikelboom, JW; Friedman, J; Granger, CB; Harper, R; Härtter, S; Kappetein, AP; Lehr, T; Mack, MJ; Noack, H; Van de Werf, F, 2012)	0.64
" Dabigatran (110 or 150 mg twice daily) demonstrated noninferiority versus adjusted-dose warfarin with regard to the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism (primary endpoint) in patients with AF in the RE-LY trial, and the 150 mg twice-daily dosage was significantly more effective than warfarin for this endpoint, as well as most other efficacy endpoints."	( Dabigatran etexilate: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. McKeage, K, 2012)	0.6
" To identify risk factors for nonoptimal anticoagulation and to determine if warfarin dosing is differentially affected by specific antiretroviral agents."	( Warfarin therapy in the HIV medical home model: low rates of therapeutic anticoagulation despite adherence and differences in dosing based on specific antiretrovirals. Anderson, AM; Chane, T; Chen, S; Easley, KA; Patel, M; Xue, W, 2012)	2.05
" Genotype-guided warfarin dosing and management may improve patient-time in target range (TTR) and therefore affect the cost-effectiveness of dabigatran compared with warfain."	( Cost-effectiveness of dabigatran versus genotype-guided management of warfarin therapy for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Cheng, G; Tsui, KK; Wong, RS; You, JH, 2012)	0.95
" However, the dosage required to achieve stable anticoagulation remains unknown."	( Warfarin doses for anticoagulation therapy in elderly patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Avakian, SD; Mansur, Ade P; Strunz, CM; Takada, JY, 2012)	1.82
" They have a slow onset and offset of action, narrow therapeutic window, marked dose-response variability, and multiple food and drug interactions, and require frequent coagulation monitoring and dose adjustments."	( Emerging anticoagulant therapies for atrial fibrillation: new options, new challenges. Mangiafico, M; Mangiafico, RA, 2012)	0.38
" Clear understanding of the accuracy of warfarin pharmacogenetic dosing methods might lead to appropriate control of anticoagulation."	( Validation of pharmacogenetic algorithms and warfarin dosing table in Egyptian patients. Badary, O; Bazan, NS; Mokhtar, S; Rizk, A; Sabry, NA, 2012)	0.91
"This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of warfarin dosing table and two pharmacogenetic algorithms, namely the algorithms of Gage et al."	( Validation of pharmacogenetic algorithms and warfarin dosing table in Egyptian patients. Badary, O; Bazan, NS; Mokhtar, S; Rizk, A; Sabry, NA, 2012)	0.9
" Predicted doses by all dosing methods were calculated and compared with the actual therapeutic warfarin doses."	( Validation of pharmacogenetic algorithms and warfarin dosing table in Egyptian patients. Badary, O; Bazan, NS; Mokhtar, S; Rizk, A; Sabry, NA, 2012)	0.86
"Our study showed that genotype-based dosing improved prediction of warfarin therapeutic dose beyond that available with the fixed-dose approach or the clinical algorithms, especially in the low-dose group."	( Validation of pharmacogenetic algorithms and warfarin dosing table in Egyptian patients. Badary, O; Bazan, NS; Mokhtar, S; Rizk, A; Sabry, NA, 2012)	0.87
" Much of the literature associated with dabigatran encourages this view, stressing that dabigatran is a 'game changer' with the advantage of fixed dosing for most patients and no anticoagulation monitoring."	( Dabigatran: rational dose individualisation and monitoring guidance is needed. Al-Sallami, HS; Duffull, SB; Faed, JM; Wright, DF; Zufferey, PJ, 2012)	0.38
"The objective of our present study was to develop a warfarin dosing algorithm for the Omani patients, as performances of warfarin dosing algorithms vary across populations with impact on the daily maintenance dose."	( Warfarin pharmacogenetics: development of a dosing algorithm for Omani patients. Al Khabori, M; Al Zadjali, S; Alkindi, S; Khan, H; Krishnamoorthy, R; Lapoumeroulie, C; Misquith, R; Paldi, A; Pathare, A, 2012)	2.07
" The genetic polymorphisms CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 -1639 G>A are the major determinants of the inter-individual variability in the dosage requirements of oral anticoagulants."	( Analysis of CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphisms in a population from South-Eastern Europe. Buzoianu, AD; Crişan, S; Mureşanu, DF; Trifa, AP, 2012)	0.38
" In cases where active bleeding could not be determinated, we terminated the use of the drug and re-evaluated dosage of warfarin before finally discharging the patient."	( [A sudden rise in INR due to combination of Tribulus terrestris, Avena sativa, and Panax ginseng (Clavis Panax)]. Ergelen, M; Ergun, F; Tasal, A; Turfan, M, 2012)	0.59
" Following first dosing on day 5, plasma samples were collected at different time points."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of Danshen-Gegen extract with warfarin and aspirin. Fung, KP; Lau, BS; Leung, PC; Wang, S; Zhang, Z; Zhou, L; Zuo, Z, 2012)	0.61
"Genotype-based dosing recommendations are provided in the US FDA-approved warfarin labeling."	( The future of warfarin pharmacogenetics in under-represented minority groups. Cavallari, LH; Perera, MA, 2012)	0.97
"Pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms help predict warfarin maintenance doses, but their predictive performance differs in different populations, possibly due to unsuspected population-specific genetic variants."	( Effect of the VKORC1 D36Y variant on warfarin dose requirement and pharmacogenetic dose prediction. Gak, E; Halkin, H; Kurnik, D; Li, C; Loebstein, R; Lubetsky, A; Markovits, N; Qasim, H; Sominsky, S; Stein, CM, 2012)	0.91
" Dosing algorithms were constructed by multivariate linear regression analyses."	( White blood cells contribute to patient-specific warfarin dose for Han Chinese. Wang, C; Wang, HY; Zhang, WJ; Zheng, WJ; Zhu, J, 2012)	0.63
" The total processing time was measured from blood sampling until warfarin dosing was performed in the anticoagulant clinic."	( Telemedicine improves the monitoring process in anticoagulant treatment. Boman, K; Davidson, T; Gustavsson, M; Johansson, L; Olofsson, M; Renström, GB, 2012)	0.62
" This article summarizes available information regarding the clinical management of VKAs with focus on dosing strategies."	( Approaches to optimal dosing of vitamin K antagonists. Witt, DM, 2012)	0.38
" Based on the RE-LY and ROCKET AF trial results, we investigated the cost-effectiveness of dabigatran (twice daily dosing of 150 mg or 110 mg based on patient age) versus rivaroxaban from a Canadian payer perspective."	( Dabigatran versus rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation in Canada. Comparative efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Bradley-Kennedy, C; Clemens, A; Kansal, AR; Monz, BU; Peng, S; Roskell, N; Sharma, M; Sorensen, SV, 2012)	0.38
" Many small centres manage their warfarin dosing manually, with little or no knowledge of their treatment quality as measured by TTR."	( Computerised assistance for warfarin dosage--effects on treatment quality. Dimberg, I; Grzymala-Lubanski, B; Hägerfelth, A; Rosenqvist, M; Själander, A; Svensson, P, 2012)	0.95
"Retrospective cohort study of medical records from patients with atrial fibrillation on warfarin treatment from two centres, with previously manual warfarin dosing regimens."	( Computerised assistance for warfarin dosage--effects on treatment quality. Dimberg, I; Grzymala-Lubanski, B; Hägerfelth, A; Rosenqvist, M; Själander, A; Svensson, P, 2012)	0.9
"Computerised dosing assistance within the Swedish national quality registry AuriculA improves or maintains a high treatment quality with warfarin as measured by TTR."	( Computerised assistance for warfarin dosage--effects on treatment quality. Dimberg, I; Grzymala-Lubanski, B; Hägerfelth, A; Rosenqvist, M; Själander, A; Svensson, P, 2012)	0.88
" Population attributable fraction calculations suggest that complete implementation of WPGT can reduce inaccurate dosing by 18-24% in white individuals."	( The population attributable fraction as a measure of the impact of warfarin pharmacogenetic testing. Chan, SL; Chia, KS; Suo, C; Teo, YY, 2012)	0.62
"To assess whether the existing three types of pharmacogenetics-based Warfarin dosing algorithms appropriately predict the actual maintenance dose in Han Chinese mechanical heart valve replacement patients (n = 130)."	( [Validation and comparison of pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing algorithms in Han Chinese patients]. Qiu, HF; Song, HT; Wang, QM; Yu, LP; Zeng, ZY, 2012)	0.86
" These newer agents possess a highly predictable pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship, allowing for fixed dosing and no necessity for routine laboratory monitoring; additionally these agents have minimal drug interactions."	( New anticoagulants for stroke prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation: assessing the impact on medication adherence. Kopecky, S, 2012)	0.38
" Two genes, CYP2C9 and VKORC1, have been associated with this variability, leading to genotype-guided dosing tables in warfarin labeling."	( Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 on patient response to warfarin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. FitzGerald, RJ; Jorgensen, AL; Oyee, J; Pirmohamed, M; Williamson, PR, 2012)	0.84
" Our aim was to study the effect of the CYP4F2 rs2108622-1347 (C > T) variant on warfarin dosing in Chinese patients."	( Correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms in CYP4F2 and warfarin dosing in Chinese valve replacement patients. Li, JH; Ma, GG; Wu, YB; Xu, JJ; Yan, H; Zhu, SQ, 2012)	0.84
"Pharmacogenetic (PG) dosing algorithms have been confirmed to predict warfarin therapeutic dose more accurately; however, most of them are based on standard intensity of warfarin anticoagulation, and their utility outside this range is limited."	( Estimation of the warfarin dose with a pharmacogenetic refinement algorithm in Chinese patients mainly under low-intensity warfarin anticoagulation. Gao, L; Lu, C; Wang, H; Xu, B; Xu, Q; Yang, J; Yin, T; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2012)	0.95
" It was the objective of this study to perform a randomised trial of a simple one-step warfarin dosing algorithm against a widely used computerised dosing system."	( Randomised comparison of a simple warfarin dosing algorithm versus a computerised anticoagulation management system for control of warfarin maintenance therapy. Connolly, BJ; Connolly, SJ; Cuddy, SM; Eikelboom, JW; Hubers, LM; Nieuwlaat, R; Schulman, S; Schulze, KM; Spyropoulos, AC; Stehouwer, AC; Van Spall, HG, 2012)	0.88
" A retrospective review was conducted to evaluate initial warfarin response in hospitalized patients of different BMI categories initiated on warfarin with ≥4 consecutive days of therapy and managed by pharmacy dosing service."	( Comparison of initial warfarin response in obese patients versus non-obese patients. Alabdan, NA; Hutchison, L; Oliphant, CS; Reaves, AB; Sands, CW; Self, TH; Tolley, EA; Wallace, JL, 2013)	0.95
"Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) and patient demographic characteristics are responsible for inter-individual differences in warfarin maintenance dosage requirements."	( Inter-individual differences in baseline coagulation activities and their implications for international normalized ratio control during warfarin initiation therapy. Chen, YT; Echizen, H; Ichimura, Y; Lee, MT; Mihara, K; Morita, T; Shiomi, M; Takahashi, H, 2012)	0.77
" The association between warfarin dosing practice, TTR, and clinical outcomes was evaluated in Randomized Evaluation of Long-term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) trial patients receiving warfarin."	( Variation in warfarin dose adjustment practice is responsible for differences in the quality of anticoagulation control between centers and countries: an analysis of patients receiving warfarin in the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulation the Connolly, SJ; Eikelboom, JW; Ezekowitz, MD; Kabali, C; Nieuwlaat, R; Reilly, PA; Van Spall, HG; Wallentin, L; Yang, S; Yusuf, S, 2012)	1.05
" Using multilevel regression models to adjust for patient, center, and country characteristics, we assessed whether algorithm-consistent warfarin dosing could predict patient TTR and the composite outcome of stroke, systemic embolism, or major hemorrhage."	( Variation in warfarin dose adjustment practice is responsible for differences in the quality of anticoagulation control between centers and countries: an analysis of patients receiving warfarin in the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulation the Connolly, SJ; Eikelboom, JW; Ezekowitz, MD; Kabali, C; Nieuwlaat, R; Reilly, PA; Van Spall, HG; Wallentin, L; Yang, S; Yusuf, S, 2012)	0.95
"Adherence, intentional or not, to a simple warfarin dosing algorithm predicts improved TTR and accounts for considerable TTR variation between centers and countries."	( Variation in warfarin dose adjustment practice is responsible for differences in the quality of anticoagulation control between centers and countries: an analysis of patients receiving warfarin in the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulation the Connolly, SJ; Eikelboom, JW; Ezekowitz, MD; Kabali, C; Nieuwlaat, R; Reilly, PA; Van Spall, HG; Wallentin, L; Yang, S; Yusuf, S, 2012)	1.01
" These results, in conjunction with its convenient once-daily dosing regimen, make rivaroxaban an attractive alternative to warfarin for stroke prevention in AF."	( Rivaroxaban for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a critical review of the ROCKET AF trial. Eikelboom, JW; Manolakos, JJ; Paikin, JS, 2012)	0.59
"This review provides recommendations for clinicians regarding dosing during invasive surgical procedures, transitioning off alternative anticoagulants, and a discussion of storage and handling of the drug."	( Dabigatran in clinical practice. Ellis, CR; Nagarakanti, R, 2012)	0.38
" Patients randomized to the self-management group (58 patients) also received practical training to use the CoaguChek XS device and a self-management dosing algorithm."	( Impact of a pharmacist-led warfarin self-management program on quality of life and anticoagulation control: a randomized trial. Basmadjian, A; Brouillette, D; Couturier, J; de Denus, S; Nguyen, A; Rozon, A; Saudrais-Janecek, S; St-Onge, A; Tremblay, S; Verret, L, 2012)	0.68
" Benefits from pharmacogenetics-guided warfarin dosing have been reported to extend beyond the period of initial dosing, with supportive data indicating benefits to at least 3 months."	( Effect of genetic variants, especially CYP2C9 and VKORC1, on the pharmacology of warfarin. Anderson, JL; Belknap, SM; Fung, E; Moore, JH; O'Rourke, DJ; Patsopoulos, NA; Robb, JF; Shworak, NW, 2012)	0.87
"After a decade of clinical investigation, pharmacogenetic-guided initial dosing of warfarin is at a crossroads."	( Warfarin pharmacogenetics: does more accurate dosing benefit patients? Eby, C, 2012)	2.05
" However, Satellite A, where all patients were dosed by anticoagulant clinic, had the least frequent blood sampling and no patients exceeded the therapeutic INR."	( Warfarin management in haemodialysis--are we meeting British Haematology Society standards? Mitra, S; Parker, K; Vincent, M, 2012)	1.82
"Units that employed dosing by anticoagulant clinics demonstrated best outcome for INR target with the least frequency of sampling."	( Warfarin management in haemodialysis--are we meeting British Haematology Society standards? Mitra, S; Parker, K; Vincent, M, 2012)	1.82
"No drug-drug interactions were observed between empagliflozin and warfarin, indicating that empagliflozin and warfarin can be co-administered without dosage adjustments of either drug."	( Lack of drug-drug interaction between empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and warfarin in healthy volunteers. Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Rose, P; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.84
"Patients received dosing decision support tools during a 2-hour live PSM training class."	( Pilot study of a novel patient self-management program for warfarin therapy using venipuncture-acquired international normalized ratio monitoring. Clark, NP; Delate, T; Jenner, KM; Kurz, D; Simmons, BJ; Witt, DM, 2012)	0.62
"Patients were trained to engage in PSM using support tools and venipuncture-derived INR results received by an online messaging system to adjust warfarin dosage and frequency of INR testing."	( Pilot study of a novel patient self-management program for warfarin therapy using venipuncture-acquired international normalized ratio monitoring. Clark, NP; Delate, T; Jenner, KM; Kurz, D; Simmons, BJ; Witt, DM, 2012)	0.82
" Treatment delays should be avoided by making PCC stocks available within emergency departments, simple dosing structures independent of INR and administering PCC without waiting for INR and CT scan results in those with strong suspicion of intracranial haemorrhage and clear trauma."	( Real world usage of PCC to "rapidly" correct warfarin induced coagulopathy. Hampton, KK; Laidlaw, S; Maclean, RM; Makris, M; Robinson, K; Toth, P; van Veen, JJ, 2013)	0.65
"Two mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPK2, also known as MEK) inhibitors were assessed with (18)F-FDG PET in separate phase I clinical studies, clearly illustrating the potential of metabolic imaging for dose, dosing regimen, and compound selection in early-phase trials and utility for predicting nonresponding patients."	( Differences in the biologic activity of 2 novel MEK inhibitors revealed by 18F-FDG PET: analysis of imaging data from 2 phase I trials. Carlier, T; Chua, S; Gleeson, F; Hugonnet, F; Kraeber-Bodéré, F; Lumbroso, J; Naegelen, VM; Nagarajah, J; Shochat, E; Stokkel, M; Tessier, J; Trampal, C, 2012)	0.38
" Patients attending an anticoagulant clinic using computer-assisted dosage were safely monitored regardless of these sequence variants, but for the small subgroup of patients with the CYP2C9 genotype *2/*3 or *3/*3, treatment stability was reduced."	( The influence of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 gene sequence variants on the stability of maintenance phase warfarin treatment. Bladbjerg, EM; Jespersen, J; Leppin, A; Skov, J, 2013)	0.61
"Recent studies have shown that, after heart valve surgery, patients may require a more precise warfarin dosage than their non-surgical counterparts."	( The combined effects of clinical factors and CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene polymorphisms on initiating warfarin treatment in patients after cardiac valve surgery. Benetis, R; Grybauskas, P; Jakuska, P; Lesauskaite, V; Tatarūnas, V; Veikutiene, A, 2012)	0.82
" The warfarin dosing requirement began to decline only after the man finished the prescribed 12-week course of telaprevir."	( Apparent interaction between telaprevir and warfarin in a patient with chronic hepatitis C viral infection. Cha, A; Gatti, DC, 2012)	1.15
" Single gene polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) have been shown to impact warfarin dosing in adults."	( Genetic and clinical determinants influencing warfarin dosing in children with heart disease. Anley, P; Jennings, LJ; Nguyen, N; Thompson, AA; Yu, MY; Zhang, G, 2013)	0.85
" We aimed to derive a warfarin dosing algorithm from data of Chinese patients undergoing HVR, and to compare it with previously published dosing algorithms as applied to our HVR patients."	( Development and comparison of a new personalized warfarin stable dose prediction algorithm in Chinese patients undergoing heart valve replacement. Jia, FF; Li, Z; Liu, LM; Peng, J; Song, GB; Tan, SL; Zhang, T; Zhang, W; Zhou, G; Zhou, HH; Zhou, XM, 2012)	0.95
" Data of 321 patients were used to derive a warfarin dosing algorithm using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis."	( Development and comparison of a new personalized warfarin stable dose prediction algorithm in Chinese patients undergoing heart valve replacement. Jia, FF; Li, Z; Liu, LM; Peng, J; Song, GB; Tan, SL; Zhang, T; Zhang, W; Zhou, G; Zhou, HH; Zhou, XM, 2012)	0.89
"Our warfarin dosing algorithm is potentially useful for patients whose population profiles are similar to those of our patients."	( Development and comparison of a new personalized warfarin stable dose prediction algorithm in Chinese patients undergoing heart valve replacement. Jia, FF; Li, Z; Liu, LM; Peng, J; Song, GB; Tan, SL; Zhang, T; Zhang, W; Zhou, G; Zhou, HH; Zhou, XM, 2012)	1.19
" A dosing algorithm could minimize variations and increase treatment quality."	( Computer aided warfarin dosing in the Swedish national quality registry AuriculA - Algorithmic suggestions are performing better than manually changed doses. Grzymala-Lubanski, B; Renlund, H; Själander, A; Själander, S; Svensson, PJ, 2013)	0.74
"The algorithm-based dosing suggestions show better outcome in most cases."	( Computer aided warfarin dosing in the Swedish national quality registry AuriculA - Algorithmic suggestions are performing better than manually changed doses. Grzymala-Lubanski, B; Renlund, H; Själander, A; Själander, S; Svensson, PJ, 2013)	0.74
" Whereas these new agents present potential advantages, such as fixed dosing and dramatically reduced intracranial hemorrhaging, they are also subject to caveats that ought to be considered in the context of an "ideal" anticoagulant."	( Is there a role for warfarin anymore? Jacobson, A, 2012)	0.7
" Four studies used genotype guided dosing in one arm of each trial."	( Optimal loading dose of warfarin for the initiation of oral anticoagulation. Bankhead, C; Harrison, SE; Heneghan, CJ; Hobbs, FD; Keeling, D; Mahtani, KR; Nunan, D; Perera, R; Roberts, NW; Ward, AM, 2012)	0.69
" Further studies are necessary to determine the safe anticoagulant dosage and duration for rapid thrombus removal."	( Efficacy of early anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism in polytrauma patients in the acute phase. Akieda, K; Iizuka, S; Inokuchi, S; Morita, S; Nakagawa, Y; Ootsuka, H; Tsuji, T; Yamagiwa, T, 2012)	0.38
" This study demonstrates a computational framework to systematically evaluate preclinical trial design of target population, pharmacogenetic algorithms, and dosing protocols to optimize primary outcomes."	( A systems approach to designing effective clinical trials using simulations. Chi, CL; Contant, CF; Fusaro, VA; Patil, P; Tonellato, PJ, 2013)	0.39
" The framework includes options to create a patient population, multiple dosing strategies including genetic-based and nongenetic clinical-based, multiple-dose adjustment protocols, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics modeling and international normalization ratio prediction, and various types of outcome measures."	( A systems approach to designing effective clinical trials using simulations. Chi, CL; Contant, CF; Fusaro, VA; Patil, P; Tonellato, PJ, 2013)	0.39
"Inpatients with new-onset anticoagulation were randomised to one of two computer assisted dosing algorithms, or to a control arm."	( Randomised trial of a clinical dosing algorithm to start anticoagulation with phenprocoumon. Caduff Good, A; Geisen, C; Henz, S; Krähenbühl, S; Nobel, D, 2013)	0.39
"Both algorithms allow safe initial dosing of phenprocoumon but they are not superior to anticoagulation by trained physicians."	( Randomised trial of a clinical dosing algorithm to start anticoagulation with phenprocoumon. Caduff Good, A; Geisen, C; Henz, S; Krähenbühl, S; Nobel, D, 2013)	0.39
"8 µM) of MTZ was detected in the patient's plasma, which was close to the plasma concentration after oral dosage of MTZ."	( Investigation of the safety of topical metronidazole from a pharmacokinetic perspective. Hasegawa, S; Iida, J; Ike, H; Ito, K; Kagaya, H; Kudo, T; Sato, T; Shimada, K; Yamagishi, S; Yatsuno, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Using predictive models that can predict International Normalised Ratio (INR) values enables for a higher degree of individualised warfarin dosing regime."	( Monitoring of anticoagulant therapy applying a dynamic statistical model. Hejlesen, OK; Kristensen, SR; Larsen, TB; Lundbye-Christensen, S; Nielsen, PB, 2013)	0.59
" In comparison, the published dosing algorithms predicted 33-41 % of the children within ±20 % of actual dose."	( Warfarin dose prediction in children using pharmacometric bridging--comparison with published pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms. Ekman-Joelsson, BM; Friberg, LE; Hamberg, AK; Hanséus, K; Jonsson, EN; Jonzon, A; Lundell, B; Sunnegårdh, J; Wadelius, M, 2013)	1.83
" Current dosing strategies appear to be sub-optimal, with reports indicating that patients achieve international normalized ratios (INRs) within the therapeutic range only 40-65 % of the time."	( A Bayesian dose-individualization method for warfarin. Duffull, SB; Wright, DF, 2013)	0.65
"The aims of this study were to (1) prospectively assess the predictive performance of a Bayesian dosing method for warfarin implemented in TCIWorks; and (2) determine the expected time in the therapeutic range (TTR) of INRs predicted using TCIWorks."	( A Bayesian dose-individualization method for warfarin. Duffull, SB; Wright, DF, 2013)	0.86
"The TCIWorks warfarin dosing method produced accurate and precise INR(ss) predictions."	( A Bayesian dose-individualization method for warfarin. Duffull, SB; Wright, DF, 2013)	1.02
" This report seeks to map the problems of direct compression in the production of tablets containing warfarin, concrete examples showing the relationships between selected parameters and the content uniformity of dosage form."	( [Evaluation of content uniformity of tablets with a low content of the active ingredient with a narrow therapeutic index]. Franc, A; Muselík, J, 2012)	0.59
" Time of warfarin commencement, attainment of a therapeutic International Normalized Ratio (INR) and dosing of warfarin were of particular interest."	( Commencement of warfarin therapy in children following the Fontan procedure. Crone, E; George, S; Hume, E; Jones, S; Newall, F; Saliba, N, 2013)	1.15
"Laminar extrusion of wet masses was studied as a novel technology for the production of dosage forms for oral drug delivery."	( Production of dosage forms for oral drug delivery by laminar extrusion of wet masses. Müllers, KC; Pinto, JF; Wahl, MA, 2013)	0.39
" This study compared the warfarin maintenance dose (WMD) between patients receiving and not receiving ART and evaluated predictors of warfarin dosage among those on ART."	( Clinical implications of antiretroviral drug interactions with warfarin: a case-control study. Darin, KM; Esterly, JS; Gerzenshtein, L; Othman, F; Postelnick, MJ; Scarsi, KK, 2013)	0.93
"Warfarin dose-response curves fit to the secreted FIX activity data for coexpressed hVKORC1 wild-type, Val29Leu, Val45Ala and Leu128Arg variants."	( A new cell culture-based assay quantifies vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 function and reveals warfarin resistance phenotypes not shown by the dithiothreitol-driven VKOR assay. Bevans, CG; Czogalla, KJ; Fregin, A; Gansler, J; Müller, CR; Oldenburg, J; Rost, S; Taverna, M; Watzka, M, 2013)	2.04
"The primary objective was to assess warfarin dosage adjustments and their effect on the INR after treatment with azithromycin."	( Effect of azithromycin on anticoagulation-related outcomes in geriatric patients receiving warfarin. Krajewski, MP; Mattappallil, A; Mergenhagen, KA; Olbrych, PM; Ott, MC, 2013)	0.89
"The addition of azithromycin to a stable warfarin regimen resulted in a significant change in the INR and warfarin dosage alteration without an increase in bleeding."	( Effect of azithromycin on anticoagulation-related outcomes in geriatric patients receiving warfarin. Krajewski, MP; Mattappallil, A; Mergenhagen, KA; Olbrych, PM; Ott, MC, 2013)	0.88
" Thromboprophylaxis during pregnancy, using LMWH in a dosage adjusted to individual risk assessment, is essential."	( Pregnancy after catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis. Broholm, R; Bækgaard, N; Jørgensen, M, 2013)	0.39
"To provide a practical formula for fresh frozen plasma (FFP) dosing for warfarin reversal."	( Fresh frozen plasma dosing for warfarin reversal: a practical formula. Rashidi, A; Tahhan, HR, 2013)	0.91
"This formula provides a practical and accurate method for FFP dosing for warfarin reversal."	( Fresh frozen plasma dosing for warfarin reversal: a practical formula. Rashidi, A; Tahhan, HR, 2013)	0.91
" Based on the FDA approved revised dosing guidelines, significantly higher percentage of NI were likely to require intermediate dose (3-4 mg/day; p=0."	( Variability in CYP2C9 allele frequency: a pilot study of its predicted impact on warfarin response among healthy South and North Indians. Deb, R; Nahar, R; Puri, RD; Saxena, R; Verma, IC, 2013)	0.62
" If the dosage is adequate, the effect on the bleeding time is minimal and thus monitoring is not necessary unlike in case of direct anticoagulants."	( [Chest wall haemorrhage as a complication of anticoagulation treatment - a case study]. Bébarová, L; Klos, D; Neoral, C; Rezáč, T; Simek, M, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacogenetics aims to personalize medication choice and dosage to ensure that maximum clinical benefit is achieved whilst side effects are minimized."	( Expanding role of pharmacogenomics in the management of cardiovascular disorders. Pirmohamed, M; Yip, VL, 2013)	0.39
" A computer program (MedePOC) was developed to store and transmit INR results from the ACFs to general practitioners (GPs) for dosage adjustment."	( Improving the management of warfarin in aged-care facilities utilising innovative technology: a proof-of-concept study. Bereznicki, BJ; Bereznicki, LR; Fitzmaurice, K; Gee, P; Jackson, SL; Kromdijk, W; Peterson, GM, 2014)	0.7
" A post hoc analysis of the INR data using modified therapeutic INR ranges to reflect the dosage adjustment practices of GPs suggested that the intervention did lead to improved INR control."	( Improving the management of warfarin in aged-care facilities utilising innovative technology: a proof-of-concept study. Bereznicki, BJ; Bereznicki, LR; Fitzmaurice, K; Gee, P; Jackson, SL; Kromdijk, W; Peterson, GM, 2014)	0.7
" Female gender, daily dosage >5 mg, concomitant use of gastroprotective agents, and CHADS2 scores ≥1 were associated with a decreased likelihood of discontinuation (P < ."	( Factors associated with warfarin discontinuation, including bleeding patterns, in atrial fibrillation patients. Choi, JC; Kim, S; Nelson, WW; Schein, J; Suh, DC, 2013)	0.7
" For more than a week, his International Normalized Ratio (INR) values remained below target as the dosage of warfarin was gradually increased to 20 mg daily."	( Possible warfarin resistance due to interaction with ascorbic acid: case report and literature review. Kolluri, R; Sattar, A; Willman, JE, 2013)	1.02
" Guidelines recommend the use of PCC in the setting of life-threatening bleeds, but little is known on the most effective dosing strategies and how the presenting international normalized ratio affects response to therapy."	( The clinical use of prothrombin complex concentrate. DeLosSantos, M; Ferreira, J, 2013)	0.39
" The clinician must be cognizant of how to progress when treating a bleeding patient, propose a supported dosing scheme, and address the need for appropriate factor VII supplementation."	( The clinical use of prothrombin complex concentrate. DeLosSantos, M; Ferreira, J, 2013)	0.39
" The variation in therapeutic dosage of warfarin and the associated adverse events across different populations is due to the wide differences in the frequency of these warfarin sensitive alleles."	( Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene polymorphisms on warfarin dosage, over anticoagulation and other adverse outcomes in Indian population. Gaikwad, T; Ghosh, K; Kulkarni, B; Kulkarni, V; Ross, C; Shetty, S, 2013)	0.91
" However, various studies based on this assay have reported warfarin dose-response data, usually summarized as half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), that vary over orders of magnitude and reflect the broad range of conditions used to obtain VKOR assay data."	( Determination of the warfarin inhibition constant Ki for vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase complex subunit-1 (VKORC1) using an in vitro DTT-driven assay. Bevans, CG; Koßmann, K; Krettler, C; Oldenburg, J; Reinhart, C; Tran, H; Watzka, M, 2013)	0.95
" Our results showed that osthole treatment improved the mice survival rates in the middle and high dosage groups, compared with the untreated LPS group."	( Osthole improves acute lung injury in mice by up-regulating Nrf-2/thioredoxin 1. Bao, ND; Chen, XJ; Dong, HY; Hou, SJ; Jin, FG; Li, ZC; Liu, ML; Shi, Y; Sun, RH; Wang, YX; Xu, DQ; Zhang, B, 2013)	0.39
"To identify specific risk factors for excessive anticoagulation, defined as an international normalized ratio (INR) higher than 5, in hospitalized adults receiving warfarin therapy using a pharmacist-managed dosing protocol."	( Risk factors for excessive anticoagulation among hospitalized adults receiving warfarin therapy using a pharmacist-managed dosing protocol. Berg, TM; Bergstrahl, EJ; Daniels, PR; Dierkhising, RA; Manning, DM; Moriarty, JP; O'Meara, JG; Ou, NN, 2013)	0.81
"Even in a highly standardized system for warfarin dosing by a pharmacist-managed protocol, higher disease severity and poor nutritional status placed hospitalized patients at greater risk of experiencing excessive anticoagulation."	( Risk factors for excessive anticoagulation among hospitalized adults receiving warfarin therapy using a pharmacist-managed dosing protocol. Berg, TM; Bergstrahl, EJ; Daniels, PR; Dierkhising, RA; Manning, DM; Moriarty, JP; O'Meara, JG; Ou, NN, 2013)	0.88
" The pharmacogenetics and single nucleotide polymorphisms of hVKOR used in personalized medicine strategies for warfarin dosing should be carefully considered to inform the debate."	( Structural and functional insights into human vitamin K epoxide reductase and vitamin K epoxide reductase-like1. Van Horn, WD, )	0.34
" Three months of sequential increases in the warfarin dosage were necessary to reach a therapeutic INR, and frequent visits to the anticoagulation clinic were needed to educate the patient about her pharmacotherapy and to perform the warfarin dosage adjustments."	( Rifampicin-warfarin interaction leading to macroscopic hematuria: a case report and review of the literature. Martins, MA; Nobre, V; Reis, AM; Ribeiro, AL; Ribeiro, DD; Rocha, MO; Sales, MF, 2013)	1.04
"The present case exemplifies the influence of rifampicin therapy on warfarin dosage requirements and the increased risk of bleeding after rifampicin discontinuation."	( Rifampicin-warfarin interaction leading to macroscopic hematuria: a case report and review of the literature. Martins, MA; Nobre, V; Reis, AM; Ribeiro, AL; Ribeiro, DD; Rocha, MO; Sales, MF, 2013)	1.02
" The current study sought to validate modulation of therapeutic dosing requirements by a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) occurring in the calumenin gene (CALU) reported in previous studies."	( Does CALU SNP rs1043550 contribute variability to therapeutic warfarin dosing requirements? Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Glurich, I, 2013)	0.63
"Small differences in warfarin dosing requirements detected among individuals encoding the mutant G allele in the calumenin SNP were not statistically or clinically significant relative to therapeutic warfarin dose requirement and did not independently contribute significantly to the warfarin dosing model."	( Does CALU SNP rs1043550 contribute variability to therapeutic warfarin dosing requirements? Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Glurich, I, 2013)	0.95
" This review aims to provide an overview of the field of warfarin which includes information about the drug, genetics of warfarin dose requirements, dosing algorithms developed and the challenges for the clinical implementation of warfarin pharmacogenetics."	( Pharmacogenetics of warfarin: challenges and opportunities. Klein, TE; Lee, MT, 2013)	0.96
"The dosage of warfarin is restricted due to its narrow therapeutic index, so, the required dose must be adapted individually to each patient."	( The effect of CYP2C9, VKORC1 and CYP4F2 polymorphism and of clinical factors on warfarin dosage during initiation and long-term treatment after heart valve surgery. Bartuseviciute, R; Benetis, R; Grybauskas, P; Jakuska, P; Jankauskiene, L; Lesauskaite, V; Tatarunas, V; Veikutiene, A, 2014)	0.99
" Finally, we discuss the need for future pediatric studies and the clinical implications of developing pharmacogenetic-based dosing algorithms in children."	( Warfarin pharmacogenomics in children. Ho, RH; Stein, CM; Vear, SI, 2013)	1.83
"Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) gene have been successfully used for warfarin dosage prediction."	( Evaluation of warfarin resistance using transcription activator-like effector nucleases-mediated vitamin K epoxide reductase knockout HEK293 cells. Jin, DY; Stafford, DW; Tie, JK; Tie, K, 2013)	0.96
"To investigate the cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic-guided phenprocoumon dosing versus standard anticoagulation care in Dutch patients with atrial fibrillation."	( Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic-guided dosing of phenprocoumon in atrial fibrillation. Beltman, PA; de Boer, A; Maitland-van der Zee, AH; Redekop, WK; Thariani, R; van Schie, RM; Veenstra, DL; Verhoef, TI, 2013)	0.39
"Compared with standard care, the pharmacogenetic-guided dosing strategy increased quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) only very slightly and increased costs by €15."	( Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic-guided dosing of phenprocoumon in atrial fibrillation. Beltman, PA; de Boer, A; Maitland-van der Zee, AH; Redekop, WK; Thariani, R; van Schie, RM; Veenstra, DL; Verhoef, TI, 2013)	0.39
"Pharmacogenetic-guided dosing of phenprocoumon has the potential to increase health slightly and may be able to achieve this in a cost-effective way."	( Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic-guided dosing of phenprocoumon in atrial fibrillation. Beltman, PA; de Boer, A; Maitland-van der Zee, AH; Redekop, WK; Thariani, R; van Schie, RM; Veenstra, DL; Verhoef, TI, 2013)	0.39
"Design of a new dosage form manufactured by laminar extrusion for oral administration of drugs."	( Multilayer laminar co-extrudate as a novel controlled release dosage form. Müllers, KC; Pinto, JF; Wahl, MA, 2013)	0.39
" Regression analysis showed that the inclusion of rs12777823 significantly improves warfarin dose variability explained by the IWPC dosing algorithm (21% relative improvement)."	( Genetic variants associated with warfarin dose in African-American individuals: a genome-wide association study. Altman, RB; Bourgeois, S; Bradford, Y; Burkley, BM; Burmester, JK; Cavallari, LH; Cox, NJ; Crawford, DC; Daneshjou, R; Deloukas, P; Desnick, RJ; Gamazon, ER; Halperin, JL; Johnson, JA; Khalifa, SI; Klein, TE; Konkashbaev, A; Kubo, M; Langaee, TY; Limdi, NA; Liu, N; Lubitz, SA; Mushiroda, T; Nakamura, Y; Nutescu, EA; Oetjens, M; Patel, SR; Perera, MA; Pluzhnikov, A; Rieder, MJ; Roden, DM; Sagreiya, H; Scott, SA; Shahin, MH; Takahashi, H; Tatonetti, N; Tector, M; Wadelius, M; Wagner, MJ; Wang, J; Weck, KE; Wu, AH, 2013)	0.9
" Incorporation of this variant into pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms could improve warfarin dose prediction in this population."	( Genetic variants associated with warfarin dose in African-American individuals: a genome-wide association study. Altman, RB; Bourgeois, S; Bradford, Y; Burkley, BM; Burmester, JK; Cavallari, LH; Cox, NJ; Crawford, DC; Daneshjou, R; Deloukas, P; Desnick, RJ; Gamazon, ER; Halperin, JL; Johnson, JA; Khalifa, SI; Klein, TE; Konkashbaev, A; Kubo, M; Langaee, TY; Limdi, NA; Liu, N; Lubitz, SA; Mushiroda, T; Nakamura, Y; Nutescu, EA; Oetjens, M; Patel, SR; Perera, MA; Pluzhnikov, A; Rieder, MJ; Roden, DM; Sagreiya, H; Scott, SA; Shahin, MH; Takahashi, H; Tatonetti, N; Tector, M; Wadelius, M; Wagner, MJ; Wang, J; Weck, KE; Wu, AH, 2013)	0.9
" If transition from rivaroxaban to vitamin K antagonist is needed, timely monitoring and careful dosing should be used to ensure consistent and adequate anticoagulation."	( End of study transition from study drug to open-label vitamin K antagonist therapy: the ROCKET AF experience. Becker, RC; Berkowitz, SD; Breithardt, G; Califf, RM; Fox, KA; Hacke, W; Halperin, JL; Hankey, GJ; Hannan, KL; Hellkamp, AS; Mahaffey, KW; Nessel, CC; Patel, MR; Piccini, JP; Schwabe, K; Singer, DE, 2013)	0.39
" The slopes of the dose-response curves of edoxaban were significantly shallower than the slopes of UFH, dalteparin, and warfarin."	( Comparison of antithrombotic and hemorrhagic effects of edoxaban, a novel factor Xa inhibitor, with unfractionated heparin, dalteparin, lepirudin and warfarin in rats. Honda, Y; Kamisato, C; Morishima, Y; Shibano, T, 2013)	0.8
" The variability of Warfarin dosage is largely genetically determined, and it can be partly explained by the C1173T and G-1639A polymorphisms of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) which is its target and *2 and *3 allele of Cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2C9 [CYP2C9] enzyme which metabolizes to its inactive form."	( Prevalence of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 gene polymorphisms in Indian population and its effect on warfarin response. Divekar, SS; Doctor, T; Doshi, SM; Mehta, R; Parikh, S; Pawar, PP; Saranath, D; Shah, VK; Shalia, KK; Varma, SP, 2012)	0.92
" Perhaps more practical approach would be for clinicians to take genotype information into consideration along with other factors when dosing warfarin."	( Prevalence of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 gene polymorphisms in Indian population and its effect on warfarin response. Divekar, SS; Doctor, T; Doshi, SM; Mehta, R; Parikh, S; Pawar, PP; Saranath, D; Shah, VK; Shalia, KK; Varma, SP, 2012)	0.8
" In this review, we outline key pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of each compound and provide guidance on selection and dosing of the 3 NOACs relative to warfarin when considering OAC therapy for AF patients."	( Importance of pharmacokinetic profile and variability as determinants of dose and response to dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. Gong, IY; Kim, RB, 2013)	0.59
"In this chapter, we use calculation of estimated warfarin maintenance dosage as an example to illustrate how to develop a multiple linear regression model to quantify the relationship between several independent variables (e."	( Development of predictive models for estimating warfarin maintenance dose based on genetic and clinical factors. Linder, MW; Yang, L, 2013)	0.9
"For the animal study, rats were orally dosed with warfarin (0."	( Effects of torsemide on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin in humans and rats. Chang, BC; Gwak, HS; Kim, HO; Lee, KE; Lee, NR; Oh, BR; Park, HY, 2013)	0.88
" Several warfarin dosing algorithms have been proposed to tailor the warfarin dosage in the European, Asian and African-American populations."	( Validation of a proposed warfarin dosing algorithm based on the genetic make-up of Egyptian patients. Abou-Youssef, HS; Ekladious, SM; El-Atty Sharaf, SA; Issac, MS, 2013)	1.11
" The new warfarin dosing algorithm was examined in a second cohort of patients (n=34) to check its validity."	( Validation of a proposed warfarin dosing algorithm based on the genetic make-up of Egyptian patients. Abou-Youssef, HS; Ekladious, SM; El-Atty Sharaf, SA; Issac, MS, 2013)	1.11
" In the validation cohort, after application of the dosing algorithm, correlation between predicted and actual dose was statistically significant (p=0."	( Validation of a proposed warfarin dosing algorithm based on the genetic make-up of Egyptian patients. Abou-Youssef, HS; Ekladious, SM; El-Atty Sharaf, SA; Issac, MS, 2013)	0.69
" Considerable controversy is ongoing regarding optimal initial warfarin dosing for patients with acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)."	( Warfarin initiation nomograms for venous thromboembolism. Garcia, P; Loza Munarriz, C; Ruiz, W, 2013)	2.07
" Patients and physicians utilized a secure website to communicate INR values, dosage recommendations, and clinical incidents."	( Supervised patient self-testing of warfarin therapy using an online system. Bereznicki, LR; Jackson, SL; Peterson, GM, 2013)	0.67
"25 mg) followed by continuous once-daily dosing at the same dosage in 28-day cycles."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study of RO5126766, a first-in-class dual Raf/MEK inhibitor, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. Asahina, H; Honda, K; Nokihara, H; Ogita, Y; Suzuki, S; Tamura, T; Tamura, Y; Yamada, Y; Yamamoto, N; Yamazaki, N, 2013)	0.39
"To determine the procedural feasibility of a pharmacist-led interdisciplinary service for providing genotype-guided warfarin dosing for hospitalized patients newly starting warfarin."	( Feasibility of implementing a comprehensive warfarin pharmacogenetics service. Bress, AP; Cavallari, LH; Desai, AA; Dodge, C; Drozda, K; Duarte, JD; Galanter, WL; Garcia, JG; Garofalo, J; Gordeuk, V; Kadkol, SS; Krishnan, JA; Nutescu, EA; Peace, D; Saraf, S; Stamos, TD; Stevenson, J, 2013)	0.86
"Providing routine genotype-guided warfarin dosing supported by a pharmacogenetics consult service is feasible from a procedural standpoint, with most genotypes available prior to the second warfarin dose and good adherence to genotype-guided dose recommendations by the medical staff."	( Feasibility of implementing a comprehensive warfarin pharmacogenetics service. Bress, AP; Cavallari, LH; Desai, AA; Dodge, C; Drozda, K; Duarte, JD; Galanter, WL; Garcia, JG; Garofalo, J; Gordeuk, V; Kadkol, SS; Krishnan, JA; Nutescu, EA; Peace, D; Saraf, S; Stamos, TD; Stevenson, J, 2013)	0.93
" Patients on warfarin were analyzed for the mean dosage of warfarin and underlying pathology that required anticoagulation."	( Does chronic warfarin cause increased blood loss and transfusion during lumbar spinal surgery? Ahmadinia, K; Ahn, NU; Bajwa, N; Young, EY, 2013)	1.13
"A total of 54 patients infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 received an oral drug cocktail (2 mg midazolam, 10 mg warfarin and 10 mg vitamin K) before and after 14 days of dosing with either danoprevir/r or placebo plus low-dose ritonavir (placebo/r)."	( A randomised study of the effect of danoprevir/ritonavir or ritonavir on substrates of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and 2C9 in chronic hepatitis C patients using a drug cocktail. Brennan, BJ; Chang, L; Giraudon, M; Kulkarni, R; Morcos, PN; Shulman, N; Smith, PF; Tran, JQ, 2013)	0.6
" A simple warfarin maintenance dosing tool could assist primary care physicians with improving TTR."	( Cluster randomized controlled trial of a simple warfarin maintenance dosing algorithm versus usual care among primary care practices. Connolly, BJ; Connolly, SJ; Cuddy, SM; Eikelboom, JW; Hubers, LM; Nieuwlaat, R; Schulman, S; Schulze, KM; Stehouwer, AC; van Spall, HG, 2014)	1.06
" Because there is a large inter-individual and intra-individual variability in dose-response and a small therapeutic window, treatment with coumarin derivatives is challenging."	( Pharmacogenetic-guided dosing of coumarin anticoagulants: algorithms for warfarin, acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon. Daly, AK; de Boer, A; Maitland-van der Zee, AH; Redekop, WK; van Schie, RM; Verhoef, TI, 2014)	0.63
"Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic range and large interindividual differences in dosing requirements."	( Association of genetic polymorphisms with warfarin dose requirements in Chinese patients. Chen, Z; Dong, X; Guo, G; Li, H; Liang, Y; Wang, T; Wu, C; Xu, B, 2013)	2.1
"To investigate the influence of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) polymorphisms (A503V and rs2868177) on warfarin stable dosage (WSD) in Han-Chinese patients with mechanical heart valve replacement (MHVR)."	( Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase genetic polymorphisms A503V and rs2868177 do not significantly affect warfarin stable dosage in Han-Chinese patients with mechanical heart valve replacement. Chen, Y; Fan, L; Li, Z; Liu, LM; Liu, ZQ; Meng, XG; Peng, J; Song, GB; Tan, SL; Wang, LS; Zhang, W; Zhou, HH; Zhou, XM, 2013)	0.82
"017), dosing errors (p=0."	( Effect of 200μG/day of vitamin K1 on the variability of anticoagulation control in patients on warfarin: a randomized controlled trial. Carrier, M; Forgie, M; Gonsalves, C; Majeed, H; Rodger, M; Rodriguez, RA; Scarvelis, D; Taljaard, M; Wells, PS, 2013)	0.61
" The case series will provide details on commonly encountered scenarios and the dosage adjustments required to maintain a therapeutic INR."	( Describing the profile of patients on concurrent rifampin and warfarin therapy in western Kenya: a case series. Karwa, R; Kirui, N; Kirwa, C; Maina, MW; Manji, I; Pastakia, SD, 2013)	0.63
"Patients on concurrent therapy should be rigorously monitored with regular INR checks and warfarin dosage adjustments."	( Describing the profile of patients on concurrent rifampin and warfarin therapy in western Kenya: a case series. Karwa, R; Kirui, N; Kirwa, C; Maina, MW; Manji, I; Pastakia, SD, 2013)	0.85
" However, warfarin therapy is associated with a high risk of bleeding and thromboembolic events because of a large interindividual dose-response variability."	( Warfarin anticoagulant therapy: a Southern Italy pharmacogenetics-based dosing model. Conti, V; Filippelli, A; Liguori, R; Mazzaccara, C; Meccariello, A; Meccariello, P; Perricone, C; Sacchetti, L; Severini, A; Simeon, V; Toriello, M; Vitale, DF, 2013)	2.23
" Data obtained with our algorithm significantly correlated with those predicted by the two online algorithms: Warfarin dosing and Pharmgkb (p<0."	( Warfarin anticoagulant therapy: a Southern Italy pharmacogenetics-based dosing model. Conti, V; Filippelli, A; Liguori, R; Mazzaccara, C; Meccariello, A; Meccariello, P; Perricone, C; Sacchetti, L; Severini, A; Simeon, V; Toriello, M; Vitale, DF, 2013)	2.04
" Although many recent case reports have shown exceptional results and healing with the use of sodium thiosulphate, we did not experience any change in the poor prognosis of our patients with the use of this drug, at a dosage of 5 g thrice weekly endovenously."	( Calciphylaxis in dialysis patients, a severe disease poorly responding to therapies: report of 4 cases. Aldi, M; Cantelli, S; Gaddoni, G; Misciali, C; Odorici, G; Patrizi, A; Savoia, F; Tampieri, E; Tampieri, G, 2013)	0.39
"Current dosing practices for warfarin are empiric and result in the need for frequent dose changes as the international normalized ratio gets too high or too low."	( Rationale and design of the Clarification of Optimal Anticoagulation through Genetics trial. Anderson, JL; Brensinger, CM; Caldwell, MD; Califf, RM; Cifelli, D; Eby, CS; Ellenberg, JH; French, B; Gage, BF; Geller, NL; Goldberg, S; Goldhaber, SZ; Hart, RG; Johnson, JA; Joo, J; Kasner, SE; Kimmel, SE; Madigan, R; Rosenberg, YD, 2013)	0.68
" The study hypothesis is that, among 1,022 enrolled patients, genotype-guided dosing relative to clinical-guided dosing during the initial dosing period will increase the percentage of time that patients spend in the therapeutic international normalized ratio range in the first 4 weeks of therapy."	( Rationale and design of the Clarification of Optimal Anticoagulation through Genetics trial. Anderson, JL; Brensinger, CM; Caldwell, MD; Califf, RM; Cifelli, D; Eby, CS; Ellenberg, JH; French, B; Gage, BF; Geller, NL; Goldberg, S; Goldhaber, SZ; Hart, RG; Johnson, JA; Joo, J; Kasner, SE; Kimmel, SE; Madigan, R; Rosenberg, YD, 2013)	0.39
"Using a derivation cohort (N=349), we developed the first warfarin dosing algorithm that includes recently discovered polymorphisms in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 associated with warfarin dose requirement in African Americans (AAs)."	( Ethnicity-specific pharmacogenetics: the case of warfarin in African Americans. Aquino-Michaels, K; Barbour, A; Cavallari, LH; Douglas, JN; Gamazon, ER; Harralson, AF; Hernandez, W; Kittles, RA; McIntosh, SD; Nicolae, D; O'Brien, TJ; Patel, S; Perera, MA; Tuck, M, 2014)	0.9
"The aim of this study was to determine how genetic variants contribute to warfarin dosing variability when non-genetic factors are controlled."	( Warfarin pharmacogenetics: a controlled dose-response study in healthy subjects. Desnick, RJ; Doheny, DO; Halperin, JL; Kadian-Dodov, DL; Lubitz, SA; Martis, S; Peter, I; Rothlauf, EB; Scott, SA; van der Zee, SA, 2013)	2.06
"INR control and time required for anticoagulation management were assessed, and an analysis of warfarin dosing and INR stability by genetic polymorphism subgroup (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 [VKORC1] and cytochrome P450 2C9 isoenzyme) was performed; vitamin K product content was also analyzed."	( Evaluation of warfarin management with international normalized ratio self-testing and online remote monitoring and management plus low-dose vitamin k with genomic considerations: a pilot study. Bussey, HI; Bussey, M; Bussey-Smith, KL; Frei, CR, 2013)	0.97
" In this study, to provide a basis for warfarin dosage adjustment, the inhibition kinetics of noscapine against warfarin metabolism was characterized."	( Characterization of inhibition kinetics of (S)-warfarin hydroxylation by noscapine: implications in warfarin therapy. Jeong, H; Kunze, KL; Seguin, RP; Zhang, N; Zhang, YY, 2013)	0.92
" The authors recommend caution while dosing dabigatran in the Asian population, as the estimates of kidney functioning vary substantially depending on the formula used to estimate GFR, which may in turn lead in some cases of inadequate dosing of dabigatran."	( A comparison of methods for estimating glomerular filtration rate for a population in Hawai'i with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Azuma, S; Lum, CJ, 2013)	0.39
"Pharmacogenetics-guided warfarin dosing is an alternative to standard clinical algorithms and new oral anticoagulants for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation."	( Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetics-guided warfarin therapy vs. alternative anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Hughes, DA; Lane, S; Pink, J; Pirmohamed, M, 2014)	0.97
" Polymorphism of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 were related to the dosage of warfarin but not determinant of TTR."	( Patient factors against stable control of warfarin therapy for Japanese non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients. Ando, S; Aomori, T; Fukuizumi, Y; Funakoshi, K; Inou, T; Kadokami, T; Kawamura, N; Momii, H; Tomita, H; Uno, T; Usui, M; Yamada, S; Yamamoto, K; Yoshida, M, 2013)	0.89
"The Warfarin Self-Management Anticoagulation Research Trial (Warfarin SMART) was designed to determine whether patients self-managing warfarin (PSM) using the CoaguChek device and a dosing algorithm developed for the trial could keep the INR (International Normalised Ratio) test in target range at least as often as patients managed by usual care by the family doctor or hospital clinic."	( Is home warfarin self-management effective? Results of the randomised Self-Management of Anticoagulation Research Trial. Dignan, R; Gebski, VJ; Hughes, CF; Keech, AC; Mann, KP, 2013)	1.38
" The PSM group was trained to perform home INR testing and warfarin dosing using a validated ColourChart algorithm."	( Is home warfarin self-management effective? Results of the randomised Self-Management of Anticoagulation Research Trial. Dignan, R; Gebski, VJ; Hughes, CF; Keech, AC; Mann, KP, 2013)	1.07
"A total of 109 adults were randomized to receive initial dosing as determined by an algorithm containing genetic (VKORC1 and CYP2C9) plus clinical information or only clinical information."	( Impact of genotype-guided dosing on anticoagulation visits for adults starting warfarin: a randomized controlled trial. Bardsley, MM; Brode, S; Evans, JP; Jonas, DE; Lange, LA; McLeod, HL; Shilliday, BB; Swinton-Jenkins, NJ; Weck, KE; Young, ML, 2013)	0.62
"Genotype-guided dosing did not decrease the number of anticoagulation visits or improve TTR."	( Impact of genotype-guided dosing on anticoagulation visits for adults starting warfarin: a randomized controlled trial. Bardsley, MM; Brode, S; Evans, JP; Jonas, DE; Lange, LA; McLeod, HL; Shilliday, BB; Swinton-Jenkins, NJ; Weck, KE; Young, ML, 2013)	0.62
" For warfarin, no significant sex difference was seen regarding bleeding event reports, suggesting individualised dosing being an important factor."	( Sex differences in spontaneous reports on adverse bleeding events of antithrombotic treatment. Holm, L; Loikas, D; Malmström, RE; Mejyr, S; Rydberg, DM; Schenck-Gustafsson, K; von Euler, M; Wettermark, B, 2014)	0.92
"The content uniformity of low dose drugs in dosage forms is very important for quality assurance."	( New investigation of distribution imaging and content uniformity of very low dose drugs using hot-melt extrusion method. Choi, HG; Han, HK; Kang, CY; Kang, WS; Lee, BJ; Park, JB, 2013)	0.39
" Students, residents, and fellows provided genotype-guided dosing recommendations as part of clinical care, or analyzed samples and data collected from patients on the service for research purposes."	( A pharmacogenetics service experience for pharmacy students, residents, and fellows. Cavallari, LH; Drozda, K; Jiang, R; Labinov, Y; Nutescu, EA; Patel, S; Thomas, MR; Wong, SS, 2013)	0.39
"The clinical utility of genotype-guided (pharmacogenetically based) dosing of warfarin has been tested only in small clinical trials or observational studies, with equivocal results."	( A pharmacogenetic versus a clinical algorithm for warfarin dosing. Abdel-Rahman, SZ; Anderson, JL; Billett, HH; Caldwell, MD; Califf, RM; Delafontaine, P; Desnick, RJ; Eby, CS; Ellenberg, JH; Fang, MC; French, B; Gage, BF; Geller, NL; Goldhaber, SZ; Gujral, J; Halperin, JL; Horenstein, RB; Johnson, JA; Kasner, SE; Kimmel, SE; Limdi, NA; Madigan, RA; McBane, RB; Mohler, ER; Muldowney, JA; Ortel, TL; Pendleton, RC; Rosenberg, YD; Shah, V; Stevens, SM; Yale, S, 2013)	0.87
"We randomly assigned 1015 patients to receive doses of warfarin during the first 5 days of therapy that were determined according to a dosing algorithm that included both clinical variables and genotype data or to one that included clinical variables only."	( A pharmacogenetic versus a clinical algorithm for warfarin dosing. Abdel-Rahman, SZ; Anderson, JL; Billett, HH; Caldwell, MD; Califf, RM; Delafontaine, P; Desnick, RJ; Eby, CS; Ellenberg, JH; Fang, MC; French, B; Gage, BF; Geller, NL; Goldhaber, SZ; Gujral, J; Halperin, JL; Horenstein, RB; Johnson, JA; Kasner, SE; Kimmel, SE; Limdi, NA; Madigan, RA; McBane, RB; Mohler, ER; Muldowney, JA; Ortel, TL; Pendleton, RC; Rosenberg, YD; Shah, V; Stevens, SM; Yale, S, 2013)	0.89
" There was, however, a significant interaction between dosing strategy and race (P=0."	( A pharmacogenetic versus a clinical algorithm for warfarin dosing. Abdel-Rahman, SZ; Anderson, JL; Billett, HH; Caldwell, MD; Califf, RM; Delafontaine, P; Desnick, RJ; Eby, CS; Ellenberg, JH; Fang, MC; French, B; Gage, BF; Geller, NL; Goldhaber, SZ; Gujral, J; Halperin, JL; Horenstein, RB; Johnson, JA; Kasner, SE; Kimmel, SE; Limdi, NA; Madigan, RA; McBane, RB; Mohler, ER; Muldowney, JA; Ortel, TL; Pendleton, RC; Rosenberg, YD; Shah, V; Stevens, SM; Yale, S, 2013)	0.64
"Genotype-guided dosing of warfarin did not improve anticoagulation control during the first 4 weeks of therapy."	( A pharmacogenetic versus a clinical algorithm for warfarin dosing. Abdel-Rahman, SZ; Anderson, JL; Billett, HH; Caldwell, MD; Califf, RM; Delafontaine, P; Desnick, RJ; Eby, CS; Ellenberg, JH; Fang, MC; French, B; Gage, BF; Geller, NL; Goldhaber, SZ; Gujral, J; Halperin, JL; Horenstein, RB; Johnson, JA; Kasner, SE; Kimmel, SE; Limdi, NA; Madigan, RA; McBane, RB; Mohler, ER; Muldowney, JA; Ortel, TL; Pendleton, RC; Rosenberg, YD; Shah, V; Stevens, SM; Yale, S, 2013)	0.94
" We prospectively compared the effect of genotype-guided dosing with that of standard dosing on anticoagulation control in patients starting warfarin therapy."	( A randomized trial of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin. Avery, P; Burnside, G; Christersson, C; Daly, AK; Eriksson, N; Jorgensen, AL; Kamali, F; Kesteven, P; Kohnke, H; Leathart, JB; Maitland-van der Zee, AH; Nicholson, T; Pirmohamed, M; Stafberg, C; Toh, CH; Wadelius, M; Wahlström, B; Williamson, PR; Zhang, JE, 2013)	0.85
"Pharmacogenetic-based dosing was associated with a higher percentage of time in the therapeutic INR range than was standard dosing during the initiation of warfarin therapy."	( A randomized trial of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin. Avery, P; Burnside, G; Christersson, C; Daly, AK; Eriksson, N; Jorgensen, AL; Kamali, F; Kesteven, P; Kohnke, H; Leathart, JB; Maitland-van der Zee, AH; Nicholson, T; Pirmohamed, M; Stafberg, C; Toh, CH; Wadelius, M; Wahlström, B; Williamson, PR; Zhang, JE, 2013)	0.84
"Warfarin is among the ten drugs most commonly involved in adverse drug reactions, has a narrow therapeutic index and complex dosage regimen, exhibits enormous variability dose-response and high risk drug-drug interactions."	( Pharmacoepidemiologic study of warfarin prescription in a Brazilian tertiary hospital. Guidoni, CM; Obreli-Neto, PR; Pereira, LR, 2014)	2.13
" Advantages and disadvantages to using these newer agents are presented, as are dosing adjustments for renal and hepatic impairment."	( Outpatient management of oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Manning, JA, 2013)	0.39
" There is little consensus on the timing, dosage or route of vitamin K administration."	( An evidence-based warfarin management protocol reduces surgical delay in hip fracture patients. Ahmed, I; Khan, MA; Mohsen, A; Nayak, V, 2014)	0.74
" These drugs differ in a several important respects from warfarin; most notably they have a reliable dose-response effect which means they can be given without the need for monitoring."	( New oral anticoagulants: their role and future. Laffan, M; Shapiro, S, 2013)	0.64
" Reducing the dosage of edoxaban to 30 mg once daily is safe in case of renal impairment and low body weight."	( [Hokusai-VTE: edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism]. Sprynger, M, 2013)	0.68
" With this new knowledge more individualized dosing regimens can be developed and prospectively evaluated in the pursuit of improving both efficacy and safety of warfarin therapy in children."	( Characterizing variability in warfarin dose requirements in children using modelling and simulation. Biss, TT; Friberg, LE; Hamberg, AK; Jonsson, EN; Kamali, F; Wadelius, M, 2014)	0.89
"Moderately dosed PCC at 35 IU/kg compared with a lower dosage of 25 IU/kg was associated with a higher percentage of INR reversal and more rapid time to INR normalization in patients with TBI."	( Optimizing the dose of three-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in traumatic brain injury patients on warfarin therapy. Costello, JL; Huynh, TK; Rebuck, JA, 2014)	0.62
" The objective of the study was to validate a dosing regimen for use of dabigatran in patients with mechanical heart valves."	( Dabigatran use in mechanical heart valve patients. Pai, RG; Tafreshi, J; Zough, F, 2014)	0.4
" For patients maintained at the higher end of INR target ranges or at increased risk of bleeding, closer monitoring or dosage adjustment may be necessary during fasting."	( The effects of fasting in Muslim patients taking warfarin. Cheen, MH; Kong, MC; Lai, YF; Lee, LH; Lim, SH; Mya, D; Nah, SC; Ng, HJ; Yeo, FH, 2014)	0.66
"Warfarin sensitivity genotyping should be considered in patients who require multiple dosing adjustments to maintain a therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR)--patients with a history of bleeding/thrombosis when taking warfarin or patients who are being started on warfarin therapy for the first time."	( Hematology consult: high-sensitivity warfarin genotype. Dasanu, CA; Lamana, S; Schwer, C, )	1.85
"This is the first study to propose a conversion algorithm to help prescribers to estimate the maintenance dosage when it is necessary for a patient to switch from fluindione to warfarin or conversely."	( [Relationship between maintenance dosages of fluindione (Préviscan) and warfarin (Coumadin) for patients 70 years and older]. Badie, C; Bouhadiba, S; Golmard, JL; Gouin-Thibault, I; Gouronnec, A; Monti, A; Pautas, É; Peyron, I; Siguret, V, 2015)	0.84
"Warfarin dosing relies on accurate measurements of international normalized ratio (INR), which is calculated from the prothrombin time (PT), International Sensitivity Index international sensitivity index (ISI) of the thromboplastin, and the geometric mean of normal PT (MNPT)."	( Local verification and assignment of mean normal prothrombin time and International Sensitivity Index values across various instruments: recent experience and outcome from North America. Baumann, NA; Block, DR; Chen, D; Fylling, KA; Grill, D; Karon, BS; Koch, CD; Krekelberg, BJ; Pruthi, RK; Tange, JI; Wiese, CR; Ybabez, RJ, 2014)	1.85
" The aim of our current study was to characterize the effects of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 gene variations that contribute to variability in warfarin dosing in Indian patients."	( Effect of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic variations on warfarin dose requirements in Indian patients. Ashavaid, TF; Dhairyawan, PP; Gursahani, R; Jijina, F; Natarajan, S; Ponde, CK; Rajani, RM, 2013)	0.85
" This study aims to retrospectively validate a dynamic statistical model providing dosage suggestions to patients in warfarin treatment."	( Improvement of anticoagulant treatment using a dynamic decision support algorithm: a Danish Cohort study. Larsen, TB; Lundbye-Christensen, S; Nielsen, PB; Rasmussen, LH, 2014)	0.61
" The predictive model essentially consists of three parts handling INR history, warfarin dosage and biological noise, which allows for prediction of future INR values and optimal warfarin dose to stay on INR target."	( Improvement of anticoagulant treatment using a dynamic decision support algorithm: a Danish Cohort study. Larsen, TB; Lundbye-Christensen, S; Nielsen, PB; Rasmussen, LH, 2014)	0.63
"Time in therapeutic range was used as surrogate quality measure of the treatment, and model-suggested dosage of warfarin was used to assess the accuracy of the model performance."	( Improvement of anticoagulant treatment using a dynamic decision support algorithm: a Danish Cohort study. Larsen, TB; Lundbye-Christensen, S; Nielsen, PB; Rasmussen, LH, 2014)	0.61
"Applying the proposed dosing algorithm can potentially further increase the time in INR target range beyond 83%."	( Improvement of anticoagulant treatment using a dynamic decision support algorithm: a Danish Cohort study. Larsen, TB; Lundbye-Christensen, S; Nielsen, PB; Rasmussen, LH, 2014)	0.4
" In contrast to warfarin, most NOACs need dosage adjustments in renal impairment and are contraindicated in severe liver impairment, and there are no specific antidotes for treating NOAC-related over-anticoagulation."	( New oral anticoagulants in practice: pharmacological and practical considerations. Bajorek, B; Wang, Y, 2014)	0.75
"Current warfarin dosing guidelines for pediatric patients do not account for obesity."	( Response to warfarin therapy in obese pediatric patients dosed according to institutional guidelines. Bomgaars, LR; Moffett, BS, 2014)	1.22
" Demographic and disease state information, warfarin dosing information, INR values, and interacting medications were collected."	( Response to warfarin therapy in obese pediatric patients dosed according to institutional guidelines. Bomgaars, LR; Moffett, BS, 2014)	1.04
"Obese pediatric patients have an increased time to therapeutic INR value when traditional warfarin dosing guidelines are used."	( Response to warfarin therapy in obese pediatric patients dosed according to institutional guidelines. Bomgaars, LR; Moffett, BS, 2014)	1
"Inconsistencies in the definition and the collection of warfarin dosing data could lead to bias in observational, clinical, and pharmacogenetic studies."	( Validation of patient-reported warfarin dose in a prospective incident cohort study. Barhdadi, A; Dubé, MP; Dumas, S; Perreault, S; Rouleau-Mailloux, E; Talajic, M; Tardif, JC, 2014)	0.93
"In our population, we found that patient-reported warfarin dose and prescribed warfarin dose were comparable for the conduct of observational and clinical studies as well as for the validation and implementation of warfarin dosing algorithms."	( Validation of patient-reported warfarin dose in a prospective incident cohort study. Barhdadi, A; Dubé, MP; Dumas, S; Perreault, S; Rouleau-Mailloux, E; Talajic, M; Tardif, JC, 2014)	0.94
"001) between actual and predicted warfarin dose using a pediatric genotype-based dosing model."	( VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes are predictors of warfarin-related outcomes in children. Amstutz, U; Carleton, BC; Hayden, MR; Hildebrand, C; Hosking, M; Leeder, JS; Neville, K; Rassekh, SR; Ross, CJ; Shaw, K, 2014)	0.94
"This study confirms the importance of VKORC1/CYP2C9 genotypes for warfarin dosing in a young pediatric cohort and demonstrates an impact of genetic factors on clinical outcomes in children."	( VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes are predictors of warfarin-related outcomes in children. Amstutz, U; Carleton, BC; Hayden, MR; Hildebrand, C; Hosking, M; Leeder, JS; Neville, K; Rassekh, SR; Ross, CJ; Shaw, K, 2014)	0.9
"To evaluate the clinical application of a dosing algorithm by genotypes in prediction of warfarin maintenance dose in Chinese patients with pulmonary thromboembolism."	( [A randomized controlled study of the VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes in guiding warfarin therapy for pulmonary thromboembolism]. Chen, Y; Guo, W; Li, J; Liu, S; Wang, SH; Wang, ZZ; Yang, JH, 2013)	0.84
" The regulations regarding the content uniformity of dosage unit for scored tablets have changed considerably in the last 10 years, and they are still evolving."	( Raman spectroscopy as a complementary tool to assess the content uniformity of dosage units in break-scored warfarin tablets. Arruabarrena, J; Coello, J; Maspoch, S, 2014)	0.62
" In this article, we critically review published pharmacogenetic-based prediction models for warfarin dosing in children, and present results from a head-to-head comparison of predictive performance in a distinct cohort of warfarin-treated children."	( Pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing in children. Hamberg, AK; Wadelius, M, 2014)	0.93
" As both underdosing and overdosing can increase risks to patients, several studies have attempted to develop dosing protocols."	( Warfarin dosing and body mass index. Dawson, NL; Dumitrascu, A; Halawa, A; Mueller, JA; Patel, T, 2014)	1.85
" This could have dosing implications for both patients and prescribers, as patients with a high BMI will be expected to require higher doses of warfarin to maintain a therapeutic INR."	( Warfarin dosing and body mass index. Dawson, NL; Dumitrascu, A; Halawa, A; Mueller, JA; Patel, T, 2014)	2.05
"Our objective was to explore artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a possible tool for dosage individualization of warfarin."	( Dosage individualization of warfarin using artificial neural networks. Alzubiedi, S; Saleh, MI, 2014)	0.91
"Demographic, clinical, and genetic data were gathered from a previously collected cohort of patients with a stable warfarin dosage who were able to achieve an observed international normalized ratio of 2-3."	( Dosage individualization of warfarin using artificial neural networks. Alzubiedi, S; Saleh, MI, 2014)	0.91
"A feed-forward neural network with three layers was able to successfully predict the ideal warfarin dosage in 48 % of the patients."	( Dosage individualization of warfarin using artificial neural networks. Alzubiedi, S; Saleh, MI, 2014)	0.92
"An ANN was applied to develop a warfarin dosing algorithm."	( Dosage individualization of warfarin using artificial neural networks. Alzubiedi, S; Saleh, MI, 2014)	0.98
"Pharmacists must consider all factors when dosing medication for a patient."	( Clinical utility of pharmacogenetic testing in compounding pharmacy. Fichter, B; Fitzsimmons, D; Heintzelman, T; Hurst, S; Mailloux, C, )	0.13
" The associations of genotype data with clinical material, including gender, age, weight and warfarin dosage were analyzed."	( [Influence of warfarin related genes and non- genetic factors on administrative dose in Shanghai area]. Wang, Z; Wu, D; Zhuang, W, 2014)	0.98
" The warfarin maintain dosage was negatively correlated with the average age (r=-0."	( [Influence of warfarin related genes and non- genetic factors on administrative dose in Shanghai area]. Wang, Z; Wu, D; Zhuang, W, 2014)	1.28
"It is of great significance to detect the VKORC1 variants for warfarin dosage adjustment in Shanghai population."	( [Influence of warfarin related genes and non- genetic factors on administrative dose in Shanghai area]. Wang, Z; Wu, D; Zhuang, W, 2014)	1
" These candidates were subjected to a dose-response bioactivity assay, measuring an increase in α-tubulin K40 acetylation in two neuronal cell lines, which yielded five compounds bioactive in both cell lines and eight compounds bioactive in at least one of the cell lines tested."	( Development and characterization of 3-(benzylsulfonamido)benzamides as potent and selective SIRT2 inhibitors. Choi, SH; Kazantsev, AG; Khanfar, MA; Quinti, L; Silverman, RB; Wang, H, 2014)	0.4
" Dabigatran was given through sequential dosing, where patients<80 years old received 150 mg of dabigatran twice a day and the dosage was reduced to 110 mgs for patients ≥ 80 years old."	( Cost-effectiveness of dabigatran etexilate for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation in Taiwan. Chang, CH; Chen, JH; Lin, LJ; Yang, YH, 2014)	0.4
" This data suggests that ethnicity should be taken into consideration when dosing warfarin."	( Does ethnicity play a role in the dosing of warfarin in Hawai'i? Tatsuno, EM; Tatsuno, SY, 2014)	0.89
" These results suggest that the dosage adjustment of warfarin or mipomersen is not expected to be necessary with coadministration."	( Lack of clinical pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between warfarin and the antisense oligonucleotide mipomersen. Boltje, I; Grundy, JS; Hard, ML; Li, Z; Singh, T; von Moltke, LL, 2014)	0.88
" Therefore, sucroferric oxyhydroxide may be administered concomitantly without the need to adjust the dosage regimens of these drugs."	( Drug-drug interactions between sucroferric oxyhydroxide and losartan, furosemide, omeprazole, digoxin and warfarin in healthy subjects. Chong, E; Kalia, V; Willsie, S; Winkle, P, 2014)	0.62
" Therefore, switching over the patients with the already adjusted dosage of warfarin and stable values of the INR to new drugs seems hardly advisable."	( [Has the era of warfarin terminated?]. Dupliakov, DV; Kuzina, TN; Pavlova, TV, 2014)	0.98
"To study the performance of pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing algorithms in the initial and the stable warfarin treatment phases in a cohort of Han-Chinese patients undertaking mechanic heart valve replacement."	( Verification of pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing algorithms in Han-Chinese patients undertaking mechanic heart valve replacement. Chen, C; Dong, L; Guo, Y; Li, B; Qin, L; Xiao, X; Zhang, E; Zhao, L, 2014)	0.92
"We searched PubMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang databases for selecting pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing models."	( Verification of pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing algorithms in Han-Chinese patients undertaking mechanic heart valve replacement. Chen, C; Dong, L; Guo, Y; Li, B; Qin, L; Xiao, X; Zhang, E; Zhao, L, 2014)	0.88
"All of the selected pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing regimens performed similarly in our cohort."	( Verification of pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing algorithms in Han-Chinese patients undertaking mechanic heart valve replacement. Chen, C; Dong, L; Guo, Y; Li, B; Qin, L; Xiao, X; Zhang, E; Zhao, L, 2014)	0.93
"Clinical results of the European Action on Anticoagulation (EAA) computer-assisted dosage study and the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) trial have been compared."	( Warfarin or dabigatran for treatment of atrial fibrillation. Ibrahim, S; Jespersen, J; Poller, L, 2014)	1.85
" In 2012, we implemented a fixed, weight-based [30 IU/kg] dosing protocol of 3-factor PCC (3PCC) utilizing a rapid infusion rate and no requirement for fresh frozen plasma (FFP) following factor product administration."	( Evaluation of a fixed, weight-based dose of 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrate without adjunctive plasma following warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage. Boucher, AB; Elijovich, L; Mohrien, KM; Morgan Jones, G, 2014)	0.61
"Fixed, weight-based dosing of 3PCC without adjunctive FFP resulted in high rates of complete INR reversal without significant adverse events."	( Evaluation of a fixed, weight-based dose of 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrate without adjunctive plasma following warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage. Boucher, AB; Elijovich, L; Mohrien, KM; Morgan Jones, G, 2014)	0.61
"Age was the most significant determinant of warfarin dosage in this preliminary study including Egyptian pediatric patients."	( Frequency of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene polymorphisms and their influence on warfarin dose in Egyptian pediatric patients. El Shiha, RI; El-Kaffas, RM; Farhan, MS; Kamal El-Din, MA; Mousa, SM, 2014)	0.9
" This sensitivity (or resistance in other cases) can be assessed by this evidence based test and warfarin dosing could be individualised to avoid toxicity."	( Warfarin therapy--why one dose does not fit all! Bhalerao, S; Bhattad, D; Bhave, A; Khude, S; Kulkarni, V; Munshi, RK; Upase, D, 2013)	2.05
"There is uncertainty regarding the optimal dosing regimen for the resumption of warfarin after interruption for invasive procedures."	( Loading dose vs. maintenance dose of warfarin for reinitiation after invasive procedures: a randomized trial. Delaney, J; Eikelboom, JW; Hwang, HG; Kearon, C; Pai, M; Schulman, S, 2014)	0.9
" The goal of this study was to evaluate warfarin dosing requirements and time to reach therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) in patients with CKD stages 3-5 and ESRD compared with patients with normal kidney function (NKF)."	( Evaluation of warfarin dose requirements in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Alabdan, NA; Cummings, C; Hudson, JQ; Oliphant, CS; Sakaan, SA; Self, TH; Tolley, EA, 2014)	1.03
"To perform a meta-analysis of Russian prospective studies comparing the pharmacogenetic versus conventional warfarin dosing procedures."	( [Impact of pharmacogenetic testing on the risk of bleedings and excessive hypocoagulation episodes in the use of warfarin: the first meta-analysis of Russian prospective studies]. Ivashchenko, DV; Rusin, IV; Sychev, DA, 2014)	0.83
" Seven prospective studies comparing the pharmacogenetic method of warfarin dosing with consideration for CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms with the conventional one were selected."	( [Impact of pharmacogenetic testing on the risk of bleedings and excessive hypocoagulation episodes in the use of warfarin: the first meta-analysis of Russian prospective studies]. Ivashchenko, DV; Rusin, IV; Sychev, DA, 2014)	0.85
" The pharmacogenetic dosing groups had fewer hypocoagulation episodes than the control ones."	( [Impact of pharmacogenetic testing on the risk of bleedings and excessive hypocoagulation episodes in the use of warfarin: the first meta-analysis of Russian prospective studies]. Ivashchenko, DV; Rusin, IV; Sychev, DA, 2014)	0.61
" These groupings facilitated analyses and descriptions of trends in reinitiation dosing and supported other analyses, including tests for association between dose group and selected subject demographic, clinical, medication and hospitalization measures."	( Reinitiating warfarin: relationships between dose and selected patient, clinical and hospital measures. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Leonhard, LG; Mazza, JJ; Schmelzer, JR; Yale, SH, 2015)	0.79
"We observed varied dosing strategies for reinitiating patients on warfarin and, in more recent years, an apparent trend toward reinitiating patients on the same dose."	( Reinitiating warfarin: relationships between dose and selected patient, clinical and hospital measures. Berg, RL; Burmester, JK; Leonhard, LG; Mazza, JJ; Schmelzer, JR; Yale, SH, 2015)	1.02
"The analysis further highlights the importance of genotype based warfarin dosing in each country."	( VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotype distribution in Asian countries. Gaikwad, T; Ghosh, K; Shetty, S, 2014)	0.64
" The clinical usefulness of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin has been previously assessed in randomized clinical trials that were limited by lack of power and inconsistent results."	( Genotype-guided vs clinical dosing of warfarin and its analogues: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Brown, DL; Stergiopoulos, K, 2014)	0.92
"To compare genotype-guided initial dosing of warfarin and its analogues with clinical dosing protocols."	( Genotype-guided vs clinical dosing of warfarin and its analogues: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Brown, DL; Stergiopoulos, K, 2014)	0.93
"MEDLINE (inception to December 31, 2013), EMBASE (inception to December 31, 2013), and the Cochrane Library Central Register of Controlled Trials (inception to December 31, 2013) were searched for randomized clinical trials comparing genotype-guided warfarin dosing vs clinical dosing for adults with indications for anticoagulation."	( Genotype-guided vs clinical dosing of warfarin and its analogues: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Brown, DL; Stergiopoulos, K, 2014)	0.85
"In 9 trials, 2812 patients were randomized to receive warfarin, acenocoumarol, or phenprocoumon according to a genotype-guided algorithm or a clinical dosing algorithm."	( Genotype-guided vs clinical dosing of warfarin and its analogues: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Brown, DL; Stergiopoulos, K, 2014)	0.92
"In this meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, a genotype-guided dosing strategy did not result in a greater percentage of time that the INR was within the therapeutic range, fewer patients with an INR greater than 4, or a reduction in major bleeding or thromboembolic events compared with clinical dosing algorithms."	( Genotype-guided vs clinical dosing of warfarin and its analogues: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Brown, DL; Stergiopoulos, K, 2014)	0.67
" Recent randomized controlled trials evaluating the clinical utility of genotype-guided warfarin dosing have produced varying results."	( Warfarin pharmacogenetics: to genotype or not to genotype, that is the question. Cavallari, LH; Nutescu, EA, 2014)	2.07
" He received genotype-guided warfarin dosing as per the standard-of-care at our hospital, with daily dose recommendations provided by the pharmacogenetics service."	( Warfarin dose requirements in a patient with the CYP2C9*14 allele. Cavallari, LH; Drozda, K; Eggen, J; Lee, YM; Nutescu, EA; Soni, V, 2014)	2.14
" These seven trials included 1,910 participants, including 960 patients who received genotype plus clinical algorithm of warfarin dosing and 950 patients who received clinical algorithm only."	( Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials reveals an improved clinical outcome of using genotype plus clinical algorithm for warfarin dosing. Feng, S; Liao, Z; Ling, P; Zhang, G, 2015)	0.83
" We estimated the dose of introduction and monitored anticoagulant effect obtained by INR values, time to reach stable dose, stable maintenance dose, time spent within the therapeutic/supratherapeutic INR range, occurrence of dosage side effects and clinical outcome depending on genotypes."	( Prevalence of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 - implications for warfarin management and outcome in Croatian patients with acute stroke. Alvir, D; Bazina, A; Božina, N; Habek, M; Ljevak, J; Matijević, V; Mišmaš, A; Poljaković, Z; Supe, S, 2014)	0.63
" Warfarin dosage complications were slightly more frequent among the carriers of CYP2C9 2, 3 compared to the carriers of VKORC1 1173T alleles (68."	( Prevalence of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 - implications for warfarin management and outcome in Croatian patients with acute stroke. Alvir, D; Bazina, A; Božina, N; Habek, M; Ljevak, J; Matijević, V; Mišmaš, A; Poljaković, Z; Supe, S, 2014)	1.54
"Our data indicated rapid and safe anticoagulation achieved by using pharmacogenetically-predicted warfarin dose in high-risk acute stroke patients without increasing the risk of warfarin dosage complications in an elderly population."	( Prevalence of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 - implications for warfarin management and outcome in Croatian patients with acute stroke. Alvir, D; Bazina, A; Božina, N; Habek, M; Ljevak, J; Matijević, V; Mišmaš, A; Poljaković, Z; Supe, S, 2014)	0.85
"Warfarin is used in paediatric populations, but dosing algorithms incorporating pharmacogenetic data have not been developed for children."	( Pharmacogenetics of warfarin in a paediatric population: time in therapeutic range, initial and stable dosing and adverse effects. Ghani, AA; Hawcutt, DB; Jorgensen, A; Michael, H; Murray, M; Peart, I; Pirmohamed, M; Smyth, RL; Sutton, L; Zhang, E, 2014)	2.17
"The incorporation of pharmacogenomics information into the drug dosing estimation formulations has been shown to increase the accuracy in drug dosing and decrease the frequency of adverse drug effects in many studies in the literature."	( A Bayesian Estimation Framework for Pharmacogenomics Driven Warfarin Dosing: A Comparative Study. Erdem, SR; Özer, M; Öztaner, SM; Temizel, TT, 2015)	0.66
" OPTN could be acted as a novel and new dosage form to be used in cancer treatment study."	( A novel oleanolic acid-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticle for liver cancer treatment. Bao, X; Chu, QC; Gao, M; Guan, X; Jiang, N; Liu, KX; Tian, Y; Xu, H; Zhang, CH, 2015)	0.42
" Following the discovery of the influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms on VKA dose requirements, there has been interest in genotype-guided VKA dosing in order to reduce the risk of over-anticoagulation at the time of therapy initiation and hence the risk of bleeding, particularly prominent during the early days of treatment."	( Effects on bleeding complications of pharmacogenetic testing for initial dosing of vitamin K antagonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bonfanti, C; Cruciani, M; Franchini, M; Mannucci, PM; Mengoli, C, 2014)	0.4
" clinically-guided warfarin dosing were included."	( Effects on bleeding complications of pharmacogenetic testing for initial dosing of vitamin K antagonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bonfanti, C; Cruciani, M; Franchini, M; Mannucci, PM; Mengoli, C, 2014)	0.73
"The results of this meta-analysis show that genotype-guided initial VKA dosing is able to reduce serious bleeding events by approximately 50% compared with clinically-guided dosing approaches."	( Effects on bleeding complications of pharmacogenetic testing for initial dosing of vitamin K antagonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bonfanti, C; Cruciani, M; Franchini, M; Mannucci, PM; Mengoli, C, 2014)	0.4
"2084+45G>C polymorphisms on acenocoumarol dosage was observed."	( Genetic determinants of acenocoumarol and warfarin maintenance dose requirements in Slavic population: a potential role of CYP4F2 and GGCX polymorphisms. Awsiuk, M; Branicka, A; Sadowski, J; Undas, A; Wypasek, E, 2014)	0.67
" Recent studies have shown that polymorphic alleles within the CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 genes are related to the warfarin dosage requirement."	( Characterization of a novel CYP2C9 mutation (1009C>A) detected in a warfarin-sensitive patient. Cai, J; Cai, JP; Cao, YP; Dai, DP; Geng, PW; Hu, GX; Jiang, ZL; Li, CB; Luo, SB; Pu, CW; Shang, K; Wang, SH; Wang, ZH; Yuan, XM, 2014)	0.85
" Doses can vary 20-fold between patients, and incorrect dosing can result in serious adverse events."	( Genetic variant in folate homeostasis is associated with lower warfarin dose in African Americans. Altman, RB; Burkley, B; Bustamante, CD; Cavallari, LH; Daneshjou, R; Gamazon, ER; Hillenmeyer, S; Johnson, JA; Karczewski, KJ; Klein, TE; Langaee, T; Limdi, N; Patel, SR; Percha, B; Perera, MA, 2014)	0.64
" Lack of fixed dosing makes it difficult to objectively estimate adherence to treatment from prescription data."	( Adherence to warfarin treatment among patients with atrial fibrillation. Friberg, L; Skeppholm, M, 2014)	0.77
" 1 million blood tests and dosing instructions."	( Adherence to warfarin treatment among patients with atrial fibrillation. Friberg, L; Skeppholm, M, 2014)	0.77
" (Global Study to Assess the Safety and Effectiveness of Edoxaban [DU-176b] vs Standard Practice of Dosing With Warfarin in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [EngageAFTIMI48]; NCT00781391)."	( Transition of patients from blinded study drug to open-label anticoagulation: the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial. Antman, EM; Betcher, J; Braunwald, E; Cange, AL; Crompton, AE; Curt, V; Deenadayalu, N; Giugliano, RP; Grip, L; Mercuri, M; Murphy, SA; Ruff, CT, 2014)	0.61
"0190), and a lower median dosage of warfarin at 2 weeks (2."	( Can early effective anticoagulation prevent new lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in acute cardioembolic stroke? Imamura, E; Kajikawa, H; Matsumoto, M; Nomura, E; Ohshita, T; Wakabayashi, S, 2014)	0.68
" Recently, three randomized controlled trials (the COAG and the EU-PACT trials) on pharmacogenetic dosing of warfarin, acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon were published."	( The COAG and EU-PACT trials: what is the clinical benefit of pharmacogenetic-guided coumarin dosing during therapy initiation? Asselbergs, FW; Baranova, EV; de Boer, A; Maitland-van der Zee, AH, 2014)	0.61
" This is the largest global genetic epidemiological study examining variants associated with warfarin that could potentially be valuable to clinicians in optimizing dosage strategies."	( Genetic epidemiology of pharmacogenetic variations in CYP2C9, CYP4F2 and VKORC1 genes associated with warfarin dosage in the Indian population. Basu, A; Bharadwaj, D; Brahmachari, SK; Giri, AK; Grover, S; Kaur, I; Khan, NM; Kukreti, R; Scaria, V; Tandon, N, 2014)	0.84
" One of the most widely studied drugs with regard to genomics-guided dosing options is the oral anticoagulant, warfarin."	( Is personalized medicine a dream or a reality? Kim, RB; Morse, BL, 2015)	0.63
"4 %) in the therapeutic dosing group and 14 patients (1."	( Efficacy and safety of early parenteral anticoagulation as a bridge to warfarin after mechanical valve replacement. Eikelboom, J; Fremes, S; Guo, L; Mathew, JG; Noora, J; Pai, M; Peterson, M; Shestakovska, O; Spyropoulos, AC; Vincent, J; Whitlock, R; Yusuf, A, 2014)	0.64
"To evaluate the effectiveness of a computerised self-adjusting anticoagulant algorithm to predict appropriate warfarin dosing and to assess its use in clinical practice."	( An audit of anticoagulant management to assess anticoagulant control using decision support software. Harper, J; Harper, P; Hill, C, 2014)	0.61
"The time in the therapeutic range (TTR), the outcome of adherence to the computer dosing algorithm, the percentage of time the clinicians over-ride the algorithm and the impact of their intervention on anticoagulant control."	( An audit of anticoagulant management to assess anticoagulant control using decision support software. Harper, J; Harper, P; Hill, C, 2014)	0.4
"This study aimed to identify the effect of CYP2C9-VKORC1 interaction on warfarin dosage requirement and its predictive algorithm by investigating four populations."	( Effect of CYP2C9-VKORC1 interaction on warfarin stable dosage and its predictive algorithm. Chen, XP; He, H; Li, X; Li, Z; Liu, R; Liu, ZQ; Luo, ZY; Mao, XY; Tan, SL; Tang, J; Yan, H; Yang, F; Yin, JY; Zhang, W; Zhou, HH, 2015)	0.92
" Baseline evaluations of facility policies and procedures identified process gaps in dosing and monitoring of warfarin."	( Improving warfarin safety in long-term care. Farman, G; Morris, K; Myrka, A; Triller, D; Wymer, S, 2014)	1.02
"This work aims to design and manufacture laminar co-extrudates as a new dosage form for the delivery of drugs."	( Delivery of drugs from laminar co-extrudates manufactured by a solvent-free process at room temperature. Oliveira, G; Pinto, JF; Wahl, MA, 2014)	0.4
" There is no consensus on dosage protocols for its use."	( Audit of warfarin reversal using a new Octaplex reduced dose protocol. Green, PJ; Hirri, HM, 2014)	0.82
"A 73-yr-old Korean man with permanent atrial fibrillation visited outpatient clinic with severely increased International Normalized Ratio (INR) values after taking a usual starting dosage of warfarin to prevent thromboembolism."	( Extremely elevated international normalized ratio of warfarin in a patient with CYP2C9*1/*3 and thyrotoxicosis. Jeong, HJ; Jun, JE; Kim, JH; Kim, JS; Lee, JE; Lee, SY; Ryu, DH, 2014)	0.84
"Supratherapeutic INR values, interventions in warfarin dosing to address or prevent supratherapeutic INR values, major and minor bleeding episodes, and venous thromboembolic events."	( Safety of warfarin dosing in the intensive care unit following the Fontan procedure. Rotta, AT; Schamberger, MS; Taylor, K; Thomas, CA, )	0.79
"Patients undergoing the Fontan procedure may be more sensitive to warfarin dosing when initiated closer to the surgical procedure date."	( Safety of warfarin dosing in the intensive care unit following the Fontan procedure. Rotta, AT; Schamberger, MS; Taylor, K; Thomas, CA, )	0.77
" One hundred eighty-four patients receiving warfarin for 4weeks postoperatively, dosed using a Web-application accounting for patient demographics, INR levels, and concomitant medication use, were included."	( The use of warfarin for DVT prophylaxis following hip and knee arthroplasty: how often are patients within their target INR range? Barrack, RL; Hirsh, J; Keeney, JA; Nam, D; Nunley, RM; Sadhu, A, 2015)	1.07
"To establish a method for the determination of astilbin, peoniflorin, rasmarinci acid, isofraxidin and liquiritin contained in Shaolin Xiaoyin tablets, in order to lay a foundation for designing late-stage dosage forms and clinical medication schemes."	( [Pharmacokinetic study on peoniflorin, astilbin, rosmarinic acid, isofraxidin and liquiritin in rat blood after oral administration of shaolin xiaoyin tablets]. Feng, LM; Lu, CJ; Wang, YJ; Zhao, RZ, 2014)	0.4
"The cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) genotypes have been strongly and consistently associated with warfarin dose requirements, and dosing algorithms incorporating genetic and clinical information have been shown to be predictive of stable warfarin dose."	( Warfarin pharmacogenetics. Cavallari, LH; Johnson, JA, 2015)	2.06
" Although warfarin dosage was steadily increased over the four subsequent cycles of chemotherapy, therapeutic target range was not recovered."	( Persistent drug interaction between aprepitant and warfarin in patients receiving anticancer chemotherapy. Hisaka, A; Ohno, Y; Suzuki, H; Yamada, M; Yamaguchi, R, 2014)	1.06
" The warfarin dosage requirement correlated negatively with age and was in direct proportion to body weight."	( Effect of CYP2C9, CYP4F2 and VKORC1 genetic polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mean daily maintenance dose of warfarin in Chinese patients. Cao, Y; Chen, Y; Ma, J; Sun, Z; Wen, W; Xuan, B; Zhuang, W, 2015)	1.13
" It was proven that genetic variability in two genes, CYP2C9 a VKORC1, has a significant influence on the individual's response to the dosage of warfarin."	( Frequencies of polymorphisms in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes influencing warfarin metabolism in Slovak population: implication for clinical practice. Chandoga, J; Deziova, L; Krajciova, L; Luha, J; Petrovic, R; Turcani, P, 2014)	0.84
"Pharmacogenetic studies and dosing algorithms for warfarin and phenprocoumon."	( Pharmacogenetics of coumarin anticoagulants in Brazilians. Botton, MR; Suarez-Kurtz, G, 2015)	0.67
" The predictive power of warfarin and phenprocoumon dosing algorithms developed for Brazilians compares favorably with those reported for other populations."	( Pharmacogenetics of coumarin anticoagulants in Brazilians. Botton, MR; Suarez-Kurtz, G, 2015)	0.72
" One of the critical parameters of tablets containing an active substance with an arrow therapeutic index (NTI) is content uniformity, which must comply with the pharmacopoeial requirements as well as the strict criteria of regulatory authorities in the validation of the manufacture of the solid dosage form."	( [Optimization of technological processes for the preparation of tablets with a low content of warfarin by direct compression]. Franc, A; Matějková, Z; Muselík, J; Starková, J, 2014)	0.62
" Trials evaluating the clinical utility of genotype-guided warfarin dosing have shown a benefit in Europeans, but not in an ethnically diverse cohort."	( Genes affecting warfarin response-interactive or additive? Cavallari, LH; Duarte, JD, 2015)	1.01
" Practical advantages of NOACs over warfarin include fixed once- or twice-daily oral dosing without the need for coagulation monitoring, and few known or defined drug or food interactions."	( Approach to the new oral anticoagulants in family practice: part 1: comparing the options. Bell, AD; Douketis, J; Eikelboom, J; Liew, A, 2014)	0.68
" Further studies are needed to determine more effective dosing protocols and individualized strategies for anticoagulation reversal after acute ICH, especially among obese patients."	( Obesity increases risk of anticoagulation reversal failure with prothrombin complex concentrate in those with intracranial hemorrhage. Chu, C; Izumi, K; Nakagawa, K; Tokumaru, S, 2016)	0.43
" This study examines the relative cost-effectiveness of dabigatran (BID dosing of 150 mg or 110 mg based on patient age), rivaroxaban, and apixaban from a UK payer perspective."	( Comparison of the cost-effectiveness of new oral anticoagulants for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation in a UK setting. Gonschior, AK; Heinrich-Nols, J; Kansal, AR; Noack, H; Sorensen, SV; Sunderland, T; Zheng, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Patients treated concomitantly with VKA and acetaminophen should be monitored more regularly for possible VKA dosage adjustment."	( How safe is acetaminophen use in patients treated with vitamin K antagonists? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Barra, M; Caldeira, D; Costa, J; Ferreira, JJ; Pinto, FJ, 2015)	0.42
" This study aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of PGx-guided warfarin dosing compared with usual care (UC)."	( Cost-effectiveness analysis of pharmacogenetic-guided warfarin dosing in Thailand. Chaiyakunapruk, N; Chong, HY; Dumrongprat, K; Permsuwan, U; Saokaew, S; Sritara, P; Wu, DB, 2014)	0.89
"Our finding suggests that PGx-guided warfarin dosing is unlikely to be a cost-effective intervention in Thailand."	( Cost-effectiveness analysis of pharmacogenetic-guided warfarin dosing in Thailand. Chaiyakunapruk, N; Chong, HY; Dumrongprat, K; Permsuwan, U; Saokaew, S; Sritara, P; Wu, DB, 2014)	0.92
"Recent clinical trial data cast doubt on the utility of genotype-guided warfarin dosing, specifically showing worse dosing with a pharmacogenetic versus clinical dosing algorithm in African Americans."	( Poor warfarin dose prediction with pharmacogenetic algorithms that exclude genotypes important for African Americans. Bress, AP; Cavallari, LH; Drozda, K; Kittles, RA; Nutescu, EA; Patel, SR; Wong, S, 2015)	1.16
"These data suggest that, when providing genotype-guided warfarin dosing, failure to account for variants important in African Americans leads to significant dosing error in this population."	( Poor warfarin dose prediction with pharmacogenetic algorithms that exclude genotypes important for African Americans. Bress, AP; Cavallari, LH; Drozda, K; Kittles, RA; Nutescu, EA; Patel, SR; Wong, S, 2015)	1.18
"A number of a priori warfarin dosing algorithms, derived using linear regression methods, have been proposed."	( A review of a priori regression models for warfarin maintenance dose prediction. Francis, B; Jorgensen, A; Lane, S; Pirmohamed, M, 2014)	0.98
" The dosage of warfarin was adjusted to keep the INR within 2-3 in all patients."	( Periprocedural anticoagulation of patients undergoing pericardiocentesis for cardiac tamponade complicating catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Bai, R; Chen, YW; Dong, JZ; Li, SN; Lin, T; Ma, CS; Sang, CH; Tang, RB; Yu, RH, 2015)	0.77
" Standard treatment with adjusted-dose warfarin and improved anticoagulation control by genotype-guided dosing were compared with dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban."	( Cost effectiveness of novel oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation depending on the quality of warfarin anticoagulation control. Janzic, A; Kos, M, 2015)	0.89
" Dose-response analyses did not reveal consistent evidence of reductions in users of warfarin defined by the number of prescriptions used and daily defined doses."	( The effect of warfarin therapy on breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer survival: a population-based cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Cantwell, MM; Cardwell, CR; Hughes, CM; Murray, LJ; O'Rorke, MA, 2015)	1
"The aim of this study was to compare the predictive performance of different warfarin dosing methods."	( Methods for Predicting Warfarin Dose Requirements. Duffull, SB; Roberts, RL; Saffian, SM; Wright, DF, 2015)	0.96
" Nine recently published dosing tools including 8 dose prediction algorithms and a Bayesian forecasting method were compared with each other in terms of their ability to predict the actual maintenance dose."	( Methods for Predicting Warfarin Dose Requirements. Duffull, SB; Roberts, RL; Saffian, SM; Wright, DF, 2015)	0.73
"Overall, warfarin dosing methods that included some measure of INR response (INR feedback algorithms and Bayesian methods) produced unbiased and more precise dose predictions."	( Methods for Predicting Warfarin Dose Requirements. Duffull, SB; Roberts, RL; Saffian, SM; Wright, DF, 2015)	1.14
" Pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing algorithm is a recently emerged strategy to predict the initial and maintaining dose of warfarin."	( Pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing algorithm decreases time to stable anticoagulation and the risk of major hemorrhage: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Feng, XF; Li, YG; Liu, XH; Lu, QF; Sun, J; Wang, J; Wang, ZQ; Zhang, PP; Zhang, R, 2015)	1.03
" However, the safe use of coumarin anticoagulants is restricted by a narrow therapeutic window and large interindividual dosing variations."	( Genotype-Guided Dosing of Coumarin Anticoagulants: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Chen, L; Cheng, J; Han, S; Jia, Z; Li, M; Liu, J; Lu, C; Pei, E; Tang, T; Xu, J; Ye, M; Zhang, X; Zuo, K, 2015)	0.42
"Four electronic databases were searched from January 1, 2000, to March 1, 2014, for randomized controlled trials of patients who received coumarin anticoagulants according to genotype-guided dosing algorithms."	( Genotype-Guided Dosing of Coumarin Anticoagulants: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Chen, L; Cheng, J; Han, S; Jia, Z; Li, M; Liu, J; Lu, C; Pei, E; Tang, T; Xu, J; Ye, M; Zhang, X; Zuo, K, 2015)	0.42
"This meta-analysis showed that genotype-guided dosing increased the effectiveness and safety of coumarin therapy compared with standard dosing but did not have advantages compared with clinical variables-guided dosing."	( Genotype-Guided Dosing of Coumarin Anticoagulants: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Chen, L; Cheng, J; Han, S; Jia, Z; Li, M; Liu, J; Lu, C; Pei, E; Tang, T; Xu, J; Ye, M; Zhang, X; Zuo, K, 2015)	0.42
" Genetic polymorphisms could largely explain the differences in dosage requirement."	( Warfarin dosage response related pharmacogenetics in Chinese population. Dong, L; Huang, X; Jiang, H; Li, S; Sun, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Zou, Y, 2015)	1.86
"A better understanding of the genetic variants in individuals can be the foundation of warfarin dosing algorithm and facilitate the reasonable and effective use of warfarin in Chinese."	( Warfarin dosage response related pharmacogenetics in Chinese population. Dong, L; Huang, X; Jiang, H; Li, S; Sun, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Zou, Y, 2015)	2.08
" Genotype-guided coumarin dosing has been proposed for a more accurate prediction of the coumarin dose in order to reduce the incidence of coumarin-related complications."	( Genotype-guided coumarin dosing: where are we now and where do we need to go next? Asselbergs, FW; Baranova, EV; de Boer, A; Maitland-van der Zee, AH; Verhoef, TI, 2015)	0.42
" Based on results from recent randomized controlled trials, a clinical dosing algorithm could be considered in the initial phase of coumarin treatment."	( Genotype-guided coumarin dosing: where are we now and where do we need to go next? Asselbergs, FW; Baranova, EV; de Boer, A; Maitland-van der Zee, AH; Verhoef, TI, 2015)	0.42
"4 but was less than 2, an alternative dosing strategy was used."	( Use of low-dose prothrombin complex concentrate before lumbar puncture. Butler, JJ, 2015)	0.42
"To investigate the cost-effectiveness of a pharmacogenetic dosing algorithm versus a clinical dosing algorithm for coumarin anticoagulants in The Netherlands."	( Economic evaluation of a pharmacogenetic dosing algorithm for coumarin anticoagulants in The Netherlands. de Boer, A; Maitland-van der Zee, AH; Redekop, WK; Verhoef, TI, 2015)	0.42
"A decision-analytic Markov model was used to analyze the cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic dosing of phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol versus clinical dosing."	( Economic evaluation of a pharmacogenetic dosing algorithm for coumarin anticoagulants in The Netherlands. de Boer, A; Maitland-van der Zee, AH; Redekop, WK; Verhoef, TI, 2015)	0.42
"Pharmacogenetic dosing improves health only slightly when compared with clinical dosing."	( Economic evaluation of a pharmacogenetic dosing algorithm for coumarin anticoagulants in The Netherlands. de Boer, A; Maitland-van der Zee, AH; Redekop, WK; Verhoef, TI, 2015)	0.42
"We conducted a meta-analysis of the published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing PG algorithm-based warfarin dosing (PG group) with clinical or standard protocols (STD group)."	( Clinical benefits of pharmacogenetic algorithm-based warfarin dosing: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Li, X; Wang, X; Xu, Q; Yang, J; Yin, T; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.88
"PG algorithm-guided warfarin anticoagulation is beneficial for the reduction of both major bleeding and thromboembolic events compared with standard dosing strategy."	( Clinical benefits of pharmacogenetic algorithm-based warfarin dosing: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Li, X; Wang, X; Xu, Q; Yang, J; Yin, T; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.99
" However, no interaction of EPHX1 rs4653436 A>G polymorphism with warfarin maintenance dosage was detected."	( Influence of two common polymorphisms in the EPHX1 gene on warfarin maintenance dosage: a meta-analysis. Liu, HQ; Liu, XC; Liu, ZJ; Zhang, CP; Zhang, CZ, 2015)	0.9
"5, and aspirin was administered at a dosage of 75 to 325 mg/d."	( Efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulants versus aspirin for patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Chen, KP; Zhang, JT; Zhang, S, 2015)	0.42
" We investigated the impact of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms on the variability of warfarin dosage requirements in Egyptian patients with acute coronary syndrome and their association with other nongenetic factors."	( Impact of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic polymorphisms upon warfarin dose requirements in Egyptian patients with acute coronary syndrome. Darwish, YW; Foad, DA; Ghozlan, MF; Saad, AA, 2015)	0.89
"This study attempted to identify predictors of S-warfarin clearance (CL[S]) and to make a pharmacokinetic evaluation of genotype-based dosing algorithms in African-Americans."	( Factors influencing pharmacokinetics of warfarin in African-Americans: implications for pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms. Cavallari, LH; Drozda, K; Hernandez, W; Hibiya, M; Kaneko, N; Nagai, R; Nutescu, EA; Ohara, M; Patel, SR; Perera, MA; Takahashi, H, 2015)	0.94
"African-Americans possess independent predictors of CL(S), possibly leading to a prediction error of any dosing algorithm that excludes African-specific variant(s)."	( Factors influencing pharmacokinetics of warfarin in African-Americans: implications for pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms. Cavallari, LH; Drozda, K; Hernandez, W; Hibiya, M; Kaneko, N; Nagai, R; Nutescu, EA; Ohara, M; Patel, SR; Perera, MA; Takahashi, H, 2015)	0.68
"Warfarin is characterized by a large inter-individual variability in dosage requirement."	( Plasma vitamin K concentrations depend on CYP4F2 polymorphism and influence on anticoagulation in Japanese patients with warfarin therapy. Akimoto, T; Hayashi, H; Hirai, K; Inoue, K; Itoh, K; Izumiya, K; Moriwaki, H; Suzuki, M; Tanaka, M; Tsuji, D; Yamada, Y; Yoshizawa, M, 2015)	2.07
" In contrast, plasma VK1 and MK-4 concentrations were not significantly associated with warfarin dosage in patients."	( Plasma vitamin K concentrations depend on CYP4F2 polymorphism and influence on anticoagulation in Japanese patients with warfarin therapy. Akimoto, T; Hayashi, H; Hirai, K; Inoue, K; Itoh, K; Izumiya, K; Moriwaki, H; Suzuki, M; Tanaka, M; Tsuji, D; Yamada, Y; Yoshizawa, M, 2015)	0.85
" The CYP4F2 polymorphism is poorly associated with inter-individual variability of warfarin dosage requirement."	( Plasma vitamin K concentrations depend on CYP4F2 polymorphism and influence on anticoagulation in Japanese patients with warfarin therapy. Akimoto, T; Hayashi, H; Hirai, K; Inoue, K; Itoh, K; Izumiya, K; Moriwaki, H; Suzuki, M; Tanaka, M; Tsuji, D; Yamada, Y; Yoshizawa, M, 2015)	0.85
"0 h, respectively and there was evidence that the recommended dosage of guaco syrup did not provide sufficient levels of COU, 7-HCOU or OCA to obtain a bronchodilation effect."	( A kinetic study of the main guaco metabolites using syrup formulation and the identification of an alternative route of coumarin metabolism in humans. Campos, FR; Cerqueira, LB; de Francisco, TM; Gasparetto, JC; Peccinini, RG; Pontarolo, R, 2015)	0.42
" These findings indicate that lobeglitazone and warfarin can be coadministered without dosage adjustments for either drug."	( Lack of the effect of lobeglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Huh, W; Jung, JA; Kim, C; Kim, JR; Kim, TE; Ko, JW; Lee, SY, 2015)	0.87
" Heparin dosing was on the basis of anti-Xa levels."	( Anti-factor Xa and activated partial thromboplastin time measurements for heparin monitoring in mechanical circulatory support. Adatya, S; Eckman, P; Feng, A; Holley, CT; John, R; Reding, MT; Roy, SS; Uriel, N; Yarmohammadi, H; Zantek, ND, 2015)	0.42
" Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing genotype-guided dosing (GD) of warfarin with standard dosing have shown mixed efficacy and safety outcomes."	( Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Genotype-Guided vs Standard Dosing of Warfarin. Dahal, K; Fung, E; Lee, J; Moore, JH; Sharma, SP; Unterborn, JN; Williams, SM, 2015)	0.87
" GD compared with standard dosing resulted in a similar % time in therapeutic range (TTR) at ≤ 1 month follow-up (39."	( Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Genotype-Guided vs Standard Dosing of Warfarin. Dahal, K; Fung, E; Lee, J; Moore, JH; Sharma, SP; Unterborn, JN; Williams, SM, 2015)	0.64
" Accurate genotyping results are of particular importance for obtaining reliable genotype-guided warfarin dosing information."	( Improvements in CYP2C9 Genotyping Accuracy Are Needed: A Report of the First Proficiency Testing for Warfarin-related CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Genotyping in China. Li, J; Lin, G; Sun, Y; Wang, L; Xie, J; Yi, L; Zhang, K; Zhang, R, 2015)	0.85
" Investigating this relationship may allow for determination of post-bariatric surgery warfarin dosing using stable pre-operative dosing levels."	( Warfarin dosing after bariatric surgery: a retrospective study of 10 patients previously stable on chronic warfarin therapy. Brown, GA; Burnett, B; Jones, TA; Schneider, J; Schullo-Feulner, AM; Stoecker, Z, 2014)	2.07
"Alcohol screening questionnaires, potentially coupled with genetic testing, could have clinical utility in selecting patients for warfarin therapy, as well as refining dosing and monitoring practices."	( Alcohol misuse, genetics, and major bleeding among warfarin therapy patients in a community setting. Boudreau, D; Bradley, K; Roth, JA; Thummel, KE; Veenstra, DL, 2015)	0.87
"In terms of inconsistent conclusions across all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and available meta-analyses, we aimed to use a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) to evaluate whether clinical utility of a genotype-guided warfarin initiation dosing algorithm could be better than that of a standard therapy regimen, and whether currently relevant evidence could be reliable and conclusive."	( Limited clinical utility of genotype-guided warfarin initiation dosing algorithms versus standard therapy: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials. Li, XG; Shi, WL; Tang, HL; Xie, HG; Zhai, SD; Zhang, T, 2015)	0.86
"At present, MLR may be still the best model for warfarin stable dosage prediction in Chinese population."	( Comparison of the predictive abilities of pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing algorithms using seven mathematical models in Chinese patients. Chen, XP; Huang, WH; Li, X; Liu, R; Liu, ZQ; Luo, ZY; Mao, XY; Yan, H; Yin, JY; Zhang, W; Zhou, HH, 2015)	0.91
" It will ensure more consistent dose adjustment practices between prescribers, and provide efficient and truly individualized warfarin dosing in both children and adults."	( A Bayesian decision support tool for efficient dose individualization of warfarin in adults and children. Dahlberg, J; Hamberg, AK; Hellman, J; Jonsson, EN; Wadelius, M, 2015)	0.85
"We conducted a prospective study among 210 acute stroke patients who had an indication for anticoagulation and compared the impact of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype-guided warfarin dosing (PhG) with fixed dosing (NPhG) on anticoagulation control and clinical outcome between groups."	( Clinical Application of Genotype-guided Dosing of Warfarin in Patients with Acute Stroke. Božina, N; Božina, T; Ljevak, J; Macolić Šarinić, V; Poljaković, Z; Šupe, S, 2015)	0.86
"We confirmed that warfarin therapy with genotype-guided dosing instead of fixed dosing reduces the time required for stabilization and improves anticoagulant control with better clinical outcome in early stages of warfarin therapy introduction among acute stroke patients, which is essential for clinical practice."	( Clinical Application of Genotype-guided Dosing of Warfarin in Patients with Acute Stroke. Božina, N; Božina, T; Ljevak, J; Macolić Šarinić, V; Poljaković, Z; Šupe, S, 2015)	1
"A total of 23 patients who had previously been given conventional therapy by their GPs were instructed in how to measure INR (using the CoaguChek XS device) and administer warfarin dosage through a structured training programme over the course of 27 weeks."	( Self-management of warfarin therapy. Binder, S; Kristoffersen, AH; Løkkebø, ES; Sandberg, S; Stavelin, AV; Sølvik, UØ, 2015)	0.94
" The 90 % CI for the ratio of area under the INR curve from time zero until 144 hours after dosing (AUCINR, 0-144) or the peak INR geometric means between co-administration with lenalidomide versus placebo was also within the 85-125 % bounds."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions when lenalidomide is co-administered with warfarin in a randomized clinical trial setting. Chen, N; Knight, R; Palmisano, M; Weiss, D; Zhou, S, 2015)	0.63
"Warfarin dosing algorithms adjust for race, assigning a fixed effect size to each predictor, thereby attenuating the differential effect by race."	( Race influences warfarin dose changes associated with genetic factors. Arnett, DK; Beasley, TM; Brown, TM; Hill, CE; Limdi, NA; Liu, N; Shendre, A; Thigpen, JL; Yan, Q, 2015)	2.21
"Optimal dosing of prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) has yet to be defined and varies widely due to concerns of efficacy and thrombosis."	( Less Is More: Low-dose Prothrombin Complex Concentrate Effective in Acute Care Surgery Patients. Barnes, SL; Coughenour, JP; Meyer, JM; Quick, JA, 2015)	0.42
"Clinical practice in the initiation, prescribing, dosing and monitoring of warfarin in the UK varies, but this has not been adequately documented."	( Variation in warfarin prescribing and dosing in the UK: a national survey of anticoagulation clinics. FitzGerald, R; Ganguli, A; Pirmohamed, M; Stewart, A, 2015)	1.02
" The survey was designed to capture data for prescribing, dosing and monitoring of anticoagulation with warfarin."	( Variation in warfarin prescribing and dosing in the UK: a national survey of anticoagulation clinics. FitzGerald, R; Ganguli, A; Pirmohamed, M; Stewart, A, 2015)	1
" Initiation and loading dosing regimens were a major source of variability with uncertainty surrounding individual patient factors such as age, ethnicity and BMI."	( Variation in warfarin prescribing and dosing in the UK: a national survey of anticoagulation clinics. FitzGerald, R; Ganguli, A; Pirmohamed, M; Stewart, A, 2015)	0.79
"We analyzed a prospective cohort of 1015 participants from the Clarification of Optimal Anticoagulation through Genetics (COAG) trial who were randomized to either pharmacogenetically or clinically guided warfarin dosing algorithms."	( The Impact of Inpatient Versus Outpatient Initiation on Early Warfarin Dosing. Ellenberg, J; French, B; Horenstein, R; Kasner, SE; Kimmel, SE; Messe, SR; Mohler, ER; Muldowney, JA; Wang, L, 2015)	0.85
"The warfarin dosing algorithms performed similarly for subjects who initiated warfarin as inpatients and outpatients, regardless of whether dosing was pharmacogenetically or clinically guided."	( The Impact of Inpatient Versus Outpatient Initiation on Early Warfarin Dosing. Ellenberg, J; French, B; Horenstein, R; Kasner, SE; Kimmel, SE; Messe, SR; Mohler, ER; Muldowney, JA; Wang, L, 2015)	1.22
"The main aims of the present study were to develop a pharmacogenetic-based warfarin dosing algorithm and to validate it in a highly admixed population."	( Development of a pharmacogenetic-based warfarin dosing algorithm and its performance in Brazilian patients: highlighting the importance of population-specific calibration. Cassaro Strunz, CM; Duarte, NE; Gadi Soares, RA; Krieger, JE; Marcatto, LR; Pereira, AC; Santos, PC; Scanavacca, M, 2015)	0.92
" Population-specific derivation and/or calibration of warfarin dosing algorithms may lead to improved performance compared with general use dosing algorithms currently available."	( Development of a pharmacogenetic-based warfarin dosing algorithm and its performance in Brazilian patients: highlighting the importance of population-specific calibration. Cassaro Strunz, CM; Duarte, NE; Gadi Soares, RA; Krieger, JE; Marcatto, LR; Pereira, AC; Santos, PC; Scanavacca, M, 2015)	0.93
" All patients felt the pharmacist gave clear instructions on warfarin dosing and INR testing."	( Patients' and physicians' satisfaction with a pharmacist managed anticoagulation program in a family medicine clinic. Bishop, L; Dillon, C; Hawboldt, J; Twells, L; Young, S, 2015)	0.66
"Despite the lack of an optimum dosing strategy in obese patients, warfarin remains the most commonly used anticoagulant."	( Body mass index predicts major bleeding risks in patients on warfarin. Escobar, JV; Gore, J; Ip, T; Lui, JK; Ogunsua, AA; Touray, S, 2015)	0.9
" The multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that rs45547937 (as tag SNP) in MIR133A2 could be involved in warfarin dosing variability, (P=0."	( Could MicroRNA polymorphisms influence warfarin dosing? A pharmacogenetics study on mir133 genes. Borgiani, P; Ciccacci, C; Forte, V; Novelli, G; Politi, C; Rufini, S, 2015)	0.9
" At discharge or before composite end point, patients with any polymorphism received a lower mean warfarin dosage than patients having no polymorphism (3."	( Prevalence of Warfarin Genotype Polymorphisms in Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support. Arabia, F; Awad, M; Chang, D; Czer, LS; Esmailian, F; Kobashigawa, J; Mirocha, J; Moriguchi, J; Pinzas, J; Ramzy, D; Rihbany, K; Ruzza, A; Soliman, C, )	0.71
" With regulation of warfarin dosage and close monitoring of the international normalized ratio, she eventually obtained a proper target international normalized ratio with stable warfarin dose."	( Warfarin use and dose adjustment in a patient with mitral valve replacement. Yuan, SM, 2015)	2.18
"Determining the appropriate dosage of warfarin is an important yet challenging task."	( Revisiting Warfarin Dosing Using Machine Learning Techniques. Bress, A; Darabi, H; Douzali, E; Sharabiani, A, 2015)	1.08
"The utility of using genetic information to guide warfarin dosing has remained unclear based on prior observational studies and small clinical trials."	( Warfarin pharmacogenomics: current best evidence. Kimmel, SE, 2015)	2.11
" In this regard, novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have shown promise in the shift toward the "ideal" anticoagulant therapy, in that fixed dosing is the norm, drug interactions are few, food interactions are absent, onset is fairly immediate and offset predictable, and, in the majority of patients, therapeutic monitoring is not required."	( Novel Anticoagulants in Atrial Fibrillation: A Primer for the Primary Physician. Mookadam, F; Mookadam, M; Shamoun, FE, )	0.13
"In this study, we investigated two VKORC1 gene polymorphisms, -1639G/A and 1173C/T, for effects on warfarin maintenance dosage in valvular heart disease (VHD) patients after cardiac valve replacement (CVR)."	( VKORC1 -1639G/A and 1173 C/T Genetic Polymorphisms Influence Individual Differences in Warfarin Maintenance Dose. Ding, J; Li, Y; Zhu, J, 2015)	0.86
" Genotyping results should be interpreted using a pharmacogenetic dosing algorithm to estimate the required dose."	( Clinical Practice Recommendations on Genetic Testing of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Variants in Warfarin Therapy. Amstutz, U; Carleton, BC; Hwang, S; Ito, S; Kim, RB; Lesko, LJ; Michaud, V; Ross, C; Shaw, K; Turgeon, J, 2015)	0.64
"This review provides the latest update on genetic markers for warfarin therapy, clinical practice recommendations as a basis for informed decision making regarding the use of genotype-guided dosing in patients with an indication for warfarin therapy, and identifies knowledge gaps to guide future research."	( Clinical Practice Recommendations on Genetic Testing of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Variants in Warfarin Therapy. Amstutz, U; Carleton, BC; Hwang, S; Ito, S; Kim, RB; Lesko, LJ; Michaud, V; Ross, C; Shaw, K; Turgeon, J, 2015)	0.88
"To identify the effect of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic variants on warfarin dosage in the Thai population with DVT."	( The Influence of VKORC1 Polymorphisms on Warfarin Doses in Thai Patients with Deep Vein Thrombosis. Chinsakchai, K; Hongku, K; Mutirangura, P; Pongrattanaman, N; Poungvarin, N; Praditsuktavorn, B; Ruangsetakit, C; Sermsathanasawadi, N; Sritongsathian, C; Wongwanit, C, 2015)	0.92
"These findings underline the impact of VKORC1 genotypes on the wide variation in warfarin maintenance dosing in Thai patients with DVT."	( The Influence of VKORC1 Polymorphisms on Warfarin Doses in Thai Patients with Deep Vein Thrombosis. Chinsakchai, K; Hongku, K; Mutirangura, P; Pongrattanaman, N; Poungvarin, N; Praditsuktavorn, B; Ruangsetakit, C; Sermsathanasawadi, N; Sritongsathian, C; Wongwanit, C, 2015)	0.91
"This study aimed to evaluate the effect of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) polymorphisms on warfarin dosing requirements in patients with mechanical cardiac valves."	( Influence of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Polymorphisms on Stable Warfarin Doses in Patients with Mechanical Cardiac Valves. An, SH; Chang, BC; Gwak, HS; Lee, KE, 2015)	0.86
"Clinical trials of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin have yielded mixed results, which may in part reflect ethnic differences among study participants."	( Pharmacogenetic versus clinical dosing of warfarin in individuals of Chinese and African-American ancestry: assessment using data simulation. Brunham, LR; Goh, BC; Lee, SC; Syn, NL, 2015)	0.94
"We identified the parameters required to simulate a patient population and the outcome of dosing strategies."	( Pharmacogenetic versus clinical dosing of warfarin in individuals of Chinese and African-American ancestry: assessment using data simulation. Brunham, LR; Goh, BC; Lee, SC; Syn, NL, 2015)	0.68
" The findings supplement the literature with an unbiased comparison of warfarin dosing algorithms and highlights interethnic differences in anticoagulation control."	( Pharmacogenetic versus clinical dosing of warfarin in individuals of Chinese and African-American ancestry: assessment using data simulation. Brunham, LR; Goh, BC; Lee, SC; Syn, NL, 2015)	0.91
" The dosage of warfarin is strongly affected by genetic variants of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes."	( PGWD: Integrating Personal Genome for Warfarin Dosing. Cheng, R; He, J; Li, Z; Pan, Y; Zhao, Y, 2016)	1.06
" This method has the advantages of simple process and operation, less dosage of organic solvent, highly yield and reproducibility, suitable for the simultaneously preparation of tyrosol, crenulatin and salidroside."	( [Simultaneously preparation of grams of high purity tyrosol, crenulatin and salidroside from Rhodiola crenulata]. Li, SP; Luo, X; Wang, XJ; Wang, ZZ; Xiao, W; Zhang, Q; Zhao, YW, 2015)	0.42
"Multiple linear regression (MLR) and machine learning techniques in pharmacogenetic algorithm-based warfarin dosing have been reported."	( Comparison of Nine Statistical Model Based Warfarin Pharmacogenetic Dosing Algorithms Using the Racially Diverse International Warfarin Pharmacogenetic Consortium Cohort Database. Li, X; Liu, R; Zhang, W; Zhou, HH, 2015)	0.9
"We aim to develop warfarin dosing algorithm for African-Americans."	( Pharmacogenetic-guided Warfarin Dosing Algorithm in African-Americans. Alzubiedi, S; Saleh, MI, 2016)	1.08
" Warfarin dosing decision errors median 0 (range: 0-5, p=0."	( EMPoWARed: Edmonton pediatric warfarin self-management study. Bauman, ME; Bruce, AA; Kuhle, S; Massicotte, MP; Siddons, S, 2015)	1.62
"We applied eight already existing acenocoumarol dosing algorithms to Bulgarian patients with low acenocoumarol dose requirements and investigated which of these algorithms would predict most precisely the dose anticoagulant."	( Acenocoumarol Pharmacogenetic Dosing Algorithms and Their Application in Two Bulgarian Patients with Low Anticoagulant Requirements. Chilingirova, N; Dimitrova-Karamfilova, A; Goranova, T; Kaneva, R; Mitev, V; Nachev, G; Tzveova, R, 2015)	0.42
"All applied acenocoumarol dosing algorithms predicted relatively similar doses of coumarin anticoagulant in both patients."	( Acenocoumarol Pharmacogenetic Dosing Algorithms and Their Application in Two Bulgarian Patients with Low Anticoagulant Requirements. Chilingirova, N; Dimitrova-Karamfilova, A; Goranova, T; Kaneva, R; Mitev, V; Nachev, G; Tzveova, R, 2015)	0.42
" The model was robust enough to allow prospective predictions of macitentan-drug combinations not studied, including an alternative dosing regimen of ketoconazole and nine other CYP3A4-interacting drugs."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Macitentan: Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions. Buchmann, S; de Kanter, R; Delahaye, S; Gnerre, C; Kohl, C; Segrestaa, J; Sidharta, PN; Treiber, A, 2016)	0.43
"We emphasize the need for optimizing the choice and dosage schedule of anticoagulants during pregnancy, least harmful for the mother and her developing fetus."	( Low-dose maternal warfarin intake resulting in fetal warfarin syndrome: In search for a safe anticoagulant regimen during pregnancy. Aggarwal, P; Basu, S; Kakani, N; Kumar, A, 2016)	0.77
"As data are limited for dosing warfarin in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery, our objective was to gather data on warfarin pharmacotherapy to aid in the prescribing practices and dosage adjustment of warfarin after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery."	( Comparison of Warfarin Dosages and International Normalized Ratios Before and After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery. Crosby, RD; Erickson, AL; Mitchell, JE; Steffen, KJ; Strawsell, H; Wonderlich, JA, 2015)	1.06
" The dosage is negatively correlated with age but positively correlated with height."	( [Influence of genetic polymorphisms and non-genetic factors on the maintenance dose of warfarin]. Dong, L; Dong, X; Hou, J; Li-Ling, J; Wang, G; Wang, Y, 2015)	0.64
" We evaluated an existing warfarin dosing algorithm developed for Malaysian patients that was based only on VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genes."	( VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypic data-based dose prediction alone does not accurately predict warfarin dose requirements in some Malaysian patients. Abdullah, WZ; Chua, YA; Gan, SH; Yusof, Z, 2015)	0.94
" The mean warfarin doses were compared with predicted warfarin doses calculated from a genotypic-based dosing model developed for Asians."	( VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypic data-based dose prediction alone does not accurately predict warfarin dose requirements in some Malaysian patients. Abdullah, WZ; Chua, YA; Gan, SH; Yusof, Z, 2015)	1.04
" Not all patients' predicted mean warfarin doses based on a previously developed dosing algorithm for Asians were similar to the actual mean warfarin dose, with the worst predicted dose being 54."	( VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypic data-based dose prediction alone does not accurately predict warfarin dose requirements in some Malaysian patients. Abdullah, WZ; Chua, YA; Gan, SH; Yusof, Z, 2015)	0.92
" The additions of other dynamic variables, especially INR, VKD clotting factors, and concomitant drug use, into the dosing model are important in order to improve its accuracy."	( VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypic data-based dose prediction alone does not accurately predict warfarin dose requirements in some Malaysian patients. Abdullah, WZ; Chua, YA; Gan, SH; Yusof, Z, 2015)	0.64
" We aimed to investigate the effect of VKORC1 polymorphism on warfarin dosage in pediatric patients by meta-analysis."	( The influence of VKORC1 gene polymorphism on warfarin maintenance dosage in pediatric patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Shen, J; Tian, L; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.92
" Patients that were VKORC1 -1639 GA, AA or A carriers required significantly lower warfarin dosage than GG carriers (the weighted mean difference in warfarin dose ranged from -26% to -50%)."	( The influence of VKORC1 gene polymorphism on warfarin maintenance dosage in pediatric patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Shen, J; Tian, L; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.9
" Based on current evidence, clinicians should include body weight, along with other established variables when dosing VKA."	( Effect of Body Weight on Dose of Vitamin K Antagonists. Sakaan, S; Sands, CW; Self, TH; Wallace, JL, 2015)	0.42
" Dosing based on knowledge of genotype allowed to achieve therapeutic effect 5 days earlier than with traditional selection of individual dose (p=0."	( [Comparison of Empiric and Pharmacogenetic Approaches in Assessment of Efficacy of Anticoagulant Therapy]. Kokh, NV; Lifshits, GA; Slepukhina, AA; Tsvetovskaya, GA, 2015)	0.42
" To support the pilot, a warfarin PSM education program with a dosing algorithm was developed and delivered to patients during a two-hour classroom session."	( An Education Program for Patient Self-Management of Warfarin. Clark, NP; Delate, T; Jenner, KM; Kurz, D; Simmons, BJ; Witt, DM, 2015)	0.97
" However, relatively little attention has been paid to how such methodology could be used to advance understanding of optimal treatment strategies in a continuous dose setting, even though it is often the case that considerable patient heterogeneity in drug response along with a narrow therapeutic window may necessitate the tailoring of dosing over time."	( Optimal individualized dosing strategies: A pharmacologic approach to developing dynamic treatment regimens for continuous-valued treatments. Moodie, EE; Rich, B; Stephens, DA, 2016)	0.43
"To summarize available data for use of direct oral anticoagulants in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, and mechanical heart valves including dose-response consistency to offer considerations for pharmacotherapeutic decision-making for oral anticoagulants."	( Comparing Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Warfarin for Atrial Fibrillation, Venous Thromboembolism, and Mechanical Heart Valves. Marcy, TR; Rai, A; Truong, T, 2015)	0.68
" There are groups for which questions remain regarding inter-patient dose-response consistency for direct oral anticoagulants."	( Comparing Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Warfarin for Atrial Fibrillation, Venous Thromboembolism, and Mechanical Heart Valves. Marcy, TR; Rai, A; Truong, T, 2015)	0.68
"Dosing algorithms for warfarin incorporate clinical and genetic factors, but human intervention to overrule algorithm-based dosing may occasionally be required."	( Warfarin Dosing Algorithms and the Need for Human Intervention. Ellenberg, J; French, B; Kasner, SE; Kimmel, SE; Messé, SR; Wang, L, 2016)	2.19
"We analyzed a prospective cohort of 1015 participants from the Clarification of Optimal Anticoagulation through Genetics trial who were randomized to either pharmacogenetic- or clinically-guided warfarin dosing algorithms."	( Warfarin Dosing Algorithms and the Need for Human Intervention. Ellenberg, J; French, B; Kasner, SE; Kimmel, SE; Messé, SR; Wang, L, 2016)	2.07
" Patients with AA/*1*1/CC/*S*S, AA/*1*3/CC/*S*S should use a less initial dosage to avoid over anticoagulation, and patients with VKORC1 rs7294 should use larger initial dose to proof an effective therapy."	( Effect of gene polymorphims on the warfarin treatment at initial stage. Guo, Z; Jiang, HH; Li, X; Liu, J; Luo, ZY; Wang, LS; Wang, YC; Wu, DK; Ye, HM; Zhang, W; Zhang, YL; Zhou, HH; Zhou, YX, 2017)	0.73
"5% variability in warfarin dosing and predicted warfarin dose accurately in 74."	( Artificial neural network-based pharmacogenomic algorithm for warfarin dose optimization. Kumar, RM; Kutala, VK; Malempati, AR; Naushad, SM; Pavani, A; Srinath, M, 2016)	1.01
"An application of ANN for warfarin dosing improves predictability and provides safe and effective dosing."	( Artificial neural network-based pharmacogenomic algorithm for warfarin dose optimization. Kumar, RM; Kutala, VK; Malempati, AR; Naushad, SM; Pavani, A; Srinath, M, 2016)	0.97
"Recently, using the patient's genotype to guide warfarin dosing has gained interest; however, whether pharmacogenetics-based dosing (PD) improves clinical outcomes compared to conventional dosing (CD) remains unclear."	( Pharmacogenetics-Based versus Conventional Dosing of Warfarin: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Li, Q; Lin, N; Shi, C; Wang, F; Wang, G; Yan, W, 2015)	0.92
" Subgroup analysis showed that PD resulted in a better improvement in the endpoints of TTR and over-anticoagulation at a fixed initial dosage rather than a non-fixed initial dosage."	( Pharmacogenetics-Based versus Conventional Dosing of Warfarin: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Li, Q; Lin, N; Shi, C; Wang, F; Wang, G; Yan, W, 2015)	0.67
" Thus, genotype-based regimens can be considered a reliable and accurate method to determine warfarin dosing and may be preferred over fixed-dose regimens."	( Pharmacogenetics-Based versus Conventional Dosing of Warfarin: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Li, Q; Lin, N; Shi, C; Wang, F; Wang, G; Yan, W, 2015)	0.89
" Ambulatory adults on warfarin with an INR target of 2-3 managed by an anticoagulation dosing service using software-assisted dosing at the National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, were eligible for inclusion in this study."	( Fiix-prothrombin time versus standard prothrombin time for monitoring of warfarin anticoagulation: a single centre, double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Arnar, DO; Bjornsson, ES; Francis, CW; Gudmundsdottir, BR; Gunnarsson, PS; Indridason, OS; Jensdottir, HM; Juliusson, SJ; Lund, SH; Magnusson, MK; Onundarson, PT; Vidarsson, B, 2015)	0.96
"Monitoring of warfarin with Fiix-PT improved anticoagulation and dosing stability and was clinically non-inferior to PT monitoring."	( Fiix-prothrombin time versus standard prothrombin time for monitoring of warfarin anticoagulation: a single centre, double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Arnar, DO; Bjornsson, ES; Francis, CW; Gudmundsdottir, BR; Gunnarsson, PS; Indridason, OS; Jensdottir, HM; Juliusson, SJ; Lund, SH; Magnusson, MK; Onundarson, PT; Vidarsson, B, 2015)	1.01
" However, the short half-life of NOAC means that twice-a-day dosing is needed and there is higher risk of a prothrombotic state when doses are missed."	( Novel oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation. How, CH, 2015)	0.42
"Genotype-guided warfarin dosing have been proposed to improve patient’s management."	( A Randomized Trial of Pharmacogenetic Warfarin Dosing in Naïve Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation. Basso, D; Bozzato, D; Denas, G; Fogar, P; Frigo, AC; Gnatta, E; Groppa, F; Moz, S; Nante, G; Padayattil Jose, S; Padoan, A; Padrini, R; Pelloso, M; Pengo, V; Plebani, M; Tiso, E; Zambon, CF, 2015)	1.03
" All patients in the 3PCC group were treated at one center that utilizes a fixed, weight-based dosing protocol."	( 3-Factor Versus 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate for Warfarin Reversal in Severe Bleeding: A Multicenter, Retrospective, Propensity-Matched Pilot Study. Elijovich, L; Erdman, MJ; Jones, GM; Mohrien, KM; Smetana, KS; Vandigo, JE, 2016)	0.68
" Previous genome-wide studies have focused on identifying factors explaining variance in stable dose, but have not explored the initial patient response to warfarin, and a wider range of clinical and biochemical factors affecting both initial and stable dosing with warfarin."	( A multi-factorial analysis of response to warfarin in a UK prospective cohort. Bourgeois, S; Bumpstead, S; Daly, AK; Deloukas, P; Gillman, MS; Hanson, A; Jorgensen, A; Kamali, F; Pirmohamed, M; Toh, CH; Williamson, P; Zhang, EJ, 2016)	0.9
" VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms are the most important determinants of warfarin dosing, and it is highly unlikely that other common variants of clinical importance influencing warfarin dosage will be found."	( A multi-factorial analysis of response to warfarin in a UK prospective cohort. Bourgeois, S; Bumpstead, S; Daly, AK; Deloukas, P; Gillman, MS; Hanson, A; Jorgensen, A; Kamali, F; Pirmohamed, M; Toh, CH; Williamson, P; Zhang, EJ, 2016)	0.93
"This study is aimed at developing a novel admixture-adjusted pharmacogenomic approach to individually refine warfarin dosing in Caribbean Hispanic patients."	( A Novel Admixture-Based Pharmacogenetic Approach to Refine Warfarin Dosing in Caribbean Hispanics. Bermúdez-Bosch, L; Cadilla, CL; Claudio-Campos, K; Cruz, I; Duconge, J; Feliu, JF; Ramos, AS; Renta, JY; Rivera-Miranda, G; Ruaño, G; Vergara, C, 2016)	0.89
" Four dosing schemes were evaluated including single full dose (median, 41."	( Computational simulation and comparison of prothrombin complex concentrate dosing schemes for warfarin reversal in cardiac surgery. Guzzetta, NA; Mazzeffi, MA; Strauss, ER; Szlam, F; Tanaka, KA, 2016)	0.65
" Nevertheless, repeated dosing showed mitochondrial function that was equivalent to that of the control while enlarged CYP2E1 protein droplets were distributed outside the mitochondria."	( Relationship between coumarin-induced hepatocellular toxicity and mitochondrial function in rats. Fujii, W; Hori, H; Kitagawa, Y; Ozaki, K; Tanaka, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Considerable controversy is ongoing regarding optimal initial warfarin dosing for patients with acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)."	( Warfarin initiation nomograms for venous thromboembolism. Garcia, P; Loza Munárriz, C; Ruiz, W, 2016)	2.12
" The liver-targeting RPTN, which displayed enhanced pharmacological effects and decreased toxicity for the loaded drug RBG, is therefore a promising intravenous dosage form that may be useful in the treatment of liver cancer."	( Liver-targeting Resibufogenin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate nanoparticles for liver cancer therapy. Chu, Q; Deng, S; Gao, M; Guan, X; Huo, X; Liu, H; Liu, K; Ma, X; Tian, Y; Xu, H, 2016)	0.43
" VKORC1 and / or CYP2C9 genes polymorphisms are presented in a number of clinical dosing algorithms and in prospective clinical trials."	( [FREQUENCY OF POLYMORPHISM OF VKORC1 AND CYP2C9 GENES IN TWO REGIONS OF GEORGIA]. Buadze, T; Gaiozishvili, M; Jokhadze, T; Kakauridze, N; Lezhava, T, 2016)	0.43
" Ongoing trials will provide a clearer picture of whether genotype-based warfarin dosing improves outcomes and may, therefore, subsequently be compared with the target-specific agents."	( Pharmacogenetics and oral antithrombotic drugs. Baker, WL; Johnson, SG, 2016)	0.67
" Suboptimal dosing was seen."	( Appropriate Use of Antithrombotic Medication in Canadian Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. Bell, AD; Deschaintre, Y; Gross, P; Heffernan, M; Purdham, DM; Roux, JF; Shuaib, A, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacists utilized the protocol to provide patient specific warfarin dosing upon provider referral."	( Impact of a pharmacist-driven warfarin management protocol on achieving therapeutic International Normalized Ratios. Downing, A; Hiers, J; Mortimer, M, 2016)	0.96
"The implementation of a pharmacist-driven warfarin dosing protocol increased therapeutic INRs, and decreased the time to therapeutic range, as well as the proportion of subtherapeutic INRs and supratherapeutic INRs 5 or greater."	( Impact of a pharmacist-driven warfarin management protocol on achieving therapeutic International Normalized Ratios. Downing, A; Hiers, J; Mortimer, M, 2016)	0.99
"Apolipoprotein E (apoE) induces the uptake of vitamin K-rich lipoproteins by the liver, which likely affects inter-individual variation of warfarin dosing requirements."	( Association of apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms with warfarin maintenance dose in a northern Han Chinese population. Dong, R; Gong, ZZ; Liu, R; Pan, XD; Shi, XM; Zhang, K; Zhang, Q, 2016)	0.88
" Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 have been shown to significantly affect warfarin dosage toleration and this effect varies among different populations."	( Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in the VKORC1 and CYP2C9 Genes with Warfarin Dosage in a Group of Kuwaiti Individuals. Al-Bustan, SA; Al-Serri, A; Alrashid, MH; Alshemmari, SH; Koshi, P, 2016)	0.88
" With extraction rate of salidroside, tyrosol, crenulatin and gallic acid as indexes, orthogonal test was used to evaluate effect of 4 factors on extracting technology, including concentration of solvent, the dosage of solvent, duration of extraction, and frequency of extraction."	( [Optimization of extraction technology for salidroside, tyrosol, crenulatin and gallic acid in Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma with orthogonal test]. Huang, WZ; Luo, X; Wang, XJ; Wang, ZZ; Xiao, W; Zhao, YW, 2015)	0.42
" However, subsequent PK/PD modeling and simulations indicated a clinically important DDI effect on warfarin PD at a higher baseline of the international normalization ratio (INR) and enabled recommendation of warfarin dose adjustment that is dependent on epacadostat dosing regimen and target INR."	( Potential Underprediction of Warfarin Drug Interaction From Conventional Interaction Studies and Risk Mitigation: A Case Study With Epacadostat, an IDO1 Inhibitor. Chen, X; Punwani, NG; Shi, JG; Williams, WV; Yeleswaram, S, 2016)	0.94
"The genes for cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) have been identified as important genetic determinants of warfarin dosing and have been studied."	( Development and Comparison of Warfarin Dosing Algorithms in Stroke Patients. Cho, SM; Choi, JR; Lee, KA; Lee, KY, 2016)	0.92
" Warfarin dosing algorithm was developed using multiple linear regression analysis."	( Development and Comparison of Warfarin Dosing Algorithms in Stroke Patients. Cho, SM; Choi, JR; Lee, KA; Lee, KY, 2016)	1.63
"Our warfarin dosing algorithm may be useful for Korean patients with stroke."	( Development and Comparison of Warfarin Dosing Algorithms in Stroke Patients. Cho, SM; Choi, JR; Lee, KA; Lee, KY, 2016)	1.28
" The weights of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 for predicting of warfarin dosage were estimated to more than 50%."	( [Establishment and evaluation of a warfarin-dosing algorithm in Chinese Han population]. Cai, J; Cao, Y; Dai, D; Hu, G; Li, C; Pu, C, 2016)	0.96
" Although several factors, including the metabolism of warfarin via CYP450, have been reported to affect the safety and efficacy of warfarin therapy, the wide variance in the warfarin dosage in patients has not been completely clarified."	( Carbonyl reduction of warfarin: Identification and characterization of human warfarin reductases. Chocholoušová Havlíková, L; Malátková, P; Sokolová, S; Wsól, V, 2016)	1
" The mean oral warfarin dosage was (2."	( [Low Intensity Anticoagulation Therapy for Chinese Population with Heart Valve Replacement--3 000 Cases Follow-up]. Dong, L; Fu, B; Liu, RF; Shi, YK; Wei, Y; Xu, JP, 2016)	0.79
"All the newer oral anticoagulants compared were more effective than adjusted dosed warfarin."	( Cost-Effectiveness of Oral Anticoagulants for Ischemic Stroke Prophylaxis Among Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Patients. Hayes, CJ; Martin, BC; Shah, A; Shewale, A, 2016)	0.66
"Pharmacogenomics (PGx) guided warfarin dosing, using a comprehensive dosing algorithm, is expected to improve dose optimisation and lower the risk of adverse drug reactions."	( An expanded pharmacogenomics warfarin dosing table with utility in generalised dosing guidance. Christman, MF; Dubé, MP; Gerry, NP; Gharani, N; Gordon, ES; Jarvis, JP; Kasper, R; Keller, MA; Lynch, DE; Perreault, S; Scheinfeldt, LB; Schmidlen, TJ; Shahabi, P; Wawak, L, 2016)	1.01
" However the peri-procedural dosing protocols used in various studies especially in terms of whether NOAC use is interrupted or uninterrupted during AF ablation, have significant inter-operator and inter-institution variability."	( Are Some Anticoagulants More Equal Than Others? - Evaluating the Role of Novel Oral Anticoagulants in AF Ablation. Fox, DJ; Sankaranarayanan, R, )	0.13
" Dosing of study drugs was managed by a centralised dose control centre, which had access to genotyping."	( A randomised, double blind comparison of tecarfarin, a novel vitamin K antagonist, with warfarin. The EmbraceAC Trial. Albrecht, D; Canafax, DM; Ellis, D; Fordyce, CB; Garcia, D; Midei, MG; Milner, PG; Weitz, JI; Whitlock, RP, 2016)	0.66
" This changing anticoagulation landscape, along with the likelihood that personalized genomic information will become increasingly available, has several implications for the future of warfarin dosing strategies."	( Genetic testing to guide warfarin dosing: Impact of direct oral anticoagulants. Lentz, SR, 2016)	0.93
" The aim of this study was to identify changes in renal function and associated DOAC dosing implications in a multicenter cohort of atrial fibrillation patients switched from warfarin to DOAC treatment."	( Renal function in atrial fibrillation patients switched from warfarin to a direct oral anticoagulant. Almany, S; Barnes, GD; Froehlich, JB; Gu, X; Haymart, B; Jiang, Q; Kaatz, S; Kline-Rogers, E; Kozlowski, J; Krol, GD; Minhas, AS, 2016)	0.87
"The objective of the present study was to develop an optimal equation for the pediatric dose-response relationship of warfarin using a size parameter with an exponent of body weight (SIZE) which has been proposed for scaling drug clearance."	( A model analysis for dose-response relationship of warfarin in Japanese children: An introduction of the SIZE parameter. Hirono, K; Ichida, F; Nakamura, S; Ozawa, S; Taguchi, M; Watanabe, N; Yoshimura, N, 2016)	0.9
" Because he had a reduced creatinine clearance of 44mL/min, his dosage of rivaroxaban was reduced from 15 to 10mg daily according to official Japanese prescribing information."	( Intracranial subdural hematomas with elevated rivaroxaban concentration and subsequently detected spinal subdural hematoma: A case report. Hino, T; Koga, M; Matsuki, T; Toyoda, K; Yamaguchi, Y; Yokota, C, 2016)	0.43
" Whether warfarin dosing algorithms incorporating LVSD in determining initial doses improves outcomes needs to be evaluated."	( Effect of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction on Response to Warfarin. Ather, S; Beasley, TM; Brown, T; Hill, CE; Limdi, NA; Prabhu, SD; Shendre, A, 2016)	1.09
" Mean absolute dosing error (MAE) in this subgroup of IWPC and newly studied patients was reduced 75."	( Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Reevaluated:  Subgroup Analysis Reveals a Likely Underestimation of the Maximum Pharmacogenetic Benefit by Clinical Trials. Maurice, CB; Stack, G, 2016)	1.88
" Susoctocog alfa offers the ability to effectively titrate and monitor dosing based on factor VIII activity levels."	( [Coagulation disorders in the intensive care unit - what is new?]. Hart, C; Schmid, S, 2016)	0.43
" Warfarin genotyping information can be incorporated into decision making for initial dosing as recommended by the Food and Drug Administration; however, clinical utility of this data in the CF-LVAD population has not been well studied."	( Effect of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Gene Variants on Warfarin Response in Patients with Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices. Breskin, A; Cagliostro, B; Castagna, F; Colombo, PC; Eisenberger, A; Garan, AR; Jennings, DL; Jorde, UP; Knotts, RJ; Levin, AP; Mancini, DM; Naka, Y; Takayama, H; Takeda, K; Topkara, VK; Uriel, N; Yuzefpolskaya, M, )	1.3
"Warfarin dosage requirements show considerable inter-individual variability."	( Effect of VKORC1, CYP2C9, CFP4F2, and GGCX Gene Polymorphisms on Warfarin Dose in Japanese Pediatric Patients. Hokosaki, T; Ito, S; Iwamoto, M; Kadota, K; Nakano, Y; Tsujimoto, S; Wakamiya, T; Watanabe, S; Yanagimachi, M, 2016)	2.11
" The influence of genetic polymorphisms on stable warfarin dosage requirement was investigated by genotyping SNPs of the VKORC1, CYP2C9, CYP4F2, and GGCX genes (rs9923231, rs1057910, rs2108622, and rs699664, respectively) in each patient."	( Effect of VKORC1, CYP2C9, CFP4F2, and GGCX Gene Polymorphisms on Warfarin Dose in Japanese Pediatric Patients. Hokosaki, T; Ito, S; Iwamoto, M; Kadota, K; Nakano, Y; Tsujimoto, S; Wakamiya, T; Watanabe, S; Yanagimachi, M, 2016)	0.93
"2 % of the variability in maintenance warfarin dosage, genetic polymorphisms in VKORC1 account for 27 %, although polymorphisms in CYP4F2 and GGCX had no effect on dosage and the effect of CYP2C9 could not be evaluated."	( Effect of VKORC1, CYP2C9, CFP4F2, and GGCX Gene Polymorphisms on Warfarin Dose in Japanese Pediatric Patients. Hokosaki, T; Ito, S; Iwamoto, M; Kadota, K; Nakano, Y; Tsujimoto, S; Wakamiya, T; Watanabe, S; Yanagimachi, M, 2016)	0.94
"Polymorphisms in VKORC1 partially affected daily warfarin dosage requirements."	( Effect of VKORC1, CYP2C9, CFP4F2, and GGCX Gene Polymorphisms on Warfarin Dose in Japanese Pediatric Patients. Hokosaki, T; Ito, S; Iwamoto, M; Kadota, K; Nakano, Y; Tsujimoto, S; Wakamiya, T; Watanabe, S; Yanagimachi, M, 2016)	0.93
"53, and warfarin dosage of (2."	( [The multicenter study on the registration and follow-up of low anticoagulation therapy for the heart valve operation in China]. Bai, YJ; Bo, P; Cai, H; Cao, GQ; Chang, C; Chen, H; Chen, J; Dong, L; Fu, B; Guo, P; Han, T; Huang, F; Huang, HL; Jiang, SL; Jiang, XY; Jin, S; Li, M; Li, YX; Liang, GY; Liu, DX; Liu, JC; Liu, JS; Liu, KX; Liu, YQ; Lu, FL; Na, ZH; Ni, LX; Ni, YM; Qiao, CH; Ren, L; Shi, YK; Teng, X; Tian, H; Wang, CS; Wang, DJ; Wang, YL; Wei, SL; Wu, D; Wu, SM; Wu, XC; Xia, LM; Xiao, MD; Xiao, YB; Xiao, YM; Xiong, R; Xu, H; Xu, JP; Xu, Z; Xu, ZY; Xue, WB; Yang, Q; Yang, SY; Yu, FX; Yuan, Y; Zeng, QY; Zhang, EY; Zhang, GM; Zhang, JB; Zhang, KL; Zhang, X; Zheng, XM; Zhong, QJ; Zhou, XM; Zhu, P; Zhu, YB, 2016)	0.87
"We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic-guided dosing of warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in the United Kingdom and Sweden."	( Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic-guided dosing of warfarin in the United Kingdom and Sweden. Burnside, G; Hughes, DA; Kamali, F; Langenskiold, S; Maitland-van der Zee, AH; Pirmohamed, M; Redekop, WK; Verhoef, TI; Wadelius, M, 2016)	0.91
"This study aims to screen and validate five individual warfarin dosing models (four Asian model algorithms, namely, Ohno, Wen, Miao, Huang, and the algorithm of International Warfarin Pharmacogenetic Consortium, namely IWPC algorithm) with the aim of evaluating their accuracy, practicality, and safety."	( Verification of five pharmacogenomics-based warfarin administration models. Lin, M; Qiu, H; Song, H; Wang, Q; Yu, L; Zhang, J, )	0.64
" There is a need for characterization of genotype frequency distribution in different populations for construction of customized dosing algorithms to enhance the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of warfarin therapy."	( Frequency of Common CYP2C9 Polymorphisms and Their Impact on Warfarin Dose Requirement in Pakistani Population. Farooqi, ZU; Hanif, A; Ismail, M; Kazmi, SAR; Mansoor, Q; Najmi, MH; Naveed, AK; Qayyum, A, 2017)	0.89
"Patients diagnosed with NVAF and physicians treating such patients completed 12 discrete choice questions comparing NVAF therapies that varied across five attributes: stroke risk, major bleeding risk, convenience (no regular blood testing/dietary restrictions), dosing frequency, and patients' out-of-pocket cost."	( Physician and Patient Preferences for Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Therapies. Bruno, A; Campinha-Bacote, A; MacEwan, JP; Romley, JA; Shafrin, J; Shah, M; Tan, W; Trocio, J, 2016)	0.43
" Both physicians' and patients' WTP value for once-daily dosing was not significantly different from zero."	( Physician and Patient Preferences for Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Therapies. Bruno, A; Campinha-Bacote, A; MacEwan, JP; Romley, JA; Shafrin, J; Shah, M; Tan, W; Trocio, J, 2016)	0.43
"Our study will provide a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis on the potential effects of CYP2C9, VKORC1, or CYP4F2 on the warfarin maintenance dose in children, exploring the feasibility of the development of pharmacogenetic-guided warfarin dosing algorithm for children on oral vitamin K antagonists."	( Effect of CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 polymorphisms on warfarin maintenance dose in children aged less than 18 years: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Brandão, LR; Ito, S; Kobayashi, T; Takeuchi, M, 2016)	0.89
" The prothrombin time international normalized ratio divided by current warfarin dosage (PT-INR/dose) was measured over time to evaluate warfarin titer in each patient."	( Impact of capecitabine and S-1 on anticoagulant activity of warfarin in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Doki, Y; Haraguchi, N; Hata, T; Kudo, T; Mizushima, T; Mori, M; Nishimura, J; Sakai, D; Satoh, T; Takahashi, H; Yamamoto, H, 2016)	0.91
" This analysis supports dosing patients with renal impairment in accordance with patients with normal renal function; however, anti-Xa monitoring could be considered to further support safety in selected patients, particularly those with very severe renal impairment."	( A post hoc analysis of dalteparin versus oral anticoagulant (VKA) therapy for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism (rVTE) in patients with cancer and renal impairment. Abreu, P; Feugère, G; Heissler, J; Jen, F; Ruiz, MT; Woodruff, S, 2016)	0.43
" To understand the differences between these trials, we compared the initial doses between alternative dosing algorithms (the pharmacogenetic-guided and clinically guided algorithms developed by Gage and colleagues and those developed by the International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium) and between the COAG and EU-PACT dose-initiation strategies."	( A systematic analysis and comparison of warfarin initiation strategies. French, B; Gage, BF; Horenstein, RB; Kimmel, SE; Limdi, NA; Wang, L, 2016)	0.88
"5 mg greater among participants randomized to clinically guided dosing (P<0."	( A systematic analysis and comparison of warfarin initiation strategies. French, B; Gage, BF; Horenstein, RB; Kimmel, SE; Limdi, NA; Wang, L, 2016)	0.7
" Differences in the ACT before ablation and adequate initial heparin dosing in patients receiving non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) were examined."	( Adequate Initial Heparin Dosage for Atrial Fibrillation Ablation in Patients Receiving Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants. Higashiya, S; Hina, K; Kamikawa, S; Kawamura, H; Komtasubara, I; Kusachi, S; Murakami, M; Murakami, T; Yamaji, H, 2016)	0.43
"Implementation of pharmacogenetic-guided warfarin dosing has been hindered by inconsistent results from reported clinical trials and a lack of available algorithms that include alleles prevalent in non-white populations."	( Implementing Algorithm-Guided Warfarin Dosing in an Ethnically Diverse Patient Population Using Electronic Health Records and Preemptive CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Genetic Testing. Abul-Husn, NS; Bottinger, EP; Cho, J; Ellis, SB; Gottesman, O; Kaszemacher, T; Myers, K; Obeng, AO; Scott, SA; Vega, A; Waite, E, 2016)	0.99
" However, their high cost, twice-daily dosing and gastrointestinal adverse effects may present additional challenges for patients and health systems."	( Factors Affecting Patients' Perception On, and Adherence To, Anticoagulant Therapy: Anticipating the Role of Direct Oral Anticoagulants. Bajorek, B; Pandya, EY, 2017)	0.46
"Warfarin-dosing algorithms combine clinical factors and dosing history with the current international normalized ratio (INR) to estimate the therapeutic warfarin dose."	( Use of signals and systems engineering to improve the safety of warfarin initiation. Bass, AR; Eby, C; Gage, BF; Hyun, G; Li, J; Lin, H; McMillin, GA; Mohapatra, A; Woller, SC, 2016)	2.12
"Results indicate a clinically significant reduction in warfarin dose-response when hepatitis C treatment regimens were added to warfarin."	( Evaluation of a Potential Interaction Between New Regimens to Treat Hepatitis C and Warfarin. Boese, AL; Chen, YC; DeCarolis, DD; Rector, TS; Walquist, MA; Westanmo, AD, 2016)	0.91
"It can be concluded that the semisolid SLNs are promising alternative dermal drug delivery systems to the conventional dosage forms."	( Novel Drug Delivery System for Dermal Uptake of Etofenamate: Semisolid SLN Dispersion. Amasya, G; Badilli, U; Sengel-Turk, CT; Tarimci, N, 2017)	0.46
"Warfarin dosage estimation using the pharmacogenetic algorithms has been shown to improve the quality of anticoagulation control in patients with atrial fibrillation."	( Factors influencing quality of anticoagulation control and warfarin dosage in patients after aortic valve replacement within the 3 months of follow up. Awsiuk, M; Bochenek, M; Grudzien, G; Mazur, P; Plicner, A; Undas, A; Wypasek, E, 2016)	2.12
" More studies must be done to establish minimum dosing while achieving safe and efficacious outcomes."	( A Compelling Case for the Use of Perioperative Zymogen Protein C for Increased Patient Safety. Abdallah, JM; Bruley, DF; Bruley, KC; Bruley, SB; Duncan, M; Duncan, R; McGuire, TW; Streiff, MB; Thiessen, EE; White, M, )	0.13
"Transitions in care create challenges for warfarin management, including dosing errors, medication nonadherence, and/or insufficient monitoring."	( Improving Transitions of Care for Hospitalized Patients on Warfarin. Burkeybile, A; Day, M; Deane, K; Malone, M, 2016)	0.94
" We evaluated possible correlations between INR, warfarin/3'-hydroxywarfarin, and drug weekly dosage aimed at searching novel alternatives to OAT monitoring."	( The Active Metabolite of Warfarin (3'-Hydroxywarfarin) and Correlation with INR, Warfarin and Drug Weekly Dosage in Patients under Oral Anticoagulant Therapy: A Pharmacogenetics Study. Avato, FM; Bertocco, C; Burini, F; Cuneo, A; Fabbri, M; Gaudio, RM; Gemmati, D; Moratelli, S; Serino, ML; Talarico, A; Tisato, V; Vigliano, M, 2016)	0.99
" No treatment interaction was observed between either dosing regimens of edoxaban and warfarin for the efficacy and safety outcomes."	( Edoxaban Versus Warfarin in Atrial Fibrillation Patients at Risk of Falling: ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Analysis. Antman, EM; Aylward, P; Braunwald, E; Choi, Y; Giugliano, RP; Mercuri, M; Murphy, SA; Ruff, CT; Steffel, J; White, H; Zamorano, JL, 2016)	1
" Also, our data demonstrate notable differences in predicted genotype-based warfarin dosing among these populations."	( A European Spectrum of Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers: Implications for Clinical Pharmacogenomics. Balogh, I; Başak, N; Böhm, R; Borg, J; Borgiani, P; Bozina, N; Bruckmueller, H; Burzynska, B; Carracedo, A; Cascorbi, I; Dalabira, E; Del Zompo, M; Deltas, C; Dolzan, V; Dzimiri, N; Fenech, A; Grech, G; Kádaši, Ľ; Kasiulevicius, V; Katsila, T; Khusnutdinova, E; Kučinskas, V; Kumuthini, J; Lee, MT; Loukas, YL; Macek, M; Makukh, H; Mathijssen, R; Mc Leod, HL; Mitropoulos, K; Mitropoulou, C; Mizzi, C; Motsinger-Rief, A; Novelli, G; Papantoni, I; Patrinos, GP; Pavlovic, S; Saglio, G; Setric, J; Squassina, A; Stojiljkovic, M; Stubbs, AP; Torres, M; Turnovec, M; van der Spek, PJ; van Schaik, RH; Voskarides, K; Wakil, SM; Werk, A; Zukic, B, 2016)	0.66
" Current apixaban dosing recommendations for this patient population are based largely on a single-dose pharmacokinetic study of eight patients."	( Clinical Application and Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of Apixaban in a Patient with End-Stage Renal Disease Requiring Chronic Hemodialysis. Kufel, WD; Lehmann, DF; Miller, CD; Zayac, AS, 2016)	0.43
" Enoxaparin was started at a therapeutic, renally adjusted dosage of 60 mg subcutaneously once daily after the patient's hematomas resolved and hemoglobin level stabilized."	( Evidence of a clinically significant interaction between warfarin and intravesical gemcitabine. Feuz, L; Gee, ME; Krajewski, KC; Kurtzhalts, K, 2016)	0.68
"To assess the effect of Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) gene polymorphism on pediatric warfarin maintenance dosage requirement."	( Cytochrome P450 2C9 gene polymorphism and warfarin maintenance dosage in pediatric patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chai, T; Huang, J; Huang, S; Shen, J; Tian, L; Zhang, J, 2017)	0.94
" Despite the fact that considerable effort has been achieved to increase patient' and doctor's information and ability to anticipate their occurrence and consequences in clinical practice, a thorough and detailed health history and dietary recall are essential for identifying potential problems in order to optimize patient prescriptions and drug dosing on an individual basis as well as to increase the treatment risk/benefit ratio."	( Is the clinical relevance of drug-food and drug-herb interactions limited to grapefruit juice and Saint-John's Wort? Bergmann, JF; Lloret-Linares, C; Mouly, S; Sellier, PO; Sene, D, 2017)	0.46
" The delay to receiving PCC was ≥ 8 h in 46·7% of patients with warfarin-associated bleeding (PWAB) treated with a variable PCC dosing protocol in our retrospective audit."	( Reversal of warfarin anticoagulation using prothrombin complex concentrate at 25 IU kg Appleby, N; Crowley, M; Egan, L; Gough, D; Groarke, E; McCann, AM; McMahon, G; O'Connell, N; O'Donghaile, D; O'Keeffe, D; Wahab, FA, 2017)	1.07
"To report the impact of a simplified PCC dosing protocol on the interval to reversal of anticoagulation."	( Reversal of warfarin anticoagulation using prothrombin complex concentrate at 25 IU kg Appleby, N; Crowley, M; Egan, L; Gough, D; Groarke, E; McCann, AM; McMahon, G; O'Connell, N; O'Donghaile, D; O'Keeffe, D; Wahab, FA, 2017)	0.83
"We developed a PCC dosing protocol standardising the initial PCC dose and simplifying dosing calculations."	( Reversal of warfarin anticoagulation using prothrombin complex concentrate at 25 IU kg Appleby, N; Crowley, M; Egan, L; Gough, D; Groarke, E; McCann, AM; McMahon, G; O'Connell, N; O'Donghaile, D; O'Keeffe, D; Wahab, FA, 2017)	0.83
"43) at a dosage of 15 mg every 12 hours for 3 weeks, followed by 20 mg once daily for 3 months."	( Successful use of rivaroxaban in postoperative deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb following instability with warfarin: a case report. Coluccia, A; Schiavoni, M, 2016)	0.65
"To describe international normalized ratio (INR) trends and warfarin dosage adjustments required for four veterans who were receiving warfarin therapy and started treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin."	( Influence of Successful Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Treatment with Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir on Warfarin Dosing Requirements in Four Veterans. Britnell, SR; Britt, RB; Vanderman, AJ; Willets, AE; Woodard, CL, 2016)	0.9
" The article addresses some crucial aspects of NOAC therapy such as measurement of anticoagulant effects, transition between different agents, ensuring drug intake compliance, dealing with dosing errors, management of bleeding complications etc based on the guidance offered by the European Heart Rhythm Association in 2013."	( Current Perspective on Use of NOAC in Clinical Practice in India. Bhave, A; Dalal, JJ; Dhall, A, 2016)	0.43
" However, appropriate dosing is difficult to establish owing to its narrow therapeutic window as well as widespread inter- and intra-individual variability in dosage."	( Can pharmacogenetics help patients under chronic treatment with coumarin anticoagulants? García, CB; López, I; Ribate, MP; Sangüesa, E; Vancraenendonck, Y; Zuriaga, E, 2016)	0.43
" Established warfarin initiation protocols may lack clinical applicability, resulting in dosing based on clinical judgment."	( Comparing Usual Care With a Warfarin Initiation Protocol After Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement. Quinn, S; Razooqi, R; Roberts, G, 2017)	1.12
"A previously established Bayesian dosing tool for warfarin was found to produce biased maintenance dose predictions."	( Influence of Genotype on Warfarin Maintenance Dose Predictions Produced Using a Bayesian Dose Individualization Tool. Black, L; Duffull, SB; Lund, KA; Roberts, RL; Saffian, SM; Tait, RC; Thomson, AH; Wright, DF, 2016)	0.99
"The warfarin maintenance doses for 140 patients were predicted using the dosing tool and compared with the observed maintenance dose."	( Influence of Genotype on Warfarin Maintenance Dose Predictions Produced Using a Bayesian Dose Individualization Tool. Black, L; Duffull, SB; Lund, KA; Roberts, RL; Saffian, SM; Tait, RC; Thomson, AH; Wright, DF, 2016)	1.3
" There is a need for a more mechanistic model that captures warfarin dose-response relationship at higher warfarin doses."	( Influence of Genotype on Warfarin Maintenance Dose Predictions Produced Using a Bayesian Dose Individualization Tool. Black, L; Duffull, SB; Lund, KA; Roberts, RL; Saffian, SM; Tait, RC; Thomson, AH; Wright, DF, 2016)	0.98
" Recently, we developed a pharmacogenetic-based warfarin dosing algorithm specifically calibrated for a Brazilian patient sample."	( Evaluation of a pharmacogenetic-based warfarin dosing algorithm in patients with low time in therapeutic range - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Bueno, CT; Darrieux, FC; Facin, M; Krieger, JE; Marcatto, LR; Pereira, AC; Sacilotto, L; Santos, PC; Scanavacca, MI; Strunz, CM, 2016)	0.96
"Pharmacogenomic-guided dosing has the potential to improve patient outcomes but its implementation has been met with clinical challenges."	( Iterative Development and Evaluation of a Pharmacogenomic-Guided Clinical Decision Support System for Warfarin Dosing. Melton, BL; Overholser, BR; Russ, AL; Saleem, J; Tisdale, JE; Zillich, AJ, 2016)	0.65
" The characterization of genotype frequency distribution is required in different populations for construction of customized dosing algorithms to enhance the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of warfarin therapy."	( Frequency of Common VKORC1 Polymorphisms and Their Impact on Warfarin Dose Requirement in Pakistani Population. Hanif, A; Irfan, M; Ismail, M; Kazmi, AR; Mansoor, Q; Najmi, MH; Naveed, AK; Qayyum, A, 2018)	0.91
" Warfarin was dosed according to a standard nomogram."	( Preoperative Versus Postoperative Initiation of Warfarin Therapy in Patients Undergoing Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty. Cipriano, C; Curtin, B; Erdle, N; Li, K, 2017)	1.62
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of 16 previously published warfarin dosing algorithms in Korean patients."	( Evaluation of 16 genotype-guided Warfarin Dosing Algorithms in 310 Korean Patients Receiving Warfarin Treatment: Poor Prediction Performance in VKORC1 1173C Carriers. Bang, OY; Cho, HJ; Choi, R; Kim, JS; Lee, SY; On, YK; Yang, M, 2016)	0.94
" Further studies are needed to develop genotype-guided warfarin dosing algorithms with greater accuracy in the Korean population."	( Evaluation of 16 genotype-guided Warfarin Dosing Algorithms in 310 Korean Patients Receiving Warfarin Treatment: Poor Prediction Performance in VKORC1 1173C Carriers. Bang, OY; Cho, HJ; Choi, R; Kim, JS; Lee, SY; On, YK; Yang, M, 2016)	0.96
" However, retrospective and randomized controlled trials that employ dosing algorithms incorporating pharmacogenomic variants under perform in African Americans."	( STRATEGIES FOR EQUITABLE PHARMACOGENOMIC-GUIDED WARFARIN DOSING AMONG EUROPEAN AND AFRICAN AMERICAN INDIVIDUALS IN A CLINICAL POPULATION. Aldrich, MC; Denny, JC; Peterson, JF; Roden, DM; Samuels, DC; Vanhouten, JP; Wiley, LK, 2017)	0.71
" The predicted warfarin-binding site was verified by shifted dose-response curves of specified mutated residues."	( Warfarin and vitamin K compete for binding to Phe55 in human VKOR. Biswas, A; Czogalla, KJ; Höning, K; Hornung, V; Liphardt, K; Oldenburg, J; Watzka, M, 2017)	2.25
"Many hospitals have implemented warfarin dosing nomograms to improve patient safety."	( Implications of an inpatient warfarin dosing nomogram on safety outcomes post-discharge. Chamoun, N; Donovan, JL; Gore, J; Klugman, R; Macías, CG; Salameh, P; Tran, MT, 2017)	1.03
"The manuscript "Anticoagulation Endpoints With Clinical Implementation of Warfarin Pharmacogenetic Dosing in a Real- World Setting: A Proposal for a New Pharmacogenetic Dosing Approach" describes process outcomes in an institutional program to use pharmacogenetic testing to optimize warfarin dose in a cohort of 257 patients of diverse ancestries."	( Pharmacogenetic Implementation Lessons From the "Real World". Roden, DM, 2017)	0.69
" Since genetic factors contribute significantly to warfarin sensitivity, a genotype-guided dosing strategy may reduce the occurrence of adverse events."	( Warfarin genotyping with hybridization-induced aggregation on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) microdevice. Carter, MB; Cecil, AE; Landers, JP; Le Roux, D; Mills, DL; Sloane, HS, 2017)	2.15
" Although many of those populations share the same ancestry and are similar in their warfarin dose predictors, a population specific dosing algorithm is needed for the prospective estimation of warfarin dose."	( The Impact of Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors on Warfarin Dose Prediction in MENA Region: A Systematic Review. Bader, LA; Elewa, H, 2016)	0.91
" Frequent daily dosing was an independent risk factor for non-adherence to medication (UMIN-CTR No."	( Adherence to medication and characteristics of Japanese patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Hagiwara, N; Nishimura, K; Omori, H; Shiga, T; Suzuki, T; Tatsumi, F, 2017)	0.46
" Application of an institution-specific correction factor to POC INR values of >3 improved agreement with laboratory INR results but would not have significantly reduced differences in protocol-based warfarin dosage adjustments."	( Correction factor to improve agreement between point-of-care and laboratory International Normalized Ratio values. Fleming, R; Johnson, SA; Lanspa, MJ; Vazquez, SR, 2017)	0.64
" These data suggest that more aggressive dosing is necessary for patients with 0 to 1 VKORC1/CYP2C9 variants to more efficiently achieve therapeutic anticoagulation."	( Anticoagulation endpoints with clinical implementation of warfarin pharmacogenetic dosing in a real-world setting: A proposal for a new pharmacogenetic dosing approach. Arwood, MJ; Cavallari, LH; Deng, J; Drozda, K; Duarte, JD; Nutescu, EA; Pugach, O; Schmidt, S, 2017)	0.7
"Warfarin was dosed orally in drinking water, and international normalized ratio values were determined using a Coaguchek device."	( 12/15-Lipoxygenase Inhibition or Knockout Reduces Warfarin-Associated Hemorrhagic Transformation After Experimental Stroke. Foerch, C; Karatas, H; Liu, Y; Lo, EH; van Leyen, K; Wang, X; Zheng, Y, 2017)	2.15
" Objectives An investigation of how initiation of amiodarone affects the anticoagulant effect and dosing of warfarin, using data from three nationwide registries."	( The effect of amiodarone on warfarin anticoagulation: a register-based nationwide cohort study involving the Swedish population. Andersson, ML; Holm, J; Lindh, JD; Mannheimer, B, 2017)	0.96
" Considering the low dose usually administered, critical parameter of solid dosage form is its uniformity of content."	( [Influence of drug concentration and blending technology on the content uniformity of mixture for low dose warfarin tablets]. Dolejší, Z; Elbl, J; Franc, A; Mikušová, J; Muselík, J; Vetchý, D, )	0.34
"The effects of genetic variants on warfarin dosing vary among different ethnic groups, especially in the Chinese population."	( Clinical and genetic factors associated with warfarin maintenance dose in northern Chinese patients with mechanical heart valve replacement. Cao, J; Dong, R; Liu, R; Pan, XD; Shi, XM; Zhang, Q, 2017)	0.99
" However, there are few pharmacogenetic-guided warfarin dosing algorithms that are based on large cohorts from the Chinese population, especially patients with atrial fibrillation."	( DNA sensors to assess the effect of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 gene polymorphisms on warfarin dose requirement in Chinese patients with atrial fibrillation. Cheng, PQ; Dai, ZL; He, Q; He, YS; Huang, TS; Li, YB; Zhang, L; Zheng, JR, 2017)	0.94
"This study aimed to determine clinical utility of genotype-guided dosing for warfarin in Han-Chinese."	( Pharmacogenetic dosing of warfarin in the Han-Chinese population: a randomized trial. Chang, CH; Chang, KC; Chang, YJ; Chen, CH; Chen, JJ; Chen, YF; Chen, YT; Chuang, HP; Hung, KC; Jeng, JS; Lee, MT; Lee, TH; Liou, CW; Wang, CY; Wen, MS; Wu, JY, 2017)	0.98
"Genotype-guided dosing did not provide significant benefit."	( Pharmacogenetic dosing of warfarin in the Han-Chinese population: a randomized trial. Chang, CH; Chang, KC; Chang, YJ; Chen, CH; Chen, JJ; Chen, YF; Chen, YT; Chuang, HP; Hung, KC; Jeng, JS; Lee, MT; Lee, TH; Liou, CW; Wang, CY; Wen, MS; Wu, JY, 2017)	0.76
" Time within the therapeutic INR range (TTR) did not improve with institution of the dosing protocol-51."	( A hemodialysis cohort study of protocol-based anticoagulation management. Basein, T; Chang, B; Lamontagne, S; Mallela, L, 2017)	0.46
"In this single-center study, institution of a standardized dosing protocol in a hemodialysis population on chronic warfarin therapy did not improve the rate of on-target anticoagulation, but did result in significantly lower resource utilization."	( A hemodialysis cohort study of protocol-based anticoagulation management. Basein, T; Chang, B; Lamontagne, S; Mallela, L, 2017)	0.67
" Pharmacogenomics-guided warfarin dosing algorithms that include the well-established VKORC1 and CYP2C9 polymorphisms explain only a small proportion of inter-individual variability in African Americans (AAs)."	( Integrated analysis of genetic variation and gene expression reveals novel variant for increased warfarin dose requirement in African Americans. Aquino-Michaels, K; Barbour, A; Cavallari, LH; Gamazon, ER; Harralson, AF; Hernandez, W; O'Brien, TJ; Perera, MA; Smithberger, E; Tuck, M, 2017)	0.98
"There is preliminary evidence to suggest that some published warfarin dosing algorithms produce biased maintenance dose predictions in patients who require higher than average doses."	( Warfarin Dosing Algorithms Underpredict Dose Requirements in Patients Requiring ≥7 mg Daily: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Duffull, SB; Saffian, SM; Wright, D, 2017)	2.14
" We utilized VOI analysis to compare the evidence levels over time for warfarin dosing based on pharmacogenomic vs."	( Are Evidence Standards Different for Genomic- vs. Clinical-Based Precision Medicine? A Quantitative Analysis of Individualized Warfarin Therapy. Basu, A; Carlson, JJ; Dhanda, DS; Guzauskas, GF; Veenstra, DL, 2017)	0.89
" Evidence from the published literature is presented for CYP2C9, VKORC1, CYP4F2, and rs12777823 genotype-guided warfarin dosing to achieve a target international normalized ratio of 2-3 when clinical genotype results are available."	( Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Pharmacogenetics-Guided Warfarin Dosing: 2017 Update. Anderson, JL; Caudle, KE; Cavallari, LH; Gage, BF; Gong, L; Johnson, JA; Kimmel, SE; Klein, TE; Lee, MT; Limdi, NA; Perera, MA; Pirmohamed, M; Scott, SA; Stein, CM; Wadelius, M; Whirl-Carrillo, M, 2017)	0.88
"The gene-guided dosing strategy of warfarin generally leads to over-dose in patients at doses lower than 2 mg/kg, and only 50% of individual variability in daily stable doses can be explained."	( Development of a novel individualized warfarin dose algorithm based on a population pharmacokinetic model with improved prediction accuracy for Chinese patients after heart valve replacement. Chen, X; Hong, XH; Hu, J; Sun, JG; Wang, SK; Wei, M; Yu, F; Zhu, JR; Zhu, YB, 2017)	1
" In contrast, there was no significant difference in warfarin dosage requirements in the presence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 variant alleles (P > 0."	( Predictors of warfarin dose requirements in South African patients attending an anticoagulation clinic. Schapkaitz, E; Sithole, J, 2017)	1.07
" The fact that the NOACs don't require routine monitoring to assure that patients remain within the therapeutic range and have relatively simple dosing requirements and a safer risk profile makes them attractive substitutes to warfarin in HF patients with atrial fibrillation and other conditions (e."	( Anticoagulation Therapy and NOACs in Heart Failure. EncisoSilva, J; Greenberg, B; Schlueter, M; Thomas, I, 2017)	0.64
"Although studies assessing the cost effectiveness of genotype-guided warfarin dosing for the management of atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism have been reported, no publications have addressed genotype-guided warfarin therapy in mechanical heart valve replacement (MHVR) patients or genotype-guided warfarin therapy under the fee-for-service (FFS) insurance system."	( Cost Effectiveness of Genotype-Guided Warfarin Dosing in Patients with Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement Under the Fee-for-Service System. Kim, DJ; Kim, EY; Kim, HS; Oh, M; Shin, JG, 2017)	0.96
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of genotype-guided warfarin dosing in patients with MHVR under the FFS system from the Korea healthcare sector perspective."	( Cost Effectiveness of Genotype-Guided Warfarin Dosing in Patients with Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement Under the Fee-for-Service System. Kim, DJ; Kim, EY; Kim, HS; Oh, M; Shin, JG, 2017)	0.95
"A decision-analytic Markov model was developed to evaluate the cost effectiveness of genotype-guided warfarin dosing compared with standard dosing."	( Cost Effectiveness of Genotype-Guided Warfarin Dosing in Patients with Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement Under the Fee-for-Service System. Kim, DJ; Kim, EY; Kim, HS; Oh, M; Shin, JG, 2017)	0.94
"In a base-case analysis, genotype-guided warfarin dosing was associated with marginally higher QALYs than standard warfarin dosing (6."	( Cost Effectiveness of Genotype-Guided Warfarin Dosing in Patients with Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement Under the Fee-for-Service System. Kim, DJ; Kim, EY; Kim, HS; Oh, M; Shin, JG, 2017)	0.99
"Compared with only standard warfarin therapy, genotype-guided warfarin dosing was cost effective in MHVR patients under the FFS insurance system."	( Cost Effectiveness of Genotype-Guided Warfarin Dosing in Patients with Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement Under the Fee-for-Service System. Kim, DJ; Kim, EY; Kim, HS; Oh, M; Shin, JG, 2017)	1.02
" Assessment of monitoring, effectiveness of dosing and complication rates was undertaken."	( Safety and Efficacy of Warfarin Therapy in Remote Communities of the Top End of Northern Australia. Dennis, J; Kangaharan, N; Majoni, W; Tinsley, J, 2017)	0.77
" We used individual clinical avatar Time-in-Therapeutic-Range to represent the two-sided adverse risk to bleeding (over dosed - above therapeutic range) and thrombosis (under dosed - below therapeutic range) and as the objective function in the optimization to minimize overall risk."	( Optimal decision support rules improve personalize warfarin treatment outcomes. Ravvaz, K; Tonellato, PJ; Weissert, J, 2016)	0.69
" Much shorter half-life of NOACs raises the question of optimal dosing regimen."	( [The Problem of Adherence to Anticoagulant Therapy and Ways to Its Solution]. Kobalava, ZD; Troitskaya, EA; Villewalde, SV, 2016)	0.43
" Standard Practice of Dosing With Warfarin in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48]; NCT00781391)."	( Valvular Heart Disease Patients on Edoxaban or Warfarin in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Trial. Antman, EM; Braunwald, E; Carnicelli, AP; De Caterina, R; Giugliano, RP; Mercuri, MF; Nordio, F; Renda, G; Ruff, CT; Trevisan, M, 2017)	0.99
"Background Outpatient warfarin dosing and monitoring with telephonic anticoagulation management (TAM) could be an effective alternative to other more labor intensive management models."	( Transition of stable patients from traditional anticoagulation clinic services to telephonic management. Cryder, BT; Darkwa, A; Felczak, MA; Janociak, JD; Patel, H; Rihani, R, 2017)	0.77
"In this paper we demonstrate that among four phase III trials comparing warfarin and non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) vs warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation there was heterogeneity in the thromboembolic and bleeding risk of the included populations, variability in the definitions of primary endpoints, especially for safety, and different criteria for reducing NOAC dosage according to renal function."	( [Comparability of efficacy and safety results among phase III trials of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation]. Colonna, P; Filardi, PP; Patti, G; Pelliccia, F; Pengo, V; Verdecchia, P, 2017)	0.69
"Differences in warfarin maintenance dosages based on the presence of polymorphisms in VKORC1, CYP2C9, CYP4F2, and ORM1 can be determined through dosage adjustment according to routine guidelines."	( The Impact of Gene Polymorphisms on Anticoagulation Control With Warfarin. Jiang, HH; Li, X; Liu, J; Wang, LS; Wang, YC; Ye, HM; Zhang, W; Zhou, YX, 2018)	1.07
" Polymorphisms in the VKORC1, CYP2C9 and CYP4F2 genes have been verified to correlate with warfarin stable dosage (WSD)."	( The association between GGCX, miR-133 genetic polymorphisms and warfarin stable dosage in Han Chinese patients with mechanical heart valve replacement. Chen, XP; Hu, JX; Li, CL; Li, Z; Liu, LM; Liu, ZQ; Peng, J; Ren, H; Song, GB; Tan, SL; Tang, XY; Zeng, L; Zhang, J; Zhang, W; Zhou, HH; Zhou, XM, 2017)	0.91
" MIR133B rs142410335 makes no significant contributions to warfarin stable dosage in Han Chinese patients with MHVR neither in univariate regression nor in multivariate regression analyses."	( The association between GGCX, miR-133 genetic polymorphisms and warfarin stable dosage in Han Chinese patients with mechanical heart valve replacement. Chen, XP; Hu, JX; Li, CL; Li, Z; Liu, LM; Liu, ZQ; Peng, J; Ren, H; Song, GB; Tan, SL; Tang, XY; Zeng, L; Zhang, J; Zhang, W; Zhou, HH; Zhou, XM, 2017)	0.94
"Stable CVST may be treated with UFH infusion; however, there is limited literature that describes UFH dosing for CVST management."	( Pharmacological management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with full-dose IV heparin infusion and its clinical outcomes. Fernandez, A; Ho, J; Mckeone, A; Nair, V, 2017)	0.46
" Warfarin dose was prescribed using an inpatient pharmacy-managed algorithm and computer-based dosing tool."	( Time to achieving therapeutic international normalized ratio increases hospital length of stay after heart valve replacement surgery. Arendt, CJ; Bailey, K; Daly, RC; Hong, JH; Mehta, RA; Pathak, J; Pereira, NL; Scott, C, 2017)	1.37
" Alternative dosing and anticoagulation strategies will need to be adopted to reduce LOS in these patients."	( Time to achieving therapeutic international normalized ratio increases hospital length of stay after heart valve replacement surgery. Arendt, CJ; Bailey, K; Daly, RC; Hong, JH; Mehta, RA; Pathak, J; Pereira, NL; Scott, C, 2017)	0.46
"Current genotype-guided algorithms for warfarin dosing fail to deliver optimal performance in two aspects: 1) these algorithms are not able to achieve the same level of benefits in non-white populations, since they were developed based on multivariate regression analysis with mostly European/White data and did not include genetic variants found frequently in non-white populations; 2) these algorithms do not account for the dynamic dose/response relationship and were limited in their usefulness to guide dosing during the initiation phase, as the possession of variant VKORC1 and/or CYP2C9 polymorphisms has been associated with a more rapid attainment of target international normalized ratio (INR) and higher risk of over-anticoagulation even in genotype-guided patients."	( Genotype-guided dosing of warfarin through modeling and simulation. Cavallari, LH; Deng, J; Rodriguez, M; Schmidt, S; Vozmediano, V, 2017)	1.02
" The protocol requires pharmacists to manage timing of blood sampling for measuring PT-INR and warfarin dosage determination based on an algorithm."	( Efficacy of protocol-based pharmacotherapy management on anticoagulation with warfarin for patients with cardiovascular surgery. Katada, Y; Kayano, Y; Matsubara, K; Minakata, K; Minatoya, K; Nakagawa, S; Nakatsu, T; Odaka, M; Sakaguchi, H; Sakamoto, K; Sakata, R; Sato, Y; Taue, H; Uehara, K; Yamazaki, K; Yano, I; Yonezawa, A, 2017)	0.9
"Individualised drug dosing has been shown to improve patient outcomes and reduce adverse drug events."	( Individualised medicine: why we need Bayesian dosing. Barras, MA; Donagher, J; Martin, JH, 2017)	0.46
" Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of torsemide initiation on warfarin dosage requirements."	( Evaluation of the effect of torsemide on warfarin dosage requirements. Lai, S; Momper, JD; Yam, FK, 2017)	0.94
"After early clinical trials that evaluated pharmacogenetic (PG) algorithms, many healthcare payers were reluctant to cover this technology and, consequently, PG dosing of warfarin could not be translated into clinical practice."	( The Value of Evidence in the Decision-Making Process for Reimbursement of Pharmacogenetic Dosing of Warfarin. Janzic, A; Kos, M; Locatelli, I, 2017)	0.87
"The aim of this study was to estimate the value of upgrading evidence relating to PG dosing of warfarin from the healthcare payer perspective."	( The Value of Evidence in the Decision-Making Process for Reimbursement of Pharmacogenetic Dosing of Warfarin. Janzic, A; Kos, M; Locatelli, I, 2017)	0.89
"Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated PG dosing of warfarin were identified through a systematic literature search, and their findings were combined by a cumulative meta-analysis."	( The Value of Evidence in the Decision-Making Process for Reimbursement of Pharmacogenetic Dosing of Warfarin. Janzic, A; Kos, M; Locatelli, I, 2017)	0.91
"The estimated cumulative effect of PG dosing has remained similar since 2007, but additional evidence has contributed to a more precise estimation."	( The Value of Evidence in the Decision-Making Process for Reimbursement of Pharmacogenetic Dosing of Warfarin. Janzic, A; Kos, M; Locatelli, I, 2017)	0.67
" As a consequence, the dosage must be individualized for each patient based on the patient response in terms of time of coagulation."	( Warfarin Personalized Dosage: Re-compounding for a More Suitable Therapy and Better Compliance. Bettini, R; Frascio, D; Pellagatti, T; Ternelli, M, )	1.57
" The patient continued with this warfarin dosage until 18 weeks after completion of his HCV regimen."	( Increased warfarin requirements in a patient with chronic hepatitis C infection receiving sofosbuvir and ribavirin. Peterson, D; Van Ermen, A, 2017)	1.14
" Most sites have emergent warfarin reversal protocols (53% use PCC, 25% use PCC+ plasma and 2% use plasma alone); however, variation between adjusted dosing and fixed dosing was observed."	( Prothrombin complex concentrate for emergent reversal of warfarin: an international survey of hospital protocols. Fung, MK; Gorlin, J; Kinney, S; Tinmouth, A, 2017)	1
" We aimed to clarify if there was any effect modification by dosing (once- or twice-daily) regimens in Asian patients."	( Once- or twice-daily non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in Asian patients with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chiang, CE; Chiu, CC; Giugliano, RP; Goto, S; Lai, EY; Lin, CY; Su-Yin Tan, D; Wang, KL, 2017)	0.46
" Outcomes were pooled by dosing regimens with the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects model."	( Once- or twice-daily non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in Asian patients with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chiang, CE; Chiu, CC; Giugliano, RP; Goto, S; Lai, EY; Lin, CY; Su-Yin Tan, D; Wang, KL, 2017)	0.46
"From 6 trials, there was no effect modification by dosing regimens in the risk of stroke or systemic embolism across ethnicities (all interaction P > 0."	( Once- or twice-daily non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in Asian patients with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chiang, CE; Chiu, CC; Giugliano, RP; Goto, S; Lai, EY; Lin, CY; Su-Yin Tan, D; Wang, KL, 2017)	0.46
"In Asian patients with AF, NOACs, regardless of dosing regimens, have a similar feature of preserved efficacy with improved safety compared with warfarin."	( Once- or twice-daily non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in Asian patients with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chiang, CE; Chiu, CC; Giugliano, RP; Goto, S; Lai, EY; Lin, CY; Su-Yin Tan, D; Wang, KL, 2017)	0.66
"Warfarin requires individualized dosing and monitoring in the ambulatory setting for protection against thromboembolic disease."	( Designing and Implementing an Electronic Patient Registry to Improve Warfarin Monitoring in the Ambulatory Setting. Cherian, R; Horton, C; Lee, SY; Ly, I; Salley, AL; Sarkar, U, 2017)	2.13
" Where the cause was identified, 56% (10/18) was due to dosing errors and 17% (3/18) drug-drug interaction (DDI)."	( A preliminary review of warfarin toxicity in a tertiary hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Bassa, F; Decloedt, EH; Jacobs, A, )	0.44
"5 on the first check following dosing and 17/20 (85%) achieved an INR value ≤1."	( Low-dose Prothrombin Complex Concentrate for Warfarin-Associated Intracranial Hemorrhage with INR Less Than 2.0. Grindlinger, GA; Hayes, TL; May, T; Rolfe, SS; Seder, DB; Smith, KE; Trowbridge, RL; Zemrak, WR, 2017)	0.71
"Genotype-guided warfarin dosing algorithms are a rational approach to optimize warfarin dosing and potentially reduce adverse drug events."	( Warfarin Pharmacogenomics in Diverse Populations. Cavallari, LH; Karnes, JH; Kaye, JB; Kittles, RA; Schultz, LE; Steiner, HE, 2017)	2.24
" Interactions were only observed at high warfarin concentrations not attainable under recommended dosing regimes."	( Warfarin and Flavonoids Do Not Share the Same Binding Region in Binding to the IIA Subdomain of Human Serum Albumin. Bojić, M; Debeljak, Ž; Dufour, C; Rimac, H; Zorc, B, 2017)	2.16
"We compared NOACs (as a group) to warfarin in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, studying all 12,694 patients starting NOAC treatment within the Swedish clinical register and dosing system Auricula, from July 1, 2011 to December 31, 2014, and matching them to 36,317 patients starting warfarin using propensity scoring."	( Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants are non-inferior for stroke prevention but cause fewer major bleedings than well-managed warfarin: A retrospective register study. Byström, B; Norrving, B; Oldgren, J; Renlund, H; Själander, A; Sjögren, V; Svensson, PJ, 2017)	0.94
" Such challenges include prescribing and dosing issues, drug adherence, drug interactions, and high drug cost."	( Incorporating Comprehensive Management of Direct Oral Anticoagulants into Anticoagulation Clinics. Garwood, CL; Korkis, B; Mohammad, I, 2017)	0.46
" Second, the effects of medication concordance and dosing regimens on NOAC efficacy will be considered."	( Clinical implications, benefits and pitfalls of using and reversing non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Dimitropoulous, G; Lip, GYH; Moss, AS, 2017)	0.46
"Coumarins are a group of phytochemicals that may be beneficial or harmful to health depending on their type and dosage and the matrix that contains them."	( In silico genotoxicity of coumarins: application of the Phenol-Explorer food database to functional food science. Guardado Yordi, E; Matos, MJ; Molina, E; Pérez Martínez, A; Santana, L; Tornes, AC; Uriarte, E, 2017)	0.46
" Rapid coagulation sensing may ensure safe and accurate anticoagulant dosing and reduce bleeding risk."	( Optical sensing of anticoagulation status: Towards point-of-care coagulation testing. Hajjarian, Z; Nadkarni, SK; Tripathi, MM; Tshikudi, DM; Van Cott, EM, 2017)	0.46
" We compared the performance of a novel tailored vitamin K dosing regimen to that of a fixed-dose regimen with the primary measure being the proportion of over-anticoagulated patients returning to their target INR within 24 h."	( Assessment of the efficacy of a novel tailored vitamin K dosing regimen in lowering the International Normalised Ratio in over-anticoagulated patients: a randomised clinical trial. Avery, PJ; Biss, T; Hanley, J; Kamali, F; Kampouraki, E; Talks, K; Wynne, H, 2017)	0.46
"This is the first case to highlight the clinical significance of this interaction, noting that patients taking enzalutamide may require approximately 30%-50% adjustment in their warfarin dosage to maintain a therapeutic INR."	( Enzalutamide-warfarin interaction necessitating warfarin dosage adjustment: A case report of successful clinical management. Owens, RE; Parrett, JL; Reaves, AB; Self, TH, 2018)	1.04
"To evaluate the cost-utility of the pharmacogenetic-guided dosing of warfarin (PGx), when compared to the current dosing strategy."	( Cost-Utility Study of Warfarin Genotyping in the VACHS Affiliated Anticoagulation Clinic of Puerto Rico. Duconge-Soler, J; French-Kim, M; Hernández-Muñoz, JJ; Marín-Centeno, H; Martes-Martinez, C; Méndez-Sepúlveda, C; Millán-Molina, J; Rivera-Miranda, GC, 2017)	1
"A Markov model was developed to assess the impact of the genotypingguided warfarin dosing in a hypothetical cohort of patients."	( Cost-Utility Study of Warfarin Genotyping in the VACHS Affiliated Anticoagulation Clinic of Puerto Rico. Duconge-Soler, J; French-Kim, M; Hernández-Muñoz, JJ; Marín-Centeno, H; Martes-Martinez, C; Méndez-Sepúlveda, C; Millán-Molina, J; Rivera-Miranda, GC, 2017)	1
"Our model suggests that the warfarin PGx was not superior to the standard of care dosing strategy in terms of cost-utility."	( Cost-Utility Study of Warfarin Genotyping in the VACHS Affiliated Anticoagulation Clinic of Puerto Rico. Duconge-Soler, J; French-Kim, M; Hernández-Muñoz, JJ; Marín-Centeno, H; Martes-Martinez, C; Méndez-Sepúlveda, C; Millán-Molina, J; Rivera-Miranda, GC, 2017)	1.06
" Whether genotype-guided warfarin dosing can prevent these adverse events is unknown."	( Effect of Genotype-Guided Warfarin Dosing on Clinical Events and Anticoagulation Control Among Patients Undergoing Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: The GIFT Randomized Clinical Trial. Al-Hammadi, N; Anderson, JL; Barrack, RL; Bass, AR; Dávila-Román, V; Eby, CS; Gage, BF; Hollomon, W; Hyun, G; Jaffer, AK; King, CR; Li, J; Lin, H; McMillin, GA; Merritt, K; Miller, JP; Moskowitz, G; Napoli, L; Nunley, RM; Pendleton, RC; Porche-Sorbet, R; Rodríguez, T; Stevens, SM; Thompson, AM; Whipple, BD; Woller, SC, 2017)	1.06
"To determine whether genotype-guided dosing improves the safety of warfarin initiation."	( Effect of Genotype-Guided Warfarin Dosing on Clinical Events and Anticoagulation Control Among Patients Undergoing Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: The GIFT Randomized Clinical Trial. Al-Hammadi, N; Anderson, JL; Barrack, RL; Bass, AR; Dávila-Román, V; Eby, CS; Gage, BF; Hollomon, W; Hyun, G; Jaffer, AK; King, CR; Li, J; Lin, H; McMillin, GA; Merritt, K; Miller, JP; Moskowitz, G; Napoli, L; Nunley, RM; Pendleton, RC; Porche-Sorbet, R; Rodríguez, T; Stevens, SM; Thompson, AM; Whipple, BD; Woller, SC, 2017)	0.99
"There are many factors that influence the metabolism of warfarin, making changes in drug dosage common, and clinical factors like drug-drug interactions, dietary interactions and age explain for the most part the variability in warfarin dosing."	( Pharmacometabonomics Technique to Identify Warfarin Response Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Bawadikji, AA; Ibrahim, B; Kader, MABSA; Sulaiman, SAS; Teh, CH, 2017)	0.96
" Starting October 2016, our institution changed from standard 4FPCC FDA-labeled dosing based on the patient's presenting INR and weight, to a fixed-dose of 1500 units for all patients requiring urgent or emergent warfarin reversal."	( Fixed dose 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for the emergent reversal of warfarin: a retrospective analysis. Astrup, G; Burnett, A; Sarangarm, P, 2018)	0.89
"Many lines of evidence suggest that warfarin dosing variability is significantly associated with cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) variant alleles."	( Pharmacogenetics-Based Warfarin Dosing in Patients With Cardiac Valve Replacement: The Effects of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Gene Polymorphisms. Afrasiabirad, A; Farzamikia, N; Sakhinia, E, 2017)	1.04
"A lower mean daily maintenance dosage of warfarin was required to maintain an international normalized ratio measurement within the therapeutic range among Blacks with the VKORC1-1639G>A variant alleles ([G/A vs G/G, p = 0."	( VKORC1-1639A allele influences warfarin maintenance dosage among Blacks receiving warfarin anticoagulation: a retrospective cohort study. Allen, T; Austin, H; Bean, CJ; Hooper, WC; Lally, C; Mili, FD; Staercke, C; Wadell, PW; Wenger, NK, 2018)	1.03
"Data indicated that VKORC1-1639A variant allele influenced warfarin daily maintenance dosage among our small, likely admixed Black patient population."	( VKORC1-1639A allele influences warfarin maintenance dosage among Blacks receiving warfarin anticoagulation: a retrospective cohort study. Allen, T; Austin, H; Bean, CJ; Hooper, WC; Lally, C; Mili, FD; Staercke, C; Wadell, PW; Wenger, NK, 2018)	1.01
" However, further prospective randomized trials are needed in order to comprehensively evaluate whether D150 or D110 is the optimal dosage in Asian patients with AF."	( Optimal dose of dabigatran for the prevention of thromboembolism with minimal bleeding risk in Korean patients with atrial fibrillation. Ahn, Y; Cho, JG; Cho, JY; Hong, YJ; Hyun, DY; Jeong, MH; Kim, JH; Kim, KH; Kim, MC; Kim, Y; Lee, KH; Lee, N; Oh, SS; Park, HJ; Park, HW; Park, JC; Sim, DS; Won, J; Yoon, HJ; Yoon, NS, 2017)	0.46
"Clinical trials testing pharmacogenomic-guided warfarin dosing for patients with atrial fibrillation have demonstrated conflicting results."	( Personalized Anticoagulation: Optimizing Warfarin Management Using Genetics and Simulated Clinical Trials. Chi, CL; Ravvaz, K; Ruff, CT; Tonellato, PJ; Weissert, JA, 2017)	0.98
" Individual dose-response for patients was simulated for 5 warfarin protocols-a fixed-dose protocol, a clinically guided protocol, and 3 increasingly complex pharmacogenomic-guided protocols."	( Personalized Anticoagulation: Optimizing Warfarin Management Using Genetics and Simulated Clinical Trials. Chi, CL; Ravvaz, K; Ruff, CT; Tonellato, PJ; Weissert, JA, 2017)	0.96
"This study was conducted to compare predictive accuracy of the available pharmacogenetics (PGx)-guided warfarin dosing algorithms derived from Caucasian, Asian, and mixed population to identify a suitable algorithm for Thai population."	( Comparative performance of pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing algorithms derived from Caucasian, Asian, and mixed races in Thai population. Chindavijak, B; Chulavatnatol, S; Chumnumwat, S; Lucksiri, A; Nathisuwan, S; Nosoongnoen, W; Sarapakdi, A; Yi, K, 2018)	0.95
"Ten warfarin dosing algorithms derived from different population including Caucasian, East Asian, South-East Asian, and mixed races were selected and tested with clinical and genetic data of Thai patients."	( Comparative performance of pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing algorithms derived from Caucasian, Asian, and mixed races in Thai population. Chindavijak, B; Chulavatnatol, S; Chumnumwat, S; Lucksiri, A; Nathisuwan, S; Nosoongnoen, W; Sarapakdi, A; Yi, K, 2018)	1.29
"Warfarin PGx-guided dosing algorithms derived from large, mixed population performed comparably to Sangviroon et al algorithm."	( Comparative performance of pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing algorithms derived from Caucasian, Asian, and mixed races in Thai population. Chindavijak, B; Chulavatnatol, S; Chumnumwat, S; Lucksiri, A; Nathisuwan, S; Nosoongnoen, W; Sarapakdi, A; Yi, K, 2018)	2.18
" Remarkably, marmesin prevent tumor growth significantly in vivo at the dosage of 30 mg/kg in vivo."	( In vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of marmesin in U937 human leukemia cells are mediated via mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of cancer cell migration. Bi, KH; Dong, L; Li, H; Xu, WW, 2018)	0.48
" The primary outcome was a composite of (1) documentation of anticoagulation plan, (2) holding warfarin at least 5 days prior to procedure, (3) guideline-congruent low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) bridging, and (4) correct LMWH dosing if bridging deemed necessary."	( Evaluating the role of clinical pharmacists in pre-procedural anticoagulation management. Barnes, GD; Kataruka, A; Renner, E, 2018)	0.7
" Remaining components including hold warfarin for at least 5 days, appropriate bridging and correct LMWH dosing were not significantly associated with pharmacist-care."	( Evaluating the role of clinical pharmacists in pre-procedural anticoagulation management. Barnes, GD; Kataruka, A; Renner, E, 2018)	0.75
" Dosing remains highly variable due to intrinsic risk factors that plague cardiac surgery candidates and a lack of diverse literature that can be applied to those who have undergone a cardiac surgery alternative to heart valve replacement (HVR)."	( Comparison of Warfarin Requirements in Post-cardiac Surgery Patients: Valve Replacement Versus Non-valve Replacement. Dierkhising, RA; Joyce, DL; Nei, AM; Nei, SD; Olson, LM; Ou, NN, 2018)	0.84
" Both groups had similar warfarin requirements, which supports expanding the initial warfarin dosing recommendations of the 9th edition Chest guideline to include non-HVR patients as well as HVR patients."	( Comparison of Warfarin Requirements in Post-cardiac Surgery Patients: Valve Replacement Versus Non-valve Replacement. Dierkhising, RA; Joyce, DL; Nei, AM; Nei, SD; Olson, LM; Ou, NN, 2018)	1.14
" Agreement of the INR measurement was further analyzed in relation to dosing decision."	( Prospective Comparison of Point-of-Care Device and Standard Analyzer for Monitoring of International Normalized Ratio in Outpatient Oral Anticoagulant Clinic. Hasan, M; Jafri, L; Moiz, B; Raheem, A; Rashid, A, 2018)	0.48
" We retrieved medications, co-morbidities, and initial warfarin dosage data."	( Stroke risks and patterns of warfarin therapy among atrial fibrillation patients post radiofrequency ablation: A real-world experience. Liu, X; Lu, X; Wang, Y; Yang, X; Yin, X; Zhang, J, 2017)	0.99
" Genetic polymorphisms account for high VKA dosage variability."	( Meta-Analysis of Genotype-Guided Versus Standard Dosing of Vitamin K Antagonists. Abdalla, A; Ahmed, S; Bachuwa, G; Hassan, M; Haykal, T; Kheiri, B; Osman, M, 2018)	0.48
" However, its narrow therapeutic index and large inter-individual variability can lead to complex dosage regimes."	( Personalisation of warfarin therapy using thermal ink-jet printing. Alomari, M; Basit, AW; Dodoo, CC; Gaisford, S; Trenfield, SJ; Velaga, S; Vuddanda, PR, 2018)	0.81
" The safest dosing strategy for newer direct oral anticoagulants is still not clear."	( Management of Perioperative Anticoagulation for Device Implantation. Morin, DP; Stewart, MH, 2018)	0.48
" However, it is difficult to recommend the correct dosage due to its narrow therapeutic window."	( Clinical verification of Lou type warfarin pharmacokinetic dosing algorithms equation. Du, X; Ge, X; Ji, N; Jiang, J; Lan, J, 2018)	0.76
" Nevertheless, it should be confirmed by another analytical method since IPA from the drug substance is not distinguishable from IPA that may be present outside the drug crystals in a dosage form when prepared by wet granulation with IPA."	( A headspace-gas chromatography method for isopropanol determination in warfarin sodium products as a measure of drug crystallinity. Akhtar, S; Ciavarella, AB; Faustino, PJ; Khan, MA; Nguyenpho, A; Rahman, Z; Siddiqui, A, 2018)	0.71
"To perform a randomized, open-label comparison of average time in therapeutic range (TTR) of international normalized ratio (INR) using two approaches to initial warfarin dosing during hospitalization: the standard method and the one using individual patient characteristics (clinical algorithm - the studied approach)."	( [Randomized Comparison of Two Approaches to Initial Warfarin Dosing: Time in Therapeutic Range of International Normalized Ratio During Hospitalization]. Averkov, OV; Gordeev, IG; Levchuk, NN; Mishchenko, LN; Vechorko, VI, 2017)	0.9
"The average TTR and portions of INR values within target range during the whole time of drug dosing turned out to be small."	( [Randomized Comparison of Two Approaches to Initial Warfarin Dosing: Time in Therapeutic Range of International Normalized Ratio During Hospitalization]. Averkov, OV; Gordeev, IG; Levchuk, NN; Mishchenko, LN; Vechorko, VI, 2017)	0.71
"The opportunities for achieving target INR in inpatient settings, regardless of warfarin dosing regimen, are limited."	( [Randomized Comparison of Two Approaches to Initial Warfarin Dosing: Time in Therapeutic Range of International Normalized Ratio During Hospitalization]. Averkov, OV; Gordeev, IG; Levchuk, NN; Mishchenko, LN; Vechorko, VI, 2017)	0.93
"The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different rivaroxaban dosage regimens in preventing ischemic stroke and systemic thromboembolism among Asians."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Different Rivaroxaban Dosage Regimens in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study. Cheng, SH; Huang, HY; Lin, SY; Wang, CC, 2018)	0.48
"Observational studies have indicated potential benefits of CYP2C9- and VKORC1-guided dosing of warfarin but randomized clinical trials have resulted in contradictory findings."	( Warfarin Dosing According to the Genotype-guided Algorithm is Most Beneficial in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomized Parallel Group Trial. Božina, N; Erdeljić Turk, V; Krželj, K; Lovrić Benčić, M; Makar-Aušperger, K; Radačić Aumiler, M, 2018)	2.14
"CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype-guided dosing of warfarin may be beneficial in patients diagnosed with AF."	( Warfarin Dosing According to the Genotype-guided Algorithm is Most Beneficial in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomized Parallel Group Trial. Božina, N; Erdeljić Turk, V; Krželj, K; Lovrić Benčić, M; Makar-Aušperger, K; Radačić Aumiler, M, 2018)	2.18
"Warfarin dosing after bariatric surgery may be influenced by alterations in gastrointestinal pH, transit time, absorptive surface area, gut microbiota, food intake, and adipose tissue."	( Adjustments to warfarin dosing after gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. Aminian, A; Brethauer, SA; Cetin, D; Nor Hanipah, Z; Schauer, PR; Sharma, G; Strong, AT; Tu, C, 2018)	2.28
"The aim of this study was to describe trends in warfarin dosing after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG)."	( Adjustments to warfarin dosing after gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. Aminian, A; Brethauer, SA; Cetin, D; Nor Hanipah, Z; Schauer, PR; Sharma, G; Strong, AT; Tu, C, 2018)	1.09
" Indications for anticoagulation, history of bleeding or thrombotic events, perioperative complications, and warfarin dosing were collected."	( Adjustments to warfarin dosing after gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. Aminian, A; Brethauer, SA; Cetin, D; Nor Hanipah, Z; Schauer, PR; Sharma, G; Strong, AT; Tu, C, 2018)	1.05
" Patients in the 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (enrolled from a separate hospital) group received the Food and Drug Administration approved dosing algorithm."	( Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrate Versus 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate for Vitamin K-Antagonist Reversal. Canter, JR; Dietrich, SK; Foster, KE; Phillips, JW; Rowe, AS, 2018)	0.48
"Different strategies exist for dosing four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC4) for international normalized ratio (INR) reversal in the setting of life-threatening bleeding."	( Evaluation of Fixed-Dose Four-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate for Emergent Warfarin Reversal in Patients with Intracranial Hemorrhage. Basior, J; Kersten, B; Nadler, M; Scott, R, 2018)	0.71
"Our aim was to evaluate whether a fixed dose of 1000 IU of PCC4 achieves INR reversal similar to weight-based dosing in patients with ICH who were anticoagulated with warfarin."	( Evaluation of Fixed-Dose Four-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate for Emergent Warfarin Reversal in Patients with Intracranial Hemorrhage. Basior, J; Kersten, B; Nadler, M; Scott, R, 2018)	0.9
" Further investigation into low-dose 4F-PCC dosing strategies is warranted."	( Low-Dose Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices. Brown, CS; Dyer, KJ; Rolfe, S; Zemrak, WR, 2019)	0.51
" There was insufficient evidence to support the efficacy of genotype-guided dosing and pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinics for stroke prevention in AF patients."	( Interventions and Strategies to Improve Oral Anticoagulant Use in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews. Chaiyakunapruk, N; Lai, NM; Nathisuwan, S; Ng, SS, 2018)	0.48
" However, uncertainties remain on the benefits of genotype-guided dosing and pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinics due to poor quality evidence, and future research is warranted."	( Interventions and Strategies to Improve Oral Anticoagulant Use in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews. Chaiyakunapruk, N; Lai, NM; Nathisuwan, S; Ng, SS, 2018)	0.48
" In the first 15 minutes the whole amount of the active pharmaceutical ingredient is released from a tested dosage form, which does not allow comparison between tablets from different producers and it also makes difficult to track the changes throughout stability testing."	( [Development of dissolution method for warfarin sodium tablets]. Franc, A; Lukášová, I; Muselík, J, )	0.4
" Models were used to predict warfarin sodium in commercially available tablets at extremely low dosage levels (0."	( Quantifying low levels (<0.5% w/w) of warfarin sodium salts in oral solid dose forms using Transmission Raman spectroscopy. Griffen, JA; Matousek, P; Owen, AW, 2018)	1.04
" In this expert review, besides briefly summarizing the current knowledge about warfarin pharmacogenetics, we also present an overview of recent studies that aimed to assess the efficacy, safety and economic issues related to genotype-based dosing algorithms used to guide warfarin therapy, including randomized and controlled clinical trials, meta-analyses and cost-effectiveness studies."	( Genotype-guided warfarin therapy: current status. Marcatto, LR; Santos, PCJL; Tavares, LC, 2018)	1.05
"Previous trials on the effectiveness of genotype-guided warfarin dosing vs."	( Genotype-guided warfarin dosing vs. conventional dosing strategies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gong, M; Lee, APW; Li, G; Lip, GYH; Liu, T; Roever, L; Tse, G; Wong, MCS; Wong, SH; Wong, WT; Wu, WKK, 2018)	1.07
" A total of 2626 subjects in the genotype-guided dosing (mean age 63."	( Genotype-guided warfarin dosing vs. conventional dosing strategies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gong, M; Lee, APW; Li, G; Lip, GYH; Liu, T; Roever, L; Tse, G; Wong, MCS; Wong, SH; Wong, WT; Wu, WKK, 2018)	0.83
"Genotype-guided warfarin dosing offers better safety with less bleeding compared with conventional dosing strategies."	( Genotype-guided warfarin dosing vs. conventional dosing strategies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gong, M; Lee, APW; Li, G; Lip, GYH; Liu, T; Roever, L; Tse, G; Wong, MCS; Wong, SH; Wong, WT; Wu, WKK, 2018)	1.17
" To study a possible direct effect of metformin on the development of vascular calcification, independent of its effect on renal function, metformin (200 mg/kg/day) or vehicle was dosed for ten weeks to rats with warfarin-induced vascular calcification."	( Metformin prevents the development of severe chronic kidney disease and its associated mineral and bone disorder. Brand, K; D'Haese, PC; De Broe, ME; De Maré, A; Gottwald-Hostalek, U; Kamel, S; Lalau, JD; Neven, E; Opdebeeck, B; Verhulst, A; Vervaet, B, 2018)	0.67
"A total of 22 patients who required an extreme warfarin dosage from VKORC1 -1639AA & CYP2C9*1*1 genotype group were enrolled in this study."	( Identification of gene modules associated with warfarin dosage by a genome-wide DNA methylation study. Li, X; Liu, R; Liu, Z; Luo, Z; Sun, B; Xu, H; Zhang, W; Zhou, H; Zhou, X, 2018)	0.99
" Both gene modules exhibited good warfarin dosage prediction performance (77% for the Turquoise module and 79% for the Light-cyan module)."	( Identification of gene modules associated with warfarin dosage by a genome-wide DNA methylation study. Li, X; Liu, R; Liu, Z; Luo, Z; Sun, B; Xu, H; Zhang, W; Zhou, H; Zhou, X, 2018)	1.02
"To investigate the risk of bleeding events and stroke/systemic embolism (SE) among Japanese patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), focusing on the initial dosage of apixaban and patient age."	( Safety and effectiveness of apixaban in comparison to warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a propensity-matched analysis from Japanese administrative claims data. Katada, J; Kohsaka, S; Saito, K; Terayama, Y, 2018)	0.73
" We attempted to create a dosing algorithm."	( Weight and the vitamin K expoxide reductase 1 genotype primarily contribute to the warfarin dosing in pediatric patients with Kawasaki disease. Gu, X; Huang, P; Li, W; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Xie, X; Zeng, Q; Zhang, L, 2018)	0.71
"The safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing regimen for apixaban at the time of AF ablation are uncertain."	( A Prospective Randomized Trial of Apixaban Dosing During Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: The AEIOU Trial. Allison, JS; Cannon, CP; Ellenbogen, KA; Hsieh, WH; Natale, A; Reynolds, MR; Richards, M; Sutherland, J; Weisberg, IL, 2018)	0.48
" However, apixaban has specific dosing recommendations in CKD leading to use in clinical practice."	( Safety and Efficacy of Apixaban Versus Warfarin in Patients With Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. Casey, AL; Dupre, KA; Schafer, JH; Staubes, BA, 2018)	0.75
" AMS supervised postoperative warfarin dosing in 64."	( Majority of Total Joint Arthroplasties Are Subtherapeutic on Warfarin at Time of Discharge: Another Reason to Avoid Warfarin as a Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis? Goswami, K; Parvizi, J; Rondon, AJ; Shohat, N; Tan, TL, 2018)	1.01
"Although all the participating centres ostensively followed a standard dosing algorithm, our results indicate that variations in practice do occur between different monitoring sites."	( Individual and monitoring centre influences upon anticoagulation control of AF patients on warfarin: A longitudinal multi-centre UK-based study. Abohelaika, S; Avery, P; Dickinson, B; Green, L; Jones, L; Kamali, F; Nightingale, J; Robinson, B; Salisbury, J; Tait, C; Wynne, H, 2018)	0.7
"This case displays the importance of genetic testing prior to warfarin dosing and the role antibiotics play in the coagulation cascade."	( The sample that would not clot. Bazydlo, LAL; Burns, E; Palkimas, S; Strickland, SW, 2018)	0.72
"Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are rapidly gaining popularity as alternatives to warfarin in the prevention of stroke or systemic embolic events because of the simplicity of their dosing and lack of monitoring requirement."	( Cost Analysis of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Compared with Warfarin in Patients with Blunt Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhages. Comey, C; DiFiori, M; Feeney, J; Lamb, LC, 2018)	0.95
"Genotype-guided warfarin dosing has been shown in some randomized trials to improve anticoagulation outcomes in individuals of European ancestry, yet its utility in Asian patients remains unresolved."	( Genotype-guided versus traditional clinical dosing of warfarin in patients of Asian ancestry: a randomized controlled trial. Bee, PC; Brunham, LR; Goh, BC; Kristanto, W; Lee, SC; Marban, P; Poon, LM; Seet, RC; Soong, R; Syn, NL; Tai, BC; Teoh, HL; Winther, MD; Wong, AL; Wu, TS; Yeo, WT; Yip, JWL, 2018)	1.08
" The percentage of time within the therapeutic range over 3 months and median time to stable international normalized ratio (INR) did not differ between the genotype-guided and traditional dosing groups."	( Genotype-guided versus traditional clinical dosing of warfarin in patients of Asian ancestry: a randomized controlled trial. Bee, PC; Brunham, LR; Goh, BC; Kristanto, W; Lee, SC; Marban, P; Poon, LM; Seet, RC; Soong, R; Syn, NL; Tai, BC; Teoh, HL; Winther, MD; Wong, AL; Wu, TS; Yeo, WT; Yip, JWL, 2018)	0.73
"Among Asian adults commencing warfarin therapy, a pharmacogenetic algorithm meets criteria for both non-inferiority and superiority in reducing dose titrations compared with a traditional dosing approach, and performs well in prediction of actual maintenance doses."	( Genotype-guided versus traditional clinical dosing of warfarin in patients of Asian ancestry: a randomized controlled trial. Bee, PC; Brunham, LR; Goh, BC; Kristanto, W; Lee, SC; Marban, P; Poon, LM; Seet, RC; Soong, R; Syn, NL; Tai, BC; Teoh, HL; Winther, MD; Wong, AL; Wu, TS; Yeo, WT; Yip, JWL, 2018)	1.02
"Data from previous reports, addressing the significance of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin in Egyptian patients, are infrequent and controversial."	( Pharmacogenetic Warfarin Dosing Algorithms: Validity in Egyptian Patients. Abu Bakr, HM; Azzam, HA; El Wakeel, H; Ghoneim, HR; Mohamed, AA; Selim, TE, )	0.7
" The predicted warfarin dose for each patient was calculated using the warfarin dosing table, the Gage and the International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium (IWPC) clinical algorithms and the Gage and the IWPC genetic algorithms and compared to the actual dose."	( Pharmacogenetic Warfarin Dosing Algorithms: Validity in Egyptian Patients. Abu Bakr, HM; Azzam, HA; El Wakeel, H; Ghoneim, HR; Mohamed, AA; Selim, TE, )	0.83
"3%, followed by the warfarin dosing table by R2 of 19."	( Pharmacogenetic Warfarin Dosing Algorithms: Validity in Egyptian Patients. Abu Bakr, HM; Azzam, HA; El Wakeel, H; Ghoneim, HR; Mohamed, AA; Selim, TE, )	0.8
"The Gage -genetic warfarin dosing algorithm is the best model that could be implemented in Egyptian patients starting warfarin therapy."	( Pharmacogenetic Warfarin Dosing Algorithms: Validity in Egyptian Patients. Abu Bakr, HM; Azzam, HA; El Wakeel, H; Ghoneim, HR; Mohamed, AA; Selim, TE, )	0.81
" The dosage of the tablet was controlled by the number of printing layers."	( Oral disintegrating patient-tailored tablets of warfarin sodium produced by 3D printing. Chen, YZ; Huang, SY; Lin, MM; Lin, QF; Lin, W; Lv, ZF; Tian, P; Xu, Y; Yang, F; Yu, LP, 2018)	0.74
"The use of warfarin, the most commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant, is being questioned by clinicians worldwide due to warfarin several limitations (a limited therapeutic window and significant variability in dose-response among individuals, in addition to a potential for drug-drug interactions)."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of the non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs). Baldessin, L; Bellosta, S; Castiglioni, L; Corsini, A; Gelosa, P; Racagni, G; Tenconi, M, 2018)	0.87
" In this scenario, diverse population-calibrated dosing algorithms, which incorporate the main warfarin dosing influencers, have been widely proposed for predicting supposed warfarin maintenance dose, in order to prevent and reduce adverse events."	( Impact of incorporating ABCB1 and CYP4F2 polymorphisms in a pharmacogenetics-guided warfarin dosing algorithm for the Brazilian population. Duarte, NE; Krieger, JE; Marcatto, LR; Pereira, AC; Santos, PCJL; Soares, RAG; Tavares, LC, 2018)	0.92
" However, the clinical relevance and cost-effective impact of incorporating additional variants in warfarin dosing algorithms should be carefully evaluated."	( Impact of incorporating ABCB1 and CYP4F2 polymorphisms in a pharmacogenetics-guided warfarin dosing algorithm for the Brazilian population. Duarte, NE; Krieger, JE; Marcatto, LR; Pereira, AC; Santos, PCJL; Soares, RAG; Tavares, LC, 2018)	0.92
" These findings provide new insights into the selection of oral anticoagulants, their effective dosage management, and their mechanisms of anticoagulation."	( Evaluation of oral anticoagulants with vitamin K epoxide reductase in its native milieu. Chen, X; Jin, DY; Stafford, DW; Tie, JK, 2018)	0.48
"Warfarin dosing methods based on existing models for warfarin and the international normalised ratio (INR) give biased maintenance dose predictions at the upper and lower quantiles of dose requirements."	( A factor VII-based method for the prediction of anticoagulant response to warfarin. Duffull, SB; Isbister, GK; Ooi, QX; Wright, DFB, 2018)	2.15
" This study aimed to determine variables affecting warfarin dosage in Kawasaki disease."	( Height, VKORC1 1173, and CYP2C9 Genotypes Determine Warfarin Dose for Pediatric Patients with Kawasaki Disease in Southwest China. Cai, C; Kuang, H; Lu, T; Yang, D; Zhou, Y, 2019)	1.02
"Warfarin treatment benefits vary with the clinical skill of warfarin dosage adjustment."	( Comparison of warfarin dosage fluctuation with time in therapeutic range for bleeding or thromboembolism rate in Chinese patients. Chen, YS; Hung, KY; Tsai, HE; Yu, HY, 2019)	2.32
" Based on their warfarin dosage fluctuation (WDF), defined as the standard deviation of all prescribed warfarin dosages divided by the mean dosage, the patients were classified into Groups 1 (0-0."	( Comparison of warfarin dosage fluctuation with time in therapeutic range for bleeding or thromboembolism rate in Chinese patients. Chen, YS; Hung, KY; Tsai, HE; Yu, HY, 2019)	1.22
"5 times) the patient's maintenance dose for the first two doses, 2) starting on the Evening of Surgery, 3) with daily INR monitoring after the second loading dose, 4) using point of care testing devices, 5) and dosing thereafter to be guided by an anticoagulation service or computer assistance."	( Recommendations for the post-operative management of an existing Warfarin therapy after lower limb joint arthroplasty. Budithi, SC; Jenkins, C; Karlakki, S; Roumeliotis, L, 2019)	0.75
"We established a Han Chinese-specific pharmacogenetic-guided warfarin dosing algorithm."	( Establishment of a Han Chinese-specific pharmacogenetic-guided warfarin dosing algorithm. Jia, M; Long, Y; Nan, W; Pei, L; Qiao, R; Tian, X; Zhang, J, 2018)	0.96
" Secondary outcomes included dose of 4F-PCC in concordance with INR and weight-based dosing recommendations and hospital protocol, as well as concomitant intravenous vitamin K administration."	( Impact of a Pharmacist-Driven Prothrombin Complex Concentrate Protocol on Time to Administration in Patients with Warfarin-associated Intracranial Hemorrhage. Corio, JL; Fuh, L; Goldstein, JN; Hayes, BD; Sin, JH, 2018)	0.69
" We saw no differences for appropriate 4F-PCC dosing based on INR and patient weight between the two groups."	( Impact of a Pharmacist-Driven Prothrombin Complex Concentrate Protocol on Time to Administration in Patients with Warfarin-associated Intracranial Hemorrhage. Corio, JL; Fuh, L; Goldstein, JN; Hayes, BD; Sin, JH, 2018)	0.69
" In two studies, pharmacists were better at adhering to warfarin dosing nomograms than doctors (average of 100% versus 62% compliance)."	( Effects of pharmacist prescribing on patient outcomes in the hospital setting: a systematic review. McArthur, A; Poh, EW; Roughead, EE; Stephenson, M, 2018)	0.73
" Pharmacists are better at adhering to dosing guidelines when prescribing by protocol and make significantly less prescribing errors when charting patients' usual medications on admission to hospital."	( Effects of pharmacist prescribing on patient outcomes in the hospital setting: a systematic review. McArthur, A; Poh, EW; Roughead, EE; Stephenson, M, 2018)	0.48
"The clinical utility of genotype-guided warfarin dosing remains controversial."	( Genotype-Guided Warfarin Dosing in Patients With Mechanical Valves: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cen, HJ; Hu, R; Huang, M; Li, JL; Ou, JS; Wang, ZP; Wu, ZK; Xu, YQ; Xu, Z; Yin, SL; Zhang, SY; Zhang, X, 2018)	1.09
"A double-blind, randomized control trial was performed to compare a genotype-guided dosing algorithm (CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2) with a clinical-guided one in the initiation treatment for patients with mechanical heart valves."	( Genotype-Guided Warfarin Dosing in Patients With Mechanical Valves: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cen, HJ; Hu, R; Huang, M; Li, JL; Ou, JS; Wang, ZP; Wu, ZK; Xu, YQ; Xu, Z; Yin, SL; Zhang, SY; Zhang, X, 2018)	0.83
"The genotype-guided warfarin dosing was safe and might be more efficient for the time to reach a stable dose."	( Genotype-Guided Warfarin Dosing in Patients With Mechanical Valves: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cen, HJ; Hu, R; Huang, M; Li, JL; Ou, JS; Wang, ZP; Wu, ZK; Xu, YQ; Xu, Z; Yin, SL; Zhang, SY; Zhang, X, 2018)	1.15
" Dosing of PCC is guided by the prothrombin time, which only reflects the onset of thrombin generation, but does not account for variations in intrinsic pathway coagulation factors, including factor IX (FIX)."	( Factor IX from prothrombin complex concentrate augments low dose tissue factor-triggered thrombin generation in vitro. Abuelkasem, E; Hasan, S; Henderson, R; Mazzeffi, MA; Tanaka, KA; Williams, B, 2018)	0.48
" Dosing of PCC per prothrombin time may underestimate PCC's procoagulant potential because it does not account for intrinsic tenase or antithrombin activity."	( Factor IX from prothrombin complex concentrate augments low dose tissue factor-triggered thrombin generation in vitro. Abuelkasem, E; Hasan, S; Henderson, R; Mazzeffi, MA; Tanaka, KA; Williams, B, 2018)	0.48
" We observed no dose-response relationship (e."	( Use of vitamin K antagonists and risk of prostate cancer: Meta-analysis and nationwide case-control study. Friis, S; Jensen, PH; Kristensen, KB; Pottegård, A; Skriver, C, 2019)	0.51
" Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetics-based algorithms incorporating CYP2C9 genotype and patient age could be increased if used not only to guide dosing decisions but also estimation of the correct length of time needed for individual patients to stop taking warfarin prior to surgery."	( Effect of genetic and patient factors on warfarin pharmacodynamics following warfarin withdrawal: Implications for patients undergoing surgery. Abohelaika, S; Avery, P; Kamali, F; Kampouraki, E; Wynne, H, 2018)	0.93
"Warfarin dosing remains challenging due to narrow therapeutic index and highly individual variability."	( Ensemble of machine learning algorithms using the stacked generalization approach to estimate the warfarin dose. Gao, Z; Khalighi, K; Ma, Z; Wang, P; Wang, R, 2018)	2.14
" The variability in dosing fueled research to identify clinical and genetic predictors and develop more accurate dosing algorithms."	( Pharmacogenetics of warfarin dosing in patients of African and European ancestry. Dillon, C; Limdi, NA; Shendre, A, 2018)	0.8
" Dosing schedule is dabigatran 150mg BID patients with normal renal function."	( Dabigatran - the First Approved DTI for SPAF. Hiremath, JS; Trailokya, A, 2018)	0.48
" This study highlights a case of high-dose warfarin ingestion throughout pregnancy and performed a systematic review to assess rates of teratogenicity with high versus low warfarin dosing (≤5 mg daily)."	( High-Versus Low-Dose Warfarin-Related Teratogenicity: A Case Report and Systematic Review. Bungard, TJ; Dhillon, SK; Edwards, J; Wilkie, J, 2018)	1.06
" CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms are essential determinants in the genotype-guided dosing of warfarin and may distinguish patients who would benefit from switching to direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)."	( Pharmacogenetic considerations of anticoagulant medication. Kalaska, B; Miklosz, J; Mogielnicki, A, 2018)	0.7
"Four-factor PCC is the recommended standard of care for acute warfarin reversal but optimal dosing is unknown."	( Low-dose compared to manufacturer-recommended dose four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for acute warfarin reversal. Carlone, B; Hayes, T; Manuel, F; Rolfe, S; Seder, D; Smith, KE; Trowbridge, RL; Zemrak, W, 2019)	0.97
"A weight-based dosing strategy of 15-25 units/kg was established as the institutional standard of care in May 2015."	( Low-dose compared to manufacturer-recommended dose four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for acute warfarin reversal. Carlone, B; Hayes, T; Manuel, F; Rolfe, S; Seder, D; Smith, KE; Trowbridge, RL; Zemrak, W, 2019)	0.73
" Black and Hispanic individuals treated with DOACs were more likely to receive inappropriate dosing than white individuals (black patients, 61 of 394 [15."	( Association of Race/Ethnicity With Oral Anticoagulant Use in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Findings From the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation II. Allen, LA; Blanco, RG; Chan, PS; Essien, UR; Fonarow, GC; Freeman, JV; Holmes, DN; Jackson, LR; Mahaffey, KW; Peterson, ED; Piccini, JP; Pieper, KS; Reiffel, JA; Singer, DE; Steinberg, BA, 2018)	0.48
" There is evidence that non-adherence, off-label dosing and inadequate care transitions during DOAC therapy increase the risk of bleeding and thromboembolic complications."	( Role of the anticoagulant monitoring service in 2018: beyond warfarin. Clark, NP, 2018)	0.72
" The aim of the present study was to undertake a meta-analysis at the individual patients level to capture the possible effect of ethnicity, gene-gene interaction, or other drugs on the association and to verify if inclusion of CYP4F2*3 variant into dosing algorithms improves the prediction of mean coumarin dose."	( Effect of CYP4F2, VKORC1, and CYP2C9 in Influencing Coumarin Dose: A Single-Patient Data Meta-Analysis in More Than 15,000 Individuals. Altman, R; Beltrán, L; Berg, RL; Borgiani, P; Borobia, AM; Bourgeois, S; Burmester, JK; Caldwell, MD; Cañadas-Garre, M; Carcas, AJ; Cavallari, LH; Cen, HJ; Ciccacci, C; Danese, E; Dávila-Fajardo, C; de Boer, A; Deloukas, P; Denny, JC; Dillon, C; Drozda, K; Fava, C; Genç, E; Giontella, A; Gong, IY; Gonzalez-Conejero, R; Gwak, HS; Haug, KBF; Hirai, K; Huang, M; Isaza, C; Itoh, K; Jiménez-Varo, E; Johnson, JA; Khalifa, SI; Kim, RB; Kringen, MK; Krishnamoorthy, R; Kutala, VK; Langaee, T; Lee, KE; Lee, MTM; Lesauskaite, V; Limdi, NA; Loriot, MA; Lubitz, SA; Maitland-van der Zee, AH; Mazzaccara, C; Minuz, P; Mittal, B; Montagnana, M; Mushiroda, T; Nakamura, Y; Özer, M; Paldi, A; Pathare, A; Pengo, V; Perini, J; Pirmohamed, M; Raimondi, S; Ramirez, AH; Rathore, SS; Rivers, C; Rodrigues Botton, M; Roldan, V; Sacchetti, L; Sagreiya, H; Scott, S; Shahin, MHA; Shendre, A; Siguret, V; Suarez-Kurtz, G; Suriapranata, IM; Tagetti, A; Taljaard, M; Tan, SL; Tatarunas, V; Tong, HY; Verhoef, TI; Zambon, CF; Zhang, JE; Zhang, Y; Zhao, LZ; Zhou, HH, 2019)	0.51
"The new workshop improved pharmacy students' understanding of the dose-response relationship of warfarin."	( Learning a complex dose-response relationship with the computer simulation CoaguSim. Al-Sallami, H; Loke, SK, 2018)	0.7
"002) reduced mean warfarin dosage (27 ± 5."	( Warfarin Dose and CYP2C Gene Cluster: An African Ancestral-Specific Variant Is a Strong Predictor of Dose in Black South African Patients. Chimusa, E; Cindi, Z; Dandara, C; Kengne, AP; Makambwa, E; Ndadza, A; Ntsekhe, M; Wonkam, A, 2019)	2.29
" The observed effect could be a secondary consequence of dosage control or alternatively a result of different anticoagulant effects among the different medications."	( Higher Incidence of Ischemic Stroke in Patients Taking Novel Oral Anticoagulants. Cowperthwaite, M; Fanale, C; Nadasdy, Z; Ramakrishnan, A; Shpak, M, 2018)	0.48
" Warfarin was the most extensively studied drug in a PGx context: a genomewide association study targeting warfarin stable dose identified significant signals in VKORC1 and CYP2C9, several PGx dosing algorithms were developed based on these and other genes, and the implications of population admixture on extrapolation of dosing recommendations in the CPIC guidelines were examined."	( Pharmacogenomics research and clinical implementation in Brazil. Rodrigues-Soares, F; Suarez-Kurtz, G, 2019)	1.42
"Genotype-guided warfarin dosing algorithm is designed to predict the initial and stable dose of warfarin."	( Genotype-guided dosing versus conventional dosing of warfarin: A meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials. Chen, C; Cui, Y; Lu, M; Ma, L; Yang, T; Zhou, Y, 2019)	1.11
" Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing genotype-guided dosing with conventional dosing of warfarin were included in the meta-analysis."	( Genotype-guided dosing versus conventional dosing of warfarin: A meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials. Chen, C; Cui, Y; Lu, M; Ma, L; Yang, T; Zhou, Y, 2019)	0.98
" Genotype-guided dosing of warfarin was associated with higher percentage time within therapeutic range (PTTR) and more patients achieving stable dose at >1 month follow-up, shorter time to first therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR), shorter time to stable therapeutic dose, and decreased risk of warfarin-related major bleeding events compared with conventional dosing."	( Genotype-guided dosing versus conventional dosing of warfarin: A meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials. Chen, C; Cui, Y; Lu, M; Ma, L; Yang, T; Zhou, Y, 2019)	1.06
"Genotype-guided dosing should be considered in patients initiating warfarin treatment, especially in those with a history of haemorrhage."	( Genotype-guided dosing versus conventional dosing of warfarin: A meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials. Chen, C; Cui, Y; Lu, M; Ma, L; Yang, T; Zhou, Y, 2019)	1
"These preliminary results strongly support the use of VKORC1 (-1639G>A) rs9923231 polymorphism for genetically guided initial warfarin dosing in South Indian patients with heart valve replacements."	( Value of VKORC1 (-1639G>A) rs9923231 genotyping in predicting warfarin dose: A replication study in South Indian population. Harikrishnan, S; Koshy, L; Nair, AJ; Nair, GM; Sanjay, G; Subramanian, R; Sudhakaran, PR; Vineeth, CP, 2018)	0.93
"The prediction of daily stable warfarin dosage for a specific patient is difficult."	( An Ensemble Model With Clustering Assumption for Warfarin Dose Prediction in Chinese Patients. Chen, YJ; Jiang, B; Tao, Y; Xie, C; Xue, L; Zhang, Y, 2019)	1.05
"Continuously manufactured orodispersible films (ODFs) offer a promising approach for individualized therapy with an easy to administer solid dosage form."	( Formulation development of a continuously manufactured orodispersible film containing warfarin sodium for individualized dosing. Niese, S; Quodbach, J, 2019)	0.74
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of using genetic information to guide warfarin dosing in the Chinese population."	( Efficacy and Safety of Genotype-Guided Warfarin Dosing in the Chinese Population: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Guo, J; Wang, F; Zhang, A, 2019)	1.01
"This meta-analysis was conducted among the published, randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) in the Chinese population comparing genotype-guided warfarin dosing (PG group) with clinical or standard warfarin dosing (STD group)."	( Efficacy and Safety of Genotype-Guided Warfarin Dosing in the Chinese Population: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Guo, J; Wang, F; Zhang, A, 2019)	0.98
"It was aimed to underline the importance and explain the meaning of genetic testing in warfarin dosing and investigate and evaluate the contributions of the CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 variants in a Turkish population."	( Interpretation of the effect of CYP2C9, VKORC1 and CYP4F2 variants on warfarin dosing adjustment in Turkey. Ekmekçi, A; Eronat, AP; İkizceli, İ; Kocael, A; Orhan, AL; Öztürk, O; Tüzüner, MB; Yılmaz-Aydoğan, H, 2019)	0.97
" The results of further RCTs have been unveiled, and guidelines for pharmacogenetically guided warfarin dosing have been updated."	( Precision dosing of warfarin: open questions and strategies. Li, D; Li, X; Liu, ZQ; Wu, JC; Yin, JY; Zhou, HH, 2019)	1.06
"To evaluate the accuracy and predictive performance of Bayesian dosing for warfarin in Chinese patients."	( Evaluation of the predictive performance of Bayesian dosing for warfarin in Chinese patients. Dong, J; Huang, S; Li, LX; Li, WY; Liu, YH; Lu, M; Shi, GH; Yao, JC, 2019)	0.98
"Six multiple linear regression warfarin dosing algorithms had similar predictive ability, except Miao and Lou."	( Evaluation of the predictive performance of Bayesian dosing for warfarin in Chinese patients. Dong, J; Huang, S; Li, LX; Li, WY; Liu, YH; Lu, M; Shi, GH; Yao, JC, 2019)	1.04
"We previously demonstrated that the rational pediatric dosage of warfarin can be well-described by a SIZE parameter that includes an allometry exponent of weight."	( Evaluation of the effects of ontogenetic or maturation functions and chronic heart failure on the model analysis for the dose-response relationship of warfarin in Japanese children. Hirono, K; Ichida, F; Nakamura, S; Ozawa, S; Taguchi, M; Tamura, R; Watanabe, N; Yoshimura, N, 2019)	0.95
"Two different models describing the maturation process did not improve the predictive performance for the dose-response relationship in pediatric patients."	( Evaluation of the effects of ontogenetic or maturation functions and chronic heart failure on the model analysis for the dose-response relationship of warfarin in Japanese children. Hirono, K; Ichida, F; Nakamura, S; Ozawa, S; Taguchi, M; Tamura, R; Watanabe, N; Yoshimura, N, 2019)	0.71
" It requires a suitable dosage form and a matching dosing device to enable flexible dosing serving the needs of individual dose requirements."	( Development of a dosing device for individualized dosing of orodispersible warfarin films. Breitkreutz, J; Niese, S; Quodbach, J, 2019)	0.74
" We compared the clinically established doses based on international normalized ratio (INR) among patients with severe thrombosis and/or thrombophilia with estimates from genetic dosing algorithms."	( Warfarin dose requirement in patients having severe thrombosis or thrombophilia. Asmundela, H; Helin, TA; Joutsi-Korhonen, L; Lassila, R; Niemi, M; Orpana, A, 2019)	1.96
" Pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms seem to underestimate dose requirement."	( Warfarin dose requirement in patients having severe thrombosis or thrombophilia. Asmundela, H; Helin, TA; Joutsi-Korhonen, L; Lassila, R; Niemi, M; Orpana, A, 2019)	1.96
" Benefits of direct oral anticoagulants include a rapid onset of therapeutic effect, fixed dose-response relationships without the need for routine monitoring, a short half-life, and infrequent need for periprocedural bridging with a parenteral agent."	( Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: Update and Periprocedural Management. Pickett, JD, 2019)	0.51
" In a previous trial, we showed that a dosing algorithm incorporating point-of-care genotyping information ('POCT-GGD' approach) led to improved anticoagulation control."	( Implementation of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin with point-of-care genetic testing in three UK clinics: a matched cohort study. Alfirevic, A; Downing, J; Fitzgerald, G; Hanson, A; Jorgensen, AL; Pirmohamed, M; Prince, C; Reynolds, J; Zhang, JE, 2019)	0.78
"At three clinics (implementation group; n = 119), initial doses were calculated using the POCT-GGD approach; at another three matched clinics (control group; n = 93), patients were dosed according to the clinic's routine practice."	( Implementation of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin with point-of-care genetic testing in three UK clinics: a matched cohort study. Alfirevic, A; Downing, J; Fitzgerald, G; Hanson, A; Jorgensen, AL; Pirmohamed, M; Prince, C; Reynolds, J; Zhang, JE, 2019)	0.78
"In the first demonstration of the implementation of genotype-guided dosing, we show that warfarin dosing determined using an algorithm incorporating genetic and clinical factors can be implemented smoothly into clinic, to ensure target INR range is reached sooner and maintained."	( Implementation of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin with point-of-care genetic testing in three UK clinics: a matched cohort study. Alfirevic, A; Downing, J; Fitzgerald, G; Hanson, A; Jorgensen, AL; Pirmohamed, M; Prince, C; Reynolds, J; Zhang, JE, 2019)	1
"Warfarin is a narrow therapeutic index drug that requires personalized dosing which is currently not achieved by the marketed products."	( Additive manufacturing of personalized orodispersible warfarin films. Sandler, N; Sjöholm, E, 2019)	2.21
"To describe heparin dosing requirements in patients who underwent catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation with uninterrupted anticoagulation using dabigatran etexilate (dabigatran) or warfarin to attain therapeutic activated clotting time (ACT) in the RE-CIRCUIT® study."	( Heparin dosing in uninterrupted anticoagulation with dabigatran vs. warfarin in atrial fibrillation ablation: RE-CIRCUIT study. Bis, B; Calkins, H; Gerstenfeld, EP; Hohnloser, SH; Kleine, E; Nordaby, M; Okumura, K; Schilling, R; Verma, A; Willems, S, 2019)	0.94
" Heparin dosing requirement to reach therapeutic ACT was lowest when time from last dose of dabigatran to septal puncture was 0 to <4 h."	( Heparin dosing in uninterrupted anticoagulation with dabigatran vs. warfarin in atrial fibrillation ablation: RE-CIRCUIT study. Bis, B; Calkins, H; Gerstenfeld, EP; Hohnloser, SH; Kleine, E; Nordaby, M; Okumura, K; Schilling, R; Verma, A; Willems, S, 2019)	0.75
" In the NOACs and warfarin groups, physicians prescribed lower-than-standard dosing in 13."	( Effectiveness of Nonvitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants and Warfarin for Preventing Further Cerebral Microbleeds in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation and At Least One Microbleed: CMB-NOW Multisite Pilot Trial. Hasegawa, Y; Kitagawa, K; Kobayashi, H; Mizuma, A; Nagata, E; Nishiyama, K; Nogawa, S; Okazaki, T; Takizawa, S; Tanaka, F; Terao, T; Yanagimachi, N; Yokoyama, M, 2019)	1.09
"The objectives of the study were to establish a dose-response model for warfarin based on the relationship between daily warfarin dose and international normalized ratio (INR) and to evaluate the stability and reliability of the established model using external data."	( Relationship between warfarin dosage and international normalized ratio: a dose-response analysis and evaluation based on multicenter data. Chen, Y; Fan, Y; Lin, M; Liu, L; Miao, L; Qiu, H; Shen, Z; Song, H; Wu, D; Xie, C; Xu, L; Xuan, B; Xue, L; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L; Zhu, J; Zhu, Y; Zhuang, W; Zou, J, 2019)	1.07
" Demographic characteristics, concomitant medications, daily dosage of warfarin, CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes, and INR were recorded."	( Relationship between warfarin dosage and international normalized ratio: a dose-response analysis and evaluation based on multicenter data. Chen, Y; Fan, Y; Lin, M; Liu, L; Miao, L; Qiu, H; Shen, Z; Song, H; Wu, D; Xie, C; Xu, L; Xuan, B; Xue, L; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L; Zhu, J; Zhu, Y; Zhuang, W; Zou, J, 2019)	1.07
"A dose-response model of warfarin was established based on the relationship between daily warfarin dose and INR."	( Relationship between warfarin dosage and international normalized ratio: a dose-response analysis and evaluation based on multicenter data. Chen, Y; Fan, Y; Lin, M; Liu, L; Miao, L; Qiu, H; Shen, Z; Song, H; Wu, D; Xie, C; Xu, L; Xuan, B; Xue, L; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L; Zhu, J; Zhu, Y; Zhuang, W; Zou, J, 2019)	1.14
" Charts were reviewed to collect demographic, clinical, and warfarin dosing data."	( Pharmacogenetics of Warfarin in a Diverse Patient Population. Lam, C; Lin, C; Lou, M; Mak, M; Meeks, C; Mitani, G; Pineda, SJ; Rodgers, K; Stone, R; Xu, LY, 2019)	1.08
" This information can help prevent adverse events or improve drug efficacy by enabling the physician to optimize dosage or to avoid a medication with adverse reactions and to prescribe an alternative therapy."	( Cases in Precision Medicine: The Role of Pharmacogenetics in Precision Prescribing. Chung, WK; Lin, B, 2019)	0.51
" To identify these compounds, we performed a comprehensive literature search to find those studies, in which a dose-response description and a positive control reference compound was used to benchmark the observed activity."	( Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plant Derived Natural Products - A Systematic Review. Allijn, IE; Brinkhuis, RP; Schiffelers, RM; Storm, G, 2019)	0.51
"For reversal of warfarin-induced coagulopathy, FDA labeling of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) endorses a dosing strategy based on body weight and baseline INR."	( Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate dose response relationship with INR for warfarin reversal. Livings, SE; Yohe, AS, 2019)	1.08
" Further prospective study is required to determine optimal dosing schemes of 4F-PCC for warfarin reversal."	( Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate dose response relationship with INR for warfarin reversal. Livings, SE; Yohe, AS, 2019)	0.96
"This study evaluates three warfarin dosing algorithms (Kimmel, Dawson, High Dose ≥ 2."	( Assessment of warfarin algorithms for hospitalized adults: searching for a safe dosing strategy. Cohen, JL; Kozikowski, A; Pekmezaris, R; Qiu, G; Sinvani, L; Spyropoulos, AC; Thompson, E; Wang, JJ, 2019)	1.17
"Genotype-guided warfarin dosing has been shown in some randomized trials to improve anticoagulation outcomes in individuals of European ancestry; yet, its utility in Chinese patients with heart valve replacement remains unresolved."	( Chinese Patients With Heart Valve Replacement Do Not Benefit From Warfarin Pharmacogenetic Testing on Anticoagulation Outcomes. Hao, Y; Hu, Y; Yan, X; Yang, J; Zhang, L; Zheng, X, 2019)	1.1
" Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups, namely, a genotype-guided and a traditional clinically guided warfarin dosing group."	( Chinese Patients With Heart Valve Replacement Do Not Benefit From Warfarin Pharmacogenetic Testing on Anticoagulation Outcomes. Hao, Y; Hu, Y; Yan, X; Yang, J; Zhang, L; Zheng, X, 2019)	0.96
" Genotype-guided dosing strategy did not result in a reduction in major bleeding (0."	( Chinese Patients With Heart Valve Replacement Do Not Benefit From Warfarin Pharmacogenetic Testing on Anticoagulation Outcomes. Hao, Y; Hu, Y; Yan, X; Yang, J; Zhang, L; Zheng, X, 2019)	0.75
" This review discusses 1) warfarin use, dosing and outcomes in CKD patients; and 2) possible pharmacokinetic mechanisms for altered warfarin dosing and response in CKD."	( Warfarin Dosing and Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Closer Look at Warfarin Disposition. Alshogran, OY, 2019)	2.26
"Structured search and review of literature articles evaluating warfarin dosing and outcomes in CKD."	( Warfarin Dosing and Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Closer Look at Warfarin Disposition. Alshogran, OY, 2019)	2.2
"The literature data suggest that changes in warfarin pharmacokinetics such as protein binding, nonrenal clearance, the disposition of warfarin metabolites may partially contribute to altered warfarin dosing and response in CKD."	( Warfarin Dosing and Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Closer Look at Warfarin Disposition. Alshogran, OY, 2019)	2.22
" The aim of the present study was to compare the risks of ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and net clinical benefit of Asian patients with AF treated with off-label low-dose and on-label dosing rivaroxaban."	( Low-Dose Rivaroxaban and Risks of Adverse Events in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. Chang, SL; Chao, TF; Chen, SA; Cheng, WH; Chung, FP; Hu, YF; Liao, JN; Lin, YJ; Lip, GYH; Lo, LW; Tuan, TC, 2019)	0.51
" Drug interactions should always be considered when a DOAC is prescribed and dosage should respect the Summary of Product Characteristics."	( Use of DOACs in real-world challenging settings: a Delphi Consensus from Italian cardiologists. Musumeci, G; Nardi, F; Quadri, G; Rognoni, A; Rossini, R; Varbella, F, 2019)	0.51
" We evaluated 160 patients monitored with PT-INR and dosed with the PT-nomogram, 57 monitored with Fiix-INR but dosed with PT-nomogram, and 163 Fiix-NR monitored patients dosed using a new Fiix nomogram."	( The need for an adapted initiation nomogram during Fiix prothrombin time monitoring of warfarin. Gudmundsdottir, BR; Onundarson, PT, 2019)	0.74
"As a preliminary evaluation of the outcomes of implementing pharmacogenetic testing within a large rural healthcare system, patients who received pre-emptive pharmacogenetic testing and warfarin dosing were monitored until June 2017."	( Preliminary outcomes of preemptive warfarin pharmacogenetic testing at a large rural healthcare center. Brilliant, M; Griesbach, S; Leary, E; Peissig, P, 2019)	0.98
"Implementing pharmacogenetic testing as a standard of care service in anticoagulation monitoring programs may improve dosage regimens for patients on anticoagulation therapy."	( Preliminary outcomes of preemptive warfarin pharmacogenetic testing at a large rural healthcare center. Brilliant, M; Griesbach, S; Leary, E; Peissig, P, 2019)	0.79
" Stepwise multiple linear regression was performed to develop a dosing algorithm to predict the warfarin dose requirements."	( Impact of genetic and clinical factors on warfarin therapy in patients early after heart valve replacement surgery. Li, B; Liu, R; Liu, S; Liu, W; Ren, C; Song, B; Wang, C; Wei, Y; Wu, X; Zhang, F; Zhang, J; Zhang, S, 2019)	1
" For the first 11 days of therapy, open-label warfarin dosing was guided by a web application."	( Effect of Low-Intensity vs Standard-Intensity Warfarin Prophylaxis on Venous Thromboembolism or Death Among Patients Undergoing Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Al-Hammadi, N; Anderson, JL; Barrack, RL; Bass, AR; Dávila-Román, V; Eby, CS; Gage, BF; Hollomon, W; Hyun, G; Jaffer, AK; King, CR; Li, J; Lin, H; McMillin, GA; Merritt, K; Miller, JP; Moskowitz, G; Napoli, L; Nunley, RM; Pendleton, RC; Porche-Sorbet, R; Rodriguez, T; Stevens, SM; Thompson, AM; Whipple, B; Woller, SC, 2019)	1.03
" Complications from inappropriate warfarin dosing are one of the most common reasons for emergency room visits."	( Clinical Model for Predicting Warfarin Sensitivity. Cheng, G; Khalighi, B; Khalighi, K; Ma, Z; Wang, P, 2019)	1.08
" The survey included questions regarding centers' demographics and posed a series of hypothetical clinical scenarios to gather centers' VTE treatment practices including choice of anticoagulant, dosing practices, duration decisions, and monitoring efforts."	( Survey of current treatment practices for venous thromboembolism in patients with cystic fibrosis. Jones, AE; Ratté, MT; Witt, DM; Young, DC, 2020)	0.56
"Warfarin dosing algorithms have proven beneficial in increasing time within therapeutic range (TTR) and decreasing adverse events associated with out-of-range international normalized ratios (INRs)."	( Providers' utilization and perceptions of warfarin dosing algorithms. Gardner, T; Jones, AE; Kim, K; Vazquez, SR; Witt, DM, 2019)	2.22
"Anticoagulation providers' utilization and perceptions of warfarin dosing algorithms were assessed via a nationwide electronic survey."	( Providers' utilization and perceptions of warfarin dosing algorithms. Gardner, T; Jones, AE; Kim, K; Vazquez, SR; Witt, DM, 2019)	1.02
"Of the 246 providers who completed the survey, 82% were pharmacists, and 69% had over five years' experience dosing warfarin."	( Providers' utilization and perceptions of warfarin dosing algorithms. Gardner, T; Jones, AE; Kim, K; Vazquez, SR; Witt, DM, 2019)	0.99
"Warfarin dosing algorithms are frequently used among anticoagulation providers, especially those new to dosing warfarin, but use is frequently not sustained over the long-term."	( Providers' utilization and perceptions of warfarin dosing algorithms. Gardner, T; Jones, AE; Kim, K; Vazquez, SR; Witt, DM, 2019)	2.22
" We also validated a new AA-specific warfarin dosing algorithm for patients with ≥70% African ancestry and implemented it at our institution as a novel CDS tool."	( Pharmacogenomic genotypes define genetic ancestry in patients and enable population-specific genomic implementation. Danahey, K; Hernandez, W; Leung, E; Meltzer, DO; O'Donnell, PH; Pei, X; Perera, MA; Ratain, MJ; Stranger, BE; Volchenboum, SL; Yeo, KJ, 2020)	0.83
" Increasing the duration of anticoagulation, determining the optimal dosage of anticoagulants, and switching to another anticoagulant when necessary could be considered to improve treatment effectiveness."	( Outcome of Anticoagulation Therapy of Left Atrial Thrombus or Sludge in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter. Dong, J; Du, X; Ma, C; Yang, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Dosage adjustments based on renal function in the package information are effective in controlling the trough and peak concentrations in similar ranges."	( [Clinical Pharmacometrics for Rational Drug Treatment]. Yano, I, 2019)	0.51
"Warfarin dosing is challenging due to a multitude of factors affecting its pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD)."	( Personalised Warfarin Dosing in Children Post-cardiac Surgery. Al-Metwali, BZ; Goodyer, L; Mulla, H; O'Hare, L; Rivers, P; Young, S, 2019)	2.33
" The population was stratified into derivation and validation cohorts for the dosing model."	( The effect of genetic and nongenetic factors on warfarin dose variability in Qatari population. Abdelsamad, O; Alsaadi, S; Bader, L; Cavallari, LH; Elenani, R; Elewa, H; Elzouki, A; Kasem, M; Khalifa, S; Mahfouz, A; Mohammed, S; Mraiche, F; Rizk, N; Shahin, MH; Soaly, E, 2020)	0.81
"Patients who require urgent warfarin reversal often receive four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC), which is traditionally dosed according to weight and initial INR."	( Initiation of a fixed-dose four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate protocol. Fuh, L; Goldstein, JN; Hayes, BD, 2020)	0.85
"To perform a randomized, open-label comparison of average time in therapeutic range (TTR) of international normalized ratio (INR) using two approaches to initial warfarin dosing during hospitalization: the standard method and the one using individual patient characteristics (clinical algorithm - the studied approach)."	( Randomized Comparison of Two Approaches to Initial Warfarin Dosing: Time in Therapeutic Range of International Normalized Ratio During Hospitalization. Averkov, OV; Gordeev, IG; Levchuk, NN; Mishchenko, LN; Vechorko, VI, 2018)	0.93
"The average TTR and portions of INR values within target range during the whole time of drug dosing turned out to be small."	( Randomized Comparison of Two Approaches to Initial Warfarin Dosing: Time in Therapeutic Range of International Normalized Ratio During Hospitalization. Averkov, OV; Gordeev, IG; Levchuk, NN; Mishchenko, LN; Vechorko, VI, 2018)	0.73
"The opportunities for achieving target INR in inpatient settings, regardless of warfarin dosing regimen, are limited."	( Randomized Comparison of Two Approaches to Initial Warfarin Dosing: Time in Therapeutic Range of International Normalized Ratio During Hospitalization. Averkov, OV; Gordeev, IG; Levchuk, NN; Mishchenko, LN; Vechorko, VI, 2018)	0.96
" PT-INR should be carefully monitored, and adjusting the WF dosage may become necessary during the WF and TKI combination therapy."	( [Effects of Seven Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors on the Anticoagulation Activity of Warfarin]. Hama, T; Hiraide, M; Minowa, Y; Miyoshi, J; Nakano, Y; Shiga, T; Suzuki, K; Takahashi, H, 2019)	0.74
" In this study, a novel surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique for the quantification of the widely used anticoagulant warfarin sodium in pharmaceutical dosage form and in spiked human plasma was developed."	( Detection and quantification of warfarin in pharmaceutical dosage form and in spiked human plasma using surface enhanced Raman scattering. Abou El-Alamin, MM; Azab, MM; Sultan, MA; Wark, AW, 2020)	1.05
" When compared to the next most effective intervention, patient's self-testing and genotype-guided warfarin dosing were dominated."	( Cost-effectiveness of warfarin care bundles and novel oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation in Thailand. Chaiyakunapruk, N; Nathisuwan, S; Ng, SS; Phrommintikul, A, 2020)	1.09
" Further controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine the optimal dosing strategy that maximizes efficacy and safety."	( Reversal of Warfarin-Associated Major Hemorrhage: Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrate versus 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate. DeMott, JM; Maynard, B; Mokszycki, RK; Panos, NG; Peksa, GD; Rech, MA; Sweis, RT, 2020)	0.94
"Differences in the performance of suggested warfarin dosing algorithms among different ethnicities and genotypes have been reported; this necessitates the development of an algorithm with enhanced performance for specific population groups."	( Development and Validation of a Novel Warfarin Dosing Algorithm for Korean Patients With Baek, SY; Bang, OY; Cho, EH; Cho, HJ; Choi, R; Kim, JS; Lee, K; Lee, SY; On, YK; Sohn, I; Yang, M, 2020)	1.09
"A total of 60 patients were included in the final analysis with 30 patients stratified to the traditional dosing and low-dose groups, respectively."	( Modified version of the American College of Cardiology's recommendation for low-dose prothrombin complex concentrate is effective for warfarin reversal. Cassidy, CD; Gilbert, BW; Huffman, JB; Morton, L; Potter, A; Roemer, K; Vasquez, DG, 2020)	0.76
"A modified version of the ACC's low-dose 4PCC option for warfarin reversal achieves similar outcomes for lowering INR values compared to traditional variable dosing regimens."	( Modified version of the American College of Cardiology's recommendation for low-dose prothrombin complex concentrate is effective for warfarin reversal. Cassidy, CD; Gilbert, BW; Huffman, JB; Morton, L; Potter, A; Roemer, K; Vasquez, DG, 2020)	1.01
" Dosing is challenging due to a narrow therapeutic index and high interindividual variability in dose requirements."	( Genetic Factors Influencing Warfarin Dose in Black-African Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asiimwe, IG; Beasly, MT; Cavallari, LH; Dillon, C; Duconge, J; Jorgensen, AL; Kawai, VK; Kimmel, SE; Krause, A; Limdi, NA; Lubitz, SA; Marcatto, LR; Osanlou, R; Perera, MA; Perini, JA; Pirmohamed, M; Renta, JY; Santos, PCJL; Scott, SA; Suarez-Kurtz, G; Zhang, EJ; Zhang, H, 2020)	0.85
" Racial differences in pharmacokinetics, dosing requirements, drug response, and/or safety end points were identified for unfractionated heparin, enoxaparin, argatroban, warfarin, rivaroxaban, and edoxaban."	( Racial and Ethnic Differences in Response to Anticoagulation: A Review of the Literature. Gibson, CM; Yuet, WC, 2021)	0.82
" Polymorphism of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) gene is identified as the main genetic factor involved in warfarin dosage requirement variations."	( Association between VKORC1 gene polymorphism and warfarin dose requirement and frequency of VKORC1 gene polymorphism in patients from Kerman province. Satarzadeh, N; Soltani Banavandi, MJ, 2020)	1.02
" Locally validated warfarin dosing algorithms in Uganda and South Africa may improve INR control."	( A cross-sectional evaluation of five warfarin anticoagulation services in Uganda and South Africa. Allie, S; Blockman, M; Cohen, K; French, N; Hutchinson, C; Jorgensen, A; Lamorde, M; Mouton, JP; Pirmohamed, M; Sekaggya-Wiltshire, C; Semakula, JR; Semakula, L; Toh, CH; Waitt, C, 2020)	1.16
"A total of 263 warfarin naive patients with indications to long-term anticoagulation were included in prospective multicenter study and randomized into Pharmacogenetics and Standard dosing groups."	( CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotyping for the quality of long-standing warfarin treatment in Russian patients. Dobrovolsky, A; Galkina, I; Grehova, L; Grontkovskaya, A; Kropacheva, E; Lifshits, G; Panchenko, E; Sinitsin, S; Sirotkina, O; Titaeva, E; Trofimov, D; Vavilova, T; Vereina, N; Vorobyeva, N; Zateyshchikov, D; Zemlyanskaya, O; Zotova, I, 2020)	1.15
" Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, we evaluated 16,568 patients with a new prescription of NOAC who are indicated for standard NOAC dosing and compared 4,536 patients with warfarin with respect to thromboembolic events (ischemic stroke or systemic embolization), all-cause mortality and major bleeding."	( Pattern and Impact of Off-label Underdosing of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Who are Indicated for Standard Dosing. Cho, MS; Kim, H; Kim, YJ; Lee, J; Nam, GB; Park, DW; Park, JJ; Yun, JE, 2020)	0.75
" This information could inform warfarin dosage adjustment and monitoring and may have implications for the selection of oral anticoagulation agents in patients treated with amiodarone."	( The Magnitude of the Warfarin-Amiodarone Drug-Drug Interaction Varies With Renal Function: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study. Brown, JR; Hennessy, S; Miano, TA; Shashaty, MGS; Yang, W; Zuppa, A, 2020)	1.16
" We observed substantial overlap in the range of exposure to apixaban 5 mg twice daily for patients with or without advanced chronic kidney disease, supporting conventional dosing in patients with CrCl 25 to 30 mL/min."	( Apixaban Versus Warfarin in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. Alexander, JH; Byon, W; Chertow, GM; Garonzik, S; Granger, CB; Hijazi, Z; Hohnloser, SH; Lopes, RD; Pokorney, SD; Stanifer, JW; Wallentin, L; Wojdyla, DM, 2020)	0.9
"Despite an apparently sound pharmacological basis, clinical studies of genotype-guided warfarin dosing have yielded mixed and conflicting results, leading to reluctance in its clinical implementation."	( Genotype-guided warfarin therapy: Still of only questionable value two decades on. Shah, RR, 2020)	1.13
" Complications of inappropriate dosing are among the most frequently reported adverse events associated with this medication."	( Functionally Significant Coumarin-Related Variant Alleles and Time to Therapeutic Range in Chilean Cardiovascular Patients. Arredondo, A; Bertoglia, MP; Bravo, G; Cruz, D; Godoy, G; Lavanderos, MA; Llull, G; Mejías, F; Muñoz, J; Nieto, E; Quiñones, LA; Roco, AM; Rojo, M; Rubilar, JC; Salas, P; Suarez, M; Tamayo, F; Varela, NM; Véliz, P; Verón, G, )	0.13
" Low-molecular-weight heparin, when dosed appropriately with close therapeutic monitoring, has been shown to be safe for both mother and fetus."	( Management of Anticoagulation in Pregnant Women With Mechanical Heart Valves. Daughety, MM; DeLoughery, TG; McCarty, OJT; Raghunathan, V; Shatzel, JJ; Zilberman-Rudenko, J, 2020)	0.56
"We favor the use of low-molecular-weight heparin with appropriate dosing and monitoring for the anticoagulation of pregnant women with MHVs."	( Management of Anticoagulation in Pregnant Women With Mechanical Heart Valves. Daughety, MM; DeLoughery, TG; McCarty, OJT; Raghunathan, V; Shatzel, JJ; Zilberman-Rudenko, J, 2020)	0.56
"Precise dosing of warfarin is important to achieve therapeutic benefit without adverse effects."	( Impact of CYP2C9-Interacting Drugs on Warfarin Pharmacogenomics. Abramova, TV; Agrawal, S; Fenter, RB; George, AL; Heiss, MS; Pacheco, JA; Perera, MA; Rasmussen-Torvik, LJ; Smith, ME, 2020)	1.16
" Subgroup analyses were performed by alignment of DOAC dosing with labeling."	( Comparative Safety and Effectiveness of Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin: a National Cohort Study of Nursing Home Residents. Alcusky, M; Fisher, M; Hume, AL; Lapane, KL; McManus, DD; Tjia, J, 2020)	0.78
" Misaligned DOAC dosing was common in nursing homes and was associated with clinical and mortality outcomes."	( Comparative Safety and Effectiveness of Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin: a National Cohort Study of Nursing Home Residents. Alcusky, M; Fisher, M; Hume, AL; Lapane, KL; McManus, DD; Tjia, J, 2020)	0.78
"This prospective, single-blind, randomized study was designed to evaluate the effect of genotype-based warfarin dosing compared with standard warfarin dosing in Korean patients with mechanical cardiac valves."	( Genotype-guided warfarin dosing may benefit patients with mechanical aortic valve replacements: randomized controlled study. Chang, BC; Chung, JE; Gwak, HS; Lee, GY; Lee, KE; Seong, JM; Yee, J, 2020)	1.12
" However, warfarin requires regular monitoring and dosage adjustments and fails for many patients, causing thromboembolic and bleeding events."	( Factor Xa inhibitors in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices. Delgado, RM; Fedson, S; Frazier, OH; George, JK; Lamba, HK; Moctezuma-Ramirez, A; Nair, AP; Parikh, UM; Parikh, VY, 2020)	0.96
"Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4FPCC) is used for emergent warfarin reversal, but dosing remains controversial."	( Emergent Warfarin Reversal With Fixed-Dose 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate. Dietrich, S; Faine, B; Jansma, B; Mixon, MA; Montgomery, J; Peksa, GD, 2020)	1.21
" This study adds to the data evaluating alternative 4FPCC dosing regimens in comparison to package insert recommended dosing."	( Emergent Warfarin Reversal With Fixed-Dose 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate. Dietrich, S; Faine, B; Jansma, B; Mixon, MA; Montgomery, J; Peksa, GD, 2020)	0.98
" Improving the dosage management and antidotal efficacy requires mechanistic understanding."	( Competitive tight-binding inhibition of VKORC1 underlies warfarin dosage variation and antidotal efficacy. Li, S; Li, W; Liu, S; Liu, XR; Zhang, MM, 2020)	0.8
" However, few studies have evaluated dosing in this population."	( Evaluation of dosing and safety outcomes of low-dose prophylactic warfarin in children after cardiothoracic surgery. Barker, P; Gormley, A; Harkin, M; Johnson, PN; McMullan, L; Neely, SB; Peek, LA; Shaddix, BP; Stephens, K, 2020)	0.8
" When initiating warfarin after CTS, a dosage of <0."	( Evaluation of dosing and safety outcomes of low-dose prophylactic warfarin in children after cardiothoracic surgery. Barker, P; Gormley, A; Harkin, M; Johnson, PN; McMullan, L; Neely, SB; Peek, LA; Shaddix, BP; Stephens, K, 2020)	1.13
"Five warfarin dosing algorithms were assessed for accuracy of predicted compared to the INR target dose for patients with a HAS-BLED score ≥3 participating in the ENGAGE-AF TIMI 48 trial."	( Pharmacogenetic-guided and clinical warfarin dosing algorithm assessments with bleeding outcomes risk-stratified by genetic and covariate subgroups. Antman, EM; Dietz, N; Giugliano, RP; Mercuri, MF; Ruff, C, 2020)	1.35
" Clinical and pharmacogenetic-guided algorithms improved dosing in highly sensitive responders with HAS-BLED ≥3 compared to fixed dosing."	( Pharmacogenetic-guided and clinical warfarin dosing algorithm assessments with bleeding outcomes risk-stratified by genetic and covariate subgroups. Antman, EM; Dietz, N; Giugliano, RP; Mercuri, MF; Ruff, C, 2020)	0.83
"Warfarin is an effective treatment for thromboembolic disease but has a narrow therapeutic index; optimal anticoagulation dosage can differ tremendously among individuals."	( Genotype-Guided Dosing of Warfarin in Chinese Adults: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. Cai, J; Chen, P; Chen, X; Cui, Y; Dai, H; Fang, Q; Gong, H; Gong, L; Guo, C; Huang, J; Huang, L; Huang, Z; Huo, Y; Jiang, S; Jiang, W; Kuang, Y; Li, H; Li, J; Liu, W; Lv, C; Miao, D; Ng, CM; Ouyang, Z; Pei, Q; Peng, J; Peng, Z; Shi, X; Sun, X; Tan, H; Tang, X; Tu, S; Wang, X; Wu, J; Wu, X; Xiang, Y; Xiong, G; Xu, F; Yang, G; Yang, L; Yang, Q; Yang, Z; Yu, J; Yu, W; Yu, Z; Yuan, H; Zeng, G; Zeng, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, H; Zou, C, 2020)	2.3
"A total of 660 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to a genotype-guided dosing group or a control group under standard dosing."	( Genotype-Guided Dosing of Warfarin in Chinese Adults: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. Cai, J; Chen, P; Chen, X; Cui, Y; Dai, H; Fang, Q; Gong, H; Gong, L; Guo, C; Huang, J; Huang, L; Huang, Z; Huo, Y; Jiang, S; Jiang, W; Kuang, Y; Li, H; Li, J; Liu, W; Lv, C; Miao, D; Ng, CM; Ouyang, Z; Pei, Q; Peng, J; Peng, Z; Shi, X; Sun, X; Tan, H; Tang, X; Tu, S; Wang, X; Wu, J; Wu, X; Xiang, Y; Xiong, G; Xu, F; Yang, G; Yang, L; Yang, Q; Yang, Z; Yu, J; Yu, W; Yu, Z; Yuan, H; Zeng, G; Zeng, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, H; Zou, C, 2020)	0.86
"The outcomes of genotype-guided warfarin dosing were superior to those of clinical standard dosing."	( Genotype-Guided Dosing of Warfarin in Chinese Adults: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. Cai, J; Chen, P; Chen, X; Cui, Y; Dai, H; Fang, Q; Gong, H; Gong, L; Guo, C; Huang, J; Huang, L; Huang, Z; Huo, Y; Jiang, S; Jiang, W; Kuang, Y; Li, H; Li, J; Liu, W; Lv, C; Miao, D; Ng, CM; Ouyang, Z; Pei, Q; Peng, J; Peng, Z; Shi, X; Sun, X; Tan, H; Tang, X; Tu, S; Wang, X; Wu, J; Wu, X; Xiang, Y; Xiong, G; Xu, F; Yang, G; Yang, L; Yang, Q; Yang, Z; Yu, J; Yu, W; Yu, Z; Yuan, H; Zeng, G; Zeng, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, H; Zou, C, 2020)	1.14
"Two consecutive experiments, each lasting 4 weeks, were required to modify the dosing schedule of warfa-rin and VK1 and to adapt it to the Wistar rats used."	( Experimental Model of Subclinical Vitamin K Deficiency. Gancheva, S; Ghenev, P; Kitanova, M; Zhelyazkova-Savova, M, 2020)	0.56
"The original dosing schedule induced VK deficiency, manifested by arterial calcifications and dramatic changes in carboxyl-ated and uncarboxylated osteocalcin."	( Experimental Model of Subclinical Vitamin K Deficiency. Gancheva, S; Ghenev, P; Kitanova, M; Zhelyazkova-Savova, M, 2020)	0.56
"Warfarin is a frequently prescribed oral anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index, requiring careful dosing and monitoring."	( The effect of the VKORC1 promoter variant on warfarin responsiveness in the Saudi WArfarin Pharmacogenetic (SWAP) cohort. Al Ammari, M; Alabdulkareem, IB; AlBalwi, M; Aldrees, M; Alghamdi, J; Almakhlafi, NS; Almuzzaini, B; Sultana, K, 2020)	2.26
"507 adults were randomized to receive initial dosing as determined by an algorithm containing genetic (VKORC1 and CYP2C9) plus clinical information or only clinical information."	( Randomized controlled trial of genotype-guided warfarin anticoagulation in Chinese elderly patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Liu, J; Xu, C; Zhu, Y, 2020)	0.82
"Genotype-guided dosing could improve the average TTR, and follow-up result showed that genotype-guided therapy resulted in a significantly lower risk of ischaemic stroke events."	( Randomized controlled trial of genotype-guided warfarin anticoagulation in Chinese elderly patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Liu, J; Xu, C; Zhu, Y, 2020)	0.82
" Sonidegib 800 mg QD oral dosing began on Cycle 1 Day 1 of a 28-day cycle after the run-in period in both cohorts."	( The effect of sonidegib (LDE225) on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion and warfarin in patients with advanced solid tumours. Amaravadi, RK; Britten, CD; Chung, V; Gutierrez, M; Lee, JJ; Lewis, LD; LoRusso, P; Ness, DB; O'Rourke, MA; Olszanski, AJ; Perez, R; Pooler, DB; Ravichandran, S; Sarantopoulos, J; Shapiro, GI; Squittieri, N; Vaishampayan, U, 2021)	0.85
"Sonidegib dosed orally at 800 mg QD (higher than the Food and Drug Administration-approved dose) did not impact the PK or pharmacodynamics of warfarin (CYP2C9 probe substrate) or the PK of bupropion (CYP2B6 probe substrate)."	( The effect of sonidegib (LDE225) on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion and warfarin in patients with advanced solid tumours. Amaravadi, RK; Britten, CD; Chung, V; Gutierrez, M; Lee, JJ; Lewis, LD; LoRusso, P; Ness, DB; O'Rourke, MA; Olszanski, AJ; Perez, R; Pooler, DB; Ravichandran, S; Sarantopoulos, J; Shapiro, GI; Squittieri, N; Vaishampayan, U, 2021)	1.05
"Numerous algorithms have been developed to guide warfarin dosing and improve clinical outcomes."	( Warfarin dosing algorithms: A systematic review. Asiimwe, IG; Jorgensen, AL; Osanlou, R; Pirmohamed, M; Zhang, EJ, 2021)	2.32
"We systematically searched MEDLINE up to 20 May 2020 and selected studies describing the development, external validation or clinical utility of a multivariable warfarin dosing algorithm."	( Warfarin dosing algorithms: A systematic review. Asiimwe, IG; Jorgensen, AL; Osanlou, R; Pirmohamed, M; Zhang, EJ, 2021)	2.26
"Of 10 035 screened records, 266 articles were included in the review, describing the development of 433 dosing algorithms, 481 external validations and 52 clinical utility assessments."	( Warfarin dosing algorithms: A systematic review. Asiimwe, IG; Jorgensen, AL; Osanlou, R; Pirmohamed, M; Zhang, EJ, 2021)	2.06
"Most warfarin dosing algorithms have been developed in Asians and Whites and may not be applicable to under-served populations."	( Warfarin dosing algorithms: A systematic review. Asiimwe, IG; Jorgensen, AL; Osanlou, R; Pirmohamed, M; Zhang, EJ, 2021)	2.58
" Usual Care (UC) for warfarin management has traditionally required multiple healthcare visits, blood collection visits, and laboratory analysis of International Normalized Ratio (INR) with results to then later be relayed to the patient along with dosage adjustments."	( A novel model of care in anticoagulation management. Bodnar, A; Woodill, L, 2020)	0.88
" Warfarin dosage requirements of different patients vary largely."	( DBCSMOTE: a clustering-based oversampling technique for data-imbalanced warfarin dose prediction. Jiang, B; Tao, Y; Zhang, Y, 2020)	1.7
" Meanwhile, two ensemble models, boosted regression tree (BRT) and random forest (RF), which are built on the extended dataset generateed by DBCSMOTE, accomplish the task of warfarin daily dosage prediction."	( DBCSMOTE: a clustering-based oversampling technique for data-imbalanced warfarin dose prediction. Jiang, B; Tao, Y; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.98
" Enoxaparin dosing was nearly double the recommended starting doses for secondary thromboprophylaxis."	( Thromboprophylaxis in congenital nephrotic syndrome: 15-year experience from a national cohort. Dobbie, LJ; Eskell, L; Lamb, A; Ramage, IJ; Reynolds, BC, 2021)	0.62
" This study adds to the limited amount of literature on aPCC dosing in obesity."	( Impact of Obesity on Warfarin Reversal With Fixed-Dose Factor VIII Inhibitor Bypassing Activity (aPCC). Dailey, LM; McKinney, AL; McMillen, JC; Rowe, AS, 2021)	0.94
" We aimed to investigate the safety and toxicity profile of intermittent dosing schedules of CH5126766, and the antitumour activity of this drug in patients with solid tumours and multiple myeloma harbouring RAS-RAF-MEK pathway mutations."	( Intermittent schedules of the oral RAF-MEK inhibitor CH5126766/VS-6766 in patients with RAS/RAF-mutant solid tumours and multiple myeloma: a single-centre, open-label, phase 1 dose-escalation and basket dose-expansion study. Banerji, U; Basu, B; Candilejo, IM; Carreira, S; Chénard-Poirier, M; Constantinidou, A; de Bono, JS; de Miguel, M; Finneran, L; Guo, C; Hall, E; Harris, SJ; Ishikawa, Y; Kaiser, M; King, J; Lopez, JS; Minchom, A; Nakai, K; Parmar, M; Riisnaes, R; Roda, D; Scaranti, M; Sriskandarajah, P; Tunariu, N; Turner, AJ; Xu, W, 2020)	0.56
" The primary endpoints were the recommended phase 2 dose at which no more than one out of six patients had a treatment-related dose-limiting toxicity, and the safety and toxicity profile of each dosing schedule."	( Intermittent schedules of the oral RAF-MEK inhibitor CH5126766/VS-6766 in patients with RAS/RAF-mutant solid tumours and multiple myeloma: a single-centre, open-label, phase 1 dose-escalation and basket dose-expansion study. Banerji, U; Basu, B; Candilejo, IM; Carreira, S; Chénard-Poirier, M; Constantinidou, A; de Bono, JS; de Miguel, M; Finneran, L; Guo, C; Hall, E; Harris, SJ; Ishikawa, Y; Kaiser, M; King, J; Lopez, JS; Minchom, A; Nakai, K; Parmar, M; Riisnaes, R; Roda, D; Scaranti, M; Sriskandarajah, P; Tunariu, N; Turner, AJ; Xu, W, 2020)	0.56
" Only 37% of patients on warfarin had optimal dosing control, and they did not differ significantly in TTB, TTT, and OS from patients on DOACs."	( Patterns of anticoagulation therapy in atrial fibrillation: results from a large real-life single-center registry. Atić, A; Hadžibegović, I; Hulak Karlak, V; Jurin, I; Lucijanić, M; Magličić, A; Šakić, Z; Starčević, B, 2020)	0.86
" Patients receiving warfarin rarely obtain optimal dosing control, and experience significantly shorter survival compared with patients receiving DOACs."	( Patterns of anticoagulation therapy in atrial fibrillation: results from a large real-life single-center registry. Atić, A; Hadžibegović, I; Hulak Karlak, V; Jurin, I; Lucijanić, M; Magličić, A; Šakić, Z; Starčević, B, 2020)	0.88
"Warfarin's narrow therapeutic index and high variability in dosage requirements make dosage selection critical."	( Differences in Predicted Warfarin Dosing Requirements Between Hmong and East Asians Using Genotype-Based Dosing Algorithms. Bishop, JR; Culhane-Pera, KA; Lee, K; Lo, M; Peng, K; Straka, RJ; Sun, B; Thyagarajan, B; Wen, YF; Xiong, T; Zierhut, H, 2021)	2.37
"(i) To validate previously identified allele frequency differences relevant to warfarin dosing in Hmong versus East Asians and (ii) to compare predicted warfarin sensitivity and maintenance doses between a Hmong population and an East Asian cohort."	( Differences in Predicted Warfarin Dosing Requirements Between Hmong and East Asians Using Genotype-Based Dosing Algorithms. Bishop, JR; Culhane-Pera, KA; Lee, K; Lo, M; Peng, K; Straka, RJ; Sun, B; Thyagarajan, B; Wen, YF; Xiong, T; Zierhut, H, 2021)	1.15
"Warfarin is an effective preventative treatment for arterial and venous thromboembolism, but requires individualised dosing due to its narrow therapeutic range and high individual variation."	( Evaluating warfarin dosing models on multiple datasets with a novel software framework and evolutionary optimisation. Marais, P; Truda, G, 2021)	2.45
" However, dosing is challenging due to a highly variable clinical response for a given dose."	( Developing and Validating a Clinical Warfarin Dose-Initiation Model for Black-African Patients in South Africa and Uganda. Asiimwe, IG; Blockman, M; Cohen, K; Hutchinson, C; Jorgensen, AL; Lamorde, M; Mouton, JP; Okello, E; Pirmohamed, M; Sekaggya-Wiltshire, C; Semakula, JR; Waitt, C; Zhang, EJ, 2021)	0.89
"To evaluate the reduction in international normalized ratio (INR) of 3 different PCC dosing regimens: fixed-dose activated 4-factor PCC (aPCC), fixed-dose 4-factor PCC (4PCC), and standard-dose 4PCC."	( Comparison of 3 Different Prothrombin Complex Concentrate Regimens for Emergent Warfarin Reversal: PCCWaR Study. Blankenship, PS; Cocchio, CA; Dietrich, SK; Harmon, AJ; Nerenberg, SF; Rowe, S, 2021)	0.85
" Patients were excluded if they did not receive the correct PCC dosing regimen, received PCC for nonwarfarin bleeding, had a baseline INR less than 2, or received a massive transfusion protocol."	( Comparison of 3 Different Prothrombin Complex Concentrate Regimens for Emergent Warfarin Reversal: PCCWaR Study. Blankenship, PS; Cocchio, CA; Dietrich, SK; Harmon, AJ; Nerenberg, SF; Rowe, S, 2021)	1.06
" The challenge of VKAs therapy is their narrow therapeutic index and highly variable dosing requirements, which are partially the result of genetic variations of VKOR."	( A novel vitamin K derived anticoagulant tolerant to genetic variations of vitamin K epoxide reductase. Chen, X; Furukawa, N; Jin, DY; Liu, Y; Paul Savage, G; Stafford, DW; Suhara, Y; Tie, JK; Williams, CM, 2021)	0.62
"Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) is widely used for urgent reversal of anticoagulation with warfarin, but the optimal 4F-PCC dosing approach is unknown."	( Efficacy and safety of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate fixed, weight-based dosing for reversal of warfarin anticoagulation. Chin-Yee, I; Endres, K; Hsia, C; Lazo-Langner, A; St Bernard, R, 2020)	0.98
"We retrospectively studied consecutive adult patients receiving fixed, weight-based 4F-PCC dosing for warfarin reversal between 30 April 2009 and 31 December 2010."	( Efficacy and safety of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate fixed, weight-based dosing for reversal of warfarin anticoagulation. Chin-Yee, I; Endres, K; Hsia, C; Lazo-Langner, A; St Bernard, R, 2020)	0.99
"Fixed, weight-based dosing of 4F-PCC is effective for reversing warfarin anticoagulation in patients with a pre-dosing INR ≤ 4."	( Efficacy and safety of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate fixed, weight-based dosing for reversal of warfarin anticoagulation. Chin-Yee, I; Endres, K; Hsia, C; Lazo-Langner, A; St Bernard, R, 2020)	1.01
" We randomly distributed 48 Wistar rats into six groups and used two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess the effects of two main factors-diet type (standard and high-fat) and ET dosage (without, low, and 3× higher)-applied to rats for 4 weeks."	( Protective Effects of a Strawberry Ellagitannin-Rich Extract against Pro-Oxidative and Pro-Inflammatory Dysfunctions Induced by a High-Fat Diet in a Rat Model. Fotschki, B; Jurgoński, A; Juśkiewicz, J; Kosmala, M; Kołodziejczyk, K; Majewski, M; Milala, J; Ognik, K; Żary-Sikorska, E, 2020)	0.56
" We carried out a network meta-analysis to assess whether any clinically significant differences exist between RCTs evaluating CYP2C9 with VKORC1, with CYP2C9 alone and CYP2C9, VKORC1, with CYP4F2 dosing strategies."	( A network meta-analysis of CYP2C9, CYP2C9 with VKORC1 and CYP2C9 with VKORC1 and CYP4F2 genotype-based warfarin dosing strategies compared to traditional. Sivaramakrishnan, G; Sridharan, K, 2021)	0.84
" CYP2C9-based warfarin dosing was associated with a shorter time to first therapeutic INR (WMD: -2."	( A network meta-analysis of CYP2C9, CYP2C9 with VKORC1 and CYP2C9 with VKORC1 and CYP4F2 genotype-based warfarin dosing strategies compared to traditional. Sivaramakrishnan, G; Sridharan, K, 2021)	1.2
" Herein, we analyze the available evidence about factors that can modify the effects of vitamin K antagonists and that should be incorporated to dosing algorithms."	( [Pharmacogenomics of vitamin K antagonists]. Andaur, M; Boguen, R; Guzmán, N; Guzmán-Oyarzo, D; Letelier, P; Reyes, F; Vega, M, 2020)	0.56
" The mean warfarin dosage prescribed by doctors was lower than that recommended by Anticlot Assistant (2."	( Evaluation of the algorithm of Anticlot Assistant: an anticoagulant management system based on mobile health technology. Chen, X; Li, Y; Liu, X; Long, J; Xiang, D; Xie, G; Zhang, Y, 2021)	1.02
"Fixed-dose (FD) regimens of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) may be effective for the emergent reversal of warfarin; however, the optimal dosing is unknown."	( Evaluation of a Fixed-Dose Regimen of 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate for Warfarin Reversal. Bienvenida, A; Halfpap, J; McMahon, C; Rose, AE; Zhao, Q, 2021)	1.05
"The purpose of this study is to report our experience with FD 4F-PCC compared with a historical weight-based dosing cohort for warfarin reversal."	( Evaluation of a Fixed-Dose Regimen of 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate for Warfarin Reversal. Bienvenida, A; Halfpap, J; McMahon, C; Rose, AE; Zhao, Q, 2021)	1.05
" Inappropriate dosing decisions based on haemodialysis or POC INR were quantified."	( Comparison of Sampling Methods for International Normalized Ratio Monitoring in Haemodialysis Patients (INRHaemo Study). Harvey, M; Makris, A; Rajkumar, T; Surmon, L; Weidersehn, L; Wong, J, 2021)	0.62
" Dosing decisions were incongruent between the dialysis and peripheral INR in 6%, whilst the POC and peripheral INR disagreed in 26%."	( Comparison of Sampling Methods for International Normalized Ratio Monitoring in Haemodialysis Patients (INRHaemo Study). Harvey, M; Makris, A; Rajkumar, T; Surmon, L; Weidersehn, L; Wong, J, 2021)	0.62
" POC INR was less reliable at higher values, and dosing decisions differed from the peripheral INR in a quarter of cases."	( Comparison of Sampling Methods for International Normalized Ratio Monitoring in Haemodialysis Patients (INRHaemo Study). Harvey, M; Makris, A; Rajkumar, T; Surmon, L; Weidersehn, L; Wong, J, 2021)	0.62
" Lastly, we implement an ensemble learning based approach, LightGBM, to learn from incomplete data directly on the selected single and cross-over variables for dosing prediction."	( An ensemble learning based framework to estimate warfarin maintenance dose with cross-over variables exploration on incomplete data set. Chen, J; Gao, F; Li, P; Liu, Y; Sun, J; Wang, Y; Xu, A; You, Y; Yu, Z; Zhang, J, 2021)	0.88
" Challenges include the affordability and centralisation of anticoagulation care, problems with access to medicines and international normalised ratio monitoring, the lack of locally validated standardized dosing protocols, and low levels of anticoagulation knowledge among healthcare workers and patients."	( Improving anticoagulation in sub-Saharan Africa: What are the challenges and how can we overcome them? Blockman, M; Cohen, K; Mouton, JP; Pirmohamed, M; Sekaggya-Wiltshire, C; Semakula, J; Waitt, C, 2021)	0.62
"The patient was treated with a daily dosage of Warfarin (3."	( Pathogenic variants of PROC gene caused type II activity deficiency in a Chinese family: A case report. Liu, H; Liu, J; Zhu, H, 2021)	0.88
"Personalized warfarin dosing is influenced by various factors including genetic and non-genetic factors."	( Comparison of multivariate linear regression and a machine learning algorithm developed for prediction of precision warfarin dosing in a Korean population. Ahn, S; Cho, YS; Han, IY; Kim, DK; Kim, HS; Nguyen, HD; Nguyen, VL; Shin, JG, 2021)	1.2
"To extend the multiple linear regression algorithm for personalized warfarin dosing in a Korean population and compare with a machine learning--based algorithm."	( Comparison of multivariate linear regression and a machine learning algorithm developed for prediction of precision warfarin dosing in a Korean population. Ahn, S; Cho, YS; Han, IY; Kim, DK; Kim, HS; Nguyen, HD; Nguyen, VL; Shin, JG, 2021)	1.07
"Warfarin is the most commonly evaluated drug in pharmacogenetic-guided dosing studies."	( Influence of CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 polymorphisms on the pharmacodynamic parameters of warfarin: a cross-sectional study. Al Banna, R; Husain, A; Jassim, G; Malalla, Z; Otoom, S; Sater, M; Sridharan, K, 2021)	2.28
" Their demographics, diagnoses, warfarin dosing regimen, concomitant drugs, PT-INR, and bleeding episodes were obtained."	( Influence of CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 polymorphisms on the pharmacodynamic parameters of warfarin: a cross-sectional study. Al Banna, R; Husain, A; Jassim, G; Malalla, Z; Otoom, S; Sater, M; Sridharan, K, 2021)	1.13
" Dosage depends on several factors including the underlying genotype."	( Deciphering Genetic Variants of Warfarin Metabolism in Children With Ventricular Assist Devices. Agolini, E; Amodeo, A; Baban, A; Cicenia, M; Di Chiara, L; Di Molfetta, A; Drago, F; Iodice, FG; Novelli, A; Rizzo, C; Testa, G, 2021)	0.9
" This study aimed to create an adapted neural-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model using preprocessed balance data to improve the predictive accuracy of warfarin maintenance dosing in Chinese patients undergoing heart valve replacement (HVR)."	( An Adapted Neural-Fuzzy Inference System Model Using Preprocessed Balance Data to Improve the Predictive Accuracy of Warfarin Maintenance Dosing in Patients After Heart Valve Replacement. Chen, J; Dong, L; Fu, B; Gu, ZC; Huang, SR; Wang, J; Zhou, Q, 2022)	1.13
" Age, sex, comorbidities, number of daily medications, indication and type of anticoagulant, weekly dosage and distribution, were derived from electronic records."	( Time in therapeutic range is lower in women than in men and is not explained by differences in age or comorbidity. Avarello, I; Bianchi, S; Faioni, EM; Toschi, V; Zighetti, ML, 2021)	0.62
"To clarify the appropriate initial dosage of heparin during radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving uninterrupted nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC) treatment."	( Appropriate intraprocedural initial heparin dosing in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation receiving uninterrupted non-vitamin-K antagonist oral anticoagulant treatment. Dong, YX; Gao, LJ; Li, WW; Ma, CM; Wang, N; Xia, YL; Xiao, XJ; Yang, MH; Yin, XM; Yu, XH; Zhang, RF, 2021)	0.62
"For patients with AF receiving uninterrupted NOAC treatment who underwent RFCA, an initial heparin dosage of 120 U/kg or 130 U/kg can provide an adequate intraprocedural anticoagulant effect, and 130 U/kg allowed ACT to reach the target earlier."	( Appropriate intraprocedural initial heparin dosing in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation receiving uninterrupted non-vitamin-K antagonist oral anticoagulant treatment. Dong, YX; Gao, LJ; Li, WW; Ma, CM; Wang, N; Xia, YL; Xiao, XJ; Yang, MH; Yin, XM; Yu, XH; Zhang, RF, 2021)	0.62
" As longer-than-needed warfarin prescriptions are often provided to allow for dosing adjustments according to international normalized ratios (INRs), the common practice of using a short allowable gap between dispensings to define warfarin discontinuation may lead to substantial misclassification of warfarin exposure."	( Using a Simple Prescription Gap to Determine Warfarin Discontinuation Can Lead to Substantial Misclassification. Gagne, JJ; Lin, KJ; Liu, J; Pawar, A; Schneeweiss, S; Singer, DE, 2022)	1.29
"This study compares the safety and efficacy of a fixed dose of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4FPCC) to the FDA-approved variable dosing for reversal of warfarin-induced anticoagulation."	( Evaluation of fixed versus variable dosing of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for emergent warfarin reversal. Chrenka, E; Dries, D; Isenberger, K; Peterson, M; Rupp, P; Stoecker, Z; Van Amber, B; Woster, C, 2021)	1.03
"This was a single-center, prospective, open-label, randomized controlled trial with subjects randomized to 4FPCC at a fixed dose of 1500 IU or the FDA-approved variable dosing regimen."	( Evaluation of fixed versus variable dosing of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for emergent warfarin reversal. Chrenka, E; Dries, D; Isenberger, K; Peterson, M; Rupp, P; Stoecker, Z; Van Amber, B; Woster, C, 2021)	0.84
"The results of this study provide evidence that fixed dosing results in lower reversal success rates as compared to variable dosing of 4FPCC for warfarin-induced anticoagulation."	( Evaluation of fixed versus variable dosing of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for emergent warfarin reversal. Chrenka, E; Dries, D; Isenberger, K; Peterson, M; Rupp, P; Stoecker, Z; Van Amber, B; Woster, C, 2021)	1.04
" LIME and SHAP together explain how the predictive model give the predicted dosage for specific samples."	( A Post-Hoc Interpretable Ensemble Model to Feature Effect Analysis in Warfarin Dose Prediction for Chinese Patients. Jiang, B; Tao, Y; Xie, C; Xue, L; Yue, G; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.96
" However, the ideal fixed dose is unknown, with some studies showing inadequate reversal with suboptimal dosing or in patients with a higher international normalized ratio (INR) or weight."	( Fixed- versus variable-dose prothrombin complex concentrate protocol for vitamin K antagonist reversal. Bizzell, AC; Mousavi, MK; Yin, E, 2021)	0.62
" Our conclusion is that equal stratified sampling can be a considerable alternative approach in training data construction to build drug dosing models in the clinic."	( Warfarin maintenance dose prediction for Chinese after heart valve replacement by a feedforward neural network with equal stratified sampling. Chen, J; Dong, L; Fu, B; Hou, JL; Li, H; Ma, W; Qin, W; Wang, J; Zhou, Q, 2021)	2.06
" Fixed-dose 4PCC offers simplified dosing compared to standard-dosing algorithms with potentially lower risks of thromboembolic complications given lower doses are typically utilized."	( Fixed-dose prothrombin complex concentrate for emergent warfarin reversal among patients with intracranial hemorrhage. Dietrich, SK; Mixon, MA; Rech, MA, 2021)	0.87
" The final PBPK/PD model of warfarin enantiomers was verified and validated by different dosing regimens, ethnicities and genetic polymorphisms, and used to perform DDI simulations between warfarin racemate and sorafenib among general populations and sub-populations with various CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling approach for drug-drug interaction evaluation of warfarin enantiomers with sorafenib. Cai, W; Ghim, JL; Liu, S; Parvez, M; Shin, JG; Sun, H; Tang, Z; Wang, Z; Xiang, X, 2021)	1.13
" The second aim was to develop a warfarin maintenance dose decision support system as a precise warfarin dosing platform."	( Development of a system to support warfarin dose decisions using deep neural networks. Chang, HW; Kim, DJ; Kim, HJ; Kim, JE; Lee, H; Mo, J, 2021)	1.18
"The assessment of adherence to warfarin therapy is useful in clinical practice due to its wide variability in dose-response and risks of complications."	( Self-report instruments for assessing adherence to warfarin therapy: a systematic review. da Silva Praxedes, MF; de Araújo, VE; de Sousa, WJFN; Ferreira, CB; Martins, MAP; Viana, CC; Vianna, MS, 2021)	1.16
"African populations present with a diversity of variants that are important in predicting pharmacogenetics-based warfarin dosing in addition to those reported in CYP2C9 and VKORC1."	( Profiling of warfarin pharmacokinetics-associated genetic variants: Black Africans portray unique genetic markers important for an African specific warfarin pharmacogenetics-dosing algorithm. Chimusa, E; Dandara, C; Kengne, AP; Mntla, P; Muyambo, S; Ndadza, A; Ntsekhe, M; Wonkam, A, 2021)	1.2
" Subgroup analyses were separately performed in accordance with the dosage range of NOACs ("standard-" and "low-dose")."	( Real-world oral anticoagulants for Asian patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: A PRISMA-compliant article. Jeon, ET; Jung, JM; Kim, SM; Lee, JS, 2021)	0.62
"Warfarin treatment requires frequent monitoring of INR (international normalized ratio) to adjust dosage in a therapeutic range."	( Evaluation of the "safe multidisciplinary app-assisted remote patient-self-testing (SMART) model" for warfarin home management during the COVID-19 pandemic: study protocol of a multi-center randomized controlled trial. Chen, L; Liu, LM; Tan, SL; Xu, P; Zhang, X; Zhou, XM; Zhou, YZ, 2021)	2.28
" Warfarin pharmacotherapy is extremely complex, since in addition to being a low therapeutic index drug, it does not follow the dose-response pattern and has characteristics that predispose the occurrence of interactions, such as high binding rate to plasma proteins, metabolization by cytochrome P450 enzymes, further to acting in the complex process of blood coagulation, platelet activation, and inflammation."	( Mechanisms and interactions in concomitant use of herbs and warfarin therapy: An updated review. Carvalho, MDG; Castilho, RO; Leite, PM; Martins, MAP, 2021)	1.77
" However, the efficacy and safety of different dosage in patients with renal dysfunction is still a clinical challenge."	( Comparison of Low and Full Dose Apixaban Versus Warfarin in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Renal Dysfunction (from a National Registry). Barsheshet, A; Elis, A; Giladi, E; Goldenberg, I; Gurevitz, C; Klempfner, R; Kornowski, R, 2021)	0.88
" The effect of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), on warfarin dosing remains unknown."	( Required warfarin dose and time in therapeutic range in patients with diagnosed Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) or Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). Akhlaghi, F; Taveira, TH; Wang, S; Wen, X, 2021)	1.26
"DOACs at low dosing present a more favorable net clinical benefit profile compared to warfarin."	( Net clinical benefit of a reduced dose of DOACs in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Konstantinidis, D; Ntalakouras, J; Palaiodimou, L; Polyzos, D; Thomopoulos, C; Tsioufis, C; Tsivgoulis, G, 2022)	0.94
"Dabigatran, a novel oral anticoagulant, is a direct thrombin inhibitor and is being increasingly used owing to the advantage of dosing without the need for laboratory monitoring."	( Extensive skin necrosis in an elderly woman on dabigatran. Ahuja, N; Ashraf, R; Bharati, J; Rajarajen, AP, 2021)	0.62
"The inter-individual variability of warfarin dosing has been linked to genetic polymorphisms."	( Genotype-driven pharmacokinetic simulations of warfarin levels in Puerto Ricans. de Las Barreras, C; Duconge, J; Mangas, V; Mejias, VL; Monbaliu, JM; Reyes-González, S; Reynaldo, G; Rodríguez-Vera, L; Stelzer, T; Vlaar, C, 2020)	1.09
"The results provided useful information for warfarin dosing predictions that take into consideration important individual PK and genotyping data."	( Genotype-driven pharmacokinetic simulations of warfarin levels in Puerto Ricans. de Las Barreras, C; Duconge, J; Mangas, V; Mejias, VL; Monbaliu, JM; Reyes-González, S; Reynaldo, G; Rodríguez-Vera, L; Stelzer, T; Vlaar, C, 2020)	1.08
"The present study results provide, insights on the effect of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms on inter-individual variability in warfarin metabolism and emphasizes utility of phenotyping in a setting of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin in South Indian population."	( Influence of CYP2C9 Polymorphisms on Plasma Concentration of Warfarin and 7-Hydroxy Warfarin in South Indian Patients. Adithan, C; Chandran B V, S; Kumar, DK; Shewade, DG; Uppugunduri, CRS, 2021)	1.07
" However, because of its narrow therapeutic index, dosing can be challenging."	( Stable warfarin dose prediction in sub-Saharan African patients: A machine-learning approach and external validation of a clinical dose-initiation algorithm. Asiimwe, IG; Blockman, M; Cohen, K; Cupido, C; Hutchinson, C; Jacobson, B; Jorgensen, AL; Lamorde, M; Morgan, J; Mouton, JP; Nakagaayi, D; Okello, E; Pirmohamed, M; Schapkaitz, E; Sekaggya-Wiltshire, C; Semakula, JR; Waitt, C; Zhang, EJ, 2022)	1.18
" To ensure the usability of these models for dosage predictability and controller design, the model (In)validation technique is also investigated."	( Adaptive Individualized Drug-Dose Response Modeling from a Limited Clinical Data: Case of Warfarin Management. Affan, A; Brier, ME; Inanc, T; Zurada, JM, 2021)	0.84
" This work presents an individualized warfarin dosing method by utilizing the individual patient model generated using limited clinical data of the patients with chronic conditions under warfarin anticoagulation treatment."	( Precise Warfarin Management through Personalized Modeling and Control with Limited Clinical Data. Affan, A; Ali Meerza, SI; Brier, ME; Inanc, T; Mirinejad, H; Zurada, JM, 2021)	1.33
"Due to large dosage variation, a variety of warfarin prescription regimens are utilized for specific doses such as tablet splitting, or pill strength alternating."	( The effectiveness of split tablet dosing versus alternate-day dosing of warfarin: a randomized control trial. Kaewsaengeak, C; Pienputtarapong, U; Tocharoenchok, T, 2021)	1.11
" Both higher dose edoxaban (60/30 mg) and lower dose edoxaban (30/15 mg) were non-inferior to warfarin for stroke and systemic embolism (SSE) and significantly reduced major bleeding in AF patients in the global study to assess the safety and effectiveness of edoxaban vs standard practice of dosing with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48) trial."	( Ischaemic and bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation with and without peripheral artery disease and efficacy and safety of full- and half-dose edoxaban vs. warfarin: insights from ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48. Antman, EM; Bonaca, MP; Braunwald, E; Cunningham, JW; Giugliano, RP; Grosso, MA; Halperin, JL; Lanz, HJ; Murphy, SA; Ruff, CT; Weitz, JI; Wiviott, SD, 2022)	1.14
" The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the support vector regression with the proposed new kernel can successfully estimate the ideal dosage of warfarin for approximately 68% of patients."	( Determining the adjusted initial treatment dose of warfarin anticoagulant medicine using kernel-based support vector regression. Maghsoudi, R; Mirzarezaee, M; Nadjar-Araabi, B; Sadeghi, M, 2022)	1.17
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of genotype-guided dosing (GD) strategies compared to non-genotype-guided dosing (non-GD) strategies for warfarin."	( Efficacy and safety of genotype-guided warfarin dosing versus non-genotype-guided warfarin dosing strategies: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 27 randomized controlled trials. Feng, X; Liu, L; Qiu, K; Tang, B; Wang, X; Zhou, M, 2022)	1.19
" Subgroup analyses were conducted based on ethnicity and dosing regimen in non-GD group."	( Efficacy and safety of genotype-guided warfarin dosing versus non-genotype-guided warfarin dosing strategies: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 27 randomized controlled trials. Feng, X; Liu, L; Qiu, K; Tang, B; Wang, X; Zhou, M, 2022)	0.99
" Four improved efficacy outcomes were observed in GD group compared with fixed dosing group."	( Efficacy and safety of genotype-guided warfarin dosing versus non-genotype-guided warfarin dosing strategies: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 27 randomized controlled trials. Feng, X; Liu, L; Qiu, K; Tang, B; Wang, X; Zhou, M, 2022)	0.99
"GD strategy was superior to fixed dosing strategy in term of efficacy outcomes and comparable to fixed dosing strategy in safety outcomes."	( Efficacy and safety of genotype-guided warfarin dosing versus non-genotype-guided warfarin dosing strategies: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 27 randomized controlled trials. Feng, X; Liu, L; Qiu, K; Tang, B; Wang, X; Zhou, M, 2022)	0.99
"Warfarin's complex dosing is a significant barrier to measurement of its exposure in observational studies using population databases."	( The Random Effects Warfarin Days' Supply (REWarDS) Model: Development and Validation of a Novel Method for Estimating Exposure to Warfarin Using Administrative Data. Andrade, JG; Barry, AR; De Vera, MA; Högg, T; Koehoorn, M; Loewen, P; Lynd, LD; Safari, A; Salmasi, S, 2022)	2.49
" We illustrate the methods via an analysis of optimal Warfarin dosing using data from the International Warfarin Consortium."	( Preserving data privacy when using multi-site data to estimate individualized treatment rules. Danieli, C; Moodie, EEM, 2022)	0.97
"Pharmacogenetic dosing improves the accuracy of warfarin dosing, but current pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms are less accurate in populations of African ancestry."	( Warfarin Dosing in Patients With CYP2C9*5 Variant Alleles. Beasley, TM; Cavallari, LH; Eby, CS; Gage, BF; Johnson, JA; King, CR; Lenzini, P; Li, J; Limdi, NA; Lindley, KJ; Patel, S; Perera, MA; Ridker, PM; Shah, SV; Wu, AHB, 2022)	2.42
"We found 18 EEs (46 comparisons), all model-based cost-utility analysis with or without cost-effectiveness analysis mostly from health system's perspectives, of PGx testing to determine coumadin/direct-acting anticoagulant (DOAC) dosing (14 of 18), to stratify patients into coumadin/DOACs (3 of 18), or to increase patients' adherence to coumadin (1 of 18) versus non-PGx."	( Genetic-Guided Pharmacotherapy for Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic and Critical Review of Economic Evaluations. Chowienczyk, P; Fox-Rushby, J; Kamil, AA; Koleva-Kolarova, R; Lim, KK; Wolfe, CDA, 2022)	0.72
" To overcome the challenges with warfarin dosing at initiation, strategies other than conventional or fixed dosing were introduced and explored."	( Warfarin dosing strategies evolution and its progress in the era of precision medicine, a narrative review. El Jilany, I; Elewa, H; Fahmi, AM, 2022)	2.45
"This study aimed to compare initiating warfarin at the recommended dosing regimen versus empirically lowered doses intended to account for the variation in warfarin sensitivity."	( Comparison of Warfarin Initiation at 3 mg Versus 5 mg for Anticoagulation of Patients with Mechanical Mitral Valve Replacement Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Trial. Ahmed, MA; El Wakeel, LM; Sabry, S; Saleh, A, 2022)	1.35
" However, data regarding the effectiveness and safety of DOACs outside clinical trial settings are limited, and off-label dosing of DOACs has not been thoroughly investigated."	( Trends of anticoagulant use and outcomes of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: Findings from the RAFFINE registry. Daida, H; Hattori, N; Hayashi, H; Minamino, T; Miyauchi, K; Miyazaki, S; Nakazato, Y; Nishizaki, Y; Nojiri, S; Sumiyoshi, M; Suwa, S; Tanaka, R; Urabe, T; Yamashiro, K, 2022)	0.72
" Off-label dosing of DOACs is not rare and is not associated with reduced effectiveness."	( Trends of anticoagulant use and outcomes of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: Findings from the RAFFINE registry. Daida, H; Hattori, N; Hayashi, H; Minamino, T; Miyauchi, K; Miyazaki, S; Nakazato, Y; Nishizaki, Y; Nojiri, S; Sumiyoshi, M; Suwa, S; Tanaka, R; Urabe, T; Yamashiro, K, 2022)	0.72
" The recommended maximum dosing for all INR categories is capped at 100 kg weight."	( Variables associated with adequate INR reversal in warfarin treated patients receiving 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate. Chauv, S; Collingridge, DS; Fontaine, GV; Hickman, AW; Kjerengtroen, S, 2022)	0.97
" There was less failure of anticoagulation reversal with weight-based dosing compared with fixed dosing (24."	( Impact of timing and dosing of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate administration on outcomes in warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage. Cicci, CD; Dang, C; Feldman, R; Stanton, M; Weiss, A, 2022)	0.94
"No difference in clinical outcomes among 4F-PCC dosing strategies or time windows to administration was observed in patients with GCS <15."	( Impact of timing and dosing of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate administration on outcomes in warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage. Cicci, CD; Dang, C; Feldman, R; Stanton, M; Weiss, A, 2022)	0.94
"To explore the role of genetic testing of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 in determining the dosage of warfarin after aortic valve replacement."	( A clinical study of genetic testing to guide the dosing of warfarin after heart valve replacement. Gu, C; Li, J; Yu, Y; Zhang, C; Zhang, F, 2022)	1.19
"Comparison of clinical outcomes across anticoagulation regimens using different apixaban dosing or warfarin is not well-defined in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) who are receiving dialysis."	( Apixaban Dosing Patterns Versus Warfarin in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Receiving Dialysis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Herzog, CA; Reyes, JL; Roetker, NS; Weinhandl, ED; Wetmore, JB; Yan, H, 2022)	1.22
"First prescribed treatment with apixaban dosed according to the label, apixaban dosed below the label, or warfarin."	( Apixaban Dosing Patterns Versus Warfarin in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Receiving Dialysis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Herzog, CA; Reyes, JL; Roetker, NS; Weinhandl, ED; Wetmore, JB; Yan, H, 2022)	1.22
"84]) apixaban dosing were associated with a lower risk of major bleeding compared with warfarin in ITT analyses."	( Apixaban Dosing Patterns Versus Warfarin in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Receiving Dialysis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Herzog, CA; Reyes, JL; Roetker, NS; Weinhandl, ED; Wetmore, JB; Yan, H, 2022)	1.23
" Label-concordant apixaban dosing is associated with a mortality benefit compared to warfarin."	( Apixaban Dosing Patterns Versus Warfarin in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Receiving Dialysis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Herzog, CA; Reyes, JL; Roetker, NS; Weinhandl, ED; Wetmore, JB; Yan, H, 2022)	1.23
"To identify the extent and associated factors for patients with prolonged prothrombin time, international normalized ratio (PT-INR), and the dosage modifications were carried out with warfarin."	( Supra-therapeutic Anticoagulation with Warfarin: A Cross-sectional Study. Banna, RA; Husain, A; Sridharan, K, 2023)	1.37
" Careful dosage modifications are needed particularly in high-risk categories as mentioned above."	( Supra-therapeutic Anticoagulation with Warfarin: A Cross-sectional Study. Banna, RA; Husain, A; Sridharan, K, 2023)	1.18
"To investigate effects of appropriately and inappropriately dosed apixaban/rivaroxaban versus warfarin on effectiveness and safety outcomes in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF)."	( Safety and effectiveness of appropriately and inappropriately dosed rivaroxaban or apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a cohort study with nested case-control analyses from UK primary care. Brobert, G; Fatoba, S; García Rodríguez, LA; González-Pérez, A; Roberts, L; Saez, ME; Vora, P, 2022)	1.16
" Using logistic regression, adjusted ORs with 95% CIs were calculated for the outcomes comparing apixaban/rivaroxaban use (appropriate or inappropriate dosing based on the product label criteria) and warfarin."	( Safety and effectiveness of appropriately and inappropriately dosed rivaroxaban or apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a cohort study with nested case-control analyses from UK primary care. Brobert, G; Fatoba, S; García Rodríguez, LA; González-Pérez, A; Roberts, L; Saez, ME; Vora, P, 2022)	1.13
" They should, therefore, be interpreted with caution, and prescribers should adhere to the dosing instructions in the respective Summary of Product Characteristics."	( Safety and effectiveness of appropriately and inappropriately dosed rivaroxaban or apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a cohort study with nested case-control analyses from UK primary care. Brobert, G; Fatoba, S; García Rodríguez, LA; González-Pérez, A; Roberts, L; Saez, ME; Vora, P, 2022)	0.94
"The objective of this review was to provide dosing recommendations for percentage change in weekly warfarin dose and rates of thrombotic and bleeding events in patients requiring long-term warfarin therapy after bariatric surgery."	( A Systematic Review of Warfarin Use in Post-Bariatric Surgery Patients: Cases Compiled From a Literature Review. Ho, T; Patel, PH; Upadhyay, SM, 2023)	1.44
" Patients were excluded from review if post-operative dosage change was not reported."	( A Systematic Review of Warfarin Use in Post-Bariatric Surgery Patients: Cases Compiled From a Literature Review. Ho, T; Patel, PH; Upadhyay, SM, 2023)	1.22
"The study provides a specific warfarin dosing titration regimen, as well as embolic and bleed risk in post-bariatric surgery population."	( A Systematic Review of Warfarin Use in Post-Bariatric Surgery Patients: Cases Compiled From a Literature Review. Ho, T; Patel, PH; Upadhyay, SM, 2023)	1.51
" The inclusion of PMR in future dosing algorithms of CYP2C9 substrates characterized by a narrow therapeutic window should be encouraged and further investigated."	( Phenytoin Metabolic Ratio, a Marker of CYP2C9 Activity, is Superior to the CYP2C9 Genotype as a Predictor of (S)-Warfarin Clearance. Adar, L; Bialer, M; Blotnick, S; Caraco, Y; Muszkat, M; Shaul, C, 2022)	0.93
" Patients in the standard group were grouped according to the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype, and the warfarin dosage was compared respectively."	( Correlation between CYP2C9 gene polymorphism and warfarin dose in Chinese Han population with coronary heart disease. Chen, G; Li, L; Xio, J; Zhong, M; Zuo, Q, 2021)	1.09
" We aimed to leverage reinforcement learning (RL) to optimize the dynamic in-hospital warfarin dosing in patients after surgical valve replacement (SVR)."	( Optimizing the dynamic treatment regime of in-hospital warfarin anticoagulation in patients after surgical valve replacement using reinforcement learning. Ji, X; Lian, X; Lin, S; Shao, J; Su, X; Zeng, J; Zhang, H; Zhao, Y; Zheng, Z, 2022)	1.19
"Initial warfarin dosing and time in therapeutic range (TTR) are poorly characterized for early post-operative left ventricular assist device (LVAD) patients."	( Impact of Initial Warfarin Dosing on Time in Therapeutic Range for Postoperative Left Ventricular Assist Device Patients. Bowman, SA; Korkames, GC; Lyden, ER; Olson, LM; Ryan, TR, 2022)	1.49
" In addition, PGx-guided dosing guidelines are now available for multiple CVD drugs, including clopidogrel, warfarin, and statins."	( Pharmacogenomics implementation in cardiovascular disease in a highly diverse population: initial findings and lessons learned from a pilot study in United Arab Emirates. Al-Mahayri, ZN; Al-Maskari, F; Ali, BR; AlKaabi, J; Alqasrawi, MN; Altoum, SM; AlZaabi, A; Badawi, S; George, L; Hamza, D; Jamil, G; Khasawneh, LQ; Ouda, H; Patrinos, GP, 2022)	0.93
" Regarding warfarin, only 20% of the participants exhibited reference alleles at VKORC1-1639G > A, CYP2C9*2, and CYP2C9*3, leaving 80% with alternative genotypes at any of the two genes that can be integrated into the warfarin dosing algorithms and can be used whenever the patient receives a warfarin prescription."	( Pharmacogenomics implementation in cardiovascular disease in a highly diverse population: initial findings and lessons learned from a pilot study in United Arab Emirates. Al-Mahayri, ZN; Al-Maskari, F; Ali, BR; AlKaabi, J; Alqasrawi, MN; Altoum, SM; AlZaabi, A; Badawi, S; George, L; Hamza, D; Jamil, G; Khasawneh, LQ; Ouda, H; Patrinos, GP, 2022)	1.11
" We compared the clinical outcomes and the effect of the DOAC dosing and examined any readmissions due to colonic diverticular bleeding within 1 year."	( Impact of anticoagulants on the clinical outcomes of colonic diverticular bleeding comparing warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants. Chang, LS; Fujii, Y; Hayashi, S; Hosokawa, K; Inada, M; Matsumoto, K; Mukai, K; Nakamatsu, D; Nishida, T; Osugi, N; Sugimoto, A; Yamamoto, M, 2022)	0.94
" Our work was aimed at predicting the maintenance dosage of these drugs, using the de-identified medical data collected from patients attending an INR Clinic in South India."	( Development and validation of a mobile application based on a machine learning model to aid in predicting dosage of vitamin K antagonists among Indian patients post mechanical heart valve replacement. Ameer Suhail, PA; Amruthlal, M; Devika, S; Harikrishnan, S; Jeemon, P; Jose, J; Krishnan, V; Lakshmi Kanth, LR; Menon, AK; Sanjay, G; Thomas, A; Thomas, M, )	0.13
" One review of genotype-guided warfarin dosing assessed AF patients; no significant differences in stroke prevention were reported."	( Oral anticoagulants: a systematic overview of reviews on efficacy and safety, genotyping, self-monitoring, and stakeholder experiences. Blanchard, L; Brunton, G; Burchett, H; Khatwa, M; Khouja, C; Richardson, M; Sowden, A; Stokes, G; Thomas, J; Walker, R; Wright, K, 2022)	1.01
" Currently there are no dosing guidelines for such use."	( Correct dosing of Prothrombinex-VF in normalising elevated international normalised ratio in critically ill patients: a prospective cohort pilot study. Ho, KM; McAlister, AC, 2023)	0.91
"To validate a prediction equation, embedded in a smartphone application (app), to guide dosing of Prothrombinex-VF in critically ill patients."	( Correct dosing of Prothrombinex-VF in normalising elevated international normalised ratio in critically ill patients: a prospective cohort pilot study. Ho, KM; McAlister, AC, 2023)	0.91
" Its dosing recommendations were similar to or possibly better than preexisting warfarin reversal guidelines in over 85% of the situations analysed, if we assume a higher dose of Prothrombinex-VF would achieve a greater reduction in INR than a lower dose."	( Correct dosing of Prothrombinex-VF in normalising elevated international normalised ratio in critically ill patients: a prospective cohort pilot study. Ho, KM; McAlister, AC, 2023)	1.14
" However, the clinical dosing of warfarin is complicated by high interindividual variability in drug exposure and response and its narrow therapeutic index."	( A Physiological-Based Pharmacokinetic Model Embedded with a Target-Mediated Drug Disposition Mechanism Can Characterize Single-Dose Warfarin Pharmacokinetic Profiles in Subjects with Various Brundage, RC; Cheng, S; Flora, DR; Rettie, AE; Tracy, TS, 2023)	1.4
" Dosing of warfarin should be individualized, since slight overdosing or underdosing can have catastrophic or even fatal consequences."	( Optimizing warfarin dosing using deep reinforcement learning. Anzabi Zadeh, S; Street, WN; Thomas, BW, 2023)	1.69
" capped (< 1 mg/kg) enoxaparin dosing regimen."	( Management of venous thromboembolism in morbidly obese patients: a 10-year review. Donarelli, C; Ho, P; Khattak, Z; Kwok, A; Lai, J; Lim, HY; Lui, B; Wee, B, 2023)	0.91
" To address its large interindividual variability and narrow therapeutic window, the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium has recommended using pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms, such as the ones developed by the International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium (IWPC) and by Gage et al, to dose warfarin when genotype information is available."	( Comparison of Maintenance Dose Predictions by Warfarin Dosing Algorithms Based on Chinese and Western Patients. An, X; Deng, J; Wang, Y, 2023)	1.35
"5% of the studied patients, thus indicating that this group would benefit less from dosing algorithms."	( Frequency Distribution of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Mutations among Bulgarian Patients and their Importance for Anticoagulant Therapy. Abedinov, P; Hristova, J; Nikolov, V; Svinarov, D; Velizarova, M, 2022)	0.72
" Importantly, no study has adequately accounted for warfarin dosing being continuously modified based on INR values while dosing of DOACs is fixed."	( Comparison of medication adherence to different oral anticoagulants: population-based cohort study. Ágústsson, AS; Björnsson, ES; Guðmundsdóttir, BR; Hreinsson, JP; Ingason, AB; Lund, SH; Önundarson, PT; Pálsson, DA; Reynisson, IE; Rumba, E, 2023)	1.16
" Moreover, given the high degree of heterogeneity across different datasets used to develop these algorithms, it is unsurprising that prediction errors remain high, and dosing accuracy is dependent on specific ethnic populations."	( Automated warfarin dose prediction for Asian, American, and Caucasian populations using a deep neural network. Acharya, UR; Chen, S; Chowbay, B; Jahmunah, V; Oh, SL, 2023)	1.31
"The guide for the use of genotype-guided warfarin dosing in patients for the treatment of non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) is still lacking."	( Pharmacogenetics of warfarin dosing in Chinese adults with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Gu, X; Liu, J; You, J; Zhu, H; Zhu, Y, 2023)	1.5
"We aimed to evaluate whether genotype-guided warfarin dosing is superior to conventional clinical dosing for the outcomes of interest in Chinese patients."	( Pharmacogenetics of warfarin dosing in Chinese adults with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Gu, X; Liu, J; You, J; Zhu, H; Zhu, Y, 2023)	1.49
" Among the total 979 patients, 585 patients received their dose of warfarin determined by a genetic and clinical factor (gene group), while the remaining 394 patients whose dosing was determined empirically in control group."	( Pharmacogenetics of warfarin dosing in Chinese adults with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Gu, X; Liu, J; You, J; Zhu, H; Zhu, Y, 2023)	1.47
" These variants are more likely to be population-specific variants, suggesting that population-specific studies should be conducted before adopting a universal warfarin genotype-guided dosing algorithm."	( Targeted next-generation sequencing of genes involved in Warfarin Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics pathways using the Saudi Warfarin Pharmacogenetic study (SWAP). Al Sulaiman, K; Alabdulkareem, IB; AlBalwi, M; Alghamdi, J; Alharf, A; Almakhlafi, NS; Almuzzaini, B; Ammari, MA; Balla, M; Humoud, AA; Shehri, AA; Sultana, K; Waheeby, M, 2023)	1.35
" Concomitant use with the potent CYP2C9 inducer, rifampin, requires close monitoring and dosage adjustments."	( Warfarin-Rifampin-Gene (WARIF-G) Interaction: A Retrospective, Genetic, Case-Control Study. Abdalazim, W; Bader, L; El-Bardissy, A; Elawady, MI; Elewa, H; Elshafei, MN; Fahmi, AM; Howady, F; Kasem, M; Khalil, A; Mahmoud, H; Salem, M; Sherbash, M, 2023)	2.35
"4 ml, twice a day (7 days), and oral Warfarin Sodium 3 mg, once a day, while monitoring the international normalized ratio, adjust the warfarin sodium dosage according to the international normalized ratio level."	( Hem coagulase induced cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in patients with uterine fibroids surgery. Liu, T; Sun, B; Xie, K; Xu, B; Zhang, G, 2023)	1.18
"This study sought to characterize differences in responders and nonresponders to high-dose vitamin K to guide dosing strategies."	( Evaluation of Response to High-Dose Intravenous Vitamin K Administration. Bass, SN; Chapman, AR; Lumpkin, M; Militello, M; Rudoni, MA; Wang, L; Yerke, JR, 2023)	0.91
"Time-to-event modeling is gaining importance in drug dosage determination, particularly using pharmacometrics approaches."	( Time-to-event modeling for achieving a stable warfarin dose using genetic and non-genetic covariates. Banna, RAA; Husain, A; Sridharan, K, 2023)	1.17
" The PBPK model parameters were optimized by fitting to the reported blood pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of warfarin with no stereoisomeric separation after oral dosing of racemic warfarin (0."	( Predicting In Vivo Target Occupancy (TO) Profiles via Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic-TO Modeling of Warfarin Pharmacokinetics in Blood: Importance of Low Dose Data and Prediction of Stereoselective Target Interactions. Aoki, Y; Kim, J; Kim, MS; Lee, W; Sugiyama, Y, 2023)	1.34
" The median initial peak apixaban level was 165 ng/mL (23-474; n = 125) in the prophylaxis subgroup and 153 ng/mL (30-450; n = 33) in the treatment subgroup; dosage was adjusted in response to levels in 25% of the patients."	( Real-world use of apixaban for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis in children with cardiac disease. Ankola, A; Cetatoiu, MA; Esch, JJ; Esteso, P; Gauvreau, K; Hawkins, B; Hellinger, A; Kobayashi, RL; VanderPluym, C; Ventresco, C; Williams, R, 2023)	0.91
"Apixaban use was feasible with a low rate of adverse events across a diverse pediatric cardiac population using commercially available tablets dosed to weight and adjusted based on peak apixaban levels."	( Real-world use of apixaban for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis in children with cardiac disease. Ankola, A; Cetatoiu, MA; Esch, JJ; Esteso, P; Gauvreau, K; Hawkins, B; Hellinger, A; Kobayashi, RL; VanderPluym, C; Ventresco, C; Williams, R, 2023)	0.91
" Anticoagulation with warfarin has been recommended although the optimal dosing or the utility of combination with antiplatelet agents is still unknown."	( Lupus, antiphospholipid syndrome, and stroke: An attempt to crossmatch. El Hasbani, G; Uthman, I, 2023)	1.22
"Numerous genotype-guided warfarin dosing algorithms have been developed to individualize warfarin doses, but they can only explain 47-52% of the variability."	( Developing Chinese race-specific warfarin dose prediction algorithms. Chen, W; Gao, W; Guan, Z; Li, Z; Zhang, Z, 2023)	1.49
" Three major genotype-guided warfarin dosing algorithms were selected and compared against NEW-Warfarin predictive performance using the mean absolute error (MAE)."	( Developing Chinese race-specific warfarin dose prediction algorithms. Chen, W; Gao, W; Guan, Z; Li, Z; Zhang, Z, 2023)	1.48
" Our research provides a novel strategy to develop indication-specific warfarin dosing algorithms to improve the efficacy and safety of warfarin prescribing."	( Developing Chinese race-specific warfarin dose prediction algorithms. Chen, W; Gao, W; Guan, Z; Li, Z; Zhang, Z, 2023)	1.42
"Dabigatran is the first of four direct-acting oral anticoagulants approved to prevent stroke in adult patients with atrial fibrillation using a fixed two-dose scheme compared with warfarin dosing adjusted to a prothrombin time range associated with optimal risk reduction in stroke and serious bleeding."	( Dabigatran Dosing Proposal for Adults With Atrial Fibrillation: Stress-Testing Renal Function Range in Real World Patients. Al Qaraghuli, F; Fiedler-Kelly, J; Gonzalez, D; Powell, JR; Weiner, D, 2023)	1.1
"Effective dosing of anticoagulants aims to prevent blood clot formation while avoiding hemorrhages."	( An Adaptive Model Predictive Controller to Address the Biovariability in Blood Clotting Response During Therapy With Warfarin. Bruschetta, M; Carli, R; Faggionato, E; Favero, SD; Guazzo, A; Pegolo, E, 2023)	1.12
" In this study, we tried to ascertain and determine the relationship between non-genetic factors and genetic polymorphisms with warfarin therapy; we then proposed a new warfarin dosing prediction algorithm for the estimation of drug sensitivity and resistance in the Iranian population."	( Evaluation of a warfarin dosing algorithm including CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 polymorphisms and non-genetic determinants for the Iranian population. Cheraghi, S; Farajzadeh-Dehkordi, M; Farzam, SS; Hamedi-Asl, D; Javadi, A; Rahmani, B; Samiee-Rad, F, 2023)	1.46
" This population-specific dosing model performed slightly better than other previously published warfarin algorithms for our patient's series."	( Evaluation of a warfarin dosing algorithm including CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 polymorphisms and non-genetic determinants for the Iranian population. Cheraghi, S; Farajzadeh-Dehkordi, M; Farzam, SS; Hamedi-Asl, D; Javadi, A; Rahmani, B; Samiee-Rad, F, 2023)	1.47
"We proposed and validated a population-specific dosing algorithm based on genetic and non-genetic determinants for Iranian patients and evaluated its performance."	( Evaluation of a warfarin dosing algorithm including CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 polymorphisms and non-genetic determinants for the Iranian population. Cheraghi, S; Farajzadeh-Dehkordi, M; Farzam, SS; Hamedi-Asl, D; Javadi, A; Rahmani, B; Samiee-Rad, F, 2023)	1.26
"We confirmed the relevant factors of warfarin anticoagulation control, including genetic factors (VKORC1 -1639G > A and CYP2C9*3 polymorphisms) and clinical factors (male gender, older age, overweight, AVR surgery and stroke history), which could be helpful to individualize warfarin dosage and improve warfarin anticoagulation control during different treatment period."	( Integrated analysis of clinical and genetic factors on the interindividual variation of warfarin anticoagulation efficacy in clinical practice. Liu, M; Liu, W; Luo, J; Luo, Z; Ma, S; Sun, B; Xiao, F, 2023)	1.41
" Weight-based dosing strategies for 4F-PCC were commonly utilized for different reversals (41."	( Reversal of Oral Anticoagulants: A Survey of Contemporary Practice Trends (ReACT). Deng, H; DiDomenico, RJ; Nutescu, EA, )	0.13
" Pharmacogenetics-guided warfarin dosing has been successfully developed for patients with genetic variations in recent years."	( Efficacy of Warfarin Therapy Guided by Pharmacogenetics: A Real-world Investigation Among Han Taiwanese. Chang, SS; Hsieh, YW; Hsu, HY; Huang, HY; Lin, TC; Liu, TY; Peng, CW; Tsai, FJ; You, YS, 2023)	1.59
" The primary outcomes were the INR and warfarin dosage during days 7, 14, 28, 56, and 84 after prescription."	( Efficacy of Warfarin Therapy Guided by Pharmacogenetics: A Real-world Investigation Among Han Taiwanese. Chang, SS; Hsieh, YW; Hsu, HY; Huang, HY; Lin, TC; Liu, TY; Peng, CW; Tsai, FJ; You, YS, 2023)	1.56
" An increased warfarin dosage was not linked to a shorter time to therapeutic INR between CYP4F2 variant patients and those with a wild-type allele."	( Efficacy of Warfarin Therapy Guided by Pharmacogenetics: A Real-world Investigation Among Han Taiwanese. Chang, SS; Hsieh, YW; Hsu, HY; Huang, HY; Lin, TC; Liu, TY; Peng, CW; Tsai, FJ; You, YS, 2023)	1.65
" However, adjustment of warfarin dosing in CYP2C9*13 variant carriers remains unclear."	( Optimisation of warfarin-dosing algorithms for Han Chinese patients with CYP2C9*13 variants. An, Y; Chen, H; Chong, J; Dai, D; Wang, D; Wang, F; Wang, S; Wu, H; Yang, J; Zhang, Q; Zhao, A; Zhou, X, 2023)	1.56
" The optimal dosing strategies for DOACs in this significant and growing sub-group remain unknown."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Patients With Extreme Obesity. Ayalon, S; Elad, B; Goldstein, LH; Maman, N, 2023)	0.91
" VKORC1*2 allele, the main genetic contributor to Warfarin dosing requirement, was the variant with the highest frequency (74."	( Frequency of polymorphisms in the CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 genes related to the metabolism of Warfarin in healthy donors from Cali, Colombia. Candelo, E; Diaz, JA; Diaz-Ordoñez, L; Giraldo-Ocampo, S; Gutierrez-Medina, JD; Pachajoa, H; Silva-Cuero, YK, 2023)	1.38
"Limited real-world data show that rivaroxaban following dosage criteria from either ROCKET AF [20 mg/day or 15 mg/day if creatinine clearance (CrCl) < 50 mL/min] or J-ROCKET AF (15 mg/day or 10 mg/day if CrCl < 50 mL/min) is associated with comparable risks of thromboembolism and bleeding with each other in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF)."	( Comparisons of effectiveness and safety between on-label dosing, off-label underdosing, and off-label overdosing in Asian and non-Asian atrial fibrillation patients treated with rivaroxaban: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Chan, CY; Chan, YH; Chao, TF; Chen, SW; Lip, GYH, 2023)	0.91
" Effectiveness and safety endpoints were compared between ROCKET AF and J-ROCKET AF dosing regimen in Asian and non-Asian subjects, separately."	( Comparisons of effectiveness and safety between on-label dosing, off-label underdosing, and off-label overdosing in Asian and non-Asian atrial fibrillation patients treated with rivaroxaban: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Chan, CY; Chan, YH; Chao, TF; Chen, SW; Lip, GYH, 2023)	0.91
"Rivaroxaban dosing regimen following J-ROCKET criteria may serve as an alternative to ROCKET AF criteria for the Asian population with NVAF, whereas the dosing regimen following ROCKET AF criteria was more favourable for the non-Asian population."	( Comparisons of effectiveness and safety between on-label dosing, off-label underdosing, and off-label overdosing in Asian and non-Asian atrial fibrillation patients treated with rivaroxaban: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Chan, CY; Chan, YH; Chao, TF; Chen, SW; Lip, GYH, 2023)	0.91
" Both dosing regimens of apixaban, standard or reduced, were accepted."	( Apixaban reduces the risk of major and clinically relevant non-major bleeding compared to warfarin in patients with end stage renal disease; a systematic review and meta-analysis of ten studies. Bezirgianidou, Z; Karatisidis, L; Misidou, C; Mprotsis, T; Pentidou, A; Spanoudakis, E; Zagoridis, K, 2023)	1.13
" We also aim to observe the trends in anticoagulant dosing after MBS."	( Long-Term Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery in Patients on Chronic Anticoagulation. Abi Mosleh, K; Abu Dayyeh, BK; Belluzzi, A; Ghanem, OM; Kendrick, ML; McKenzie, TJ; Salame, M, 2023)	0.91
" Data on baseline demographics, indication for anticoagulation, type of CAT, and dosing were collected."	( Long-Term Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery in Patients on Chronic Anticoagulation. Abi Mosleh, K; Abu Dayyeh, BK; Belluzzi, A; Ghanem, OM; Kendrick, ML; McKenzie, TJ; Salame, M, 2023)	0.91