Compounds > pirenzepine
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pirenzepine

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Description

Pirenzepine is an anticholinergic drug that acts as a selective antagonist of the M1 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It was first synthesized in the 1970s and has been used to treat various conditions, including peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, and urinary incontinence. Pirenzepine is thought to exert its therapeutic effects by blocking the actions of acetylcholine at M1 receptors, which are found in the gastrointestinal tract, bladder, and central nervous system. Pirenzepine is studied for its potential to treat a variety of conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia, due to its ability to modulate cholinergic neurotransmission.'

Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID4848
CHEMBL ID9967
CHEBI ID8247
SCHEMBL ID41705
MeSH IDM0016894

Synonyms (117)

Synonym
gastrozepin
pirenzepinum [inn-latin]
pirenzepina [inn-spanish]
brn 0628987
pirenzepine [inn:ban]
5,11-dihydro-11-((4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl)-6h-pyrido(2,3-b)(1,4)benzodiazepin-6-one
pirenzepin
einecs 249-228-4
6h-pyrido(2,3-b)(1,4)benzodiazepin-6-one, 5,11-dihydro-11-((4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl)-
AB00053603-08
BRD-K89375097-300-05-4
gtpl328
DIVK1C_000127
KBIO1_000127
11-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetyl]-5,11-dihydro-6h-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one
SPECTRUM_001378
PDSP2_000949
tocris-1071
NCGC00015836-02
NCGC00024297-02
cas-29868-97-1
NCGC00015836-01
lopac-p-7412
PRESTWICK2_000129
pirenzepinum
pirenzepina
CHEBI:8247 ,
BPBIO1_000196
PDSP1_000965
BSPBIO_002945
LOPAC0_000962
SPECTRUM5_001344
BSPBIO_000178
AB00053603
LS-519 ,
28797-61-7
pirenzepine
C07508
DB00670
11-((4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl)-5,11-dihydro-6h-pyrido(2,3-b)(1,4)benzodiazepin-6-one
IDI1_000127
PRESTWICK3_000129
NCGC00024297-05
KBIO2_001858
KBIO2_004426
KBIO2_006994
KBIO3_002445
KBIOSS_001858
KBIOGR_000794
PRESTWICK1_000129
SPBIO_002117
SPECTRUM3_001453
NINDS_000127
SPECTRUM2_001417
PRESTWICK0_000129
SPBIO_001494
SPECTRUM4_000437
NCGC00015836-03
NCGC00024297-04
HMS2089K21
NCGC00015836-09
L000485
aci-91
CHEMBL9967 ,
D08389
pirenzepine (inn)
11-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetyl]-5h-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one
NCGC00015836-08
dtxcid303487
tox21_110239
dtxsid7023487 ,
cas-28797-61-7
CCG-205042
AKOS015969751
NCGC00015836-05
NCGC00015836-10
NCGC00015836-04
NCGC00015836-07
NCGC00015836-06
3g0285n20n ,
unii-3g0285n20n
FT-0673943
FT-0600051
pirenzepine [mi]
pirenzepine [who-dd]
pirenzepine [inn]
pirenzepine [vandf]
SCHEMBL41705
NCGC00015836-12
tox21_110239_1
11-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-acetyl]-5,11-dihydro-6h-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one
cid_185248
11-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetyl]-5h-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one;hydrochloride
bdbm39341
11-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethanoyl]-5h-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one;hydrochloride
11-[2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-1-oxoethyl]-5h-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one;hydrochloride
11-[2-(4-methylpiperazino)acetyl]-5h-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one;hydrochloride
5,11-dihydro-11-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl]-6h-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one
6h-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one, 5,11-dihydro-11-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl]-
11-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl]-5,11-dihydro-6h-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one #
AB00053603_09
2-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetyl]-2,4,9-triazatricyclo[9.4.0.0^{3,8}]pentadeca-1(11),3,5,7,12,14-hexaen-10-one
SBI-0050935.P003
Q419550
11-(2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetyl)-5,11-dihydro-6h-benzo[e]pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]diazepin-6-one
11-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-acetyl]-5,11-dihydro-benzo[e]pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]diazepin-6-one
BCP12188
BRD-K89375097-300-06-2
SDCCGSBI-0050935.P004
NCGC00015836-19
HMS3742G13
HMS3742E07
6h-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one, 5,11-dihydro-11-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl]- (8ci,9ci)
6h-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one, 5,11-dihydro-11-[2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl]-
STARBLD0016668
CS-0013749
HY-17037A

Research Excerpts

Overview

Pirenzepine is an anti-ulcer agent which belongs to the anti-cholinergic group of gastrointestinal disorder drugs and functions as an M1 receptor selective antagonist. It is a peripheral antiacetylcholine drug more selective for reducing gastric acid secretion than for increasing pupil diameter.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pirenzepine is an anti-ulcer agent which belongs to the anti-cholinergic group of gastrointestinal disorder drugs and functions as an M1 receptor selective antagonist. "( Unravelling the interaction of pirenzepine, a gastrointestinal disorder drug, with calf thymus DNA: An in vitro and molecular modelling study.
Afrin, S; Ali, A; Husain, MA; Rahman, Y; Sarwar, T; Tabish, M, 2017)		2.18
"Pirenzepine is an atropine analogue approved to treat peptic ulcer disease in Europe that is devoid of central actions, which are mostly responsible for anti-muscarinic agents side effects."( Autonomic modulation during acute myocardial ischemia by low-dose pirenzepine in conscious dogs with a healed myocardial infarction: a comparison with beta-adrenergic blockade.
Adamson, PB; Foreman, RD; Pedretti, RF; Prete, G; Vanoli, E, 2003)		1.28
"Pirenzepine is suggested to be a relatively selective muscarinic (M(1)) antagonist and is currently under investigation for the treatment of myopia. "( Effects of pirenzepine on pupil size and accommodation in rhesus monkeys.
Frishman, LJ; Glasser, A; Ostrin, LA, 2004)		2.16
"Pirenzepine is a peripheral antiacetylcholine drug more selective for reducing gastric acid secretion than for increasing pupil diameter and with little central antiacetylcholine effect."( Pirenzepine selectively inhibits gastric acid secretion: a comparative pharmacological study between pirenzepine and seven other antiacetylcholine drugs.
Heathcote, BV; Parry, M, 1980)		2.43
"Pirenzepine appears to be an effective drug for the short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer."( Pirenzepine in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Review and commentary.
Bianchi Porro, G; Petrillo, M, 1982)		2.43
"Pirenzepine is a new anticholinergic agent which selectively binds to gastric mucosal muscarinic receptors. "( The efficacy and selectivity of pirenzepine. Review and commentary.
Reilly, PA; Texter, EC, 1982)		1.99
"Pirenzepine (GZ) is a drug recently introduced in the therapy of gastroduodenal ulcer (GDU)."( Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by pirenzepine.
Búzás, G; Domuta, M; Puşcaş, I; Surányi, P, 1981)		1.26
"Pirenzepine (Gastrozepin) is a drug recently introduced in the therapy of gastroduodenal ulcer (GDU). "( Inhibition of gastric mucosa carbonic anhydrase by pirenzepine in patients with gastroduodenal ulcers.
Búzás, G; Domuta, M; Puşcaş, I; Surányi, P, 1981)		1.96
"Pirenzepine is a very hydrophilic compound. "( An international pharmacokinetic study on pirenzepine following a single oral dose.
Bozler, G; Hammer, R, 1980)		1.97
"Pirenzepine is a new antimuscarinic drug with a peculiar affinity for gastric parietal cells' acetylcholine receptors. "( The effect of pirenzepine on meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion, gastrin release and gastric emptying.
Bianchi Porro, G; Lazzaroni, M; Parente, F; Prada, A; Sangaletti, O, 1982)		2.07
"Pirenzepine is a M1 receptor antagonist and effective in vagally-induced bronchoconstriction."( Comparison of the bronchodilator efficacy of nebulized pirenzepine and ipratropium bromide in patients with airway obstructive lung disease.
Celikel, T; Ceyhan, B; Kandemir, B; Simsir, S, 1993)		1.25
"Pirenzepine is a tricyclic antimuscarine drug with antisecretory effect on gastric secretion and inhibitory effect on esophageal peristalsis (EP). "( Effects of pirenzepine and atropine on basal lower esophageal pressure and gastric acid secretion in man: a placebo-controlled randomized study.
Aggestrup, S; Jensen, SL, 1991)		2.11
"Pirenzepine is a newly developed anticholinergic drug that reduces gastric acid secretion and is therefore used in Europe and Japan to treat patients with peptic ulcer. "( Pirenzepine inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion in the rat.
Baba, S; Fujii, M; Nakamura, T; Oka, T; Okabayashi, Y; Otsuki, M, 1986)		3.16
"Pirenzepine is an antisecretory anticholinergic type drug that has recently been shown to be relatively free of usual anticholinergic side effects on esophageal smooth muscle. "( Pirenzepine and propantheline effects on esophageal pressure responses to bethanechol.
Castell, DO; Castell, JA; Dalton, CB; Hassan, M, 1986)		3.16
"Pirenzepine is known to be an antiulcer drug with antimuscarinic activity. "( Effect of the antimuscarinic agent pirenzepine on the in vivo biliary secretion of dogs in response to various stimuli.
Madrid, JA; Martínez de Victoria, E; Salido, GM, 1988)		1.99
"Pirenzepine is an antimuscarinic drug highly selective for M1 receptors, which proved to be effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer. "( [Pharmacologic treatment of duodenal ulcer. Short and long-term results with pirenzepine in ambulatory patients].
Barberani, F; Carpinelli, D; D'Ambrosio, C; Della Spoletina, A; Fiorini, MA; Nicolao, V; Schiaroli, G; Valentini, P, 1986)		1.94
"Pirenzepine is a 'selective' antimuscarinic agent which, unlike classic anticholinergic agents, inhibits gastric acid secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular and urinary functions. "( Pirenzepine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in peptic ulcer disease and other allied diseases.
Brogden, RN; Carmine, AA, 1985)		3.15

Effects

Pirenzepine has been shown to bind with high affinity to muscarinic receptors of certain brain regions and peripheral ganglia (M1 subtype) and with low affinity to receptors of the heart and upper gastrointestinal tract (M2 subtype). The drug has been widely used for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pirenzepine (Gastrozepin) has a proven positive effect in the treatment of peptic ulcers by blocking the so called muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of the gastric glands. "( [Effect of pirenzepine on motility of Oddi's sphincter].
Brandstätter, G; Kratochvil, P; Wurzer, H, 1992)		2.12
"Pirenzepine has been shown to evoke a variety of antimuscarinic effects in animals. "( Pirenzepine--a ligand with original binding properties to muscarinic receptors.
Birdsall, NJ; Burgen, AS; Hammer, R; Hulme, EC; Stockton, J, 1980)		3.15
"Pirenzepine has inhibitory effects on gastrin secretion both in vivo and in vitro. "( Effects of pirenzepine on omeprazole-induced gastrin gene expression in rat antral tissues.
Fukino, Y; Hamada, M; Kajiyama, G; Kamiyasu, T; Sumii, K; Sumii, M; Tari, A, 1996)		2.13
"Pirenzepine has been reported to inhibit gastrin secretion."( Effects of pirenzepine on omeprazole-induced hypergastrinemia and acid suppression in peptic ulcer patients.
Fukino, Y; Hamada, M; Haruma, K; Inoue, M; Kajiyama, G; Kamiyasu, T; Sumii, K; Sumii, M; Tari, A, 1996)		1.41
"Pirenzepine (Gastrozepin) has a proven positive effect in the treatment of peptic ulcers by blocking the so called muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of the gastric glands. "( [Effect of pirenzepine on motility of Oddi's sphincter].
Brandstätter, G; Kratochvil, P; Wurzer, H, 1992)		2.12
"Pirenzepine has been widely used for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer. "( Pirenzepine as anti-inflammatory drug in a model of experimental colitis in rat.
Bustos-Fernández, L; Celener, D; González, E; Hamamura, S; Kofoed, JA; Ledesma de Paolo, MI; Schiffrin, E, 1987)		3.16
"[3H]Pirenzepine ([ 3H]PZ) has been shown to interact with a subset of [3H]QNB binding sites in forebrain and heart."( Antibodies to a synthetic peptide can be used to distinguish between muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding sites in brain and heart.
Artymyshyn, RP; Harkness, J; Luthin, GR; Wolfe, BB, 1988)		0.76
"But pirenzepine has also been found to have a cytoprotective effect on gastric mucosa in rats."( Cytoprotective effect of pirenzepine and palm wine on rats gastric mucosa.
Ezeamuzie, IC; Ibu, JO; Ngeribara, CO; Obuforoibo, AA, 1986)		1.06
"Pirenzepine has been proposed to selectively inhibit gastric acid production. "( Oral pirenzepine does not affect esophageal pressures in man.
Blackwell, JN; Castell, DO; Dalton, CB, 1986)		2.23
"Pirenzepine has been shown to bind with high affinity to muscarinic receptors of certain brain regions and peripheral ganglia (M1 subtype) and with low affinity to receptors of the heart and upper gastrointestinal tract (M2 subtype)."( Characterization of muscarinic receptors of the rabbit ear artery smooth muscle and endothelium.
Banner, W; Duckles, SP; Hynes, MR; Yamamura, HI, 1986)		0.99

Actions

Pirenzepine reduces lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), amplitude, and duration of contractions. It increases velocity of propagation of esophagal contractions in patients with chronic heart failure. PirenZepine inhibited the increase in pulmonary inflation pressure more than atropine.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pirenzepine reduces lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), amplitude, and duration of esophageal contractions, but it increases velocity of propagation of esophageal contractions."( The effect of pirenzepine on esophageal motility.
Berges, W; Erckenbrecht, E; Erckenbrecht, J; Sonnenberg, A; Wienbeck, M, 1982)		1.35
"Pirenzepine was found to cause a significant increase in the R-R interval from 903+/-112 to 956+/-129 ms in the control group (P<0.0001) and from 927+/-141 to 958+/-168 ms in patients with chronic heart failure (P<0.01)."( Paradoxical effects of pirenzepine on parasympathetic activity in chronic heart failure and control.
Furutani, Y; Hayano, T; Ikeda, Y; Matsuzaki, M; Shimizu, A; Ueyama, T; Yamagata, T; Yamamoto, T, 1999)		1.34
"Pirenzepine inhibited the increase in pulmonary inflation pressure more than atropine."( [Effect of atropine and pirenzepine on bronchoconstriction during vagus nerve stimulation in dogs].
Kawamoto, M; Kawasaki, H; Shiraishi, S; Takasaki, M, 1992)		1.31
"Pirenzepine did, however, enhance the antisecretory effect of ranitidine after both sham feeding and food ingestion."( The cephalic and gastric phases of gastric secretion during H2-antagonist treatment.
Halter, F; Merki, HS; Walt, RP; Wilder-Smith, CH, 1991)		1
"Pirenzepine at lower doses (0.3-3 microgram/kg i.v.) attenuated the stimulation of the negative chronotropic response to the intracardiac parasympathetic nerves to the sinoatrial nodal region to 80% of the control response significantly but did not affect the negative dromotropic one."( Functional participation in M1 receptor subtype on chronotropic and dromotropic responses to vagus stimulation in anesthetized dogs.
Chiba, S; Furukawa, Y; Karasawa, Y; Murakami, M; Narita, M; Ren, LM; Takei, M, 1991)		1

Treatment

Pirenzepine treatment in traumatized rats displayed similar anxiety indices of non-traumatized rats treated with physiological saline. Pretreatment with pirenZepine (40 mg given iv 10 min before TRH) suppressed the TRH-induced GH rise.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pirenzepine pretreatment reduced while AF-DX116 enhanced expression of SOCS3 at mRNA level."( Muscarinic M1 and M2 receptor subtypes play opposite roles in LPS-induced septic shock.
Geng, B; Li, M; Liu, L; Wang, Z, 2019)		1.24
"Pirenzepine treatment in traumatized rats displayed similar anxiety indices of non-traumatized rats treated with physiological saline."( Increased noradrenaline levels in the rostral pons can be reversed by M1 antagonist in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Aydın, B; Cabadak, H; Gören, MZ; Kaleli, M; Ketenci, S; Terzioğlu, B, 2013)		1.11
"Pirenzepine-treated patients consumed significantly fewer antacid tablets."( Pirenzepine in duodenal ulcer. A six week, double-blind study.
Daniotti, S; Do, D; Martelli, S, 1982)		2.43
"Pirenzepine treatment did not change the level of gastrin mRNA but significantly increased the level of somatostatin mRNA."( Effects of pirenzepine on omeprazole-induced gastrin gene expression in rat antral tissues.
Fukino, Y; Hamada, M; Kajiyama, G; Kamiyasu, T; Sumii, K; Sumii, M; Tari, A, 1996)		1.41
"Pirenzepine treatment suppressed omeprazole-induced increases in serum gastrin levels and mRNA levels of H+-K+-ATPase and histidine decarboxylase. "( Effects of omeprazole and pirenzepine on enterochromaffin-like cells and parietal cells in rat stomach.
Kajiyama, G; Kuruhara, Y; Okahara, S; Sumii, K; Tari, A; Yamauchi, R; Yonei, Y, 2001)		2.05
"Pirenzepine pretreatment effectively blocked the carbachol-induced, REM sleep-like state and attendant changes in muscle tone."( State-dependent hypotonia in posterior cricoarytenoid muscles of the larynx caused by cholinoceptive reticular mechanisms.
Baghdoyan, HA; Lydic, R; Zwillich, CW, 1989)		1
"Pirenzepine treatment prevented any subsequent DEPC inhibitory effect."( Pirenzepine prevents diethyl pyrocarbonate inhibition of central CO2 sensitivity.
Mills, JW; Nattie, EE; Ou, LC, 1988)		2.44
"Pretreatment with pirenzepine increased the sensitivity of rats with acute massive hemorrhage to circulatory hypoxia."( Selective blockade of central m1 muscarinic cholinergic receptors with pirenzepine impairs cardiovascular and respiratory function in rats with acute hemorrhage.
Kovalenko, NY; Matsievskii, DD, 2006)		0.89
"Pretreatment with pirenzepine (40 mg given iv 10 min before TRH) suppressed the TRH-induced GH rise."( The growth hormone response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in insulin-dependent diabetics involves a cholinergic mechanism.
Butturini, U; Capretti, L; Chiodera, P; Coiro, V; Muzzetto, P; Speroni, G; Volpi, R, 1984)		0.59
"Pretreatment with pirenzepine significantly attenuated the GH response to GHRH analogue (552 (64-1274) mU/l/min in controls vs 305 (134-2726) mU/l/min in irradiated group)."( Radiation and neuroregulatory control of growth hormone secretion.
Ogilvy-Stuart, AL; Shalet, SM; Wallace, WH, 1994)		0.61
"Pretreatment with pirenzepine (100 mg p.o."( Muscarinic cholinergic mediation of the GH response to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: neuroendocrine evidence in normal and parkinsonian subjects.
Caffarra, P; Chiodera, P; Coiro, V; Malvezzi, L; Saginario, A; Scaglioni, A; Volpi, R, 2000)		0.63
"Pretreatment with pirenzepine did not modify this response."( Pirenzepine inhibits growth hormone, but not thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with endogenous depression.
Chiodera, P; Coiro, V; De Ferri, A; Delsignore, R; Gnudi, A; Govi, AM; Marchesi, C; Mosti, A, 1987)		2.04
"Treatment with pirenzepine neither altered basal blood glucose levels nor affected glucose tolerance after the injection of the glucose load."( Muscarinic cholinergic modulation of insulin response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test in normal man.
Butturini, U; Camellini, L; Chiodera, P; Coiro, V; d'Amato, L; Pignatti, D; Rossi, G; Volpi, R, 1986)		0.61

Toxicity

Pirenzepine is effective and relatively safe in slowing the progression of myopia during a 1-year treatment period. A side effect encountered was sinus tachycardia in 4 of 27 patients treated with pirenzEpine.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" These drugs can also induce toxic effects in the liver."( Side effects of stress bleeding prophylaxis.
Tryba, M, 1989)		0.28
"8 nmol/mg for pirenzepine and 71 nmol/mg for chloroquine, a compound which has been described as provoking toxic side-effects in melanin-containing tissues and adjacent structures."( Melanosome binding and oxidation-reduction properties of synthetic L-dopa-melanin as in vitro tests for drug toxicity.
Debing, I; Ijzerman, AP; Vauquelin, G, 1988)		0.64
" A side effect encountered was sinus tachycardia in 4 of 27 patients treated with pirenzepine."( [Prevention of gastroduodenal stress lesions with secretion inhibitors in accident patients needing intensive care: incidence of lesions and adverse effects; consequences].
Barandun, J; Frutiger, A; Kobler, E; Leutenegger, A; Rüedi, T, 1985)		0.49
" Thus, pirenzepine provides good results in double-contrast studies (equal to SMB), while presenting no adverse effects."( Usefulness and safety of pirenzepine in double-contrast study of upper gastrointestinal tract: comparison with scopolamine methylbromide.
Bartolozzi, C; Boraschi, P; Braccini, G; Falaschi, F; Marraccini, P; Marrucci, A; Testa, R, )		0.89
" It does not appear to be free of adverse effects on liver function."( First clinical experience with olanzapine (LY 170053): results of an open-label safety and dose-ranging study in patients with schizophrenia.
Baldwin, DS; Montgomery, SA, 1995)		0.29
" Considerable progress has been made in improving the motor side effect profile with the advent of clozapine and risperidone."( Side effect profiles of new antipsychotic agents.
Casey, DE, 1996)		0.29
" Significant adverse events included somnolence, weight gain, and asymptomatic treatment-emergent transaminase elevation."( Safety of olanzapine.
Beasley, CM; Tollefson, GD; Tran, PV, 1997)		0.3
"Most traditional neuroleptics have a narrow therapeutic-to-toxic index, and thus, the novel antipsychotics are the result of a search to substantially widen the distance between the dose that treats psychosis and the one that produces adverse effects."( The relationship of pharmacology to side effects.
Casey, DE, 1997)		0.3
" Neutrophils from two patients with a history of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis seemed to be more sensitive to the toxic effects of the clozapine reactive metabolite; however, the numbers are too small to draw any definite conclusions."( A comparison of the oxidation of clozapine and olanzapine to reactive metabolites and the toxicity of these metabolites to human leukocytes.
Gardner, I; MacCrimmon, D; Uetrecht, JP; Zahid, N, 1998)		0.3
" Thus, clinicians should address patients' concerns about adverse effects and attempt to choose medications that will improve their patients' quality of life as well as overall health."( Adverse effects of the atypical antipsychotics. Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations.
, 1998)		0.3
" The side effects associated with traditional antipsychotic treatment are generally minimal in patients who take risperidone, a combined 5-HT2/D2 antagonist, but the literature is sparse on adverse events among the newer atypical antipsychotics."( Risperidone side effects.
Conley, RR, 2000)		0.31
" Compared with traditional agents, olanzapine shows only a few adverse events such as dry mouth, sedation, and increase in appetite."( Adverse events related to olanzapine.
Conley, RR; Meltzer, HY, 2000)		0.31
" Their adverse effects, which include extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dyskinesia, weight gain, sedation, and sexual dysfunction, often lead to non-compliance; their use may have a negative impact on the overall course of illness; and they may not be as effective as lithium in treating the core manic symptoms over the long term."( Antipsychotic drug side effect issues in bipolar manic patients.
Zarate, CA, 2000)		0.31
" Safety was evaluated through the collection of spontaneous adverse events and a specific questionnaire for extrapyramidal symptoms."( The safety of olanzapine compared with other antipsychotic drugs: results of an observational prospective study in patients with schizophrenia (EFESO Study). Pharmacoepidemiologic Study of Olanzapine in Schizophrenia.
Antón Saiz, C; Breier, A; Fontova Carbonell, E; Gómez, JC; Hernández, J; Ruiz Carrasco, P; Sacristán, JA, 2000)		0.31
" Overall incidence of adverse events was significantly lower in the olanzapine group compared with the control group (p < ."( The safety of olanzapine compared with other antipsychotic drugs: results of an observational prospective study in patients with schizophrenia (EFESO Study). Pharmacoepidemiologic Study of Olanzapine in Schizophrenia.
Antón Saiz, C; Breier, A; Fontova Carbonell, E; Gómez, JC; Hernández, J; Ruiz Carrasco, P; Sacristán, JA, 2000)		0.31
"These results show that olanzapine is safe and effective in nonselected schizophrenic outpatients and are consistent with the efficacy and safety profile that olanzapine has shown in previous controlled clinical trials."( The safety of olanzapine compared with other antipsychotic drugs: results of an observational prospective study in patients with schizophrenia (EFESO Study). Pharmacoepidemiologic Study of Olanzapine in Schizophrenia.
Antón Saiz, C; Breier, A; Fontova Carbonell, E; Gómez, JC; Hernández, J; Ruiz Carrasco, P; Sacristán, JA, 2000)		0.31
" Olanzapine seems to be safe in this patient, since no major decreases of haematological parameters were observed."( Olanzapine appears haematologically safe in patients who developed blood dyscrasia on clozapine and risperidone.
Dernovsek, MZ; Tavcar, R, 2000)		0.31
" Although the incidence of serious adverse cardiac events in response to antipsychotic medications is relatively low, any possibility for the occurrence of cardiotoxicity warrants continued study."( Cardiac safety parameters of olanzapine: comparison with other atypical and typical antipsychotics.
Beasley, CM; Czekalla, J; Kollack-Walker, S, 2001)		0.31
" These findings suggest that intramuscular olanzapine is a safe and effective treatment for reducing acute agitation in patients with bipolar mania."( A double-blind, randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of intramuscular injections of olanzapine, lorazepam, or placebo in treating acutely agitated patients diagnosed with bipolar mania.
Breier, A; David, S; Janicak, P; Koch, M; Meehan, K; Rizk, R; Small, J; Tohen, M; Tran, P; Walker, D; Zhang, F, 2001)		0.31
" We conducted a survey of Spanish psychiatrists in mental health centers and outpatient treatment units to assess the severity scores that they would assign to a list of the most common adverse events (AEs) that usually occur with antipsychotic treatment."( Global index of safety (GIS): a new instrument to assess drug safety.
Badía, X; Gómez, JC; Kind, P; Sacristán, JA, 2001)		0.31
"In vitro receptor characterization methods, when done using physiologically relevant conditions allow accurate prediction of the relatively low rate of anticholinergic-like adverse events, extrapyramidal symptoms, and cardiovascular adverse events during treatment with OLZ."( A current review of olanzapine's safety in the geriatric patient: from pre-clinical pharmacology to clinical data.
Baker, RW; Beasley, CM; Bernauer, M; Breier, A; Bymaster, FP; Calligaro, DO; Dossenbach, M; Effron, MB; Felder, CC; Hay, D; Holcombe, JH; Kaiser, C; Kennedy, JS; Kinon, BJ; Nomikos, G; Roth, HJ; Schuh, L, 2001)		0.31
"Converging evidence indicates that, in controlled drug trials, individuals receiving novel antipsychotic medications have fewer adverse effects than those receiving conventional antipsychotic medications."( Short report: comparison of patient satisfaction and burden of adverse effects with novel and conventional neuroleptics: a naturalistic study.
Bromet, EJ; Davidson, M; Rabinowitz, J, 2001)		0.31
"Psychopharmacology research aims to expand the therapeutic ratio between efficacy, on the one hand, and adverse events and safety, on the other."( Psychotropic drugs and adverse events in the treatment of bipolar disorders revisited.
McIntyre, RS, 2002)		0.31
" Relatively little information on adverse events (AEs), specifically in children or adolescents taking atypical antipsychotics, is available."( Effects of development on olanzapine-associated adverse events.
Martin, A; McGlashan, TH; Spector, SG; Woods, SW, 2002)		0.31
" Safety was assessed through the collection of spontaneous adverse events and a specific extrapyramidal symptoms questionnaire (EPS)."( Safety of olanzapine versus conventional antipsychotics in the treatment of patients with acute schizophrenia. A naturalistic study.
Alvarez, E; Bobes, J; Cañas, F; Carrasco, JL; Gascón, J; Gibert, J; Gómez, JC; Gutiérrez, M; Sacristán, JA, 2003)		0.32
" Other safety and tolerability endpoints included spontaneous adverse event reporting and changes from baseline in laboratory measures and vital signs."( A comparison of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of divalproex sodium and olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Sachs, G; Sommerville, KW; Swann, AC; Weisler, R; Wozniak, P; Zajecka, JM, 2002)		0.31
"05) greater proportion of olanzapine-treated subjects experienced somnolence, weight gain, edema, rhinitis, and speech disorder (slurred speech); no adverse events were significantly greater in the divalproex group."( A comparison of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of divalproex sodium and olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Sachs, G; Sommerville, KW; Swann, AC; Weisler, R; Wozniak, P; Zajecka, JM, 2002)		0.31
" Divalproex was associated with a more favorable adverse event profile and significantly less weight gain than olanzapine."( A comparison of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of divalproex sodium and olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Sachs, G; Sommerville, KW; Swann, AC; Weisler, R; Wozniak, P; Zajecka, JM, 2002)		0.31
" Olanzapine is one of the atypical antipsychotics with efficacy for psychotic symptoms and a safer side-effect profile than typical antipsychotics."( The efficacy and safety of olanzapine for the treatment of geriatric psychosis.
Hwang, JP; Lee, TW; Tsai, SJ; Yang, CH, 2003)		0.32
" Safety was evaluated in terms of the spontaneous adverse events reported and a specific questionnaire for extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)."( Safety and effectiveness of olanzapine versus conventional antipsychotics in the acute treatment of first-episode schizophrenic inpatients.
Alvarez, E; Bobes, J; Cañas, F; Carrasco, JL; Ciudad, A; Gascón, J; Gibert, J; Gómez, JC; Gutiérrez, M, 2003)		0.32
"The results of this observational, naturalistic study show that olanzapine is safe and effective in a nonselected sample of acute, first-episode schizophrenic inpatients."( Safety and effectiveness of olanzapine versus conventional antipsychotics in the acute treatment of first-episode schizophrenic inpatients.
Alvarez, E; Bobes, J; Cañas, F; Carrasco, JL; Ciudad, A; Gascón, J; Gibert, J; Gómez, JC; Gutiérrez, M, 2003)		0.32
" This is because of their efficacy in the treatment of several psychiatric disorders, ease of administration, and absence of the well-known extrapyramidal adverse effects long-attributed to the standard dopamine blocking anti-psychotic medications."( Atypical psychotropic medications and their adverse effects: a review for the African-American primary care physician.
Bailey, RK, 2003)		0.32
"To assess the adverse events associated with the appropriate use of oral risperidone and oral olanzapine in long-term care patients with behavioral and psychotic disturbances associated with dementia."( Safety profile assessment of risperidone and olanzapine in long-term care patients with dementia.
Cornacchione, MJ; Deymann, S; Martin, H; Slyk, MP, )		0.13
" Adverse events of particular significance in the elderly population, including agitation/anxiety, laxative use, dry eyes, and falls, were collected from audited medical records."( Safety profile assessment of risperidone and olanzapine in long-term care patients with dementia.
Cornacchione, MJ; Deymann, S; Martin, H; Slyk, MP, )		0.13
"Among long-term care residents with dementia who received low doses of risperidone or olanzapine, the incidence of adverse events was low."( Safety profile assessment of risperidone and olanzapine in long-term care patients with dementia.
Cornacchione, MJ; Deymann, S; Martin, H; Slyk, MP, )		0.13
" Adverse events and scores on EPS rating scales were assessed."( A comparison of the efficacy and safety of olanzapine versus haloperidol during transition from intramuscular to oral therapy.
Birkett, M; Breier, A; Lindborg, SR; Meehan, K; Morris, P; Taylor, CC; Wright, P, 2003)		0.32
" Although the nature of adverse events differed between the two agents, retention in the study was greater with olanzapine."( Comparative efficacy and safety of atypical and conventional antipsychotic drugs in first-episode psychosis: a randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus haloperidol.
Green, AI; Gur, RE; Hamer, RM; Kahn, R; Lieberman, JA; McEvoy, J; Perkins, D; Sharma, T; Tohen, M; Tollefson, G; Wei, H; Zipursky, R, 2003)		0.32
"Available toxicity data concerning olanzapine were obtained from the Offices of the Medical Examiners of Canada, the Canadian Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Program and a review of the literature."( A review of olanzapine-associated toxicity and fatality in overdose.
Chue, P; Singer, P, 2003)		0.32
" Early signal detection and effective notification processes are crucial in the event that serious adverse effects do occur."( A review of olanzapine-associated toxicity and fatality in overdose.
Chue, P; Singer, P, 2003)		0.32
" Divalproex loading was as well tolerated or better tolerated than the other active treatments as measured by adverse events and changes in laboratory parameters."( The safety and early efficacy of oral-loaded divalproex versus standard-titration divalproex, lithium, olanzapine, and placebo in the treatment of acute mania associated with bipolar disorder.
Baker, JD; Hirschfeld, RM; Sommerville, KW; Tracy, K; Wozniak, P, 2003)		0.32
" Statistically significant differences of mean change of BAS total score from baseline to endpoint were noted between treatment groups Treatment--emergent adverse events occurred more frequently in patients receiving perphenazine (46%), than in patients receiving olanzapine (17%)."( [Safety and efficacy of olanzapine versus perphenazine in patients with schizophrenia: results of multicenter, 18-week, double-blind clinical trial].
Araszkiewicz, A; Bilikiewicz, A; Bomba, J; Chrzanowski, W; Debowska, G; Jarema, M; Landowski, J; Olajossy, M; Rybakowski, J, )		0.13
" Safety was assessed via adverse events, vital signs, laboratory analytes, electrocardiography, and extrapyramidal symptom measures."( Long-term antidepressant efficacy and safety of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination: a 76-week open-label study.
Andersen, SW; Corya, SA; Detke, HC; Dubé, S; Kelly, LS; Sanger, TM; Van Campen, LE; Williamson, DJ, 2003)		0.32
" The most frequently reported adverse events were somnolence, weight gain, dry mouth, increased appetite, and headache."( Long-term antidepressant efficacy and safety of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination: a 76-week open-label study.
Andersen, SW; Corya, SA; Detke, HC; Dubé, S; Kelly, LS; Sanger, TM; Van Campen, LE; Williamson, DJ, 2003)		0.32
"Hypersalivation is known as a frequent, disturbing, and socially stigmatizing side effect of therapy with the atypical antipsychotic clozapine."( Reduction of clozapine-induced hypersalivation by pirenzepine is safe.
Fritze, J; Hiemke, C; Schneider, B; Weber, B; Weigmann, H, 2004)		0.58
" No patients in the placebo group and 13 (11%) of 117 patients in the pirenzepine group discontinued participation in the study because of adverse effects (5 [4%] of 117 due to excessive antimuscarinic effects)."( Safety and efficacy of 2% pirenzepine ophthalmic gel in children with myopia: a 1-year, multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled parallel study.
Cotter, S; Crockett, RS; Miller, JM; Novack, GD; Scher, CA; Siatkowski, RM, 2004)		0.86
"Pirenzepine is effective and relatively safe in slowing the progression of myopia during a 1-year treatment period."( Safety and efficacy of 2% pirenzepine ophthalmic gel in children with myopia: a 1-year, multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled parallel study.
Cotter, S; Crockett, RS; Miller, JM; Novack, GD; Scher, CA; Siatkowski, RM, 2004)		2.07
" Discontinued from the study for adverse events were 11% (31/282) of pirenzepine-treated subjects."( One-year multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel safety and efficacy study of 2% pirenzepine ophthalmic gel in children with myopia.
Chua, WH; Crockett, RS; Lam, DS; Shu-Ping, DF; Tan, DT, 2005)		0.78
"Gel (2% twice daily) was effective and relatively safe in slowing the progression of myopia over a 1-year treatment period."( One-year multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel safety and efficacy study of 2% pirenzepine ophthalmic gel in children with myopia.
Chua, WH; Crockett, RS; Lam, DS; Shu-Ping, DF; Tan, DT, 2005)		0.55
" Thirteen (11%) pirenzepine patients dropped out due to adverse effects in the first year, and 1 did so in the second year."( Two-year multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel safety and efficacy study of 2% pirenzepine ophthalmic gel in children with myopia.
Cotter, SA; Crockett, RS; Miller, JM; Novack, GD; Siatkowski, RM; Zadnik, K, 2008)		0.9

Pharmacokinetics

Pirenzepine had no significant effect on plasma paracetamol Cmax. renal clearance, total clearance and terminal (dominant) half-life were found to be correlated with the creatinine clearance (CLCR)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"This paper gives a brief review of the pharmacokinetic studies performed on pirenzepine (L S 519 Cl2, Gastrozepin hitherto."( The pharmacokinetic profile of pirenzepine.
Hammer, R; Koss, FW, 1979)		0.78
" Pirenzepine had no significant effect on plasma paracetamol Cmax (17."( The effect of pirenzepine on gastric emptying and salivary flow rate: constraints on the use of saliva paracetamol concentrations for the determination of paracetamol pharmacokinetics.
Edwards, C; Kamali, F; Rawlins, MD, 1992)		1.55
" tmax and cmax remained unchanged."( [Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of telenzepine in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis].
Dammann, HG; Müller, P; Reinicke, A; Simon, B, 1990)		0.28
"The individual variations in the blood concentrations of gastrocepine, the period of its half-life and clearance in patients with peptic ulcers of the stomach and the duodenal bulb were determined."( [The characteristics of gastrozepin pharmacokinetics in patients with gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers].
Bendikov, EA; Giliadova, LA; Loginov, AS; Sil'vestrova, SIu, )		0.13
"The pharmacokinetic properties of pirenzepine following administration of a single, 50 mg oral dose were evaluated in three groups of subjects: group I, end stage renal disease requiring maintenance haemodialysis (CLCR 0 to 10 ml."( Oral pharmacokinetics of pirenzepine in patients with chronic renal insufficiency, failure, and maintenance haemodialysis.
Chonko, A; Keirns, J; MacGregor, T; Matzek, K; Vinocur, M, 1990)		0.86
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of muscarinic cholinergic drugs after intravenous (IV) and oral administration to mice was determined with ex vivo (3H)-oxotremorine-M (3H-Oxt) binding to the brain."( Pharmacokinetics of muscarinic cholinergic drugs as determined by ex vivo (3H)-oxotremorine-M binding.
Francis, JW; Sethy, VH, 1990)		0.28
" Pirenzepine renal clearance, total clearance and terminal (dominant) half-life were found to be correlated with the creatinine clearance (CLCR), but this was not the case for the volume of distribution and the nonrenal clearance."( Steady-state intravenous pharmacokinetics of pirenzepine in patients with differing degrees of renal dysfunction.
Bozler, G; Krakamp, B; Tanswell, P; Vogel, H, 1989)		1.45
"The possible pharmacokinetic interactions between pirenzepin and theophylline were investigated in an open single blind trial."( Pirenzepin does not alter the pharmacokinetics of theophylline.
Meryn, S; Rameis, H; Sertl, K, 1987)		0.27
"0 ng/ml), and decreased bi-phasically with an elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) of 13."( Pharmacokinetics of pirenzepine in patients with gastric or duodenal ulcers.
Bozler, G; Hayakawa, A; Kobayashi, S; Misawa, T; Nishihara, S, 1987)		0.6
" A 3-compartment model was taken as a basis for the calculation of the plasma concentration curves and the pharmacokinetic parameters."( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of different formulations of pirenzepine.
Mascher, H; Nitsche, V; Strobel, K; Vergin, H, 1986)		0.51
" The possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction between these drugs was examined in eight patients who received cimetidine and PRZ alone and in combination in a crossover fashion."( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between cimetidine and pirenzepine.
Jamali, F; Mahachai, V; Reilly, PA; Thomson, AB, 1985)		0.51
" The mean terminal half-life of disposition was 11 hours."( An international pharmacokinetic study on pirenzepine following a single oral dose.
Bozler, G; Hammer, R, 1980)		0.53
"The pharmacodynamic properties of meloxicam, a new nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID), that go beyond those typical of an NSAID were examined."( General pharmacology of meloxicam--Part II: Effects on blood pressure, blood flow, heart rate, ECG, respiratory minute volume and interactions with paracetamol, pirenzepine, chlorthalidone, phenprocoumon and tolbutamide.
Engelhardt, G; Homma, D; Schlegel, K; Schnitzler, C; Utzmann, R, 1996)		0.49
" The purpose of the present study was to assess the potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction between olanzapine and carbamazepine, since these agents are likely to be used concomitantly in the treatment of manic psychotic disorder."( A pharmacokinetic interaction between carbamazepine and olanzapine: observations on possible mechanism.
Bergstrom, RF; Gilfillan, DJ; Lucas, RA, 1998)		0.3
" Olanzapine pharmacokinetic values for Cmax and AUC were significantly lower after the second dose, the elimination half-life was significantly shorter, and the clearance and volume of distribution were significantly increased."( A pharmacokinetic interaction between carbamazepine and olanzapine: observations on possible mechanism.
Bergstrom, RF; Gilfillan, DJ; Lucas, RA, 1998)		0.3
" Its mean half-life in healthy individuals was 33 hours, ranging from 21 to 54 hours."( Olanzapine. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile.
Beasley, CM; Bergstrom, RF; Callaghan, JT; Ptak, LR, 1999)		0.3
" Blood samples, collected during dose titration and at a steady state provided pharmacokinetic data."( Olanzapine pharmacokinetics in pediatric and adolescent inpatients with childhood-onset schizophrenia.
Bergstrom, RF; Calis, KA; DeVane, CL; Grothe, DR; Jacobsen, L; Kumra, S; Kurtz, DL; Rapoport, JL, 2000)		0.31
" Its pharmacokinetic properties are comparable to those of classical antipsychotics."( [Olanzapine: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring].
Baumann, P; Grasmäder, K; Hiemke, C; Rao, ML, 2001)		0.31
" The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between olanzapine and fluoxetine, a popular antidepressant that is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor."( Influence of fluoxetine on olanzapine pharmacokinetics.
de Suray, JM; Gangji, D; Gossen, D; Onkelinx, C; Vandenhende, F, 2002)		0.31
" We compared olanzapine noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameter values before and after ritonavir with a paired Student t test."( Influence of ritonavir on olanzapine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers.
Hon, YY; Jann, MW; Lawhorn, WD; Penzak, SR; Shirley, KL; Spratlin, V, 2002)		0.31
" In this study, pharmacokinetic interactions and clinical effects of adding the CYP1A2 inhibitor fluvoxamine to steady-state olanzapine was examined in patients suffering from schizophrenia."( Fluvoxamine augmentation of olanzapine in chronic schizophrenia: pharmacokinetic interactions and clinical effects.
Hadjez, J; Härtter, S; Hiemke, C; Jabarin, M; Modai, I; Peled, A; Ritsner, M; Silver, H; Weigmann, H, 2002)		0.31
"To compare the pharmacokinetic profiles and dose proportionality of olanzapine in Chinese and Caucasian subjects."( Olanzapine pharmacokinetics are similar in Chinese and Caucasian subjects.
Bergstrom, RF; Chan, C; Sathirakul, K; Teng, L; Wise, SD; Yeo, KP, 2003)		0.32
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were derived."( Olanzapine pharmacokinetics are similar in Chinese and Caucasian subjects.
Bergstrom, RF; Chan, C; Sathirakul, K; Teng, L; Wise, SD; Yeo, KP, 2003)		0.32

Compound-Compound Interactions

Serum gastrin levels in 44 peptic ulcer patients were determined after they had been treated with omeprazole. Ulceration healed up within 2 weeks in 40% of patients treated with cimetidine combined with pirenzepine.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Ulceration healed up within 2 weeks in 40% of patients treated with cimetidine combined with pirenzepine and in 31."( [Comparison of the results of the treatment with pirenzepine combined with cimetidine and sucralfate of stomach ulcer resistant to cimetidine].
Janke, A; Kozuszyńska, M; Namiot, Z; Stasiewicz, J; Szałaj, W, )		0.6
"Serum gastrin levels in 44 peptic ulcer patients (26 gastric ulcer patients and 18 duodenal ulcer patients) were determined after they had been treated with omeprazole (OPZ) (20 mg/day) alone or in combination with pirenzepine (PZP) (100 mg/day)."( Serum gastrin levels following administration of omeprazole alone or in combination with pirenzepine.
Arakawa, Y; Ito, K; Iwasaki, A; Kawamura, Y; Matsuo, Y; Miyazawa, K; Sakai, Y; Tashiro, Y, 1994)		0.7
"To understand the mechanism of the clinical efficacy of olanzapine and fluoxetine combination therapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), we studied the effects of olanzapine and other antipsychotics in combination with the selective serotonin uptake inhibitors fluoxetine or sertraline on neurotransmitter release in rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) using microdialysis."( Synergistic effects of olanzapine and other antipsychotic agents in combination with fluoxetine on norepinephrine and dopamine release in rat prefrontal cortex.
Bao, J; Bymaster, FP; Perry, KW; Potts, BD; Tollefson, GD; Wong, DT; Zhang, W, 2000)		0.31
"This study examined the short-term efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) combined with antipsychotic medication in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS)."( Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy combined with antipsychotic medication in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a prospective, open trial.
Tang, WK; Ungvari, GS, 2002)		0.31
" Treatment with divalproex in combination with an atypical antipsychotic agent resulted in earlier improvements in a range of psychotic symptoms among acutely hospitalized patients with schizophrenia."( Effect of divalproex combined with olanzapine or risperidone in patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia.
Casey, DE; Daniel, DG; Sommerville, KW; Tracy, KA; Wassef, AA; Wozniak, P, 2003)		0.32

Bioavailability

The effect of an antacid on the bioavailability of orally administered pirenzepine (Gastricur) was evaluated in 10 subjects in a double-blind single dose cross-over study. The antacid had no influence on theBioavailability of amoxicillin, cephalexin, and am toxicillin-clavulanic acid.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The absolute bioavailability (f) of pirenzepine was determined in 27 intensive care patients receiving the drug for prophylaxis and therapy of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding."( Absolute bioavailability of pirenzepine in intensive care patients.
Allmendinger, G; Bozler, G; Giesler, H; Hofgärtner, F; Schmid, E; Tanswell, P, 1990)		0.85
" atropine and pirenzepine) and the results were compared with the bioavailability (i."( The mean cumulative fraction absorbed-time profiles of paracetamol as an index of gastric emptying.
Meyer, EC; Moncrieff, J; Sommers, DK; van Wyk, M, 1990)		0.64
" The antacid, pirenzepine, and ranitidine had no influence on the bioavailability of amoxicillin, cephalexin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid."( Influence of ranitidine, pirenzepine, and aluminum magnesium hydroxide on the bioavailability of various antibiotics, including amoxicillin, cephalexin, doxycycline, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.
Deppermann, KM; Höffken, G; Kalz, C; Koeppe, P; Lode, H; Tschink, G, 1989)		0.94
"The effect of an antacid containing aluminium-hydroxide, magnesium-hydroxide and calcium carbonate (Trigastril) on the bioavailability of orally administered pirenzepine (Gastricur) was evaluated in 10 subjects in a double-blind single dose cross-over study."( Effect of an aluminium-hydroxide containing antacid on the oral bioavailability of pirenzepine.
Gugler, R; Herrlinger, C; Vergin, H, 1989)		0.7
"An intraindividual comparative single-dose study was carried out under carefully controlled conditions on 12 healthy volunteers in order to establish the bioavailability of 5,11-dihydro-11-[(4-methyl-piperazin-1- -yl)acetyl]-6H-pyrido[2,3b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one dihydrochloride (pirenzepine), the active principle of newly developed tablets (Gastricur) and suspension containing 10 mg."( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of different formulations of pirenzepine.
Mascher, H; Nitsche, V; Strobel, K; Vergin, H, 1986)		0.69
" It is often accepted that drugs or drug formulations with low bioavailability show high variations in the rates and extent of absorption."( An international pharmacokinetic study on pirenzepine following a single oral dose.
Bozler, G; Hammer, R, 1980)		0.53
" Pyridostigmine had a higher elimination (2 h-1) than the absorption rate constant (0."( Renal clearance of pyridostigmine in myasthenic patients and volunteers under the influence of ranitidine and pirenzepine.
Breyer-Pfaff, U; Eiermann, B; Maier, U; Schumm, F; Sommer, N; Winne, D, 1993)		0.5
" After oral administration, OLZ was well absorbed in dogs (absolute bioavailability of 73%) and to the extent of at least 55% in monkeys and 32% in mice."( Disposition and metabolism of olanzapine in mice, dogs, and rhesus monkeys.
Bernstein, J; Chiu, A; Franklin, R; Gillespie, T; Hotten, T; Kassahun, K; Mattiuz, E; Murphy, A, 1997)		0.3
" The drug is well absorbed from the GI tract; food has no effect."( Olanzapine: a serotonin-dopamine-receptor antagonist for antipsychotic therapy.
Bever, KA; Perry, PJ, 1998)		0.3
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)		0.31
" It may be less well absorbed and/or less effective than Clozaril, although evidence is conflicting."( Advances in atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia: new formulations and new agents.
Albert, MJ; Baldessarini, RJ; Centorrino, F; Kelleher, JP, 2002)		0.31
" To assess the ocular bioavailability of pirenzepine, a HPLC method for determination of pirenzepine in rabbit aqueous humor was developed."( HPLC determination of pirenzepine dihydrochloride in rabbit aqueous humor.
Li, P; Pang, H; Tu, J; Yang, X, 2005)		0.91
" To show the importance of physicochemical properties, the classic QSAR and CoMFA of neonicotinoids and prediction of bioavailability of pesticides in terms of membrane permeability in comparison with drugs are described."( Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
Akamatsu, M, 2011)		0.37
" We hypothesized that the inhibition of cholinesterase activity might increase acetylcholine bioavailability and consequently cholinoceptor activation, leading to concomitant adenosine release from nerve endings and skeletal muscle fibers."( Paradoxical neostigmine-induced TOFfade: on the role of presynaptic cholinergic and adenosine receptors.
Alves-Do-Prado, W; Ambiel, CR; Antônio, MB; Correia-de-Sá, P; de Paula Ramos, E, 2014)		0.4
", ip) indicate that the liver is the primary site of biotransformation of the compound, suggesting that both 22a and its metabolite(s) are active, compensating probably low bioavailability of the parent molecule."( Design, physico-chemical properties and biological evaluation of some new N-[(phenoxy)alkyl]- and N-{2-[2-(phenoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}aminoalkanols as anticonvulsant agents.
Bednarski, M; Gunia-Krzyżak, A; Marona, H; Nitek, W; Pękala, E; Powroźnik, B; Słoczyńska, K; Walczak, M; Waszkielewicz, AM; Żesławska, E, 2016)		0.43
"5 times higher bioavailability was achieved by the addition of sorbic acid at a 1:1 ratio."( Ion-paired pirenzepine-loaded micelles as an ophthalmic delivery system for the treatment of myopia.
Li, P; Li, Y; Mi, G; Shen, Y; Sun, L; Tu, J; Webster, TJ; Zhang, Y, 2017)		0.84
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51

Dosage Studied

Pirenzepine and N-methylatropine have antimuscarinic potencies. Dose-response curves were shifted to the right by muscarinic antagonists in the following order of affinity: darifenacin (M)>methocramine (M(2) >pirenzepine (1)

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" All these antagonists caused a concentration-dependent rightward shift of the dose-response curve for carbachol-stimulated amylase release without altering the maximal response."( Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes on rat pancreatic acini: pharmacological identification by secretory responses and binding studies.
Kashima, K; Kataoka, K; Kato, M; Kuriyama, K; Ohkuma, S, 1992)		0.28
" To see if this increase in LESP is due to upregulation of mAChR, we evaluated both mAChR binding and dose-response curves for bethanechol and atropine-induced changes in LESP before and after acute and chronic ethanol exposure."( Chronic ethanol feeding produces a muscarinic receptor upregulation, but not a muscarinic supersensitivity in lower esophageal sphincter muscle.
Fields, JZ; Gordon, JH; Keshavarzian, A; Urban, G; Willson, C, 1992)		0.28
" Telenzepine (3 x 10(-8)-10(-5) M) concentration-dependently shifted to the right the dose-response curves of bethanechol, acetylcholine and McN-A343, and partially depressed the electrically-evoked twitch responses."( Antimuscarinic activity of telenzepine on isolated human urinary bladder: no role for M1-muscarinic receptors.
Bertaccini, G; Monica, B; Poli, E; Pozzoli, C; Zappia, L, 1992)		0.28
" The muscarinic antagonists pirenzepine, (+-)-5,11-dihydro-11-[[[2-[2-((dipropylamino)methyl)-1-piperidinyl] ethyl]amino]-carbonyl]-6H-pyrido(2,3-b)(1,4)-benzodiazepin-6-one (AF-DX 384), 11-[[4-[4-(diethylamino)butyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl]-5,11-dihydro- 6H-pyrido(2,3-b)(1,4)-benzodiazepin-6-one (AQ-RA 741), p-fluorohexahydro-sila-difenidol (p-F-HHSiD), 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) and (R)- and (S)-hexahydro-difenidol [(R)-HHD, (S)-HHD] shifted the muscarine, methacholine or carbachol dose-response curve to the right in a competitive manner."( Characterization of muscarinic receptors mediating vasodilation in guinea-pig ileum submucosal arterioles by the use of computer-assisted videomicroscopy.
Bungardt, E; Feifel, R; Lambrecht, G; Moser, U; Mutschler, E; Surprenant, A; Tacke, R; Vockert, E, 1992)		0.58
" Log ID50s calculated for the antagonists from the dose-response curves were found to correlate significantly with the log Kis of the antagonists for the muscarinic M3 receptor subtype."( Pressor response to posterior hypothalamic administration of carbachol is mediated by muscarinic M3 receptor.
Martin, JR, 1992)		0.28
" Dose-response curves showed that the parietal sheet was more sensitive to the physiological agonist (acetylcholine) than to carbachol."( Cholinergic effects on intracellular free calcium concentration in renal corpuscle: role of parietal sheet.
Lebrun, F; Marchetti, J; Morel, F; Vassent, G, 1992)		0.28
" To obtain dose-response curves to inhaled pirenzepine, we measured partial and full flow-volume curves before and 30 min after inhalation of each concentration of pirenzepine (3."( Effect of a M1-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist (pirenzepine) on basal bronchomotor tone in young women.
Fujimura, M; Kamio, Y; Matsuda, T, 1992)		0.79
" In tissues precontracted with methacholine, 11-([[2-(diethylamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl)5,11- dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-6][1,4]benzodiazepine-6-one (AF-DX 116), a selective M2 antagonist, shifted dose-response curves to both isoproterenol and forskolin significantly to the left."( M2 muscarinic receptors inhibit isoproterenol-induced relaxation of canine airway smooth muscle.
Fernandes, LB; Fryer, AD; Hirshman, CA, 1992)		0.28
" Addition of the muscarinic antagonists atropine or pirenzepine shifted the carbachol dose-response curves to the right, without decreasing the carbachol maximal stimulatory effects."( Effects of muscarinic agonists and depolarizing agents on inositol monophosphate accumulation in the rabbit vagus nerve.
Dunant, Y; Sierro, CD; Vitus, J, 1992)		0.53
" The dose-response relations of carbachol-induced cAMP synthesis and carbachol-induced rise in intracellular free Ca2+ were similar."( Muscarinic receptor-linked elevation of cAMP in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells is mediated by Ca2+ and protein kinase C.
Akerman, KE; Jansson, CC; Kukkonen, J, 1991)		0.28
"3 microM) shifted the dose-response curve to the right in a parallel manner."( Muscarinic receptor is coupled with a cation channel through a GTP-binding protein in guinea-pig chromaffin cells.
Inoue, M; Kuriyama, H, 1991)		0.28
" Low concentrations of pirenzepine (10(-8) M), produced a rightward shift in the dose-response curve to McN, without inhibiting responses to carbachol."( Functional subtyping of muscarinic receptors on canine esophageal mucosa.
Donoff, B; Lad, R; Rangachari, PK, 1991)		0.59
" Alinidine (10(-6) M) shifted the dose-response curves of acetylcholine and carbachol to the right, but it did not affect those for isosorbide dinitrate, isoproterenol and adenosine."( Anti-muscarinic effect of alinidine on acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in isolated and perfused dog coronary arteries.
Chiba, S; Furukawa, Y; Nakane, T, 1991)		0.28
" Dose-response lines in response to the two agonists, expressed as percent maximal contraction, did not differ among the groups."( Muscarinic-receptor functioning in tracheas from normal and ovalbumin-sensitive guinea pigs.
Biggs, DF; Yang, ZJ, 1991)		0.28
" Omeprazole, which suppresses acid very effectively, may be problematic in the critically ill, limited by its oral dosage form, acid-labile properties, and potential drug interactions."( Controlling gastric pH: the impact of newer agents on the critically ill patient.
Earnest, DL, 1990)		0.28
" Characteristic dose-response curves for acetylcholine showing greater negative inotropic response with dose were seen."( The effects of AF-DX 116, a cardioselective muscarinic antagonist, on the negative inotropic action of acetylcholine.
Baskin, SI; Thomsen, RH, 1991)		0.28
" Dose-response curves were constructed, and the IC50s determined for 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP), pirenzepine (PRZ) and 11-2[[2-[(diethylamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl]-5,11,-dihydro- 6H-pyrido[2,3-b] [1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one (AF-DX 116) were 72 nM, 385 nM, and 24 microM, respectively."( Activation of the pharmacologically defined M3 muscarinic receptor depolarizes hippocampal pyramidal cells.
Alger, BE; Pitler, TA, 1990)		0.48
" After repeated dosing 3 patients displayed different kinetic behaviour resulting in higher values of AUC on day 14/15 in comparison to day 1/2."( [Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of telenzepine in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis].
Dammann, HG; Müller, P; Reinicke, A; Simon, B, 1990)		0.28
" Therefore, we investigated in a dose-response fashion the inhibitory effect of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist pirenzepine on the GH responses to arginine infusion (30 g infused intravenously (IV) in 30 minutes), exercise (bicycle ergometer test at an intensity of 75 W for 30 minutes), or 1-44 GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) (1 microgram/kg in an IV bolus)."( Reduced sensitivity to pirenzepine-induced blockade of growth hormone responses to arginine, exercise, and growth hormone-releasing hormone in type I diabetic subjects.
Bianconi, L; Capretti, L; Coiro, V; Davoli, C; Fagnoni, F; Gardini, E; Maffei, ML; Passeri, M; Speroni, G; Volpi, R, 1990)		0.8
" All the antagonists shifted the methacholine dose-response curve to the right in a parallel and concentration-dependent fashion, yielding Schild plots with slopes not significantly different from unity."( Characterization of the muscarinic receptor subtype involved in phosphoinositide metabolism in bovine tracheal smooth muscle.
Elzinga, CR; Meurs, H; Roffel, AF; Zaagsma, J, 1990)		0.28
" Assuming that the binding of carbachol to one site (Site 1) increases [14C]aminopyrine accumulation but its binding to the other site (Site 2) reduces [14C]aminopyrine accumulation, we analysed the dose-response curves for the carbachol effects in the absence and presence of different concentrations of atropine, pirenzepine and AF-DX 116."( Carbachol-induced potentiation and inhibition of acid secretion by guinea pig gastric gland.
Haga, T; Honda, N; Ichiyama, A; Kajimura, M; Kaneko, E, 1990)		0.45
" A multiple oral and intravenous dosage regimen and the times of blood sampling were adapted to individual conditions and treatment."( Absolute bioavailability of pirenzepine in intensive care patients.
Allmendinger, G; Bozler, G; Giesler, H; Hofgärtner, F; Schmid, E; Tanswell, P, 1990)		0.57
" The dosing was either metoclopramide alone or combined with either neostigmine and pirenzepine or with neostigmine and atropine."( The effect of neostigmine on metoclopramide-induced aldosterone secretion after the administration of muscarinic antagonists in man.
Meyer, EC; Sommers, DK; van Wyk, M, 1990)		0.5
" A reduction in dose or dosing frequency may be warranted only in end state renal disease (CLCR 0 to 10 ml."( Oral pharmacokinetics of pirenzepine in patients with chronic renal insufficiency, failure, and maintenance haemodialysis.
Chonko, A; Keirns, J; MacGregor, T; Matzek, K; Vinocur, M, 1990)		0.58
" This inhibition resulted in a rightward shift in the dose-response curve for carbamylcholine-stimulated amylase secretion without altering the maximal increase in amylase secretion."( Comparative inhibitory effects of pirenzepine and atropine on cholinergic stimulation of exocrine and endocrine rat pancreas.
Baba, S; Fujii, M; Nakamura, T; Oka, T; Okabayashi, Y; Otsuki, M, 1985)		0.55
" 4-DAMP (10(-9) to 10(-6) M) caused a progressive parallel rightward shift in the acetylcholine dose-response curve without a change in maximal amylase release."( Muscarinic receptor subtypes on rat pancreatic acini: secretion and binding studies.
Louie, DS; Owyang, C, 1986)		0.27
" In the isolated acini, pirenzepine caused a concentration-dependent rightward shift in the dose-response curve for carbamylcholine-stimulated amylase secretion without altering the maximal increase."( Pirenzepine inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion in the rat.
Baba, S; Fujii, M; Nakamura, T; Oka, T; Okabayashi, Y; Otsuki, M, 1986)		2.02
" In the isolated acini, pirenzepine did not have any significant effect on cholecystokinin-induced amylase release but caused an inhibition of amylase secretion initiated by secretin and shifted the dose-response curve for amylase secretion to the right."( Inhibitory effects of pirenzepine on cholecystokinin and secretin stimulation on exocrine and endocrine rat pancreas.
Baba, S; Fujii, M; Nakamura, T; Oka, T; Okabayashi, Y; Otsuki, M; Tani, S, 1987)		0.89
" The shifts caused by atropine and pirenzepine in the dose-response curves for ACh were not parallel after in vitro treatment of the muscle with DFP."( Contractile responses of tracheal smooth muscle in organophosphate-treated swine: 2. Effects of antagonists.
Dwyer, TM; Farley, JM; Murali Mohan, P; Yang, CM, 1988)		0.55
" Both slopes of the dose-response regression line are parallel in effect."( Effect of the radioprotector WR-2721 on operant behavior in the rat.
Lee, JD; Lee, SF; Lin, CH; Liu, WF; Ma, C; Shih, JH, )		0.13
" In spite of the fact that there was a doubling of the density of M2 sites, no significant differences in dose-response curves for carbachol-induced inhibition of [3H]cAMP accumulation were observed in slices of CTX plus DH from control and l-atropine-treated rats."( Regulation of muscarinic receptor subtypes and their responsiveness in rat brain following chronic atropine administration.
Lee, W; Wolfe, BB, 1989)		0.28
" The present study shows for the first time that the newly developed antimuscarinic drug telenzepine is in a single nocturnal dosage regimen (3 mg nocte) as effective as pirenzepine (50 mg bid) in the treatment of duodenal ulcer."( [Single evening administration of a new antimuscarinic agent telenzepine in therapy of acute duodenal ulcer. Results of a randomized double-blind comparative study versus pirenzepine].
Dammann, HG; Dreyer, M; Merk-Härtelt, B; Müller, P; Simon, B; Wolf, N, 1989)		0.67
" It is concluded that once daily administration of 3 mg in the evening must be regarded as the optimal dosage regimen of telenzepine."( [Dose finding study of telenzepine (1.5 vs. 3 vs 5 mg once daily) in acute treatment of duodenal ulcer. A double-blind, randomized, multicenter parallel group comparison].
Hüttemann, W; Schneider, A, 1989)		0.28
"The dose-response curve for the muscarine-induced depolarisation of the rat isolated superior cervical ganglion, studied over the concentration range of 3 nM-1 mM, was biphasic."( Biphasic dose-response curve to muscarine on the rat superior cervical ganglion.
Gilbert, MJ; Newberry, NR, 1989)		0.28
" 4-DAMP, atropine, and pirenzepine caused a progressive parallel rightward shift in the dose-response curve of pancreatic secretion for bethanechol."( Subtypes of muscarinic receptors in pancreatic exocrine secretion in anesthetized dog.
Chiba, S; Haruta, K; Homma, N; Horiuchi, A; Iwatsuki, K; Yonekura, H, 1989)		0.59
" Dose-response curves to carbachol, muscarine and oxotremorine were shifted to the right by gallamine and pirenzepine in a parallel manner with no change in maximal response ostensibly indicating simple competitive inhibition."( Pharmacologic discrimination between receptor heterogeneity and allosteric interaction: resultant analysis of gallamine and pirenzepine antagonism of muscarinic responses in rat trachea.
Boselli, C; Kenakin, T, 1989)		0.7
" The dose-response relations for the increase in inositol phosphates closely paralleled the binding of carbachol to muscarinic receptors with a Km of 17 microM."( Stimulation of acid secretion and phosphoinositol production by rat parietal cell muscarinic M2 receptors.
Herz, A; Paumgartner, G; Pfeiffer, A; Rochlitz, H, 1988)		0.27
" Pirenzepine caused a progressive parallel rightward shift in the dose-response curves for SLI inhibition and gastrin stimulation by carbachol, suggesting competitive inhibition."( Pirenzepine-sensitive muscarinic receptors regulate gastric somatostatin and gastrin.
Soll, AH; Sue, R; Todisco, A; Toomey, ML; Yamada, T, 1985)		2.62
" The other five patients, who were free of complication, initially received a standard regimen of omeprazole 60 mg orally once a day; dosage was subsequently adjusted until the basal acid output, measured 1 hr before the next dose of the drug, was less than 10 mmol/hr."( Effectiveness of omeprazole in seven patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome resistant to histamine H2-receptor antagonists.
Bader, JP; Cortot, A; Delchier, JC; Goldfain, D; Isal, JP; Mignon, M; Soule, JC; Travers, B, 1986)		0.27
" Addition of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, caused a leftward shift in the GABA dose-response curve and increased by 10-fold the sensitivity of the antral preparation to GABA stimulation."( Cholinergic mediation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-induced gastrin and somatostatin release from rat antrum.
Franklin, PA; Harty, RF, 1986)		0.27
" Plasma concentrations remained in the therapeutic range and the dosage regimen was well tolerated."( Steady-state intravenous pharmacokinetics of pirenzepine in patients with hepatic insufficiency and combined renal- and hepatic insufficiency.
Bozler, G; Krakamp, B; Leidig, P; Schmitz, R; Tanswell, P; Vogel, H, 1989)		0.54
" Dosage adjustment need only be considered in patients with CLCR less than 25 ml/min in order to reduce the frequency of minor side-effects."( Steady-state intravenous pharmacokinetics of pirenzepine in patients with differing degrees of renal dysfunction.
Bozler, G; Krakamp, B; Tanswell, P; Vogel, H, 1989)		0.54
" Because it has been suggested that the lower relapse rate for duodenal ulcer following colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) is due to suppression of C pylori we investigated different formulations and dosing of CBS for their efficacy in clearing C pylori."( Treatment of Campylobacter pylori gastritis: a pilot study using pirenzepine dihydrochloride (Gastrozepin) and three formulations of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (De-Nol).
Ali, MR; Brown, P; Lane, M; Morris, A; Palmer, R, 1988)		0.51
" This bivalent dose-response relationship was also observed after beta-blockade."( Dose-response curves of pirenzepine in man in relation to M1- and M2-cholinoceptor occupancy.
Pitschner, HF; Wellstein, A, 1988)		0.58
"In the present study we set out to explain the complex atropine dose-response curves in man in relation to M-cholinoceptor subtype occupancy."( Complex dose-response curves of atropine in man explained by different functions of M1- and M2-cholinoceptors.
Pitschner, HF; Wellstein, A, 1988)		0.27
" The dose-response curves showed that AF102B was far less potent than oxotremorine at the hippocampal presynaptic muscarinic receptors (autoreceptors)."( Heterogeneity of muscarinic autoreceptors and heteroreceptors in the rat brain: effects of a novel M1 agonist, AF102B.
Kawanishi, G; Mizobe, F; Ohgane, N; Ono, S; Saito, Y, 1988)		0.27
" Dose-response experiments indicate that norepinephrine is approximately 10,000 times more potent on a molar basis than carbachol in stimulating antral gastrin release."( Comparison of adrenergic and cholinergic receptor-mediated stimulation of gastrin release from rat antral fragments.
Harty, RF; Maico, DG; McGuigan, JE, )		0.13
" Thus: (a) Dose-response relationships between IP3 accumulation, MLC phosphorylation and muscle contraction for CCh suggest a fairly good correlation between the biochemical and pharmacological responses."( Muscarinic-receptor induced myo-inositol trisphosphate accumulation, myosin light chain phosphorylation and contraction in the rabbit iris sphincter smooth muscle.
Abdel-Latif, AA; Akhtar, RA; Howe, PH, 1987)		0.27
"The relationships between occupancy of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on iris sphincter muscle, measured by [3H]quinuclidinylbenzylate (QNB) binding, carbachol (CCh)-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis, measured as myo-inositol trisphosphate (IP3) accumulation, myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation and contraction were analyzed by examination of the dose-response relationships and the effects of the muscarinic antagonists, atropine and pirenzepine (PZ)."( M2 muscarinic receptor subtype is associated with inositol trisphosphate accumulation, myosin light chain phosphorylation and contraction in sphincter smooth muscle of rabbit iris.
Abdel-Latif, AA; Akhtar, RA; Honkanen, RE; Howe, PH, 1987)		0.44
" The cimetidine dose-response curves and the calculated ED50 values were similar in the different experimental situations."( Effects of cimetidine, atropine and pirenzepine on basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion in the rat.
Ekelund, M; Håkanson, R; Vallgren, S, 1987)		0.55
" For drug-treated BALB mice, the dose-response curves for both measures were parallel to those for saline-treated mice, while for DBA and C3H mice the slopes of the dose-response curves were significantly less for treated mice than they were for controls."( Genetic influences on tolerance development with chronic oxotremorine infusion.
Collins, AC; Marks, MJ; Romm, E, 1987)		0.27
" The treatment with full dosage (100 mg/day) did not increase the rate of positive responsiveness compared to that of standard dosage (50 mg/day)."( [Pharmacologic treatment of duodenal ulcer. Short and long-term results with pirenzepine in ambulatory patients].
Barberani, F; Carpinelli, D; D'Ambrosio, C; Della Spoletina, A; Fiorini, MA; Nicolao, V; Schiaroli, G; Valentini, P, 1986)		0.5
" The antisecretory dosage of pirenzepine caused a significant reduction in the surface area of the ulcer by the seventh postoperative day, whereas neither the antisecretory dosage of atropine nor the nonantisecretory dosage of pirenzepine significantly affected the size of the ulcer."( Effects of atropine and pirenzepine on healing of gastric ulcer induced by mucosal excision in rats.
Fujiwara, M; Kitagawa, H; Sano, M, 1985)		0.87
" Serum samples were serially drawn during each dosing interval for determination of cimetidine and PRZ concentrations by HPLC and RIA, respectively."( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between cimetidine and pirenzepine.
Jamali, F; Mahachai, V; Reilly, PA; Thomson, AB, 1985)		0.51
" In hexamethonium, pirenzepine shifted the acetylcholine dose-response curve to the right with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 200 nM, indicating an interaction with a m2-type of muscarinic receptor."( Acetylcholine acts on m2-muscarinic receptors to excite rat locus coeruleus neurones.
Egan, TM; North, RA, 1985)		0.6
" The calcium dose-response curve paralleled those of lipase and chymotrypsin outputs."( Action of pirenzepine, a new muscarinic antagonist drug, on human pancreatic secretion.
Laugier, R; Nishimura, S; Sarles, H, 1985)		0.67
" A beneficial effect of pirenzepine in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence was apparent in preliminary studies in small numbers of patients, but its efficacy in this regard needs further confirmation and the optimum dosage determined."( Pirenzepine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in peptic ulcer disease and other allied diseases.
Brogden, RN; Carmine, AA, 1985)		2.02
" Atropine caused a dose-dependent rightward shift in the dose-response curves of inhibitory and excitatory effects of the two muscarinic agonists."( Pharmacologic identification, activation and antagonism of two muscarine receptor subtypes in the lower esophageal sphincter.
Gilbert, R; Goyal, RK; Rattan, S, 1984)		0.27
" To characterize the antimuscarinic potencies of pirenzepine and N-methylatropine, for both antagonists doses were calculated that produce a 10-fold shift to the right of the dose-response curves for A) the pressor response to McN-A-343 (i."( A comparison of the antimuscarinic effects of pirenzepine and N-methylatropine on ganglionic and vascular muscarinic receptors in the rat.
Lambrecht, G; Moser, U; Mutschler, E; Wess, J, 1984)		0.78
" The results show that pirenzepine was as effective as cimetidine in the prevention of duodenal ulcer relapses when administered at a dosage of 75 mg daily (of which 50 mg at bedtime) for one year."( Long-term management of duodenal ulcer with pirenzepine and cimetidine: a double-blind controlled clinical trial.
Cacioli, D; Galeone, M; Giorgi-Conciato, M; Moise, G; Stock, F; Toti, GL, 1983)		0.84
"A study has been made on the modifications that appear after acute dosage of pirenzepine in a series of eight healthy subjects of both sexes who had shown, by radioisotopic evaluation, a physiological pattern of gastric kinetics."( Antimuscarinic compounds and gastric kinetics: a study with pirenzepine on healthy subjects.
Alberti, R; Colombi Zinelli, L; Ferretti, PP; Rinetti, M; Ugolotti, G, 1984)		0.74
" In 12 prospective randomized double-blind placebo controlled studies pirenzepine was administered to 475 duodenal ulcer patients with an incidence of endoscopically proven healing of 74% when the daily dosage of the drug was 100 or 150 mg but of only 55% if the dosage of the drug was 75 mg or less."( Pirenzepine in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Review and commentary.
Bianchi Porro, G; Petrillo, M, 1982)		1.94
" Selectivity is dose limited and has so far been demonstrated only at a daily dosage of 100 mg, in 2 divided doses."( The efficacy and selectivity of pirenzepine. Review and commentary.
Reilly, PA; Texter, EC, 1982)		0.55
" Pirenzepine, however, shows consistently uniform plasma level profiles, well within the therapeutic range after multiple dosing (50 mg, twice daily)."( An international pharmacokinetic study on pirenzepine following a single oral dose.
Bozler, G; Hammer, R, 1980)		1.44
" Oxotremorine generated dose-response curves that were similar in both the circular and longitudinal vectors and intermediate to those previously reported for carbachol and aceclidine."( The effect of muscarinic agonists and selective receptor subtype antagonists on the contractile response of the isolated rhesus monkey ciliary muscle.
Gabelt, BT; Kaufman, PL; Poyer, JF, 1994)		0.29
" The dose-response curves for haloperidol to changes in the evoked DA release were found to be biphasic (small doses increased the release and large doses inhibited), which were shifted to the left by longer periods of superfusion with haloperidol."( [Inhibitory effect of haloperidol on evoked dopamine release from striatal slices of the rat].
Takaki, T; Tanaka, M; Yamada, S; Yokoo, H, 1995)		0.29
"To answer the questions if the type of continuous dose-response technique influences the pancreatic secretory response to intraduodenal tryptophan and if the M1-receptor antagonist telenzepine influences the intestinal absorption of tryptophan, we determined, in 12 conscious dogs with chronic gastric and duodenal fistulas, pancreatic bicarbonate and protein secretion and tryptophan plasma concentrations following intraduodenal tryptophan perfusion using two dose-response techniques."( Comparison of two dose-response techniques to study the pancreatic secretory response to intraduodenal tryptophan in the absence and presence of the M1-receptor antagonist telenzepine.
Chari, ST; Niebergall, E; Singer, MV; Teyssen, S, 1995)		0.29
" Our results suggest that adaptation of physiological mechanisms governing the exocrine pancreas may occur after one week of receptor blockade by a therapeutic dosage of telenzepine, to the extent that M1-blockade no longer inhibits secretion."( Exocrine pancreatic secretion in man following one week of M1-muscarinic receptor blockade.
Ditschuneit, H; Glasbrenner, B; Kemmer, TP; Malfertheiner, P; Nelson, DK; Schneider, A, 1993)		0.29
" They were obtained by the chi-square (chi 2) goodness-of-fit test, recently applied for the evaluation of dose-response curves."( Modern approach to the evaluation of combined effects of single-dose trials and clinical time-course studies, exemplified by combinations of pirenzepine and H2-receptor antagonists.
Londong, W; Pöch, G, 1993)		0.49
" A standardized dosage of cyclosporine was given orally, and the duration was calculated for the maximum whole blood level of cyclosporine to be achieved; the dosage/level quotient was calculated."( The influence of gastrointestinal agents on resorption and metabolism of cyclosporine after heart transplantation: experimental and clinical results.
Markewitz, A; Meiser, BM; Muschiol, F; Nollert, G; Pfeiffer, M; Reichart, B; Reichenspurner, H; Uberfuhr, P; Wagner, F, )		0.13
" The mean IC50 values for ACh and oxotremorine methiodide (oxo-M), obtained from non-cumulative dose-response curves, were 204 and 363 nM respectively."( M2 muscarinic receptor-mediated inhibition of the Ca2+ current in rat magnocellular cholinergic basal forebrain neurones.
Allen, TG; Brown, DA, 1993)		0.29
" However, risperidone induced a U-shaped dose-response curve."( Differential effects of repeated administration of novel antipsychotic drugs on the activity of midbrain dopamine neurons in the rat.
Skarsfeldt, T, 1995)		0.29
" The aim of the present investigation was to establish dose-response curves for intravitreal and subconjunctivally injected pirenzepine and to determine receptor specificity."( Pirenzepine prevents form deprivation myopia in a dose dependent manner.
Cottriall, CL; Leech, EM; McBrien, NA, 1995)		1.94
" Inhibitors of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin, nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase, shifted the dose-response curve of carbachol on contractility to the right."( Endogenous nitric oxide signalling system and the cardiac muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-inotropic response.
Borda, E; Echagüe, AV; Genaro, A; Leiros, CP; Sterin-Borda, L, 1995)		0.29
" The dose-response curves of 2-butynyloxy, cyclopropylmethyloxy and hexyloxy compound together was the same as the response of each separately."( 1,2,5-Thiadiazole derivatives of arecoline stimulate M1 receptors coupled to phosphoinositide turnover.
Hoss, W; Messer, WS; Periyasamy, S; Roknich, S; Sauerberg, P, 1995)		0.29
"1 microM), shifted the dose-response curve for muscarine-induced adrenaline secretion to the right."( Muscarinic receptor subtypes mediating catecholamine secretion and increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in adrenal chromaffin cells of the guinea pig.
Asano, T; Ito, S; Nakazato, Y; Ohta, T; Otsuguro, K, 1995)		0.29
" In the presence of chlorisondamine, McN-A-343 increased both RNA and BP in dose-related fashion, and the dose-response curves of McN-A-343 shifted to the right in the presence of pirenzepine."( Role of muscarinic receptors in ganglionic transmission in rabbits.
Kim, JH; Ro, YB, 1996)		0.49
" The in vivo dose-response effects of "selective" muscarinic antagonists on changes in lung resistance (RL) and heart rate (HR) in response to electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves were obtained in four groups of newborns."( Cardiopulmonary actions of muscarinic receptor subtypes in the newborn dog.
Anderson, JW; Brundage, KL; Fisher, JT, 1996)		0.29
" Detailed evaluation of the dose-response characteristics of olanzapine and direct clinical comparison to clozapine will thus provide valuable leads to the clarification of atypical antipsychotic action."( A PET study of 5-HT2 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy induced by olanzapine in healthy subjects.
Farde, L; Halldin, C; Nyberg, S, 1997)		0.3
" Analyses indicated that an increasing dose-response curve was observed across the range of all olanzapine dose groups."( Olanzapine versus haloperidol: acute phase results of the international double-blind olanzapine trial.
Beasley, CM; Beuzen, JN; Blin, O; Crawford, AM; Dellva, MA; Hamilton, SH; Tollefson, GD; Tran, PV, 1997)		0.3
" Dose-response curves were constructed using the putatively selective antagonists pirenzepine (M1), gallamine (M2) and 4-DAMP (M3: 4-diphenyl-acetoxy-N-methylpiperidine) and compared with the non-selective blocker, atropine."( Functional characterization of peripheral muscarinic subtypes in anesthetized cats.
Koss, MC, 1997)		0.52
" Olanzapine exhibits linear kinetics over the dosage range studied and is extensively metabolized in humans."( Olanzapine: a new antipsychotic agent with efficacy in the management of schizophrenia.
Green, AI; Kando, JC; Patel, JK; Reams, SG; Satterlee, W; Shepski, JC, 1997)		0.3
" After a 2- to 9-day placebo lead-in, 79 inpatients with schizophrenia according to DSM-III-R criteria were placed on an olanzapine dosage of 10 mg/day or 1 mg/day for up to 6 weeks."( Olanzapine plasma concentrations and clinical response in acutely ill schizophrenic patients.
Beasley, C; Perry, PJ; Sanger, T, 1997)		0.3
" In conclusion, the present studies demonstrate that in the case of sequential dosing olanzapine more effectively enhances DA and NE release in the Pfc than in the subcortical areas, which may have an impact on its atypical antipsychotic actions."( Olanzapine increases in vivo dopamine and norepinephrine release in rat prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and striatum.
Bymaster, FP; Li, XM; Perry, KW; Wong, DT, 1998)		0.3
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, dosage and administration, and cost of olanzapine are reviewed."( Olanzapine: a serotonin-dopamine-receptor antagonist for antipsychotic therapy.
Bever, KA; Perry, PJ, 1998)		0.3
"The 14 patients received olanzapine at a mean (SD dosage of 14."( Olanzapine in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder.
Altshuler, L; Denicoff, K; Frye, M; Keck, PE; Kmetz, GF; Kupka, R; Leverich, GS; McElroy, SL; Nolen, W; Post, RM; Suppes, T, 1998)		0.3
" Pirenzepine was administered intramuscularly at a dosage of 20 mg/kg twice daily; and lansorprazole, subcutaneously at 50 mg/kg once daily, both every day for 4 weeks."( Effect of pirenzepine on gastric endocrine cell kinetics during lansoprazole administration.
Aoki, T; Gang, C; Kashiwagi, H; Omura, K; Omura, N, 1998)		1.61
" There are others who are unable to tolerate a high dosage of clozapine."( Olanzapine augmentation of clozapine.
Frank, B; Gupta, S; Sonnenberg, SJ, 1998)		0.3
"Olanzapine was given to five patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and the dosage was titrated until a clinically meaningful reduction in hallucinosis was achieved."( Olanzapine in the treatment of hallucinosis in idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a cautionary note.
Ford, KS; Graham, JM; Sagar, HJ; Sussman, JD, 1998)		0.3
" Proper dosing has emerged as a vital factor in the effective use of these newer drugs."( Risperidone and olanzapine: optimal dosing for efficacy and tolerability in patients with schizophrenia.
Kasper, S, 1998)		0.3
" Dosing requirements for elderly patients tend to be much lower than those for younger adults."( Conventional vs. newer antipsychotics in elderly patients.
Harris, MJ; Jeste, DV; Lacro, J; Lohr, JB; Rockwell, E, 1999)		0.3
" Muscarine shifted the GABA dose-response curve to the left, with the GABA EC50 decreased from 45 +/- 2 to 13 +/- 2 microM."( Enhancement of GABA-activated current by muscarine in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.
Hu, HZ; Li, ZW; Shao, M, 1999)		0.3
" To provide the therapeutic benefits of maintenance medication without its drawbacks, intermittent dosing and long-term therapy with reduced doses of conventional medications have been explored."( Olanzapine in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia.
Kane, J, 1999)		0.3
" The atypical properties of first-line atypical antipsychotics as well as clozapine are reviewed here, with clinical pearls and dosing tips for each based upon a consensus of information from both clinical trials and clinical practice."( Selecting an atypical antipsychotic by combining clinical experience with guidelines from clinical trials.
Stahl, SM, 1999)		0.3
" In the isolated AV node preparation, dose-response curves for negative dromotropic effects (prolongation of Atrio-His interval) of carbachol (CCh) injected into the posterior septal artery were shifted to the right in parallel by AF-DX, pirenzepine, and atropine with apparent pA2-values of 13, 27."( Comparison of anti-M2-muscarinic effect of AF-DX 116 on atrioventricular nodal conduction with those of pirenzepine and atropine as antibradyarrhythmic drugs.
Motomura, S; Sasaki, S, 1999)		0.7
" Published studies have drawn criticism in terms of inappropriate titration schedules, nonequivalent dosing between treatment groups, short treatment duration, and inadequate sample sizes."( Clozapine: a comparison with other novel antipsychotics.
Fleischhacker, WW, 1999)		0.3
" The decreased D(2)/D(3) receptor availability revealed an exponential dose-response relationship (r=-0."( In vivo effects of olanzapine on striatal dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor binding in schizophrenic patients: an iodine-123 iodobenzamide single-photon emission tomography study.
Dresel, S; Hahn, K; Mager, T; Meisenzahl, E; Möller, HJ; Rossmüller, B; Tatsch, K, 1999)		0.3
" The withdrawal symptoms disappeared rapidly with an increase in olanzapine dosage and with anticholinergic started at the beginning of the switch."( Clozapine-olanzapine: a potentially dangerous switch. A report of two cases.
Delassus-Guenault, N; Jegouzo, A; Odou, P; Robert, H; Seguret, T; Vignole, E; Zangerlin, H, 1999)		0.3
" Assessments of attention, memory and motor control were made prior to dosing on each day, at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after dosing on days 1 and 4, and at 24 and 48 h following the last dose."( A comparison of the effects of olanzapine, haloperidol and placebo on cognitive and psychomotor functions in healthy elderly volunteers.
Beuzen, JN; Taylor, N; Wesnes, K; Wood, A, 1999)		0.3
" The pharmacokinetics of olanzapine are linear and dose-proportional within the approved dosage range."( Olanzapine. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile.
Beasley, CM; Bergstrom, RF; Callaghan, JT; Ptak, LR, 1999)		0.3
" We have evaluated the consequences of HFD on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) circadian cycles and methylscopolamine dose-response curves."( Impaired atrial M(2)-cholinoceptor function in obesity-related hypertension.
Berlan, M; Galitzky, J; Merial, C; Montastruc, JL; Pelat, M; Senard, JM; Verwaerde, P, 1999)		0.3
" Dosing was 12."( Differential olanzapine plasma concentrations by sex in a fixed-dose study.
Conley, RR; Kelly, DL; Tamminga, CA, 1999)		0.3
" Surprisingly, there has been little relationship between the pivotal trials designed for FDA approval and current dosing strategies in broader clinical settings."( New antipsychotic medications: more than old wine and new bottles.
Schulz, SC, 2000)		0.31
" Without such data, clinicians have difficulty designing appropriate dosage regimens for patients in these age groups."( Olanzapine pharmacokinetics in pediatric and adolescent inpatients with childhood-onset schizophrenia.
Bergstrom, RF; Calis, KA; DeVane, CL; Grothe, DR; Jacobsen, L; Kumra, S; Kurtz, DL; Rapoport, JL, 2000)		0.31
"Thirty adult patients with acute schizophrenia were included into six-week open-labelled, non-comparative trial of olanzapine with free dosing from 5 to 20 mg per day."( [The experience of application of olanzapine: an atypical neuroleptic in acute schizophrenia].
Beniashvili, AG; Morozova, MA; Zharkova, NB, 2000)		0.31
" Cases admitted in the first semester received a significantly higher daily dosage of antipsychotic drugs and more frequently received anticholinergics."( Second-generation antipsychotics in the emergency care setting. A prospective naturalistic study.
Azzoni, A; Raja, M, )		0.13
" Longitudinal study is required because this relationship may have implications for dosing strategies."( Subjective experience and striatal dopamine D(2) receptor occupancy in patients with schizophrenia stabilized by olanzapine or risperidone.
Booij, J; de Haan, L; Dingemans, PM; Lavalaye, J; Linszen, D, 2000)		0.31
" Initial dosage was 10 mg/day with a maximum dosage of 20 mg/day."( Effective open-label treatment of tourette's disorder with olanzapine.
Aschauer, HN; De Zwaan, M; Kasper, S; Resinger, E; Schindler, SD; Stamenkovic, M; Willinger, U, 2000)		0.31
" A dose-response relationship was not consistently confirmed with any of the drug treatments."( The effects of olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on plasma prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia.
Breier, A; David, SR; Kinon, BJ; Taylor, CC, 2000)		0.31
" No consistent dose-response relationship was observed, and the time course and sex-dependency of the response differed between the 3 agents."( The effects of olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on plasma prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia.
Breier, A; David, SR; Kinon, BJ; Taylor, CC, 2000)		0.31
" In addition, psychiatrists' clinical preference of antipsychotic medication and dosage for patient subtypes were examined by the national survey."( Comparison of cost, dosage and clinical preference for risperidone and olanzapine.
Kaplan, Z; Lichtenberg, P; Rabinowitz, J, 2000)		0.31
" Taking into account drug costs and dosage requirements, the average daily retail price was US $6."( Comparison of cost, dosage and clinical preference for risperidone and olanzapine.
Kaplan, Z; Lichtenberg, P; Rabinowitz, J, 2000)		0.31
"In this open case series, the dose-response relationship of atypical antipsychotic augmentation in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and the dose-severity relationship in atypical anti psychotic-induced OC symptoms were examined."( Serotonin and dopamine antagonism in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs.
Lapierre, Y; Ramasubbu, R; Ravindran, A, 2000)		0.31
"Case 1: A linear dose-response relationship between increasing doses of olanzapine and improvement in OC symptoms was observed in an OCD patient resistant to 5-HT reuptake inhibitors."( Serotonin and dopamine antagonism in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs.
Lapierre, Y; Ramasubbu, R; Ravindran, A, 2000)		0.31
"Controlled studies are needed to investigate the dose-response or dose-severity relationships between OCD and atypical antipsychotics."( Serotonin and dopamine antagonism in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs.
Lapierre, Y; Ramasubbu, R; Ravindran, A, 2000)		0.31
" Olanzapine concentrations were found to be a function of olanzapine dose (in milligrams per day) and gender such that prospective olanzapine dosing is feasible."( Olanzapine plasma concentrations and clinical response: acute phase results of the North American Olanzapine Trial.
Beasley, C; Lund, BC; Perry, PJ; Sanger, T, 2001)		0.31
" clozapine, Clo) in 3 aspects: 1) the multiple receptor pharmacodynamics involving D1/D2, 5-HT2 and M-ACh receptors; 2) dose-response separation between the block of conditioned avoidance response and catalepsy induction; and 3) the specificity of action sites of firing rates upon acute drug challenge."( Behavioral characteristics of olanzapine: an atypical neuroleptic.
Chen, LJ; Fu, Y; Jin, GZ; Yu, LP; Zhu, ZT, 2000)		0.31
"Ten adult patients aged 20 to 44 years with Tourette's disorder were treated using an open-label, flexible dosing schedule for 8 weeks."( An open-label study of the treatment efficacy of olanzapine for Tourette's disorder.
Bruun, RD; Budman, CL; Gayer, A; Lesser, M; Shi, Q, 2001)		0.31
" The initial dosage was 5 mg/day and was titrated to a maximum of 20 mg/day."( Olanzapine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study.
Becker, ME; Butterfield, MI; Churchill, LE; Connor, KM; Davidson, JR; Sutherland, S, 2001)		0.31
" Olanzapine typically alleviated pain within 20 minutes after oral dosing and treatment response was consistent across multiple treated attacks."( Olanzapine as an abortive agent for cluster headache.
Rozen, TD, 2001)		0.31
" The trial was divided into two periods: eight weeks during which the dosage was escalated and then fixed, and six weeks during which variable dosages were used."( Effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on hostility among patients with schizophrenia.
Chakos, M; Citrome, L; Cooper, TB; Czobor, P; Lieberman, JA; Lindenmayer, JP; McEvoy, J; Sheitman, B; Volavka, J, 2001)		0.31
" Subjective impairment, as assessed with the subscale 'mental functioning', was significantly correlated with greater conventional neuroleptic dosage after controlling for psychopathology (P<0."( Relationship between neuroleptic dosage and subjective cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenic patients treated with either conventional or atypical neuroleptic medication.
Krausz, M; Moritz, S; Naber, D; Woodward, TS, 2002)		0.31
" Among the group receiving novel antipsychotics, dosage was not related to satisfaction or burden of adverse effects."( Short report: comparison of patient satisfaction and burden of adverse effects with novel and conventional neuroleptics: a naturalistic study.
Bromet, EJ; Davidson, M; Rabinowitz, J, 2001)		0.31
" Risk factors are a high dosage of antipsychotics, akathisia in a previous treatment, and diabetes mellitus."( [Drug-induced akathisia].
van Harten, PN, 2002)		0.31
"A 27-year-old white woman was observed to have a seizure while receiving a stable dosage of olanzapine 15 mg/d, with the addition of quetiapine 100 mg in the evening 1 day before the occurrence of the seizure."( New-onset seizure associated with quetiapine and olanzapine.
Hedges, DW; Jeppson, KG, 2002)		0.31
"Current dosing regimens of psychotropic drugs are based on plasma kinetic considerations, although it is unclear whether plasma levels faithfully reflect brain kinetics of drugs."( Significant dissociation of brain and plasma kinetics with antipsychotics.
Jones, C; Kapur, S; Remington, G; Tauscher, J; Zipursky, RB, 2002)		0.31
" The manuscript describes the pharmacology, efficacy and tolerability studies, adverse effects and dosing considerations in the elderly."( Use of olanzapine for elderly patients with psychotic disorders: a review.
Bogunovic, O; Brenner, R; Gupta, S; Madhusoodanan, S; Sinha, S, 2001)		0.31
" No serious side effects were reported at the maximum dosage reached (7."( Treatment of patients with tardive dystonia with olanzapine.
Bellini, G; Bernardini, S; Bonuccelli, U; Dell'Agnello, G; Lucetti, C; Maggi, L; Manca, L; Nuti, A; Piccinni, A, )		0.13
" A dose-response relationship for IM olanzapine in the reduction of agitation was assessed by measuring the reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Excited Component (PANSS-EC) scores 2 hours after the first injection."( A double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-response comparison of intramuscular olanzapine and haloperidol in the treatment of acute agitation in schizophrenia.
Birkett, M; Breier, A; Brook, S; David, S; Dossenbach, M; Ferchland, I; Kiesler, G; Meehan, K; Palmer, R; Sutton, V; Taylor, CC; Wright, P, 2002)		0.31
"Olanzapine exhibited a dose-response relationship for reduction in agitation (F(1,179)= 14."( A double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-response comparison of intramuscular olanzapine and haloperidol in the treatment of acute agitation in schizophrenia.
Birkett, M; Breier, A; Brook, S; David, S; Dossenbach, M; Ferchland, I; Kiesler, G; Meehan, K; Palmer, R; Sutton, V; Taylor, CC; Wright, P, 2002)		0.31
"0 mg per injection exhibits a dose-response relationship in the rapid treatment of acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia and demonstrates a favorable safety profile."( A double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-response comparison of intramuscular olanzapine and haloperidol in the treatment of acute agitation in schizophrenia.
Birkett, M; Breier, A; Brook, S; David, S; Dossenbach, M; Ferchland, I; Kiesler, G; Meehan, K; Palmer, R; Sutton, V; Taylor, CC; Wright, P, 2002)		0.31
" In the case presented, the good efficacy of olanzapine in low dosage over an extended period of time is described."( [Delusional ectoparasitic infestation in multiple system atrophy].
Kornhuber, M; Kumbier, E, 2002)		0.31
"A 3-week, randomized, double-blind trial compared flexibly dosed olanzapine (5-20 mg/day) to divalproex (500-2500 mg/day in divided doses) for the treatment of patients hospitalized for acute bipolar manic or mixed episodes."( Olanzapine versus divalproex in the treatment of acute mania.
Altshuler, LL; Baker, RW; Breier, A; Gilmore, JA; Ketter, TA; Milton, DR; Risser, R; Suppes, T; Tohen, M; Tollefson, GA; Zarate, CA, 2002)		0.31
" When olanzapine was discontinued or the dosage decreased, 78% of patients had improved glycemic control."( Olanzapine-associated diabetes mellitus.
Doraiswamy, PM; Koller, EA, 2002)		0.31
" The present TDM-based follow-up suggests that the influence of gender, smoking habits, and certain drug interactions may need to be considered for optimal dosage of OLA."( Therapeutic drug monitoring data on olanzapine and its N-demethyl metabolite in the naturalistic clinical setting.
Bengtsson, F; Dahl, ML; Lundmark, J; Reis, M; Skogh, E, 2002)		0.31
" Whole brain and plasma P and 3alpha,5alpha-THP concentrations were increased with olanzapine or P dosing and were greatest with coadministration."( Olanzapine and progesterone have dose-dependent and additive effects to enhance lordosis and progestin concentrations of rats.
Frye, C; Seliga, A, 2002)		0.31
" This double-blind, randomized controlled trial, comparing flexible dosing of olanzapine (5-20 mg/day, n = 234) to haloperidol (3-15 mg/day, n = 219), consisted of a 6-week acute phase, followed by a 6-week continuation phase."( Olanzapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of acute mania: clinical outcomes, health-related quality of life and work status.
Breier, A; Edgell, ET; Gandhi, G; Haro, JM; Namjoshi, MA; Shi, L; Tohen, M; Zhang, F, 2002)		0.31
"Eleven patients with schizophrenia stabilized on oral olanzapine (mean dosage 12."( Dissolution profile, tolerability, and acceptability of the orally disintegrating olanzapine tablet in patients with schizophrenia.
Chue, P; Dickson, R; Jones, B; Taylor, CC, 2002)		0.31
" Divalproex was initiated at 15 mg/kg/day and titrated over 12 days to a maximum dosage of 30 mg/kg/day."( Effect of divalproex combined with olanzapine or risperidone in patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia.
Casey, DE; Daniel, DG; Sommerville, KW; Tracy, KA; Wassef, AA; Wozniak, P, 2003)		0.32
" The mean daily dosage of olanzapine in the fourth week was 10."( The efficacy and safety of olanzapine for the treatment of geriatric psychosis.
Hwang, JP; Lee, TW; Tsai, SJ; Yang, CH, 2003)		0.32
" The patients were treated with conventional antipsychotics for seven days after admission and were then randomised to the treatment arms with risperidone (4 mg/day) or with olanzapine (10 mg/day) at a fixed dosage in the first week and thereafter in flexible dosages for the remaining seven weeks."( Measurement of simple reaction time in antipsychotic treatment of patients with schizophrenia.
Kores Plesnicar, B; Krajnc, I; Tomori, M; Zalar, B, 2003)		0.32
"This 47-week, randomized, double-blind study compared flexibly dosed olanzapine (5-20 mg/day) to divalproex (500-2500 mg/day) for manic or mixed episodes of bipolar disorder (N=251)."( Olanzapine versus divalproex sodium for the treatment of acute mania and maintenance of remission: a 47-week study.
Altshuler, L; Baker, RW; Brown, E; Frye, M; Ketter, TA; Risser, RC; Schuh, LM; Suppes, T; Tohen, M; Zajecka, J; Zarate, CA, 2003)		0.32
" At a higher dosage (0."( The atypical antipsychotics risperidone, clozapine and olanzapine differ regarding their sedative potency in rats.
Ahnaou, A; Drinkenburg, WH; Megens, AA, 2003)		0.32
"This was a double-blind, randomized, parallel-groups, placebo-controlled trial with fixed-flexible dosing conducted at four sites."( Randomized trial of olanzapine versus placebo in the symptomatic acute treatment of the schizophrenic prodrome.
Addington, J; Breier, A; Hawkins, KA; Lindborg, SR; Marquez, E; McGlashan, TH; Miller, TJ; Perkins, DO; Tohen, M; Woods, SW; Zipursky, RB, 2003)		0.32
" A new approach to olanzapine dosing that expands the initial dose range up to 40 mg/d may offer superior efficacy in rapidly and effectively controlling the symptoms of agitation."( Effectiveness of rapid initial dose escalation of up to forty milligrams per day of oral olanzapine in acute agitation.
Baker, RW; Hill, AL; Kinon, BJ; Liu, H; Maguire, GA, 2003)		0.32
" Daily dosage was subsequently adjusted between 5 and 20 mg/d based on individual clinical status."( A Canadian multicenter trial assessing memory and executive functions in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders treated with olanzapine.
Chokka, PR; Dickson, RA; Dursun, SM; Jones, B; MacEwan, GW; Reiss, JP; Remington, GJ; Rotstein, E; Stip, E, 2003)		0.32
"Previous studies have examined the safety and tolerability of oral-loaded divalproex sodium in the treatment of acute mania, but not the early efficacy of this dosing strategy."( The safety and early efficacy of oral-loaded divalproex versus standard-titration divalproex, lithium, olanzapine, and placebo in the treatment of acute mania associated with bipolar disorder.
Baker, JD; Hirschfeld, RM; Sommerville, KW; Tracy, K; Wozniak, P, 2003)		0.32
" However, no correlation between prolactin levels and dosage could be found."( [Plasma prolactin level and incidence of adverse endocrinologic effects during therapy with atypical neuroleptics].
Fric, M; Laux, G, 2003)		0.32
" The diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was confirmed by myoglobinemia dosage and ortholuidine test."( [Rhabdomyolysis associated with respiratory infection in chronic psychiatric patients during neuroleptic treatment].
Busiello, L; Cascella, M; De Robertis, E; Di Domenico, MG; Palmese, S; Pezza, M, 2003)		0.32
" The starting dose was 10 mg/day, with dosage adjustments based on physician judgment."( Switching treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder to olanzapine: a one-year open-label study with five-year follow-up.
Karagianis, JL; LeDrew, KK; Walker, DJ, 2003)		0.32
"Double-blind data on patients age > or =60 randomized to 5 mg/d OLZ (n=83) or 5 mg/d HAL (n=34) (Week 1) then flexibly dosed to 5-20 mg/d over six weeks, with a 48-week extension for responders, were analyzed post-hoc."( Olanzapine vs haloperidol in geriatric schizophrenia: analysis of data from a double-blind controlled trial.
Breier, A; Bymaster, FP; Dossenbach, M; Gilmore, JA; Golshan, S; Jeste, D; Kaiser, CJ; Kennedy, JS; Kinon, BJ; Maguire, GA; Sanger, T; Tollefson, G, 2003)		0.32
" The mean dosage of olanzapine was 11."( Pilot study: access to fitness facility and exercise levels in olanzapine-treated patients.
Archie, S; Hobbs, H; McNiven, J; Osborne, S; Wilson, JH, 2003)		0.32
" We suggest that plasma olanzapine monitoring can be used for dose-response optimization, but only to complement the normal clinical evaluation process."( Investigation of target plasma concentration-effect relationships for olanzapine in schizophrenia.
Ahmad, F; Bulsara, MK; Castle, DJ; Dusci, LJ; Fellows, L; Ilett, KF, 2003)		0.32
" The treating clinician was free to vary or discontinue dosing and use additional medications."( A 1-year open-label trial of olanzapine in school-age children with schizophrenia.
Adler, LE; Farley, GK; Novins, D; Ross, RG, 2003)		0.32
"Patients were randomly assigned to receive flexibly dosed olanzapine, 5 to 20 mg/d, with prophylactic benztropine, 1 to 4 mg/d (n = 159); or haloperidol, 5 to 20 mg/d (n = 150), for 12 months."( Effectiveness and cost of olanzapine and haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial.
Allan, E; Bingham, S; Campbell, EC; Caroff, S; Collins, J; Corwin, J; Davis, L; Douyon, R; Dunn, L; Evans, D; Frecska, E; Grabowski, J; Graeber, D; Herz, L; Kwon, K; Lawson, W; Leslie, D; Liu-Mares, W; Mena, F; Perlick, D; Rosenheck, R; Sheikh, J; Smelson, D; Smith-Gamble, V; Warren, S, 2003)		0.32
"The design consisted of 2 successive, 6-week, double-blind periods and compared flexible dosing of olanzapine (5-20 mg/d, n = 234) with haloperidol (3-15 mg/d, n = 219)."( A 12-week, double-blind comparison of olanzapine vs haloperidol in the treatment of acute mania.
Azorin, JM; Baker, RW; Breier, A; Emsley, RA; Evans, AR; Goldberg, JF; Gonzalez-Pinto Arrillaga, AM; Hardy-Bayle, MC; Lawson, WB; Namjoshi, MA; Risser, RC; Tohen, M; Vieta, E; Zhang, F, 2003)		0.32
" In the present study, blood samples were collected for 24 h after dosing rats orally with a 5 mg/kg dose of olanzapine (OLAN)."( An automated blood sampler for simultaneous sampling of systemic blood and brain microdialysates for drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination studies.
Gitzen, JF; Gunaratna, PC; Kissinger, CB; Kissinger, PT, )		0.13
" The dose-response curves were shifted to the right by muscarinic antagonists in the following order of affinity: darifenacin (M(3))>methocramine (M(2)) >pirenzepine (M(1))."( Mechanisms mediating cholinergic antral circular smooth muscle contraction in rats.
Ouyang, A; Tandon, T; Wrzos, HF, 2004)		0.52
" That some patients still yielded to acute organophosphate poisoning despite repeated dosing of atropine suggests that cellular mechanisms that are independent of muscarinic receptor activation may also be engaged in organophosphate poisoning."( Muscarinic receptor-independent activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in rostral ventrolateral medulla underlies the sympathoexcitatory phase of cardiovascular responses during mevinphos intoxication in the rat.
Chan, SH; Chang, AY; Tsai, CY; Wu, CH, 2007)		0.34
" Next, training was suspended and the mice received a maintenance dosing regimen in which they were injected twice daily with 10 mg/kg N-desmethylclozapine for 10 days."( The metabolites N-desmethylclozapine and N-desmethylolanzapine produce cross-tolerance to the discriminative stimulus of the atypical antipsychotic clozapine in C57BL/6 mice.
Meltzer, HY; Porter, JH; Webster, KA; Wiebelhaus, JM, 2011)		0.37
" The method was successfully used for the analysis of samples from nonsmoking patients (n = 48) treated with OLZ in the dosage range of 5-20 mg per day."( Determination of olanzapine and N-desmethyl-olanzapine in plasma using a reversed-phase HPLC coupled with coulochemical detection: correlation of olanzapine or N-desmethyl-olanzapine concentration with metabolic parameters.
Chen, YC; Lin, CH; Lu, ML; Wu, TH; Yang, HC, 2013)		0.39
" In order to test the hypothesis that the differential blockade of the muscarinic receptor subtypes would influence their potency and efficacy to prevent EPS, here we tested four anticholinergics with varying order of affinities for the muscarinic receptor subtypes, and compared their dose-response curves to inhibit haloperidol-induced catalepsy in male rats."( The potency and efficacy of anticholinergics to inhibit haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats correlates with their rank order of affinities for the muscarinic receptor subtypes.
Alvarez-Cervera, FJ; Bata-García, JL; Erosa-Rivero, HB; Góngora-Alfaro, JL; Heredia-López, FJ, 2014)		0.4
" TDM of both OLZ and DMO levels could assist clinical practice when individualizing OLZ dosage adjustments for patients with schizophrenia."( Application of Plasma Levels of Olanzapine and N-Desmethyl-Olanzapine to Monitor Clinical Efficacy in Patients with Schizophrenia.
Chen, CH; Chen, YH; Kuo, PT; Lin, CH; Lu, ML; Wu, TH; Wu, YX, 2016)		0.43
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
anti-ulcer drugOne of various classes of drugs with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate peptic ulcer or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.
muscarinic antagonistA drug that binds to but does not activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous acetylcholine or exogenous agonists.
antispasmodic drugA drug that suppresses spasms. These are usually caused by smooth muscle contraction, especially in tubular organs. The effect is to prevent spasms of the stomach, intestine or urinary bladder.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
pyridobenzodiazepineAny three-ring heterocyclic compound with a skeleton consisting of a pyridine ring ortho-fused to a benzodiazepine.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Pirenzepine Action Pathway1012

Protein Targets (36)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
dopamine D1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.66260.00521.30228.1995AID624455
ATAD5 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.59180.004110.890331.5287AID493107
GALC proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.070828.183828.183828.1838AID1159614
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1Homo sapiens (human)Potency25.11890.011212.4002100.0000AID1030
regulator of G-protein signaling 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency1.33710.531815.435837.6858AID504845
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency29.93490.035520.977089.1251AID504332
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.00207.533739.8107AID891
D(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.63590.02245.944922.3872AID488982
chromobox protein homolog 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency63.09570.006026.168889.1251AID488953
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency8.91250.01789.637444.6684AID588834
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform aHomo sapiens (human)Potency12.58930.65619.452025.1189AID927
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.251215.843239.8107AID504327
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency0.11300.00106.000935.4813AID943; AID944
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.12590.891312.067628.1838AID1487
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)Potency12.58931.584913.004325.1189AID927
Inositol monophosphatase 1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency4.67961.000010.475628.1838AID1457
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinaseTrypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927Potency15.10140.060110.745337.9330AID485368
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1,000.00000.11007.190310.0000AID1449628
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.68910.00001.23267.7930AID142392; AID142779
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.37440.00000.690210.0000AID141156; AID142111; AID342990; AID723861
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.58560.00001.15467.5858AID1167257; AID1167263; AID1167267; AID141874
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.21630.00000.79519.1201AID141156; AID342992; AID723860
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.61340.00052.773925.1700AID141543; AID141544; AID142622; AID142625; AID142626; AID142627; AID142629; AID142637; AID142639; AID142640; AID142645; AID142757; AID142758; AID142759; AID142760; AID142762; AID142763; AID142764; AID142767; AID142768; AID142772; AID142774; AID142776; AID142777; AID142779; AID142780; AID142781; AID142782; AID142886; AID142887; AID142889; AID142890; AID142892
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.05240.00010.579710.0000AID104026; AID141077; AID141834; AID142727
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.62220.00052.891925.1700AID141543; AID141544; AID141606; AID142622; AID142625; AID142626; AID142627; AID142629; AID142637; AID142639; AID142640; AID142645; AID142757; AID142758; AID142759; AID142760; AID142762; AID142763; AID142764; AID142767; AID142768; AID142772; AID142774; AID142776; AID142777; AID142779; AID142780; AID142781; AID142782; AID142886; AID142887; AID142889; AID142890; AID142892
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.15330.00011.48339.1400AID141077; AID141727
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.62270.00052.747825.1700AID141543; AID141544; AID142622; AID142625; AID142626; AID142627; AID142629; AID142637; AID142639; AID142640; AID142645; AID142757; AID142758; AID142759; AID142760; AID142762; AID142763; AID142764; AID142767; AID142768; AID142772; AID142774; AID142776; AID142777; AID142779; AID142780; AID142781; AID142782; AID142886; AID142887; AID142889; AID142890; AID142892
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.14620.00010.68688.2600AID101871; AID141077; AID142012
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.62270.00052.780225.1700AID141543; AID141544; AID142622; AID142625; AID142626; AID142627; AID142629; AID142637; AID142639; AID142640; AID142645; AID142757; AID142758; AID142759; AID142760; AID142762; AID142763; AID142764; AID142767; AID142768; AID142772; AID142774; AID142776; AID142777; AID142779; AID142780; AID142781; AID142782; AID142886; AID142887; AID142889; AID142890; AID142892
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.11000.00010.66618.2600AID141077
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.34060.00010.99178.0000AID142149
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.23050.00000.72926.9183AID141156; AID302023; AID723858
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.62810.00053.314249.5000AID141543; AID141544; AID142622; AID142625; AID142626; AID142627; AID142629; AID142637; AID142639; AID142640; AID142645; AID142757; AID142758; AID142759; AID142760; AID142762; AID142763; AID142764; AID142767; AID142768; AID142772; AID142774; AID142776; AID142777; AID142779; AID142780; AID142781; AID142782; AID142798; AID142865; AID142886; AID142887; AID142889; AID142890; AID142892
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki4.82860.00010.58908.2600AID141077; AID142876; AID34453
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.02910.00001.403910.0000AID1167235; AID1167243; AID1167251; AID1285636; AID1336331; AID141050; AID142291; AID1433976; AID255294; AID340252; AID346429; AID566265; AID751878; AID752238
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.05660.00000.59729.1201AID1152692; AID1196321; AID1196337; AID141156; AID1433976; AID1458653; AID238833; AID257195; AID302019; AID342989; AID346429; AID723863; AID751878
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Mus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)0.75000.00333.21788.9000AID141403
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor DM1Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)Ki0.41000.00051.42495.2000AID1090601; AID1090602
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.04790.00010.739610.0000AID342991
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.95560.00011.01049.9280AID141348
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.24530.00000.54057.7600AID141156; AID342991; AID723862
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Mus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)0.75000.00333.21788.9000AID141403
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Ki0.06570.00010.61203.8019AID141077; AID302019
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Mus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)0.75000.00333.21788.9000AID141403
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Mus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)0.75000.00333.21788.9000AID141403
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Mus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)0.51000.00333.22478.9000AID141403; AID142637; AID142639
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.02000.00090.98292.6915AID238154
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)KA0.01100.01102.28076.8100AID141437
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (100)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
response to virusMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
gastric acid secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
transmission of nerve impulseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylationMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of monoatomic ion transportMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
saliva secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
cognitionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of glial cell proliferationMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intracellular protein transportMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signalingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergicMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
protein modification processMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
saliva secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
ion channel modulating, G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathwayDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
neutrophil mediated immunityDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
germinal center formationDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxisDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysisDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
membrane protein ectodomain proteolysisDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesionDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
Notch receptor processingDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell chemotaxisDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
protein processingDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
signal releaseDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell growthDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of chemokine productionDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mast cell apoptotic processDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymusDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesion mediated by integrinDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
wound healing, spreading of epidermal cellsDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid precursor protein catabolic processDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migrationDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activityDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activityDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathwayDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
spleen developmentDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
cell motilityDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
defense response to Gram-positive bacteriumDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to high density lipoprotein particle stimulusDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
commissural neuron axon guidanceDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycleDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferationDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
Notch signaling pathwayDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (27)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
arrestin family protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
endopeptidase activityDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
metalloendopeptidase activityDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
Notch bindingDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
interleukin-6 receptor bindingDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
integrin bindingDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
peptidase activityDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
metallopeptidase activityDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
SH3 domain bindingDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine bindingDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
PDZ domain bindingDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor bindingDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic processDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (35)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
asymmetric synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
symmetric synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminusMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminusMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
cell-cell junctionDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
ruffle membraneDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumenDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
actin cytoskeletonDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
membraneDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Mus musculus (house mouse)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (322)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1345326Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1994FEBS letters, Sep-19, Volume: 352, Issue:1
A toxin from the green mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps: amino acid sequence and selectivity for muscarinic m4 receptors.
AID1345286Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1991British journal of pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 102, Issue:1
Selectivity profile of the novel muscarinic antagonist UH-AH 37 determined by the use of cloned receptors and isolated tissue preparations.
AID1345465Human M4 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2001AAPS pharmSci, , Volume: 3, Issue:4
Receptor binding studies of soft anticholinergic agents.
AID1345326Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1998The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Feb, Volume: 284, Issue:2
Pharmacological comparison of the cloned human and rat M2 muscarinic receptor genes expressed in the murine fibroblast (B82) cell line.
AID1345465Human M4 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1991British journal of pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 102, Issue:1
Selectivity profile of the novel muscarinic antagonist UH-AH 37 determined by the use of cloned receptors and isolated tissue preparations.
AID1345343Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1994FEBS letters, Sep-19, Volume: 352, Issue:1
A toxin from the green mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps: amino acid sequence and selectivity for muscarinic m4 receptors.
AID1345511Rat M5 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1992Life sciences, , Volume: 51, Issue:12
Cloning of the rat M3, M4 and M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the pharmacological characterization of the expressed genes.
AID1345465Human M4 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1997British journal of pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 120, Issue:8
Functional role of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in the urinary bladder of rats in vitro and in vivo.
AID1345286Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1989Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 35, Issue:4
Antagonist binding properties of five cloned muscarinic receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells.
AID1345699Rat M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1992Life sciences, , Volume: 51, Issue:12
Cloning of the rat M3, M4 and M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the pharmacological characterization of the expressed genes.
AID1345364Rat M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1992Life sciences, , Volume: 51, Issue:12
Cloning of the rat M3, M4 and M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the pharmacological characterization of the expressed genes.
AID1345343Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1997British journal of pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 120, Issue:8
Functional role of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in the urinary bladder of rats in vitro and in vivo.
AID1345364Rat M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1988The EMBO journal, Oct, Volume: 7, Issue:10
Cloned M1 muscarinic receptors mediate both adenylate cyclase inhibition and phosphoinositide turnover.
AID1345343Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1989Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 35, Issue:4
Antagonist binding properties of five cloned muscarinic receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells.
AID1345465Human M4 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1991The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Feb, Volume: 256, Issue:2
Antagonist binding profiles of five cloned human muscarinic receptor subtypes.
AID1345543Human M5 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1994FEBS letters, Sep-19, Volume: 352, Issue:1
A toxin from the green mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps: amino acid sequence and selectivity for muscarinic m4 receptors.
AID1345326Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1989Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 35, Issue:4
Antagonist binding properties of five cloned muscarinic receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells.
AID1345326Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2006The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Jan, Volume: 316, Issue:1
Constitutive activity and inverse agonism at the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.
AID1345326Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1997British journal of pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 120, Issue:8
Functional role of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in the urinary bladder of rats in vitro and in vivo.
AID1345465Human M4 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1994FEBS letters, Sep-19, Volume: 352, Issue:1
A toxin from the green mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps: amino acid sequence and selectivity for muscarinic m4 receptors.
AID1345543Human M5 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1991British journal of pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 102, Issue:1
Selectivity profile of the novel muscarinic antagonist UH-AH 37 determined by the use of cloned receptors and isolated tissue preparations.
AID1345343Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1991British journal of pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 102, Issue:1
Selectivity profile of the novel muscarinic antagonist UH-AH 37 determined by the use of cloned receptors and isolated tissue preparations.
AID1345435Rat M4 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1992Life sciences, , Volume: 51, Issue:12
Cloning of the rat M3, M4 and M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the pharmacological characterization of the expressed genes.
AID1345286Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2001AAPS pharmSci, , Volume: 3, Issue:4
Receptor binding studies of soft anticholinergic agents.
AID1345286Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1991The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Feb, Volume: 256, Issue:2
Antagonist binding profiles of five cloned human muscarinic receptor subtypes.
AID1345286Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1994FEBS letters, Sep-19, Volume: 352, Issue:1
A toxin from the green mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps: amino acid sequence and selectivity for muscarinic m4 receptors.
AID1345189Rat M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1992Life sciences, , Volume: 51, Issue:12
Cloning of the rat M3, M4 and M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the pharmacological characterization of the expressed genes.
AID1345343Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2001AAPS pharmSci, , Volume: 3, Issue:4
Receptor binding studies of soft anticholinergic agents.
AID1345364Rat M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1998The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Feb, Volume: 284, Issue:2
Pharmacological comparison of the cloned human and rat M2 muscarinic receptor genes expressed in the murine fibroblast (B82) cell line.
AID1345543Human M5 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1997British journal of pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 120, Issue:8
Functional role of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in the urinary bladder of rats in vitro and in vivo.
AID1345189Rat M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1989Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 35, Issue:4
Antagonist binding properties of five cloned muscarinic receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells.
AID1345286Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1997British journal of pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 120, Issue:8
Functional role of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in the urinary bladder of rats in vitro and in vivo.
AID1345326Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2001AAPS pharmSci, , Volume: 3, Issue:4
Receptor binding studies of soft anticholinergic agents.
AID1345326Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1991British journal of pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 102, Issue:1
Selectivity profile of the novel muscarinic antagonist UH-AH 37 determined by the use of cloned receptors and isolated tissue preparations.
AID1345326Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1991The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Feb, Volume: 256, Issue:2
Antagonist binding profiles of five cloned human muscarinic receptor subtypes.
AID1345343Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))1991The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Feb, Volume: 256, Issue:2
Antagonist binding profiles of five cloned human muscarinic receptor subtypes.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID504836Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation2002The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16
Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID588378qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID1347410qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library2019Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID1347405qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID588349qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347045Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347151Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347049Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347059CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347050Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347058CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347057CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID135327BBB penetration classification2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 43, Issue:11
Predicting blood-brain barrier permeation from three-dimensional molecular structure.
AID142291Compound was tested for its binding affinity against M1 human recombinant muscarinic receptor in CHO cells.1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-04, Volume: 9, Issue:19
Binding affinities of 3-(3-phenylisoxazol-5-yl)methylidene-1-azabicycles to acetylcholine receptors.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID142644Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of dorsomedial hypothalamus region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142638Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of cuneiform nucleus region of hindbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID91833Binding affinity against imipramine receptor was determined in homogenized rat cortex tissue using [3H]-imipramine as radioligand1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Tricyclic compounds as selective antimuscarinics. 1. Structural requirements for selectivity toward the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in a series of pirenzepine and imipramine analogues.
AID474278Selectivity for muscarinic M1 receptor over muscarinic M5 receptor2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 20, Issue:7
Synthesis and SAR of N-(4-(4-alklylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)benzamides as muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 1 (M1) anatgonists.
AID142636Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of cerebral cortex layers VI of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142761Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of lateral hypothalamus region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID342992Displacement of [3H]N-methylscopolamine chloride from human cloned muscarinic M4 receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of pirenzepine analogs bearing a 1,2-cyclohexanediamine and perhydroquinoxaline units in exchange for the piperazine ring as antimuscarinics.
AID1167268Antagonist activity at human M4 receptor expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced response by beta-arrestin engagement assay relative to untreated control2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 57, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of heterobivalent muscarinic ligands based on xanomeline and 1-[3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one (77-LH-28-1).
AID723861Binding affinity to human M2 muscarinic receptor2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 56, Issue:4
Structural modifications to tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate esters en route to the discovery of M5-preferring muscarinic receptor orthosteric antagonists.
AID28681Partition coefficient (logD6.5)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID142764Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of medial geniculate region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID1167263Antagonist activity at human M4 receptor expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced response by BRET based Gq protein activation assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 57, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of heterobivalent muscarinic ligands based on xanomeline and 1-[3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one (77-LH-28-1).
AID142629Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of central medial thalamic nucleus region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID1090601Displacement of [3H]QNB from Drosophila melanogaster mAChR by scintillation counting2007Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 55, Issue:6
Insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: pharmacological and toxicological profiles of antagonists and agonists.
AID566265Inhibition of human muscarinic M1 receptor2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 18, Issue:21
Discovery of {1-[4-(2-{hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]cyclooctyl}methanol, systemically potent novel non-peptide agonist of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor as analgesic for the treatment of neuropathic pain: de
AID142625Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of basolateral amygdaloid nucleus region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID723863Binding affinity to human M1 muscarinic receptor2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 56, Issue:4
Structural modifications to tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate esters en route to the discovery of M5-preferring muscarinic receptor orthosteric antagonists.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID141403Ability (10 ug/kg) to inhibit binding of [125I]iododexetimide to muscarinic receptor in mice1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 32, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of [125I]- and [123I]-4-iododexetimide, a potent muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist.
AID238002Apparent dissociation constant for human muscarinic receptor M1 from FRET binding assay2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 47, Issue:17
Fluorescent pirenzepine derivatives as potential bitopic ligands of the human M1 muscarinic receptor.
AID320528Selectivity for rat muscarinic M1 receptor over rat muscarinic M2 receptor by calcium mobilization assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Synthesis and SAR of selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 1 (M1 mAChR) antagonists.
AID342993Antagonist activity at peripheral muscarinic M2 receptor in guinea pig left atrium assessed as effect on arecaidin propargyl ester-induced contraction after 1 hr2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of pirenzepine analogs bearing a 1,2-cyclohexanediamine and perhydroquinoxaline units in exchange for the piperazine ring as antimuscarinics.
AID142798Binding affinity to the rat cardiac muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 using 0.3 nM [3H]N-methylscopolamine as radioligand1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
Tricyclic compounds as selective muscarinic receptor antagonists. 3. Structure-selectivity relationships in a series of cardioselective (M2) antimuscarinics.
AID141050Displacement of [3H]NMS binding to human Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 using membranes from transfected CHO cells1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 42, Issue:3
Identification and characterization of m1 selective muscarinic receptor antagonists1.
AID1090593Toxicity to Musca domestica (house fly) assessed as mortality at 75 ug/fly measured after 0.5 hr2007Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 55, Issue:6
Insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: pharmacological and toxicological profiles of antagonists and agonists.
AID142634Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of cerebral cortex layers I-III of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142781Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of superior coliculus region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142392Displacement of [3H]NMS binding to human Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 using membranes from transfected CHO cells1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 42, Issue:3
Identification and characterization of m1 selective muscarinic receptor antagonists1.
AID101728Ability to displace [3H]N-methylscopolamine (NMS) from M3 receptor in rat submaxillary gland homogenate1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-02, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Synthesis and biodistribution of iodine-125-labeled 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl alpha-hydroxy-alpha-(1-iodo-1-propen-3-yl)-alpha-phenylacetate. A new ligand for the potential imaging of muscarinic receptors by single photon emission computed tomography.
AID1895280Displacement of [3H]-QNB from Wistar rat brain membrane mAChR assessed as inhibition constant incubated for 30 mins by radioligand competitive binding assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-08, Volume: 64, Issue:13
Rational Design of Photochromic Analogues of Tricyclic Drugs.
AID27167Delta logD (logD6.5 - logD7.4)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID142762Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of medial amygdaloid nucleus region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID455986Permeability across human Caco-2 cells2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 17, Issue:19
Computational modeling of novel inhibitors targeting the Akt pleckstrin homology domain.
AID1449628Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in baculovirus transfected fall armyworm Sf21 cell membranes vesicles assessed as reduction in ATP-dependent [3H]-taurocholate transport into vesicles incubated for 5 mins by Topcount based rapid filtration method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 40, Issue:12
Mitigating the inhibition of human bile salt export pump by drugs: opportunities provided by physicochemical property modulation, in silico modeling, and structural modification.
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID257195Displacement of [3H]QNB from EGFP(delta-17)human M1 receptor expressed in HEK cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 48, Issue:24
On the use of nonfluorescent dye labeled ligands in FRET-based receptor binding studies.
AID474281Selectivity ratio of muscarinic M1 receptor over muscarinic M3 receptor2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 20, Issue:7
Synthesis and SAR of N-(4-(4-alklylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)benzamides as muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 1 (M1) anatgonists.
AID342990Displacement of [3H]N-methylscopolamine chloride from human cloned muscarinic M2 receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of pirenzepine analogs bearing a 1,2-cyclohexanediamine and perhydroquinoxaline units in exchange for the piperazine ring as antimuscarinics.
AID142876Tested for affinity constant against M2 muscarinic receptor rat heart using [3H]-NMS1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-30, Volume: 37, Issue:20
Design, synthesis, and biological activity of methoctramine-related tetraamines bearing an 11-acetyl-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4] benzodiazepin-6-one moiety: structural requirements for optimum occupancy of muscarinic receptor subtypes as revealed b
AID1090594Toxicity to Musca domestica (house fly) assessed as mortality at 25 ug/fly measured after 24 hr2007Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 55, Issue:6
Insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: pharmacological and toxicological profiles of antagonists and agonists.
AID346429Displacement of radiolabeled pirenzepine from human muscarinic M1 receptor2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22
cis-4-(Piperazin-1-yl)-5,6,7a,8,9,10,11,11a-octahydrobenzofuro[2,3-h]quinazolin-2-amine (A-987306), a new histamine H4R antagonist that blocks pain responses against carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia.
AID142955Inhibition of binding of [3H]N-methylscopolamine to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 of rat heart tissue membrane.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7
Functionalized congener approach to muscarinic antagonists: analogues of pirenzepine.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID142892Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of zona inserta region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID141023Tested for affinity constant against M4 muscarinic receptor in NG 108-15 cell homogenates using [3H]NMS1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-30, Volume: 37, Issue:20
Design, synthesis, and biological activity of methoctramine-related tetraamines bearing an 11-acetyl-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4] benzodiazepin-6-one moiety: structural requirements for optimum occupancy of muscarinic receptor subtypes as revealed b
AID1090598Toxicity to Musca domestica (house fly) assessed as mortality at 25 ug/fly measured after 0.5 hr2007Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 55, Issue:6
Insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: pharmacological and toxicological profiles of antagonists and agonists.
AID1895287Anticholinergic activity in isolated CD1 mouse CCh-induced bradycardia atrium assessed as recovery of CCh-indued contraction frequency at 100 uM2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-08, Volume: 64, Issue:13
Rational Design of Photochromic Analogues of Tricyclic Drugs.
AID142631Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of cerebellum, lobe 2 region of hindbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID340252Inhibition of human muscarinic M1 receptor2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-24, Volume: 51, Issue:14
Identification of a potent, selective, and orally active leukotriene a4 hydrolase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity.
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID142774Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of reticular thalamic nucleus region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142950Displacement of [3H](-)-quinuclidinyl benzilate(QNB) from muscarinic (M2) receptor in rat heart homogenates1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 34, Issue:10
Muscarinic receptor binding profile of para-substituted caramiphen analogues.
AID1167244Antagonist activity at human M1 receptor expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced response by BRET based Gq protein activation assay relative to untreated control2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 57, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of heterobivalent muscarinic ligands based on xanomeline and 1-[3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one (77-LH-28-1).
AID1090590Toxicity to Musca domestica (house fly) assessed as mortality at 75 ug/fly measured after 2.5 hr2007Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 55, Issue:6
Insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: pharmacological and toxicological profiles of antagonists and agonists.
AID255294Percent inhibition against Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 at 1 uM2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-03, Volume: 48, Issue:22
2-n-Butyl-9-methyl-8-[1,2,3]triazol-2-yl-9H-purin-6-ylamine and analogues as A2A adenosine receptor antagonists. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization.
AID232600Ratio of IC50 (gastric fundus) to IC50 (cortex)1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
Tricyclic compounds as selective antimuscarinics. 2. Structure-activity relationships of M1-selective antimuscarinics related to pirenzepine.
AID142622Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of Primary olfactory cortex region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142630Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of cerebellum, lobe 1 region of hindbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID288185Permeability coefficient through artificial membrane in presence of stirred water layer2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11
QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID142889Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of ventral posterior thalamic nucleus region of brain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142641Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of dorsal parabrachial nucleus region of hindbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID234497Ratio IC50 values of Muscarinic M2 receptor and muscarinic M1 receptor1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-18, Volume: 9, Issue:20
Quinolizidinyl derivatives of 5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one as ligands for muscarinic receptors.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID1458653Displacement of [3H]-pyrilamine from human recombinant M1 receptor expressed in CHO cells after 60 mins by scintillation counting2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-14, Volume: 60, Issue:17
Novel 3-(1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-1H-indole-Based Multifunctional Ligands with Antipsychotic-Like, Mood-Modulating, and Procognitive Activity.
AID141009Displacement of [3H]methylscopolamine binding to muscarinic M3 receptor in submaxillary salivary glands of rats.1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-18, Volume: 9, Issue:20
Quinolizidinyl derivatives of 5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one as ligands for muscarinic receptors.
AID234498Ratio IC50 values of Muscarinic M3 receptor and muscarinic M1 receptor1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-18, Volume: 9, Issue:20
Quinolizidinyl derivatives of 5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one as ligands for muscarinic receptors.
AID29359Ionization constant (pKa)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1167257Antagonist activity at human M4 receptor expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced response by BRET based Gq protein engagement assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 57, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of heterobivalent muscarinic ligands based on xanomeline and 1-[3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one (77-LH-28-1).
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1895281Displacement of [3H]-QNB from Wistar rat brain membrane mAChR incubated for 30 mins by radioligand competitive binding assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-08, Volume: 64, Issue:13
Rational Design of Photochromic Analogues of Tricyclic Drugs.
AID142765Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of medial raphe nucleus region of hindbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1285636Displacement of [3H]pirenzepine from human recombinant muscarinic M1 receptor expressed in CHO cells2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 24, Issue:8
Design, physico-chemical properties and biological evaluation of some new N-[(phenoxy)alkyl]- and N-{2-[2-(phenoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}aminoalkanols as anticonvulsant agents.
AID140922Inhibition of carbachol-induced release of alpha-amylase from pancreatic acinar cells from that of rat ileum contained the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 subtypes1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Binary antidotes for organophosphate poisoning: aprophen analogues that are both antimuscarinics and carbamates.
AID141858Binding affinity to Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 by measuring its ability to displace [3H]pirenzepine from rat cerebral cortex1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 41, Issue:17
Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of O-alkynyloximes of tropinone and N-methylpiperidinone as muscarinic agonists.
AID142012Inhibition of binding of [3H]N-Methyl-scopolamine to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 of rat heart NG108-15 cells1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7
Functionalized congener approach to muscarinic antagonists: analogues of pirenzepine.
AID29812Oral bioavailability in human2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID233598Ratio of Ki (M1 receptor) to Ki (M2 receptor) was determined1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 34, Issue:10
Muscarinic receptor binding profile of para-substituted caramiphen analogues.
AID185122The antiulcer activity against stress-induced ulcer in rats by 30 mg/kg peroral administration.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Synthesis and antiulcer activity of 5,11-dihydro[1]benzoxepino[3,4-b]pyridines.
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID238833Inhibition of [3H]QNB binding to human muscarinic receptor M12004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 47, Issue:17
Fluorescent pirenzepine derivatives as potential bitopic ligands of the human M1 muscarinic receptor.
AID142129Antimuscarinic activity on the acetylcholine-induced inhibition of contraction of guinea pig ileum which has Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M21989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Binary antidotes for organophosphate poisoning: aprophen analogues that are both antimuscarinics and carbamates.
AID751878Binding affinity to human muscarinic M1 receptor by radioligand displacement assay2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 63Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies in serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists based on fused pyrrolidone scaffolds.
AID142639Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of dentate gyrus region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID142149Displacement of [3H]NMS binding to human Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 using membranes from transfected CHO cells1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 42, Issue:3
Identification and characterization of m1 selective muscarinic receptor antagonists1.
AID1090602Displacement of [3H]AF-DX 384 from Drosophila melanogaster mAChR by scintillation counting2007Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 55, Issue:6
Insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: pharmacological and toxicological profiles of antagonists and agonists.
AID142628Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of central gray, pons region of hindbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142624Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of anterior hypothalamus region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID142779Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of subiculum region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID141141In vitro functional activity in isolated urinary bladder strips from Guinea Pig; Not determined1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-03, Volume: 38, Issue:3
3-Heteroaryl-substituted quinuclidin-3-ol and quinuclidin-2-ene derivatives as muscarinic antagonists. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships.
AID744641Inhibition of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat cortex2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 21, Issue:9
Discovery of subtype selective muscarinic receptor antagonists as alternatives to atropine using in silico pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening methods.
AID141453Binding affinity towards Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 of cerebral cortex1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
Tricyclic compounds as selective antimuscarinics. 2. Structure-activity relationships of M1-selective antimuscarinics related to pirenzepine.
AID1167243Antagonist activity at human M1 receptor expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced response by BRET based Gq protein activation assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 57, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of heterobivalent muscarinic ligands based on xanomeline and 1-[3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one (77-LH-28-1).
AID142778Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of rhomboid thalamic nucleus region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID141544In vitro inhibition of [3H]QNB binding to Muscarinic receptor from rat cortical homogenates1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-03, Volume: 35, Issue:7
Synthesis and muscarinic activities of quinuclidin-3-yltriazole and -tetrazole derivatives.
AID142921Binding affinity against Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 by displacement of [3H]pirenzepine in bovine striatum1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 31, Issue:7
Affinity and selectivity of the optical isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and related muscarinic antagonists.
AID302019Displacement of [3H]QNB from human muscarinic M1 receptor expressed in CHO cells2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24
Novel oxotremorine-related heterocyclic derivatives: Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology at the muscarinic receptor subtypes.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID142627Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of central amygdaloid nucleus region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID141348Displacement of [3H]-NMS binding to human Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 using membranes from transfected CHO cells1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 42, Issue:3
Identification and characterization of m1 selective muscarinic receptor antagonists1.
AID1193905Agonist activity at human m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as calcium mobilization by FLIPR assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 25, Issue:7
Synthesis and biological evaluation of isoxazoline derivatives as potent M₁ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonists.
AID1091958Hydrophobicity, log P of the compound in octanol-water by shaking-flask method2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID142626Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of bed nucleus stria terminalis region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID141156Binding affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptor by measuring displacement of [3H]QNB from guinea pig urinary bladder1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-03, Volume: 38, Issue:3
3-Heteroaryl-substituted quinuclidin-3-ol and quinuclidin-2-ene derivatives as muscarinic antagonists. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships.
AID142727Tested for affinity constant against M1 muscarinic receptor in rat cortex using [3H]pirenzepine1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-30, Volume: 37, Issue:20
Design, synthesis, and biological activity of methoctramine-related tetraamines bearing an 11-acetyl-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4] benzodiazepin-6-one moiety: structural requirements for optimum occupancy of muscarinic receptor subtypes as revealed b
AID288184Permeability coefficient through artificial membrane in presence of unstirred water layer by PAMPA2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11
QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID141011Tested for affinity constant against M3 muscarinic receptor in rat submaxillary gland using [3H]NMS1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-30, Volume: 37, Issue:20
Design, synthesis, and biological activity of methoctramine-related tetraamines bearing an 11-acetyl-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4] benzodiazepin-6-one moiety: structural requirements for optimum occupancy of muscarinic receptor subtypes as revealed b
AID141543In vitro inhibition of [3H]OXO-M binding to Muscarinic receptor from rat cortical homogenates1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-03, Volume: 35, Issue:7
Synthesis and muscarinic activities of quinuclidin-3-yltriazole and -tetrazole derivatives.
AID1196321Inhibition of muscarinic M1 receptor (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in control ligand binding2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-06, Volume: 92Novel 5-HT6 receptor antagonists/D2 receptor partial agonists targeting behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
AID342991Displacement of [3H]N-methylscopolamine chloride from human cloned muscarinic M3 receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of pirenzepine analogs bearing a 1,2-cyclohexanediamine and perhydroquinoxaline units in exchange for the piperazine ring as antimuscarinics.
AID232369Ratio of Compound (IC50(nM) of QNB/ IC50(nM) of OXO-M)1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 35, Issue:13
Substituent variation in azabicyclic triazole- and tetrazole-based muscarinic receptor ligands.
AID320530Selectivity for rat muscarinic M1 receptor over rat muscarinic M4 receptor by calcium mobilization assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Synthesis and SAR of selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 1 (M1 mAChR) antagonists.
AID1167258Antagonist activity at human M4 receptor expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced response by BRET based Gq protein engagement assay relative to untreated control2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 57, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of heterobivalent muscarinic ligands based on xanomeline and 1-[3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one (77-LH-28-1).
AID142637Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of cudate nucleus region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142769Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of pontine nuclei region of hindbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID592681Apparent permeability across human Caco2 cell membrane after 2 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 19, Issue:8
QSAR-based permeability model for drug-like compounds.
AID101871Affinity constant measured against M4 muscarinic receptor rat NG108-15 cells1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 36, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological activity of some methoctramine-related tetraamines bearing a 11-acetyl-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]-benzodiazepin-6-one moiety as antimuscarinics: a second generation of highly selective M2 muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID1090596Toxicity to Musca domestica (house fly) assessed as mortality at 25 ug/fly measured after 1.5 hr2007Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 55, Issue:6
Insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: pharmacological and toxicological profiles of antagonists and agonists.
AID1167235Antagonist activity at human M1 receptor expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced response by BRET based Gq protein engagement assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 57, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of heterobivalent muscarinic ligands based on xanomeline and 1-[3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one (77-LH-28-1).
AID141955Percentage inhibition for muscarinic acetylcholine receptor at concentration 10e-6 M.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Synthesis and antiulcer activity of 5,11-dihydro[1]benzoxepino[3,4-b]pyridines.
AID231529Ratio of binding affinity towards M2 (bovine striatum) to M1 (rat myocardium) receptor1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 31, Issue:7
Affinity and selectivity of the optical isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and related muscarinic antagonists.
AID142803Binding affinity towards muscarinic receptor of gastric fundus containing Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M21988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
Tricyclic compounds as selective antimuscarinics. 2. Structure-activity relationships of M1-selective antimuscarinics related to pirenzepine.
AID141874Displacement of [3H]NMS binding to human Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 using membranes from transfected CHO cells1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 42, Issue:3
Identification and characterization of m1 selective muscarinic receptor antagonists1.
AID142640Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of dorsal lateral geniculate region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID142772Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of posterior thalamic nucleus region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID141834Inhibition of binding of [3H]N-methylscopolamine to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 of transfected rat A9L cells.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7
Functionalized congener approach to muscarinic antagonists: analogues of pirenzepine.
AID104026Affinity constant measured against M1 muscarinic receptor in rat cortex1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 36, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological activity of some methoctramine-related tetraamines bearing a 11-acetyl-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]-benzodiazepin-6-one moiety as antimuscarinics: a second generation of highly selective M2 muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID141534In vitro displacement of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) from rat cerebral cortex muscarinic receptor.1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 35, Issue:13
Substituent variation in azabicyclic triazole- and tetrazole-based muscarinic receptor ligands.
AID231933Ratio for Ki for M2 (inhibition of adenylate cyclase of rat heart) to Ki for M1 (phosphatidyl inositol turnover in rat cortex)1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 31, Issue:7
Affinity and selectivity of the optical isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and related muscarinic antagonists.
AID140891Inhibition of [3H]NMS binding to cerebral cortex membranes which contain predominantly the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M11989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Binary antidotes for organophosphate poisoning: aprophen analogues that are both antimuscarinics and carbamates.
AID142750Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of hippocampus CA1 region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID101707Affinity constant measured against M2 muscarinic receptor in rat heart r1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 36, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological activity of some methoctramine-related tetraamines bearing a 11-acetyl-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]-benzodiazepin-6-one moiety as antimuscarinics: a second generation of highly selective M2 muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID723862Binding affinity to human M3 muscarinic receptor2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 56, Issue:4
Structural modifications to tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate esters en route to the discovery of M5-preferring muscarinic receptor orthosteric antagonists.
AID1091957Apparent permeability of the compound by PAMPA2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID320531Selectivity for rat muscarinic M1 receptor over rat muscarinic M5 receptor by calcium mobilization assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Synthesis and SAR of selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 1 (M1 mAChR) antagonists.
AID1193907Antagonist activity at human m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of acetylcholine-induced calcium mobilization at 10 microM by FLIPR assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 25, Issue:7
Synthesis and biological evaluation of isoxazoline derivatives as potent M₁ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonists.
AID142758Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142759Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of lateral posterior thalamic nucleus region of mid brain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID1091955Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound at pH 7.32011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID1167264Antagonist activity at human M4 receptor expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced response by BRET based Gq protein activation assay relative to untreated control2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 57, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of heterobivalent muscarinic ligands based on xanomeline and 1-[3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one (77-LH-28-1).
AID752238Binding affinity to human muscarinic M1 receptor by radioligand displacement assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(5-methyl-4-phenyl-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-acetamide stereoisomers as novel positive allosteric modulators of sigma-1 receptor.
AID19424Partition coefficient (logD7.4)2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 44, Issue:15
ElogD(oct): a tool for lipophilicity determination in drug discovery. 2. Basic and neutral compounds.
AID142642Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of dorsal raphe nucleus region of hindbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID185121Inhibition of stress-induced ulcer formation in rats by 10 mg/kg p.o. administration.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Synthesis and antiulcer activity of 5,11-dihydro[1]benzoxepino[3,4-b]pyridines.
AID141734Selectivity ratio for glandular muscarinic receptor 3 and cardiac muscarinic receptor 2 in rat1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
Tricyclic compounds as selective muscarinic receptor antagonists. 3. Structure-selectivity relationships in a series of cardioselective (M2) antimuscarinics.
AID1196337Displacement of [3H]pirenzepine from human muscarinic M1 receptor expressed in CHO cells2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-06, Volume: 92Novel 5-HT6 receptor antagonists/D2 receptor partial agonists targeting behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
AID142865Displacement of [3H]methylscopolamine binding to muscarinic M2 receptor in rat heart.1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-18, Volume: 9, Issue:20
Quinolizidinyl derivatives of 5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one as ligands for muscarinic receptors.
AID141437Displacement of [3H]pirenzepine from Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 in rabbit sympathetic ganglia homogenate1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-24, Volume: 35, Issue:15
Amide, urea, and carbamate analogues of the muscarinic agent [4-[[N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl]oxy]-2-butynyl]trimethylammonium chloride.
AID302023Displacement of [3H]QNB from human muscarinic M5 receptor expressed in CHO cells2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24
Novel oxotremorine-related heterocyclic derivatives: Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology at the muscarinic receptor subtypes.
AID233269Selectivity ratio between heart (M2) and cortex (M1) was determined1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 36, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological activity of some methoctramine-related tetraamines bearing a 11-acetyl-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]-benzodiazepin-6-one moiety as antimuscarinics: a second generation of highly selective M2 muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID1193906Agonist activity at human m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by calcium mobilization assay at 10 microM by FLIPR assay relative to 100 nM acetylcholine response2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 25, Issue:7
Synthesis and biological evaluation of isoxazoline derivatives as potent M₁ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonists.
AID142751Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of hippocampus CA3 region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID141727Inhibition of binding of [3H]N-methylscopolamine to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 of transfected rat A9L cells.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7
Functionalized congener approach to muscarinic antagonists: analogues of pirenzepine.
AID1090589Toxicity to Musca domestica (house fly) assessed as mortality at 75 ug/fly measured after 24 hr2007Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 55, Issue:6
Insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: pharmacological and toxicological profiles of antagonists and agonists.
AID288192Partition coefficient, log P of the compound2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11
QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID142768Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of periaqueductal region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID474279Selectivity ratio of muscarinic M1 receptor over muscarinic M4 receptor2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 20, Issue:7
Synthesis and SAR of N-(4-(4-alklylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)benzamides as muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 1 (M1) anatgonists.
AID142886Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of ventral dentate gyrus region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID142752Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of hippocampus CA4 region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142888Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of ventral parabrachial nucleus region of hindbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142935Binding affinity against Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 by displacement of [3H]QNB in rat myocardium1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 31, Issue:7
Affinity and selectivity of the optical isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and related muscarinic antagonists.
AID23248Partition coefficient (log P) at pH 7.41988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
Tricyclic compounds as selective antimuscarinics. 2. Structure-activity relationships of M1-selective antimuscarinics related to pirenzepine.
AID140897Binding affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 by measuring displacement of [3H]QNB from guinea pig cerebral cortex1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-03, Volume: 38, Issue:3
3-Heteroaryl-substituted quinuclidin-3-ol and quinuclidin-2-ene derivatives as muscarinic antagonists. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships.
AID1090597Toxicity to Musca domestica (house fly) assessed as mortality at 25 ug/fly measured after 1 hr2007Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 55, Issue:6
Insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: pharmacological and toxicological profiles of antagonists and agonists.
AID77620Antimuscarinic activity was assayed for its ability to block the acetyl-choline induced contraction of the guinea pig ileum1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
6-Methyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol 2,2-diphenylpropionate (azaprophen), a highly potent antimuscarinic agent.
AID1336331Displacement of [3H]pirenzepine from human recombinant M1 receptor expressed in CHO cells measured after 60 mins by scintillation counting method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 25, Issue:2
Structure-anticonvulsant activity studies in the group of (E)-N-cinnamoyl aminoalkanols derivatives monosubstituted in phenyl ring with 4-Cl, 4-CH
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1090591Toxicity to Musca domestica (house fly) assessed as mortality at 75 ug/fly measured after 1.5 hr2007Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 55, Issue:6
Insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: pharmacological and toxicological profiles of antagonists and agonists.
AID142891Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of ventromedial hypothalamus region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142776Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of retrosplenial cortex region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID104018Ability to displace [3H]pirenzepine (PZ) from M1 receptor in rat cortex homogenate1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-02, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Synthesis and biodistribution of iodine-125-labeled 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl alpha-hydroxy-alpha-(1-iodo-1-propen-3-yl)-alpha-phenylacetate. A new ligand for the potential imaging of muscarinic receptors by single photon emission computed tomography.
AID233261Selectivity ratio between Heart (M2) and gland (M3) was determined1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 36, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological activity of some methoctramine-related tetraamines bearing a 11-acetyl-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]-benzodiazepin-6-one moiety as antimuscarinics: a second generation of highly selective M2 muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID141077Binding affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 by measuring displacement of [3H]QNB from guinea pig parotid gland1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-03, Volume: 38, Issue:3
3-Heteroaryl-substituted quinuclidin-3-ol and quinuclidin-2-ene derivatives as muscarinic antagonists. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships.
AID196390Evaluated for the phosphatidyl inositol turnover at Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 in rat cortex1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 31, Issue:7
Affinity and selectivity of the optical isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and related muscarinic antagonists.
AID1090595Toxicity to Musca domestica (house fly) assessed as mortality at 25 ug/fly measured after 2.5 hr2007Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 55, Issue:6
Insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: pharmacological and toxicological profiles of antagonists and agonists.
AID320529Selectivity for rat muscarinic M1 receptor over rat muscarinic M3 receptor by calcium mobilization assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Synthesis and SAR of selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 1 (M1 mAChR) antagonists.
AID1167236Antagonist activity at human M1 receptor expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced response by BRET based Gq protein engagement assay relative to untreated control2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 57, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of heterobivalent muscarinic ligands based on xanomeline and 1-[3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one (77-LH-28-1).
AID233259Selectivity ratio between Heart (M2) and NG108-15 (M4) was determined1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 36, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological activity of some methoctramine-related tetraamines bearing a 11-acetyl-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]-benzodiazepin-6-one moiety as antimuscarinics: a second generation of highly selective M2 muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID1167251Antagonist activity at human M1 receptor expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced response by BRET based beta-arrestin engagement assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 57, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of heterobivalent muscarinic ligands based on xanomeline and 1-[3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one (77-LH-28-1).
AID142220Binding affinity against Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor was determined in homogenized rat cortex tissue using [3H]N-methylscopolamine as radioligand1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Tricyclic compounds as selective antimuscarinics. 1. Structural requirements for selectivity toward the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in a series of pirenzepine and imipramine analogues.
AID142773Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of raphe pontis region of hindbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID101556Ability to displace [3H](-)-quinuclidinyl benzilate(QNB) from M2 receptor in rat heart homogenate1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-02, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Synthesis and biodistribution of iodine-125-labeled 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl alpha-hydroxy-alpha-(1-iodo-1-propen-3-yl)-alpha-phenylacetate. A new ligand for the potential imaging of muscarinic receptors by single photon emission computed tomography.
AID142635Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of cerebral cortex layers IV and V of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID101736Affinity constant measured against M3 muscarinic receptor in rat submaxillary gland1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 36, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological activity of some methoctramine-related tetraamines bearing a 11-acetyl-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]-benzodiazepin-6-one moiety as antimuscarinics: a second generation of highly selective M2 muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID1091956Apparent hydrophobicity, log D of the compound in Octanol-buffer2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID142782Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of superior coliculus, infragranular region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142715Displacement of [3H]pirenzepine binding to muscarinic M1 receptor in brain cortex of rat.1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-18, Volume: 9, Issue:20
Quinolizidinyl derivatives of 5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one as ligands for muscarinic receptors.
AID142632Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of cerebellum, lobe 3 region of hindbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID229750Ratio of inhibition of QNB to OXO-M binding to Muscarinic receptor1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-03, Volume: 35, Issue:7
Synthesis and muscarinic activities of quinuclidin-3-yltriazole and -tetrazole derivatives.
AID141829Displacement of [3H]pirenzepine from muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 in rat cortex homogenates1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 34, Issue:10
Muscarinic receptor binding profile of para-substituted caramiphen analogues.
AID1433976Displacement of [3H]pirenzepine from human recombinant Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 expressed in CHO cells after 60 mins by scintillation counting2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-12, Volume: 60, Issue:1
Pyrimidine-Based Inhibitors of Dynamin I GTPase Activity: Competitive Inhibition at the Pleckstrin Homology Domain.
AID142770Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of posterior cingulate cortex region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID141606Binding affinity for glandular muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 in rat assayed using 0.3 nM [3H]N-methylscopolamine as radioligand1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
Tricyclic compounds as selective muscarinic receptor antagonists. 3. Structure-selectivity relationships in a series of cardioselective (M2) antimuscarinics.
AID142756Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of inferior coliculus region of hindbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID723858Binding affinity to human M5 muscarinic receptor2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 56, Issue:4
Structural modifications to tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate esters en route to the discovery of M5-preferring muscarinic receptor orthosteric antagonists.
AID142766Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of neostriatum region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID238154Apparent dissociation constant for human muscarinic receptor M1 from FRET based binding assay2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 47, Issue:17
Fluorescent pirenzepine derivatives as potential bitopic ligands of the human M1 muscarinic receptor.
AID342989Displacement of [3H]N-methylscopolamine chloride from human cloned muscarinic M1 receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of pirenzepine analogs bearing a 1,2-cyclohexanediamine and perhydroquinoxaline units in exchange for the piperazine ring as antimuscarinics.
AID142757Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of lateral amygdaloid nucleus region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142106Antimuscarinic activity on the acetylcholine-induced inhibition of contraction of guinea pig ileum which has muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M21989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Binary antidotes for organophosphate poisoning: aprophen analogues that are both antimuscarinics and carbamates.
AID142633Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of cerebellum, lobe 4 region of hindbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID1167267Antagonist activity at human M4 receptor expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced response by beta-arrestin engagement assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 57, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of heterobivalent muscarinic ligands based on xanomeline and 1-[3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one (77-LH-28-1).
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID141953Percentage inhibition for muscarinic acetylcholine receptor at concentration 10 e-5M.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Synthesis and antiulcer activity of 5,11-dihydro[1]benzoxepino[3,4-b]pyridines.
AID157520Inhibition of carbachol-induced release of alpha-amylase from pancreatic acini from rat was determined1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
6-Methyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol 2,2-diphenylpropionate (azaprophen), a highly potent antimuscarinic agent.
AID342994Antagonist activity at peripheral muscarinic M3 receptor in guinea pig longitudinal ileum assessed as effect on arecaidin propargyl ester-induced contraction after 1 hr2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of pirenzepine analogs bearing a 1,2-cyclohexanediamine and perhydroquinoxaline units in exchange for the piperazine ring as antimuscarinics.
AID142623Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of anterior cingulate cortex region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142777Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of reuniens thalamic nucleus region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142887Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of ventral lateral geniculate region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142780Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of substantia nigra region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID474280Selectivity ratio of muscarinic M1 receptor over muscarinic M2 receptor2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 20, Issue:7
Synthesis and SAR of N-(4-(4-alklylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)benzamides as muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 1 (M1) anatgonists.
AID141531In vitro ability to displace [3H]oxotremorine-M (OXO-M) from rat cerebral cortex muscarinic receptor.1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 35, Issue:13
Substituent variation in azabicyclic triazole- and tetrazole-based muscarinic receptor ligands.
AID1090592Toxicity to Musca domestica (house fly) assessed as mortality at 75 ug/fly measured after 1 hr2007Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 55, Issue:6
Insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: pharmacological and toxicological profiles of antagonists and agonists.
AID342995Antagonist activity at peripheral muscarinic M4 receptor in rabbit vas deferens assessed as effect on McN-A-343-induced contraction after 1 hr2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of pirenzepine analogs bearing a 1,2-cyclohexanediamine and perhydroquinoxaline units in exchange for the piperazine ring as antimuscarinics.
AID142763Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of medial dorsal thalamic nucleus region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142111Binding affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 by measuring displacement of [3H]QNB from guinea pig heart1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-03, Volume: 38, Issue:3
3-Heteroaryl-substituted quinuclidin-3-ol and quinuclidin-2-ene derivatives as muscarinic antagonists. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships.
AID142771Inhibition of binding of [3H]L-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of posterior hypothalamus region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142760Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of lateral septal nucleus of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142890Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of ventral subiculum region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID1152692Displacement of [3H]pirenzepine from human recombinant M1 receptor expressed in CHO cells2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Novel arylsulfonamide derivatives with 5-HT₆/5-HT₇ receptor antagonism targeting behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
AID34453Evaluated for the inhibition of adenylate cyclase at M2 receptor in rat heart1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 31, Issue:7
Affinity and selectivity of the optical isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and related muscarinic antagonists.
AID142645Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of entorhinal cortex region of forebrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID142767Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of paraventricular thalamic nucleus region of midbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID723860Binding affinity to human M4 muscarinic receptor2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 56, Issue:4
Structural modifications to tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate esters en route to the discovery of M5-preferring muscarinic receptor orthosteric antagonists.
AID142643Inhibition of binding of [3H]l-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]L-QNB) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of dorsal tegmentum region of hindbrain1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 32, Issue:6
Regional differences in the binding of selective muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain: comparison with minimum-energy conformations.
AID79352Antimuscarinic activity was assayed for its ability to block the acetyl-choline induced contraction of the guinea pig ileum1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
6-Methyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol 2,2-diphenylpropionate (azaprophen), a highly potent antimuscarinic agent.
AID1167252Antagonist activity at human M1 receptor expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced response by BRET based beta-arrestin engagement assay relative to untreated control2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 57, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of heterobivalent muscarinic ligands based on xanomeline and 1-[3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one (77-LH-28-1).
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (3,595)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990907 (25.23)18.7374
1990's1315 (36.58)18.2507
2000's1214 (33.77)29.6817
2010's138 (3.84)24.3611
2020's21 (0.58)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 59.52

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index59.52 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.39 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.37 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index105.55 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (59.52)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials587 (15.40%)5.53%
Reviews280 (7.35%)6.00%
Case Studies451 (11.83%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other2,494 (65.42%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel, 12-week, Phase 2a Study of Topical Pirenzepine (WST-057) or Placebo in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Painful Peripheral Neuropathy [NCT04786340]Phase 258 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-20Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel, 24-Week, Phase 2a Study of Topical Pirenzepine (WST-057) or Placebo in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Peripheral Neuropathy [NCT04005287]Phase 258 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-10-15Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		2.420O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
acetoacetic acid
acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.		1.98103-oxo fatty acid;
ketone body		metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		8.21350amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.3820monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.07106-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.0710acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		2.0710amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		3.2660amino-acid anion
carnitine
[no description available]		2.0710amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		1.9710alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		9.62270cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		3.99140halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		3.0850chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		3.1450coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
2-cresol
2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.		2.0310cresolhuman xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		3.1250monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.3920trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		1.9810(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.7330aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.0710guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.940catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		3.3320glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
alanine
[no description available]		2.0510alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion		fundamental metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		531alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		3.3911alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		6.22133carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		7.38361aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.0510elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.0310benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
indole
[no description available]		2.0310indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		2.0310indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		8.4880cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		3.3360acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
acetanilide
acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0710acetamides;
anilide		analgesic
naphthalene
[no description available]		210naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		3.0610monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		4.3222monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		3.3611aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		2.7230C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.0310phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.0510methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		2.0710hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		1.9710pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		1.9610divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		210alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		3.7921sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
tryptamine
[no description available]		2.0310aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.0510pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.0510isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		3.580non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
sk&f 81297
[no description available]		2.0310benzazepine
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin
7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9910tetralins
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		4.27180phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		3.1150non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
bremazocine
[no description available]		2.4620
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist		2.420
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.		3.4670amphetamines;
dimethoxybenzene;
organoiodine compound
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		2.3820non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		3.5580benzenes;
organic amino compound
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		2.6930benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		3.77100oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
pk 11195
PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine		3.1950aromatic amide;
isoquinolines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		3.3911monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		4.9733aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		1.9910methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		2.4220oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		2.0610chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2-methyl-5-ht
2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist		2.9210tryptaminesserotonergic agonist
2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-n,n-diphenylcarbamate
2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamate: inhibits phospholipase C and serine esterases; structure in first source		1.9910
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.		2.0410isocoumarins;
organochlorine compound		geroprotector;
serine protease inhibitor
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		3.821amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.0710oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		3.0850aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.		7.862360quaternary ammonium ioncholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		3.7821guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		4.5170imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		4.0631indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist		210
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		2.0710monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		9.07150acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		3.2860aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
aceclidine
aceclidine: was heading 1975-94; use QUINUCLIDINES to search ACECLIDINE 1975-94; cholinomimetic used to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma		2.9240quinuclidines
acephate
acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.		2.0610mixed diacylamine;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphoramide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		591acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetarsol
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
anilide
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		3.0610monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethacridine
Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.		2.0710acridines
4-(acetylamino)benzeneacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
anilide
adiphenine
adiphenine: was heading 1963-94; use DIPHENYLACETIC ACIDS to search ADIPHENINE 1966-94		2.420diarylmethane
aklomide
aklomide: structure		2.0710carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
alachlor
alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.		2.0610aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		3.0950phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alminoprofen
alminoprofen: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alminoprofen : A substituted aniline that is ibuprofen in which the isobutyl group is replaced by a (2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)amino group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used for treatment of inflammatory and rheumatic disorders.		2.0610amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		2.0110imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		2.9240organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		3.2860secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		2.0710triamino-1,3,5-triazine
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		210aluminium coordination entity
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		3.7921adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
amfenac
amfenac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. amfenac : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is benzophenone in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by an amino group and a carboxymethyl group at position 2 and 3, respectively. The corresponding carboxamide, nepafenac, is a prodrug of amfenac and is used for the treatment of pain and inflammation following cataract surgery.		2.0610amino acid;
benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.0710dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		2.0710N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		3.5380dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		2.94401-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		9.07152aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		9.8681carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		2.7130dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		210barbiturates
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		2.0710aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.5320dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amprolium
Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.		2.0710pyridinium ioncoccidiostat
aniracetam
[no description available]		210N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
antazoline
Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0710aromatic amine;
imidazolines;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		8.4170pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol
[no description available]		2.0710aporphine alkaloid
1-methyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-5-carboxylic acid prop-2-ynyl ester
[no description available]		2.0310dihydropyridine
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		4.47230enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		5.07101benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.7230benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		4.11150ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
atrazine
[no description available]		2.4520chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		3.821aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
baclofen
[no description available]		2.940amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.9140(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		2.0710benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.0710carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
bentazone
bentazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bentazone : A benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.		2.0610benzothiadiazineenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.6830benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		2.0710benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.4320pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
betahistine
Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.		1.9710aminoalkylpyridine;
secondary amino compound		H1-receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
bethanidine
Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.		2.3820guanidinesadrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		2.4320propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		6.02370carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bevantolol
bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.		210propanolamineanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
calcium channel blocker
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		210biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		10.6873piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		2.0710diarylmethane
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		2.4620
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		2.4120secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bretylium
bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0710quaternary ammonium ionadrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		210organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.0710organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
seratrodast
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		210organic molecular entity
bumetanide
[no description available]		2.730amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin
bunazosin: structure		1.9710quinazolines
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		1.9810aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		2.0710azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		2.0710methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
butacaine
butacaine: was MH 1965-92; BUTAPROBENZ & BUTOCAIN were see BUTACAINE 1978-92; use 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID to search BUTACAINE 1966-92		2.0710benzoate ester
butamben
butamben: structure. butamben : An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.		2.0710amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		local anaesthetic
caffeine
[no description available]		5.2111purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		5.26121aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
carbamylcholine
[no description available]		2.7330
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		10.22212dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		2.0710monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.0710N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.4320quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		210carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		2.6930ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cetraxate
[no description available]		1.9710benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.4320benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		1.9910aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		210aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		2.420benzodiazepine
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.3920aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		2.4220benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.0710monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		2.6830monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		9.96282organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		2.4320monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		2.730chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		7.6930isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
cifenline
[no description available]		210diarylmethane
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		14.8216666aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
aricine
[no description available]		2.0710cinchona alkaloid
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.9440aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.940benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		7.021132-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clebopride
clebopride: antidopaminergic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710piperidines
clidinium
clidinium: see also record for clidinium compounds; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. clidinium : The ester resulting from formal condensation of benzilic acid and 3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. It is used, generally as the bromide, for the symptomatic treatment of peptic ulcer disease and also to help relieve abdominal or stomach spasms or cramps due to colicky abdominal pain, diverticulitis, and irritable bowel syndrome.		2.6730diarylmethane
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.41201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofedanol
clofedanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. clofedanol : A diarylmethane that is 2-chlorophenyl(phenyl)methane substituted on the methane carbon by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. Used in the treatment of dry cough, it suppresses the cough reflex by a direct effect on the cough centre in the medulla of the brain.		1.9710diarylmethane;
tertiary amino compound		antitussive
clomiphene
[no description available]		2.0710tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		591dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		3.25601,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		10.63181clonidine;
imidazoline
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.4420conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cloxyquin
cloxyquin: has antitubercular activity; structure in first source		2.0710organochlorine compound;
quinolines
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		2.0710chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.0710carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.0710carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.3820non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclopentolate
Cyclopentolate: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.. cyclopentolate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetic acid with N,N-dimethylethanolamine. A tertiary amine antimuscarinic with actions similar to atropine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.		6.1230carboxylic ester;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
muscarinic antagonist;
mydriatic agent;
parasympatholytic
cyclothiazide
cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.		210benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.411piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		210hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		2.0710substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.0710carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		2104-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		3.8110dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		2.71301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.2760primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		4.412101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.4520organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		2.4320benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibenzothiophene
dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.0710dibenzothiophenes;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		keratolytic drug
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		2.0710aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
dichlobanil
2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile : A nitrile that is benzonitrile which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 6. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor, it is used as a pre-emergent and early post-emergent herbicide.		2.0610dichlorobenzene;
nitrile		agrochemical;
cellulose synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		3.1450amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		2.0710dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		5.64250carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
diethyl pyrocarbonate
Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.		6.9710acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diphenidol
diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.		1.9710benzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		antiemetic
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		210monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dilacor xr
5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate : A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.		2.0710acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
benzothiazepine;
lactam;
tertiary amino compound
dimaprit
Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.		1.9810imidothiocarbamic ester
dimethadione
Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.		2.0710oxazolidinone
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.150ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenylpyraline
diphenylpyraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allergen : A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.. diphenylpyraline : A member of the class of piperidines that is the benzhydryl ether derivative of 1-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders. It is also used as the teoclate salt (piprinhydrinate) as an ingredient in compound preparations for the symptomatic relief of coughs and the common cold.		2.0710piperidines;
tertiary amine		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		2.4120monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.0710organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
disulfoton
Disulfoton: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. disulfoton : An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.		1.9810organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
diuron
Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.06103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
dichlorobenzene		environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
urea herbicide;
xenobiotic
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		13.164011branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		4.4651benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		6.5782aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
adtn
ADTN: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.3110
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		210aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		8.0750dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		2.0710pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
cycloadiphenine
cycloadiphenine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710benzenes
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		2.0710aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyclonine
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic ketone;
piperidines		topical anaesthetic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		2.0710oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
e 4031
E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD		2.1510sulfonamide
ebastine
[no description available]		210organic molecular entity
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.0710benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.0710dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		2.6930phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		3.7721
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		2.0710phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		2.4320dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		2.0710imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		2.07101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etilefrine
Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.		210phenols
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		210monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		8.411841,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.0710carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.7230dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.4120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		2.0710benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		2.0610monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		4.1850resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.7130anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fenthion
Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.		2.0610organic thiophosphateacaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		2.0610piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipronil
fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.		2.0610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
dichlorobenzene;
nitrile;
primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfoxide
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.7130aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.7230difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.7130conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		210aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		4.551N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		3.1250ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.7130nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		10.863510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.0110decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		2.7330fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		2.0710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		3.5280chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		6.7270gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gallamine triethiodide
[no description available]		1.9910aromatic ether
vanoxerine
vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.7430ether;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		210aromatic etherantilipemic drug
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		2.0710aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.0710N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		2.0710sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		210aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		1.9710piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.1150monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.92130methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		2.0710azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		2.4120isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		19.5323974aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
hexahydrosiladifenidol
[no description available]		6.21450
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol
[no description available]		5.08430
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		4.9360quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		210barbiturates
hexoprenaline
Hexoprenaline: Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.		2.0710
tele-methylhistamine
tele-methylhistamine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist. N(tele)-methylhistamine : A primary amino compound that is the N(tele)-methyl derivative of histamine.		210imidazoles;
primary amino compound		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-methylhistamine
alpha-methylhistamine: a histamine H3 receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.		2.420aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		animal metabolite;
H3-receptor agonist
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		2.0710acetamides
huprine x
huprine X: structure in first source		2.0110
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.0710thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4320azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.1450benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		2.0710benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		2.0710hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		3.2960monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		2.0710primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		4.570benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ici 118551
[no description available]		3.3160indanes
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		6.01261dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.4320bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		2.0710indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		4.51240aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodoquinol
Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.		2.0710monohydroxyquinoline;
organoiodine compound		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
indolepropionic acid
indolepropionic acid: structure in third source. 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid : An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3.		2.0310indol-3-yl carboxylic acidauxin;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
iproniazid
[no description available]		2.0710carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		210azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.88403-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoetharine
Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.		2.0710catecholamine
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.7130carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		3.85120secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		4.47230catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		2.0710alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		2.4220benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
staurosporine aglycone
staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor		2.0510
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		3.1150cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		5.76201aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.4420dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.1450benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		2.4320amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		3.821cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		1.9810monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.		1.9710alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phosphonic acids		human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		3.2960benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		7.24901,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		2.9240benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		2.0710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		2.0710nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		210aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		210fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		2.4120benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		7.0293benzodiazepine
lorglumide
lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine.		1.9710benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
dichlorobenzene;
glutamic acid derivative
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		2.0710biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		4.5240dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		2.0610cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
ly 171883
LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.		2.0710acetophenones;
aromatic ether;
phenols;
tetrazoles		anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mabuterol
mabuterol: structure given in first source		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.110diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		210anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.6730organic molecular entity
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		210aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		4.4210primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.3511nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4120aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		210organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		2.0710adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		210ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		2.0710aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		2.0710imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
benzoic acid [2-methyl-2-(propylamino)propyl] ester
[no description available]		2.0710benzoate ester
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		2.0710amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		2.6930aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		3.5620guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		210benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.0710ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methiothepin
Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).		2.8130aryl sulfide;
dibenzothiepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		2.0710aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoctramine
[no description available]		3.88120aromatic ether;
tetramine		muscarinic antagonist
methomyl
Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.		2.0610aliphatic sulfide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.420C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
n-methylcarbamylcholine
N-methylcarbamylcholine: structure given in first source		3.0750
5-methylfurtrethonium
5-methylfurtrethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.4780aralkylamine
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		7185benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		2.0610organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		3.2860aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		2.7130C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		2.4420aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		2.7230aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		5.1280dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0710dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		2.4220imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
milrinone
[no description available]		2.4220bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minaprine
minaprine: Agr 1240 refers to di-HCl; short-acting type A MAO inhibitor (MAOI) of mild potency; structure		1.9710morpholines;
pyridazines;
secondary amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
cholinergic drug;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		2.0710dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		4.7150benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		2.0710diarylmethane
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		210benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		210ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		3.93130alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.0710acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		4.94120maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		210beta-carbolines
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		2.4520aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.6830aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		210methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		2.0710tetralins
nafronyl
Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.		2.0710naphthalenes
naftopidil
[no description available]		2.0710piperazines
nan 190
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.		1.9810N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
phthalimides		serotonergic antagonist
naphazoline
Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.		2.0710naphthalenes
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		2.0710aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		5.4230quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.9640cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		2.9340benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		5.27121C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nilvadipine
[no description available]		2.4320dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.43202-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid
nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.4420beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		210C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nisoxetine
nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.		2.4220aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		3.1350C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitromide
nitromide: antibacterial agent for prevention & treatment of Salmonella pullorum infections in chickens & turkeys & for fowl typhoid & paratyphoid; used in feed; structure		2.0710
nizatidine
[no description available]		2.41201,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		2.0710isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.7230fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		210organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
6,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl)-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one
[no description available]		2.0710isoquinolines
ns 2028
NS 2028: structure in first source		2.0410
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.		2.0410aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
nylidrin
Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.		2.0710alkylbenzene
octopamine
Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.		1.9810phenylethanolamines;
tyramines		neurotransmitter
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.43203-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		9.95333aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		3.8540carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		2.0710ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
1,2-cyclohexanediamine
1,2-cyclohexanediamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		7.0410primary aliphatic amine
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2101,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		2.71301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.5120amino acid amide
oxibendazole
oxibendazole: structure		2.0710benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		3.3970benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxotremorine m
oxotremorine M: structure given in first source		5.53220quaternary ammonium ionmuscarinic agonist
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		8.71840N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		3.2960aromatic ether
benoxinate
benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.		2.0710amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.5180acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxyphencyclimine
oxyphencyclimine: minor descriptor (65-85); on-line & Index Medicus search PYRIMIDINES (65-85); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9510monocarboxylic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		1.9710aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		2.7130benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.0710aromatic amine
pd 153035
4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structure given in first source. PD-153035 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.		2.0410aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
bromobenzenes;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0410aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		2.0710aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.6730barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		2.4120oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		2.0710piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		3.3970N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.0710acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.0610acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.6730barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		210phenols
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.0850aromatic amine
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		210pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
1,3a,8-Trimethyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-yl methylcarbamate
[no description available]		2.0710pyrroloindole
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.0710pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		3.86120indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.0710aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.0710organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		2.4520aromatic ether
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		3.68100inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.		2.0510arenesulfonic acid;
azobenzenes;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
organic phosphate;
pyridinecarbaldehyde		purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.1550acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		2.0710pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0610pyridochromene
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.0710isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		4.5230aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		2.4320aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		210pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		2.0710diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		4.3341benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.4320dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.4120benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		2.0710benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.3511benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.4320N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		2.3920pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		5.06101benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		210phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		210phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.7130aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		6.06113xanthenes
propentofylline
[no description available]		1.9810oxopurine
propiverine
propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome		210diarylmethane
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		2.4420phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		4.52240naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.85110carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		1.9710pyridinium ion
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		4.23170aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		2.0710aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
quipazine
Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.		2.3920piperazines;
pyridines
7-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-8-ol
[no description available]		2.5420benzazepine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		7.4220benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		3.4170aralkylamine
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		2.9340benzothiazoles
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		21.57365631,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.6930organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ro 15-4513
Ro 15-4513: a partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors		2.0110organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.0710butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.0410pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
roxarsone
Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.		2.07102-nitrophenols;
organoarsonic acid		agrochemical;
animal growth promotant;
antibacterial drug;
coccidiostat
roxatidine acetate
roxatidine acetate: structure given in first source		3.3611piperidines
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.0710phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		2.0710benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sb 206553
SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source		2.110pyrroloindole
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		2.4320pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
linsidomine
linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		210morpholines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.4320ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		2.940aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
sq 22536
9-(tetrahydrofuryl)adenine : A nucleoside analogue that is adenine in which the nitrogen at position 9 has been substituted by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group. It is an adenylate cyclase inhibitor.		2.0410nucleoside analogue;
oxolanes		EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		2.0510long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
imatinib
[no description available]		2.4620aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		2.420quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole
succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure		2.07101,3-thiazoles
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.0710N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.0710aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.0710pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0710pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		2.0710sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.4320isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		2.4620
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		210pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.4320isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		10.45304benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		4.7250sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.7130naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
talipexole
talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source		210azepine
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		12.0310313benzodiazepine
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		210benzodiazepine
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		210furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		4.4951phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.0710diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.4420benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.3920quaternary ammonium ion
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.		1.9710phosphoramide
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone: structure. tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone : A hydroxybenzoquinone in which all four protons of the benzoquinone structure are substituted by hydroxy groups. A systemic keratolytic, it is normally supplied as its hydrate (CHEBI:137471).		2.0710hydroxybenzoquinonekeratolytic drug
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		2.0710phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		2.07101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2-thiosalicylic acid
2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.		2.0710sulfanylbenzoic acidantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		6.95131phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		2.0710aziridines
tiapride
[no description available]		210benzamides
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.0610aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		3.5220monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		210benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3920trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.0710N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolazoline
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.		2.0710imidazolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		7.730N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		210aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.4420monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.3110
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		210aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		2.4120amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.0710triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		2.4120monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tremorine
[no description available]		1.9710N-alkylpyrrolidine
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		2.4120pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		210triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		210benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		2.4520N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol
Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)		2.0710aromatic ketone
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.4420organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trifluralin
Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.		2.0610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.93130amine
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.5120trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine
Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.		2.0710phenothiazines
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		3.2960aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		11.6252dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trioxsalen
Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.		2.0710psoralensdermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		2.0710chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		5.38180acetamides
tulobuterol
[no description available]		2.0710organochlorine compound
tyramine
[no description available]		8.3511monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
urapidil
[no description available]		2.4320piperazines
urethane
[no description available]		2.0710carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		2.4320cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesamicol
vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.6830piperidines
vigabatrin
[no description available]		2.0110gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		1.9810
wb 4101
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.		2.5120aromatic ether;
benzodioxine;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		2.07101,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
xylometazoline
xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710alkylbenzene
cn 100
CN 100: structure given in first source		2.0610organic molecular entity
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		2.0210imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		4.03101,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zotepine
zotepine: structure		6.1100dibenzothiepine;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic drug
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
corticosterone
[no description available]		3.9513011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		3.397011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.071016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		210ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		4.87110alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.690imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		2.3720glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		1.9810pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.0710benzodioxolespesticide synergist
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		1.99102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		2.66301-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		8.813670ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		2103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		4.284111beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate
Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.		210tartrate saltantihypertensive agent
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		2.420non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0110organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		6.125211-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.071017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.4720penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		2.0710phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		6.17430pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		3.4880N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.4520organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine
Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.		1.9710aminopyridine
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.41202-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		7.48970
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		3.85120dialkyl phosphate
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		1.9710alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		4.3211L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide
4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.		2.1310C-nitro compound;
quinoline N-oxide		carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		3.4270C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.6730aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		2.0110pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		10.92400carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.7130glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.733017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		4.28190bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		3.95130aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		9.12160pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.5120benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		2.3820adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
ethopabate
Ethopabate: An inhibitor of folate metabolism. It is used as a coccidiostat in poultry.		2.0710amidobenzoic acid
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		1.9910pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		6.8560monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.79110phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		5.96142amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.6830ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		2.940amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		2.0710aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		2.0710amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		2.0710penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.0710benzoxazole
berlition
berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.		2.0710dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
lipoic acid;
thia fatty acid		cofactor;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		6.79342quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		2.0310anilines;
primary arylamine
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		3.371117-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9810pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.071020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		2.0710alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		6.9900
cytidine
[no description available]		1.9710cytidinesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		210penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		1.9810antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		3.0850diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		2.0210organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		2.432017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		6.05324-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
chlorisondamine
Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.		2.420isoindoles
mannitol
[no description available]		2.4620mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		1.9710nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.0710nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		210non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		210amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		210amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
veratridine
[no description available]		3.3260steroidsodium channel modulator
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		3.1250L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		7.420amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		8.4980erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		6.41131arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
methyl bromide
methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.		210bromohydrocarbon;
bromomethanes;
methyl halides		algal metabolite;
fumigant insecticide;
marine metabolite
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.0710diarylmethane
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		5.81170benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
caramiphen
caramiphen: structure		2.4120benzenes
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.0710pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
sulfachlorpyridazine
Sulfachlorpyridazine: A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.. sulfachloropyridazine : A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.		2.0710organochlorine compound;
pyridazines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		7.940amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		4.23506-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
diethyl phthalate
diethyl phthalate: structure. diethyl phthalate : The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.0310diester;
ethyl ester;
phthalate ester		neurotoxin;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
phensuximide
phensuximide: major descriptor (73-84); on-line search SUCCINIMIDES (73-84); Index Medicus search PHENSUXIMIDE (73-84); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0710pyrrolidines
dimethisoquin
[no description available]		2.0710isoquinolines
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		2.0610penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.3611glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
2-nitroaniline
[no description available]		2.0310
2-nitrophenol
nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.		2.03102-nitrophenols
2,5-dichloronitrobenzene
[no description available]		2.0310
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		3.580mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline
[no description available]		210azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		2.0310aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.9140xanthene
synephrine
[no description available]		2.0710ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
benzotriazole
benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.		1.9810benzotriazolesenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-chloroaniline
[no description available]		2.0310
2-chlorophenol
chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.		2.03102-halophenol;
monochlorophenol
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		2.420phosphonic ester
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		2.39205-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
acetophenone
acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.		210acetophenonesanimal metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
3-nitroaniline
3-nitroaniline: used as a sole source of nitrogen , carbon and energy		2.0310
4-nitroaniline
[no description available]		2.0310nitroanilinebacterial xenobiotic metabolite
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		6.02370quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		6.81184pyridinium salt
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		2.0710benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
2,4-dimethylphenol
2,4-dimethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,4-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 4.		2.0310aromatic fungicide;
phenols		disinfectant;
volatile oil component
4-chloroaniline
4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.		2.0310chloroaniline;
monochlorobenzenes
acrolein
[no description available]		2.0410enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
sarin
Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.		2.4420fluorine molecular entity;
phosphinic ester
3-chloroaniline
3-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
3-chlorophenol
3-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.		210monochlorophenol
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.4120cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		3.711pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		5.24121mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
heptanol
Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.		1.9910heptanol;
primary alcohol		flavouring agent;
fragrance;
gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
plant metabolite
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		3.1110peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.4520bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.0710biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.9240aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.		2.0310dichlorophenol
dimethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure		2.0310diester;
methyl ester;
phthalate ester
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		2.0710quinolines
chloroprocaine
chloroprocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroprocaine : Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.		2.0710benzoate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		central nervous system depressant;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fluorodeoxyuridylate
Fluorodeoxyuridylate: 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. An inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Formed from 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.		210pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		4.17160methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		210purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		1.9710hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		210penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.0710dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		1.9710azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.8940adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		5.9650isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		13.255021,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.0710xanthenes
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		7.6830phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
muscarine
Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.		7.24760monosaccharide
benactyzine
Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.		1.9710diarylmethane
paraoxon
[no description available]		2.7330aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3
Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.		4.42220
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		1.9710organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
bromacil
bromacil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromacil : A racemate consisting of equimolar concentrations of (R)- and (S)-bromacil.. 5-bromo-3-(butan-2-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione : A pyrimidone that is pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione substituted by a bromo group at position 5, a butan-2-yl group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 6.		2.0610organobromine compound;
pyrimidone
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9610mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
linuron
Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.		2.0610dichlorobenzene;
phenylureas		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
methylthioinosine
Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.		210purine ribonucleoside;
thiopurine
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		2.4620benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		210amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		21011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		1.9710diarylmethane
fluorometholone
Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.6930monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		2101-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.0810isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.0710phthalazines
cytisine
[no description available]		3.150alkaloid;
bridged compound;
lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
phytotoxin;
plant metabolite
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		3.7100benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		3.580dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.7330amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
indoline
indoline: structure given in first source		1.9910indoles
cis methyldioxolane
[no description available]		4.4570
arecaidine
[no description available]		2.420citraconoyl group
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		1.9710
tetranitromethane
[no description available]		1.9710organonitrogen compound
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		2.0710diarylmethane
tryptophol
tryptophol : An indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2.		2.0310indolyl alcoholauxin;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid: Bepask is calcium salt		2.0710benzamides
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		210thiazoles
pyrithiamine
Pyrithiamine: A thiamine antagonist due to its inhibition of thiamine pyrophosphorylation. It is used to produce thiamine deficiency.. pyrithiamine : A pyridinium ion that is 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridine substituted at position 1 by a (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.		1.9810
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		2.4520methoxybenzenes;
phenols
crimidine
crimidine: structure		2.1510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		210amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
furtrethonium
furtrethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; minor descriptor (75-79); on-line and Index Medicus search AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (75-81)		2.3720aralkylamine
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		1.9710dialdehydebiomarker
myristic acid
Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9710long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
poldine methylsulfate
[no description available]		1.9510
poldine
poldine: major descriptor (66-86); on-line search BENZILATES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search POLDINE (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9510diarylmethane
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		6.151carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
3-nitrophenol
[no description available]		2.03103-nitrophenols
methanesulfonyl fluoride
methanesulfonyl fluoride: structure		1.9710
glycerylphosphorylcholine
Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)		1.9810glycerophosphocholine
lactulose
[no description available]		2.0610glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		2.0310aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
3,5-dichlorophenol
3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.		210dichlorophenol
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.071020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
glycopyrrolate
Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.		2.940organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
clopenthixol
Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		4.341N-alkylpiperazine;
primary alcohol;
thioxanthenes		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
trimetozine
[no description available]		2.0710morpholines
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.4620cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
docosanol
Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.		2.0710docosanol;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		antiviral drug;
plant metabolite
4-cyanophenol
4-cyanophenol: reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor		2.0310phenolsEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		2101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
methidathion
methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops		2.4520organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fentanyl citrate
fentanyl citrate : The citric acid salt of fentanyl, comprising equimolar amounts of citric acid and fentanyl. A mu-opioid receptor agonist, it is a potent opioid analgesic used in the management of labour pain, postoperative pain, and chronic intractable cancer pain. It is also widely used as the analgesic component of balanced anaesthesia.		210citrate saltmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		2.3920ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-dimethylaminopyridine
4-dimethylaminopyridine: catalyst for acetylation of hydroxy cpds; structure		1.9810dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		2.0710alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
prothipendyl
prothipendyl: a neuroleptic azaphenothiazine; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.110alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
flurandrenolone
Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)		2.071021-hydroxy steroid
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0310tertiary amine
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		210benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		8.2560aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
clothiapine
clothiapine: was heading 1975-94 (was see under DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES 1975-90); CLOTIAPINE was see CLOTHIAPINE 1978-94; use DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES to search CLOTHIAPINE 1975-94; antipsychotic similar to clozapine		3.0910dibenzothiazepine
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		4.4951benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
flumethasone
Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
guanoxan
guanoxan: was MH 1976-92 (see under GUANIDINES 1976-90); use GUANIDINES to search GUANOXAN 1976-92; antihypertensive agent similar in its mechanism of action to guanethidine; may cause liver damage		2.4620benzodioxine
flupenthixol
Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		2.4120thioxanthenes
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.0710pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
phenthoate, (+-)-isomer
phenthoate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. phenthoate : An organic thiophosphate that is ethyl mandelate in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.		2.0610ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		2.4320dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
asulam
asulam: wild oat herbicide used in prairie regions for control of wild oats in cereal grains such as wheat; RN given refers to parent cpd. asulam : A carbamate ester that is methyl carbamate substituted by a (4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl group at the nitrogen atom. A dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor, it is used (normally as the corresponding sodium salt, asulam-sodium) as a herbicide, mainly for killing bracken.		2.0610carbamate ester;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.66301,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
oxomemazine
oxomemazine: selective for M1 muscarinic receptors		1.9810phenothiazines
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.07102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
bpmc
BPMC: structure. fenobucarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 2-sec-butylphenol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.4520carbamate esteragrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
insecticide
salithion
salithion: causes irreversible ataxia in chicken, mice & sheep; structure in Pesticide Index, 5th ed, p.202		2.4520organic thiophosphate
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		1.9710carbon oxoanion
methamilane methiodide
methamilane methiodide: muscarinic agonist; RN given refers to iodide without isomeric designation		1.9710
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.0710penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate
[no description available]		2.0310
pinacidil
[no description available]		1.9710
benzetimide
[no description available]		1.9710piperidines
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		2.4620azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		5.32100amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
quinuclidinyl benzilate
[no description available]		2.6830
terodiline
[no description available]		2.3920diarylmethane
trimethaphan
Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.		2.8940sulfonium compoundanaesthesia adjuvant;
antihypertensive agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
molindone
Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)		4.4811indoles
lanthanum
[no description available]		2.4120f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.940cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		210f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		2.0110d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		1.9910aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		210pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
hexocyclium
hexocyclium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.8940amine
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		2.3920inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		2.9140chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		1.9610barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9610inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		210cadmium coordination entity
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		1.9610
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1S,2R)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.07102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
parbendazole
parbendazole: anthelmintic used against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZIMIDAZOLES; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		3.2760selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.07106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		210monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		210monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		3.3511benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		8.7921beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		3.0710organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
eedq
EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent		2.6730
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		3.77110acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides
[no description available]		210halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		2.753017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		4.2941carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
capobenic acid
[no description available]		2.0710benzamides
diftalone
[no description available]		2.0710
cyanazine
cyanazine: structure. cyanazine : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-chloro-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethyl amino and a (2-cyanopropan-2-yl)amino group at positions 6 and 4 respectively.		2.06101,3,5-triazinylamino nitrile;
chloro-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
dexetimide
Dexetimide: A muscarinic antagonist that has been used to treat neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Benzetimide is the (-)-enantimorph of dexetimide.		3.3670piperidines
levetimide
levetimide: inactive enantiomer of dexetimide		1.9910
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.07101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		9.4651indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
fenitrothion
Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.		2.0610C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		6.6970benzenes;
phenyl acetates
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0710bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		2.41203-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		2.0310ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		210benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
dihydro-beta-erythroidine
Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.		2.4420delta-lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		nicotinic antagonist
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		2103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0710
alkenes
[no description available]		2.1310
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		6.97220glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		1.9710chlorphenamine
o,o-diisopropyl-s-benzylthiophosphate
O,O-diisopropyl-S-benzylthiophosphate: structure. iprobenfos : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-benzyl O,O-diisopropyl ester of phosphorothioic acid. Used as a rice fungicide to control leaf and ear blast, stem rot and sheath blight.		2.0310organic thiophosphateantifungal agrochemical;
phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		1.9810
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		2.4120pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		1.9810ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		9.3341penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		4.2150timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4320tryptamines
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		2.01102-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
benthiocarb
Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.		2.4520monochlorobenzenes;
monothiocarbamic ester
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		4.0310cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		2.0710catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		210carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		2.7230azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
medifoxamine
medifoxamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		210aromatic ether
alinidine
[no description available]		1.9710
etoposide
[no description available]		2.0610beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		3.2560peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.4320catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
propylbenzilylcholine mustard
Propylbenzilylcholine Mustard: An analog of benzilylcholine mustard. It is an alkylating nitrogen mustard analog that binds specifically and irreversibly to cholinergic muscarinic receptors and is used as an affinity label to isolate and study the receptors.		3.67100
butaclamol
(+)-butaclamol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is 2,3,4,4a,8,9,13b,14-octahydro-1H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2,3-de]pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinoline substituted at position 3 by both hydroxy and tert-butyl groups.		3.0340organic heteropentacyclic compound
butaclamol
[no description available]		3.360amino alcohol;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		210ethanolamines
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		3.0750butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
zinterol
[no description available]		1.9810
carbidopa
[no description available]		210catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.4720L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		210monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		3.1450
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		3.53805-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		3.96130alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		2.07101,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		1.9810non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		210azepanes
metacine
metacine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.3820
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.0710aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		2.0110aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
prenalterol
Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.		210aromatic ether
secoverine
secoverine: RN given refers to parent; structure in first source		8.5890
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		3.7521
lorcainide
[no description available]		210acetamides
laurocapram
laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source		2.0310
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0710penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		6.01103aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.4220alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
staurosporine
[no description available]		2.0410indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
indalpine
indalpine: selective 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710indoles
ethylcholine aziridinium
ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits		2.6730
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		2.0510diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
lidamidine
lidamidine: synonym WHR-1142A refers to HCl; structure		2.0710ureas
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		1.9810diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		3.6190acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		210benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
cianopramine
[no description available]		1.9810
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0710benzofurans
fluperlapine
fluperlapine: structure given in first source		2.3920benzazepine
tiotidine
tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		3.3670thiazoles
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.0710dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		210fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		2.0610monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		4.3360aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		2.0110aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.1110organic molecular entity
dazoxiben
dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		210delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		2.0710naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		210aromatic ketone
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.9640delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.0110benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		5.8771dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		8.1150pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.06103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
benfuracarb
benfuracarb: a procarbamate insecticide		2.06101-benzofurans;
carbamate ester;
ethyl ester		agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0710dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		2.0710imidazoles
n-methyl-n-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamide
N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.3720N-alkylpyrrolidine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.11103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil: potent inhibitor of VZV		2.0610
temelastine
[no description available]		210pyrimidone
dopexamine
dopexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0710catecholamine
zaltidine
zaltidine: RN given for parent cpd; structure given in first source		210
difloxacin
difloxacin: RN & structure given in first source. difloxacin : A quinolone that is pefloxacin in which the ethyl group at position 1 of the quinolone has been replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group. A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is used (usually as the monohydrochloride salt) for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs.		210fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
lonapalene
RS 43179: used in treatment of psoriasis		2.0710naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound
ipsapirone
[no description available]		2.0710N-arylpiperazine
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		3.3770
carmoxirole
carmoxirole : An indolecarboxylic acid that is indole-5-carboxylic acid bearing an additional 4-(4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl)butyl substituent at position 3. Selective, peripherally acting dopamine D2 receptor agonist. Modulates noradrenalin release and sympathetic activation. Displays antihypertensive properties in vivo.		210indolecarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrahydropyridine		antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
rufloxacin
rufloxacin: structure in first source		210fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.0710
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		4.3422aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		11.68382heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
loxiglumide
loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		2.6830organic molecular entity
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		210fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		2.07101-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide
remacemide: structure given in first source		2.0710stilbenoid
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		4.0310beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.7230tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
tenidap
tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer		2.0610
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		210aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		7.2390aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
xanomeline
xanomeline: a cholinergic agonist; used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease; structure given in first source		3.2760tetrahydropyridine;
thiadiazoles		muscarinic agonist;
serotonergic agonist
befloxatone
befloxatone: selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase A; structure in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer		2.0610
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		2.0710biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		12.364011,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		3.3970adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
isothiocyanic acid
[no description available]		1.9810hydracid;
one-carbon compound
tenocyclidine
tenocyclidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent.		2.0110piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.0710hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
cisatracurium
cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.		2.0510diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.4120hydrochloride
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		2.0610
verapamil hydrochloride
verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.		2.0710
2,4-diamino-5-adamantyl-6-methylpyrimidine
[no description available]		2.8940
n-acetylaspartic acid
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		210N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-aspartic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
fenclofenac
fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710aromatic ether
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1		2.4420purine nucleoside
proxicromil
proxicromil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710
n-benzyl-3-pyrrolidylacetate methobromide
[no description available]		1.9610
trithiozine
trithiozine: structure		4.0431methoxybenzenes
carebastine
carebastine: active carboxylic acid metablite of ebastine; structure given in first source		210diarylmethane
nuvenzepine
nuvenzepine: structure given in first source		2.8940
physostigmine heptyl
physostigmine heptyl: RN given for (3aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; possible use in therapy of Alzheimer's disease		210
torbafylline
torbafylline: structure given in first source		2.0710
nebracetam
nebracetam: RN given refers to parent cpd; agonist for muscarinic receptors		2.3820
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		2.4620benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
benzilonium bromide
[no description available]		4.3122
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.42201,2,3-triazole
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		210imidazoles
setoperone
[no description available]		4.721
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		5.5761dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ibuproxam
ibuproxam: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6312. ibuproxam : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of ibuprofen with the amino group of hydroxylamine. Used for treatment of pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders.		2.0610hydroxamic acidiron chelator;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rilmenidine
Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.		210isourea
selfotel
selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment		2.4420non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
budipine
budipine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6541		210diarylmethane
mesulergine
mesulergine: RN given refers to parent cpd; CU 32-085 is synonymous to mono-HCl; metabolized into dopaminergic agonists; structure given in first source. mesulergine : A member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors.		2.0210ergot alkaloid;
sulfamides		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic antagonist
indole-3-carboxylic acid
indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.		2.0310indol-3-yl carboxylic acidbacterial metabolite;
human metabolite
aprofen
aprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.940
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		8.731421
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.0710cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
cromakalim
Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)		210
ethofenprox
ethofenprox: synthetic pyrethroid for insecticidal efficacy against mosquito larvae & on non-target organisms. etofenprox : An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.		2.0610aromatic etherpyrethroid ether insecticide
diprafenone
diprafenone: structure given in first source		210aromatic compound
atipamezole
[no description available]		210
uk 68798
[no description available]		2.4320aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.51201,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
mepindolol
mepindolol: 2-methyl deriv of pindolol; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710indoles
fpl 52791
FPL 52791: also has anti-allergic properties; related to sodium cromoglycate; structure		2.0710
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		210benzofurans
aceclofenac
[no description available]		2.0610amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
stercuronium
stercuronium: analog of conessine; RN given refers to iodide		1.9610
epanolol
epanolol: structure given in first source		2.4320acetamides
fluparoxan
fluparoxan: structure given in first source		2.0610
sydnophen
sydnophen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer		1.9710
octylonium
octylonium: RN given refers to bromide; structure		2.3820benzamides
tiquizium bromide
thiaton: antispasmodic; RN refers to bromide (trans)-isomer. tiquizium bromide : A organic bromide salt of tiquizium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of convulsion and hypermobility in gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, enteritis, irritable bowel syndrome, gallbladder disease, biliary tract disease and urolithiasis.		2.3720organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		anti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
timoprazole
timoprazole: gastric acid secretion inhibitor		1.9710
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		3.2660phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
phorbol-12,13-diacetate
phorbol-12,13-diacetate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer		1.9710
nobiletin
nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.		1.9810methoxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		210bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
amperozide
amperozide : A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by ethyl and 4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]piperazin-1-yl groups. An atypical antipsychotic which was in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance-related disorders. It is a potent 5-HT2A antagonist and used in veterinary medicine because of its sedative effect on pigs.		2.6830diarylmethane;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary carboxamide;
ureas		anxiolytic drug;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
geroprotector;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		210hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
malonamic acid
malonamic acid: structure		1.9710beta-alanine derivative
enpiperate
enpiperate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3720
rivastigmine
[no description available]		3.1150carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		3.250aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
3-tropinone
3-tropinone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
fluorescein dilaurate
fluorescein dilaurate: used in pancreatic function test		3.3711
epidepride
epidepride: structure given in first source		210dimethoxybenzene
1,2-dibenzoyl-tert-butylhydrazine
1,2-dibenzoyl-tert-butylhydrazine: structure given in first source		2.4520bisacylhydrazine insecticide
cp094
1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one: structure given in first source		210
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		5.134503-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
n-desmethylclobazam
desmethylclobazam: major pharmacologically active metabolite of clobazam; structure in first source		2.0610benzodiazepine
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.		2.4520catechols;
tetrol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.6690nucleoside triphosphate analogue
sk&f 95282
zolantidine: structure given in first source		210piperidines
tebufenozide
tebufenozide: structure given in first source. tebufenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by tert-butyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl and 4-ethylbenzoyl groups respectively. It is an insecticide used widely against caterpillars.		2.4520carbohydrazideecdysone agonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
chlorfenapyr
chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.		2.0610hemiaminal ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine acaricide;
organofluorine insecticide;
pyrroles		proacaricide;
proinsecticide
glycylsarcosine
glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.		2.0610dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide
levcromakalim
[no description available]		2.07101-benzopyran
cp 41
CP 41: structure in first source		210
n-acetyltryptophanamide
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides;
L-tryptophan derivative;
primary carboxamide;
secondary carboxamide
1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one
[no description available]		210
hexylcaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0710
phenglutarimide
phenglutarimide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710piperidines
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		1.9710cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.3820aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
yttrium radioisotopes
Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.		2.0110
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		2.3820
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)-
Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.		2.7330heterodetic cyclic peptidedelta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		2.4420aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.0710beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
quin2
Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source		2.3720
sr141716
[no description available]		2.0710amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		2.7530primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
cp-55,940
[no description available]		3.1950
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.		210ether;
imidazoles;
monomethoxybenzene		TRP channel blocker
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.0510xanthene dyefluorochrome
fpl 55712
FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors		2.0710aromatic ketone
paxilline
paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.		2.0610diterpene alkaloid;
enone;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
terpenoid indole alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		anticonvulsant;
Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
geroprotector;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
methoxyfenozide
methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.		2.4520carbohydrazide;
monomethoxybenzene		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane
(1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer		2.4220
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source		210beta-carbolines
epibatidine
epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors		3.1250
fura-2-am
fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2		210
indobufen
indobufen: thromboxane A2 antagonist		2.0610isoindoles
cgp 35348
CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors		1.9910
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.0710N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
inositol 1-phosphate
1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.		2.3720
methoctramine
methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.		11.441690hydrochloridemuscarinic antagonist
l-pyroglutamyl-l-histidyl-3,3-dimethylprolinamide
[no description available]		1.9710
afdx 116
otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		12.143421benzodiazepine
sr 95531
[no description available]		2.1310methoxybenzenes
n(g)-iminoethylornithine
[no description available]		210L-alpha-amino acid
3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-n-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide
3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide: a dopamine receptor imaging agent; RN refers to (S)-isomer; RN & structure given in first source		6.3895
5-methoxy 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)1h indole
[no description available]		1.9610indoles
ml 9
[no description available]		1.9810
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		1.97102-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		3.2360
n-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine
N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		2.0510
n-n-propyl-n-phenylethyl-4(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		1.9910
rh-0345
N-4-chlorobenzoyl-N'-benzoyl-N'-tert-butylhydrazine: structure in first source		2.4520bisacylhydrazine insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes
perospirone
perospirone: structure given in first source		3.5120N-arylpiperazine
u 99194a
(5,6-dimethoxyindan-2-yl)dipropylamine: has 20-fold preference for D3 versus D2 dopamine receptors		210
arg-3-hyp-7-phe-bradykinin
NPC 567: bradykinin receptor antagonist. NPC-567 : A ten-membered oligopeptide comprising D-arginyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, (4R)-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl, glycyl, L-phenylalanyl, L-seryl, D-phenylalanyl, L-phenylalanyl and L-arginine residues joined in sequence.		3.0140oligopeptidebradykinin receptor antagonist
afdx 384
[no description available]		10.65760
afdx 384
AF-DX 384 : A pyridobenzodiazepine that acts as a selective antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.		2.420benzodiazepine
mozavaptan
mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4120benzamidesaquaretic
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.0910benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
ezogabine
ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.		2.4620carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anticonvulsant;
potassium channel modulator
fpl-52694
FPL-52694: mast cell stabilizer; RN given refers to parent cpd; FPL-52694 is mono-Na salt; structure given in first source		2.0710
rc 3095
bombesin (6-14), Tpi(6)-Leu(13)-psi(CH2NH)-Leu(14)-: an antagonist of bombesin		2.0610
chapso
chapso: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-isomer		1.9710
a 68930
A 68930: D-1 dopamine receptor agonist		1.99102-benzopyran
n-succinimidyl propionate
[no description available]		1.9910
levalbuterol
Levalbuterol: The R-isomer of albuterol.		210albuterol
5'-deoxy-5'-s-isobutylthioadenosine
5'-deoxy-5'-S-isobutylthioadenosine: considered an analog of S-adenosylhomocysteine; structure		1.9710
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		3.3260adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine
1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine: structure given in first source. 1-[1-(1-benzothiophen-2-yl)cyclohexyl]piperidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and benzothiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A potent dopamine re-uptake inhibitor with a behavioral profile different from that of phencyclidine (PCP) and similar to that of cocaine.		3.47701-benzothiophenes;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2--(di-n-propylamino)tetralin methyl ether
UH 232: RN given refers to cis-isomer; RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source		210
proctolin
proctolin: neurotransmitter in arthropods or invertebrates		1.9810
ramatroban
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
subecholine
subecholine: dicholinic ester of suberic acid; structure		1.9810
hexahydrodifenidol
hexahydrodifenidol: muscarinic antagonist; RN from Toxlit		2.3820
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		3.0750
6-acetoxynortropane
6-acetoxynortropane: structure given in first source; a M-cholinoreceptor agonist		2.6930
btm 1042
BTM 1042: RN given refers to (cis-(-))-isomer di-HCl; 87687-13-6 is BTM 1086; 72293-40-4 is BTM 1042; 72293-46-0 is BTM 1041; 72293-22-2 is BTM 1018		2.6630
pre 084
2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.0810morpholines
gyki 53655
GYKI 53655: an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor antagonist		2.0210
methotrexate
[no description available]		2.9640dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
reboxetine
Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		3.821aromatic ether
xaliproden
xaliproden : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-naphthyl)ethyl group and at position 4 by a m-trifluoromethylphenyl group.		2.0710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrahydropyridine		serotonergic agonist
uh-ah 37
UH-AH 37: an ileal-selective muscarinic antagonist; RN from Toxlit		7.3920
azaprophen
azaprophen: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3820
aq-ra 741
AQ-RA 741: tricyclic cpd; structure given in first source		5.16150benzodiazepine
4-(3,4-dibutoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
[no description available]		1.9710
silahexocyclium
silahexocyclium: structure given in first source		2.6730
n-isobutyrylcysteine
N-isobutyrylcysteine: RN given refers to L-isomer		2.0710
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		2.0710amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
n-(2-chloroethyl)-4-piperidinyl diphenylacetate
N-(2-chloroethyl)-4-piperidinyl diphenylacetate: structure given in first source; forms an aziridinium ion that binds irreversibly to muscarinic receptors; do not confuse this cpd with 4-DAMP (4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium)		3.3870
1-(4-bromophenylaminocarbonyl)-4,5-diphenyl-3-pyrazolidinone
1-(4-bromophenylaminocarbonyl)-4,5-diphenyl-3-pyrazolidinone: a diphenylpyrazolidinone; cholecystokin antagonist; decreases midbrain dopamine unit activity; LY288513 and LY288512 are optical isomers of LlY262691		1.9910
quilostigmine
quilostigmine: RN given for (3aS,cis)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710pyrroloindole
t 593
T 593: structure given in first source		1.9910
bibn 99
BIBN 99: structure given in first source; a highly selective M2 antagonist		440
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist		2.0310
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		3.150amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
tripitramine
tripitramine: structure given in first source; preferentially binds to M2 receptors		3.3870
pd 142505-0028
[no description available]		210
imiloxan
[no description available]		2.0710benzodioxine
aspartame
[no description available]		2.0710carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
tempol
[no description available]		2.0710aminoxyls;
hydroxypiperidine		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
catalyst;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		2.07109-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine
(2R,3S)-EHNA : EHNA of absolute configuration 2R,3S. Selective inhibitor of cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase (PDE2) (IC50 = 0.8 - 4 mM). Also a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase.		2.0410EHNAEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
vatalanib
[no description available]		2.0710monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
sandoz-21-009
4-(2-hydroxy-3-tert-butylaminopropoxy)-2-methylindole: active metabolite of bopindolol; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610indoles
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		2.0710aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		2.0710dihydropyridine
hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.		2.4620tropane alkaloid
cyanopindolol
[no description available]		2.3820indoles
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		210morpholines
ym 09151-2
nemonapride: structure in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. nemonapride : A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.. (2R,3R)-nemonapride : An optically active form of nemonapride having (2R,3R)-configuration.		210N-(1-benzyl-2-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(methylamino)benzamide
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		3.2960methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
alpha-methylhistamine
(R)-alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position (the R-enantiomer).		2.0510aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		H3-receptor agonist
lactitol
lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.		2.0710glycosyl alditolcathartic;
excipient;
laxative
fpl 52757
FPL 52757: FPL 52758 is Na salt of FPL 52757; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
asenapine
asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.		1.98105-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
neurokinin a (4-10), nle(10)-
[no description available]		2.7930
substance p, sar(9)-met(o2)(11)-
substance P, Sar(9)-Met(O2)(11)-: a neurokinin-1 receptor agonist		3.1950
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.0710amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
hexamethylenebis(dimethyl-(3-phthalimidopropyl)ammonium bromide)
hexamethylenebis(dimethyl-(3-phthalimidopropyl)ammonium bromide): antidote in organophosphate poisoning		2.9240
heptane-1,7-bis(dimethyl-3'-phthalimidopropylammonium)
heptane-1,7-bis(dimethyl-3'-phthalimidopropylammonium): RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3820
n-(4-(2-chloroethylmethylamino)-2-butynyl)-2-pyrrolidone
N-(4-(2-chloroethylmethylamino)-2-butynyl)-2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to mono-HCl; structure		1.9610
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.730amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
fpl 59257
FPL 59257: abolishes cough response & partly inhibits bronchoconstriction produced by leukotrienes C & D		2.0710
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		16.8156020
kw 5805
KW 5805: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+)-isomer		1.9810
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.0710piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
zm 241385
ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor		2.4620diamino-1,3,5-triazine
erlotinib
[no description available]		2.4620aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.0510divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
zeneca zd 6169
Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source		2.0710
jtp 4819
JTP 4819: a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		1.9910
asimadoline
asimadoline: structure in first source		210
dizocilpine
[no description available]		2.9840secondary amino compound;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
sibenadet
sibenadet: structure in first source		2.0710
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		3.0710corticosteroid hormone
morpholineoethylamino-3-benzocyclohepta(5,6-c)pyridazine
morpholineoethylamino-3-benzocyclohepta(5,6-c)pyridazine: structure given in first source; selective M1 muscarinic agonist		1.9710
2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-o-(1-thiotriphosphate)
2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure.		3.1650
latrepirdine
latrepirdine: structure		2.0710methylpyridines;
pyridoindole		geroprotector
biperiden lactate
[no description available]		3.3711
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		2.0710indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		2.0710furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sorafenib
[no description available]		2.0710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
solifenacin succinate
Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.		3.0340isoquinolines
roxindole
[no description available]		210indolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug
cortisone
[no description available]		2.753011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		3.1450
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.0710penicillin allergen;
penicillin
5-((4-(4-(diethylamino)butyl)-1-piperidinyl)acetyl)-10,11-dihydrobenzo(b,e)(1,4)diazepine-11-one
5-((4-(4-(diethylamino)butyl)-1-piperidinyl)acetyl)-10,11-dihydrobenzo(b,e)(1,4)diazepine-11-one: structure given in first source; a dibenzo derivative of AQ-RA 741; a m2-selective muscarinic antagonist		1.9810
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.01101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
5-methyl-2-((2-nitrophenyl)amino)-3-thiophenecarbonitrile
5-methyl-2-((2-nitrophenyl)amino)-3-thiophenecarbonitrile: structure given in first source		210
methylmercuric chloride
methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0410chlorine molecular entity;
mercury coordination entity;
one-carbon compound
rimiterol
rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol		210catechols
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		3.3870inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		1.9710
bradykinin
[no description available]		2.3920oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		1.9710heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
tryptophanamide
tryptophanamide: used as inhibitor of chymotrypsin; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. L-tryptophanamide : An amino acid amide that is the carboxamide of L-tryptophan.		2.0310amino acid amide;
tryptophan derivative		human metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		3.5990myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		3.58011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
salicin
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic primary alcohol;
aryl beta-D-glucoside;
benzyl alcohols		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		2.4520amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.730guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		2.730monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		3.1150cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		2.73301-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		1.9710cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.0710cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		2.4620L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.2360acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		1.9810
linezolid
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
(S)-bicalutamide
(S)-bicalutamide : A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.		2.0710N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide
brucine
brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94		2.0210monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound
picrotoxinin
[no description available]		3.4670epoxide;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		GABA antagonist;
plant metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		3.25601,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
teprotide
Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0110peptide
tolterodine
[no description available]		2.0310tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
halcinonide
Halcinonide: A glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of DERMATITIS; ECZEMA; or PSORIASIS. It may cause skin irritation.		2.0710organic molecular entitySMO receptor agonist
metrizamide
Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.		2.0710amino sugar
dironyl
dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		210organic molecular entity
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.42701-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.4620cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		2.0210acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.6930retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.940icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoramidon
phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.		2.0410deoxyaldohexose phosphate;
dipeptide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.3511retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		210octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		5.52161benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
tetragastrin
Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.		6.9710peptidyl amide;
tetrapeptide		anxiogenic;
human metabolite
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.5220aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		3.4670adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
benzoylecgonine
benzoylecgonine: cocaine is benzoyl methyl ecgonine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; structure. ecgonine benzoate : A benzoate ester metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis of the methyl ester group, catalysed by carboxylesterases.		3.7921benzoate ester;
tropane alkaloid		epitope;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		210olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		2.0710L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		4.6261pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
11-[2-[4-(2-aminoethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-1-oxoethyl]-5H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one
[no description available]		1.9710benzodiazepine
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		9.14167triterpenoid
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.3920isomethyleugenol
retinaldehyde
Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		1.9810retinal;
vitamin A		gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rauwolscine
Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.		2.110methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
cocaethylene
cocaethylene: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; cocaine metabolite produced in vivo when cocaine and ethanol are taken together; as potent as cocaine in blocking uptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine synapses		1.9810benzoate ester
norcocaine
norcocaine: N-demethylated cocaine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer		1.9810benzoate ester
lypressin
Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.		1.9610cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.3870vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
butoxybenzyl hyoscyamine
butoxybenzyl hyoscyamine: RN given refers to bromide(3(S)-endo)-isomer; structure. butropium bromide : An organic bromide salt of butropium. It is a drug which suppresses spasm of smooth muscles of internal organs, inhibits gastric acid secretion and relieves abdominal pain. It is used in the treatment of spasmodic pains associated with gastritis, gastric ulcers and cholelithiasis.		1.9710
methylatropine
methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766		3.99140
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.9210indolyl carboxylic acid
xe 991, anthracenone
10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone: neurotransmitter release enhancer and potassium channel blocker; structure given in first source		2.4920anthracenes
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		2.0610pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
methylatropine nitrate
[no description available]		2.0310
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		4.0831chlorprothixene
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		2.0710ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		210aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.0710pyrimidone
bemesetron
[no description available]		3.4570
thioinosine
Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)		2.0510
crotamiton
[no description available]		2.0710
quinuclidinyl benzilate
[no description available]		2.6730
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.4320diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		2.0710N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.0610aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		5.771diarylmethane
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		2.07101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid: has been shown to exhibit unprecedented positive allosteric activity for ACh binding as well as inherent agonist activity at the M1 muscarinic receptor; structure in first source		2.1310
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		2.4720monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.9340capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
metiamide
Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.		1.9610imidazoles
terbinafine
[no description available]		210acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
benzotript
benzotript: anti-gastrinic; active group is amide; structure		1.9710
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		6.5170cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.4720cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.4720stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		2.0710pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
scopolamine
[no description available]		2.44203-hydroxy carboxylic acid
rhyncophylline
rhyncophylline: an oxindole; RN given refers to (7beta,16E,20alpha)-isomer		2.4120
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		1.9810cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		210barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		13.18640C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide
4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.		4130iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		cholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		11.13307alkali metal atom
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		5.6754
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		5.8181salicylamides
almokalant
almokalant: structure given in first source		2.0710
quinine
[no description available]		2.4320cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
zofenoprilate
zofenoprilate: RN given refers to ((1(R*),2alpha,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90. zofenoprilat : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. The active metabolite of zofenopril.		210aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thiol		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
u-50488
3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine		3.6690dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		analgesic;
antitussive;
calcium channel blocker;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
sch 23390
SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		3.1450benzazepine
vx-745
[no description available]		2.0710aryl sulfide;
dichlorobenzene;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidopyridazine		anti-inflammatory drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
deracoxib
SC 046: structure in first source. deracoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, difluoromethyl and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.		2.0710organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		2.46201,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
2-aminohippuric acid
[no description available]		2.0710N-acylglycine
ici 199441
[no description available]		210acetamides
tamitinol
[no description available]		210
riopan
[no description available]		1.9810
zamifenacin
zamifenacin: zamifenacin is the (R)-isomer; RN given for (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		1.9910diarylmethane
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		1.9710
rs-130830
RS-130830: orally-active broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor		2.0710
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		1.9710organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
rs 102221
[no description available]		3.4870aromatic ketone
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		3.690quinoxaline derivative
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		1.9910quinoxaline derivative
4-nitrocaramiphen
[no description available]		2.0810C-nitro compound
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		4.3222
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		210
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.0710triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
lupitidine
[no description available]		210
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		2.07102-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		3.1110
jnj 7777120
1-((5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: an H4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0410
bilirubin
[no description available]		3.3711biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		4.55250prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		3.7921
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.0710carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
alprostadil
[no description available]		5.9681prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
leukotriene d4
Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).		2.0510dipeptide;
leukotriene;
organic sulfide		bronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		3.3511prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		2.01107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.0610
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		3.3811alpha-humulene
flupenthixol
cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.		210flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
pheniramine maleate
Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution		2.0710organic molecular entity
ornoprostil
ornoprostil: RN given refers to (11alpha,13E,15R,17S)-isomer		1.9610organic molecular entity
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		10.7161
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		2.4720N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
homatropine
[no description available]		2.0710tropane alkaloid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		3.7521cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
codeine
[no description available]		2.4120morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.4720homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
acrivastine
acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.		2.0610alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		2.0710pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		2.0610carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		210morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		4.19170morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.4620organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.0710antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		6.6380cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		10.18150morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
ar c67085mx
PSB-0413: a selective antagonist radioligand for platelet P2Y12 receptors		2.0710
a 85380
A 85380: structure given in first source; A-85380 is the S-enantiomer; A-159470 is the R-enantiomer		2.0310
istradefylline
[no description available]		2.0210oxopurine
desoximetasone
Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		3.1950carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
l 365260
L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively		210benzodiazepine
enprostil
Enprostil: A synthetic PGE2 analog that has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, a mucoprotective effect, and a postprandial lowering effect on gastrin. It has been shown to be efficient and safe in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers.		10.9342
mdl 100907
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.		2.6930
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		210organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
neurokinin a
Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.		2.0110
rioprostil
Rioprostil: A synthetic methylprostaglandin E1 analog that reduces gastric acid secretion and enhances the gastric mucus-bicarbonate barrier. It is effective in the therapy of gastric ulcers and gives significant protection against NSAID-induced gastric mucosal damage. The drug also prevents cyclosporin A-induced damage to endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions. It shows a low order of acute toxicity and there is no evidence of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, teratogenicity, or mutagenicity in animal studies.		1.9710aliphatic alcohol
sb 223412
SB 223412: SB-223412 is the (S)-(-)-isomer; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710
(3r)-((2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl))methanone
WIN 55212-2 : A organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5-methyl-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-hi]indole substituted at position 6 by a 1-naphthylcarbonyl group.		2.0510morpholines;
naphthyl ketone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
synthetic cannabinoid		analgesic;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
zuclopenthixol
zuclopenthixol : The (Z)-isomer of clopenthixol.		210clopenthixolalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
kn 93
KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.		2.2510monochlorobenzenes;
monomethoxybenzene;
primary alcohol;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
kn 62
KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II		2.4120piperazines
sb 271046
SB 271046: 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.5120
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		5.9981(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
su 11248
[no description available]		2.0710monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.4120carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
bay 11-7082
(E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.		2.0410nitrile;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		2.4320dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		2.6930
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		3.0850alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		3.2460alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
mevinphos
Mevinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.		2.0310
trimethyltin
trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.		1.9810
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		9.65177boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
ethylmorphine
Ethylmorphine: A narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It is metabolized in the liver by ETHYLMORPHINE-N-DEMETHYLASE and used as an indicator of liver function.		6.9810morphinane alkaloid
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		8.17103metal atom;
pnictogen
levallorphan
Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)		210morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.1250cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		210morphinane alkaloid
cefixime
[no description available]		2.0710cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0610dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		1.9610chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		2.0710styrenes
isoalloxazine
isoalloxazine: structure		2.0210benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		2.4620dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		210
ecdysterone
Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.		1.991014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ecdysteroid;
phytoecdysteroid		animal metabolite;
plant metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		2.4110butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		2.110carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
[no description available]		3.3360peptide
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		2.0710dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
nitecapone
nitecapone: structure given in first source		1.9810hydroxycinnamic acid
naphthylvinylpyridine
Naphthylvinylpyridine: 4(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine hydrochloride. Cholinesterase inhibitor. Synonym: YuB 25.		1.9710
pepstatin
pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin		2.0410pentapeptide;
secondary carboxamide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		2.06103-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		2.46201,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
norbinaltorphimine
norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9910isoquinolines
ici 118551
ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).		2.4420aromatic ether;
indanes;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
dermorphin
dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin		1.9610oligopeptide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		2.6730
neuromedin c
neuromedin C: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord; corresponds to the C-terminal decapeptide of gastrin-releasing peptide; bombesin-like peptide; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		2.0610
tiotropium bromide
Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.4620
tiotropium
tiotropium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of the tertiary amino group of (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane. Used (in the form of the bromide hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.0710
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.7530dichlorobenzene
famotidine
[no description available]		2101,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.7330cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
nw 1029
Ralfinamide: Sodium Channel Blocker; structure in first source		2.0710
bombesin (6-13), phe(6) methyl ester-
bombesin (6-13), Phe(6) methyl ester-: bombesin antagonist		2.0610
mastoparan
[no description available]		210mastoparans;
peptidyl amide		antimicrobial agent
ro 42-5892
remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).		2.4620cyclopropanes;
diol;
L-histidine derivative;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor;
peptidomimetic;
vasodilator agent
saralasin
Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.		3.4670oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		4.9360azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture		4.3322
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		2.0610amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		4.02140maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
ciproxifan
[no description available]		210aromatic ketone
tiacrilast
tiacrilast: structure given in first source		2.4620
himbacine
himbacine: muscarine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4beta(1E,2(2R*,6S*)),4abeta,8aalpha,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. himbacine : A piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias.		6.2260gamma-lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
piperidine alkaloid		muscarinic antagonist
oxotremorine sesquifumarate
[no description available]		2.9540
clopenthixol acetate ester
clopenthixol acetate ester: structure given in first source		2.0110thioxanthenes
volkensin
volkensin: a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein; 1569-bp ORF (523 amino acid residues) without introns, with an internal linker sequence of 45 bp; from roots of Adenia volkensii Harms (kilyambiti plant); contains two free cysteinyl residues out of 14 derived from the gene sequence		2.6830
ici d1542
ICI D1542: redirects arachidonic acid metabolism; an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 synthetase and of thromboxane receptors		2.0710
trk 820
TRK 820: structure in first source		2.0610phenanthrenes
marmin
marmin: structure in first source; RN given for (R-(E))-isomer		1.9810
gavestinel
[no description available]		2.0710
benzilylcholine mustard
benzilylcholine mustard: alkylating nitrogen mustard analog with specific affinity for cholinergic muscarinic receptors; the combination is irreversible & used to label & study cholinergic receptor sites; minor descriptor (77-86); online & INDEX MEDICUS search CHOLINE/AA (77-86); RN refers to parent cpd		2.6730
nifuroxime
5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source		210
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		2.0710ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.3820
gr 103545
[no description available]		210
sb 222200
[no description available]		3.1950quinolines
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		2.4320imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
sb 269970
SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source		2.110sulfonamide
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		210nitrofuran antibiotic
6 beta-hydroxycortisol
6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.		3.381111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
6beta-hydroxy steroid;
C21-steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
probe
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		4.7571
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		2.0610isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		1.9810diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		2.3820cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
dantrolene
[no description available]		2.0710
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.		3.3611
rosaprostol
rosaprostol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.4720prostanoid
tiapamil hydrochloride
Tiapamil Hydrochloride: A phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction.		2.0110
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.0510artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)-
enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer		3.3611
tipredane
[no description available]		2.07103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
2,8-dimethyl-3-methylene-1-oxa-8-azaspiro(4,5)decane
2,8-dimethyl-3-methylene-1-oxa-8-azaspiro(4,5)decane: structure given in first source		210
talsaclidine fumarate
talsaclidine fumarate: selectively activate M1 receptors in sympathetic ganglia; may be useful in cholinergic substitution therapy of Alzheimer's disease		3.0810
hexarelin
hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6		7.3920
tm 723
TM 723: similar in chem struct to kassein R, component of pueraria root (popular in China & Japan as crude drug)		2.3720
bentiromide
bentiromide: chymotrypsin labile peptide used diagnostically as an index of exocrine pancreas function. bentiromide : The dipeptide obtained by condensation of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Used as a noninvasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy, it is given by mouth: the amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas.		2.0710dipeptidediagnostic agent;
indicator;
reagent
cyclo(glycyltryptophyl)
cyclo(glycyltryptophyl): structure in first source		2.0310indolesmetabolite
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		2.3820ammonium ion derivative
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		2.4120penicillanic acids
grayanotoxin i
grayanotoxin I: RN given refers to (3beta,6beta,14R)-isomer; structure. grayanotoxin I : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is grayanotoxane in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 14 is substituted by an acetoxy group and in which the 3beta-, 5-, 6beta-, 10-, and 16- positions are substituted by hydroxy groups.		1.9710acetate ester;
pentol;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antihypertensive agent;
metabolite;
neuromuscular agent;
phytotoxin
milameline
milameline: a candidate drug for the treatment of age-related disorders of cognition; RN refers to the E-isomer; structure given in first source		2.1110
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		2.07101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
sabcomeline
sabcomeline: selective for M1 receptors; RN refers to (R,S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0410quinuclidines
utibapril
utibapril: structure given in first source; prodrug for FPL 63547 diacid		2.0710
a-317491
A-317491: structure in first source		2.0510
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		5.17111oligopeptide
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine-
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source		3.0240
zd 9379
ZD 9379: structure given in first source		2.0710
ly 450139
[no description available]		2.0710peptide
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		6.93175organic molecular entity
cangrelor
cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.		2.0710adenosine 5'-phosphate;
aryl sulfide;
nucleoside triphosphate analogue;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
st 1535
[no description available]		2.0210
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.420aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
sch 527123
[no description available]		2.0710
l 365260
[no description available]		210
xestospongin a
xestospongin A: blocks inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors; structure in first source; from Xestospongia sponge		210
ym-254890
YM-254890: structure in first source		2.0610
ac 260584
4-(3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)-7-fluoro-4H-benzo(1,4)oxazin-3-one: structure in first source		2.0410
rociverine
[no description available]		1.9810
linaprazan
linaprazan: structure in first source		2.0710
cgp 55845a
CGP 55845A: GABA-B receptor antagonist; RN refers to cpd with no isomeric designation; CGP 55845 is the (1S,2S)-isomer		1.9910
z 338
Z 338: structure in first source		2.0210
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane: used in PET and SPECT imaging of dopamine transporters; structure in first source		210
fmrfamide
FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)		1.9810
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate		7.8293
huprine y
huprine Y: structure in first source		2.4520
lecozotan
lecozotan: structure in first source		2.0710
chromafenozide
chromafenozide: has partial ecdysone agonist activity; structure in first source		2.4520bisacylhydrazine insecticide
yttrium silicate
yttrium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.0110
ar c155858
AR C155858: an MCT1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0710
77-lh-28-1
77-LH-28-1: a CNS penetrant, selective M1 muscarinic receptor agonist, structure in first source		2.110
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.4220
ly 341495
LY 341495: structure in first source		2.0210
ucn 1028 c
calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides		1.9810
6-[[5-fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2,2-dimethyl-4H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3-one
[no description available]		2.0710methoxybenzenes;
substituted aniline
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.4620
cyclo(tyrosyl-tyrosyl)
cyclo(L-tyrosyl-L-tyrosyl) : A cyclo(tyrosyl-tyrosyl) in which both stereocentres have L-configuration. Synthesized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.		2.0310cyclo(tyrosyl-tyrosyl)metabolite
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		1.9810nystatins
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		2.3920
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		3.3911
technetium tc 99m exametazime
Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.		3.821
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		3.69100benzoxazole
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		8.441051
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		2.6730
jaw
[no description available]		2.6930indolecarboxamide
N-[2-[[11-[2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-1-oxoethyl]-6-oxo-5H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-8-yl]sulfonylamino]ethyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl ester
[no description available]		1.9710benzodiazepine
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		1.9710organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vonoprazan
1-(5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine: a proton pump inhibitor; structure in first source		8.711pyrroles
morphine sulfate
[no description available]		210alkaloid sulfate salt
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		12.58173
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		5.243oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
motilin
Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.		4.8542
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		2.940
somatostatin
[no description available]		3.3360heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		2.3820polypeptide
aprotinin
gordox: Drugs having as their active substance aprotinin (trasylol, gordox); gordox and contrycal are distinct molecules that both act as kallikrenin protease inhibitors		1.9610
nociceptin
[no description available]		3.3260organic molecular entity;
polypeptide		human metabolite;
rat metabolite
galantide
galantide: consists of 20-amino acid residues, 12 AA from the N-terminal of galanin and the C-terminal part of Substance P; blocks the galanin-mediated inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source		1.9810
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		10.755216
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		10.5392peptide hormone
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		7.3720
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		4.0931
pancreastatin
pancreastatin: A 49 residue post-translational fragment of chromogranin A that inhibits insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source; the 49-amino acid peptide is from pig; human pancreastatin has 52 amino acids (hCgA 250-310) ; see also record for human pancreastatin		1.9710
iberiotoxin
[no description available]		2.0310
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		3.1410
incretins
Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.		3.1410
msh, 4-nle-7-phe-alpha-
[no description available]		3.1950polypeptidedermatologic drug
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		2.3920
bombesin
[no description available]		340
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.0510glycoside
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.830
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		1.97101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
azd 7545
AZD 7545: an anilide tertiary carbinol; a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 inhibitor. AZD7545 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [4-(dimethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]sulfonyl, chloro and [(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl]amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a potent and non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDHK2) with IC50 of 6.4 nM and exhibits glucose-lowering activity. Also inhibits PDHK1 at higher levels (IC50 = 36.8 nM).		2.0710benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary carboxamide		EC 2.7.11.2 - [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
cimetropium
[no description available]		1.9910
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor		2.0310
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		3.3911
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		3.07503',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.0710potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cytomel
liothyronine sodium : The sodium salt of liothyronine. Thought to be more active than levothyroxine and with a rapid (few hours) onset and short duration of action, liothyronine sodium is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism, particularly in cases of hypothyroid coma.		2.0710organic sodium salt
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		2.7130
intrinsic factor
Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.		1.9610
vu0357017
[no description available]		2.1710
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		2.0210BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate
Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		15.921193fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.4120
dynorphins
dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)		1.9910
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		5.0291peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
tolterodine tartrate
Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.		2.7330tartrate salt
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		11.2485
a 967079
A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source		2.0710
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		12.293483
pht 427
4-dodecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.4620
endothelins
[no description available]		2.9740
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.0410
pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 38
[no description available]		340
kavain
kavain: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; see also kavaform; structure		2.01102-pyranones;
aromatic ether
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		2.0510
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		4.4651
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		3.4920
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		1.9910ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.0710hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.1450benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.93401,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.4120heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		210benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		3.1250benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		6.9910hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
omega-agatoxin iva
omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.		2.0110
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.4420
gastrin-releasing peptide
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.		2.940
phosphatidylethanol
phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.		1.9710
ajmaline
[no description available]		210
leiurotoxin i
leiurotoxin I: 3.4kDa peptide from Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus venom; potent apamin binding inhibitor; amino acid sequence given in first source		1.9810
technetium tc 99m lidofenin
Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING for the clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans.		1.9710
imidacloprid
(E)-imidacloprid : The E-isomer of imidacloprid.		2.7330imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin
D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.		3.3511
sermorelin
Sermorelin: The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.. sermorelin : A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH).		3.7621
oxyntomodulin
Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.		3.3411
lysergic acid
lysergic acid : An ergoline alkaloid comprising 6-methylergoline having additional unsaturation at the 9,10-position and a carboxy group at the 8-position.		2.9210
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		3.3711
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		2.8840
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.96402-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		8.921303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.420guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		2.4420guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		5.37190guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		1.97102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate
Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.		1.9810inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.4420folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		5.05160nucleoside triphosphate analogue
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		20.2332835benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.0710dacarbazine
ganciclovir
[no description available]		2.46202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		2.4420L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		2.4720piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		25.811,349303benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
pralidoxime
pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.		2.4220pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		2.4120nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		2.0710formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		5.67260nucleoside triphosphate analogue
norclozapine
norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.		4.6661dibenzodiazepine;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		delta-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		3.3911citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		2.3820nitroso compoundalkylating agent
desmethylolanzapine
desmethylolanzapine: structure in first source		3.86110benzodiazepine
carbadox
Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)		2.0710quinoxaline derivative
heme arginate
heme arginate: used for treatment of porphyria; induces heme oxygenase		3.1110
trimedoxime bromide
Trimedoxime: Cholinesterase reactivator used as an antidote in alkyl phosphate poisoning.		2.1710
fenobam
fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate		2.0710ureas
cyanine dye 3
cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source		2.0110
alcian blue
Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.		1.9610
eye
[no description available]		8.5280
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		2.0110
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein
[no description available]		1.9810
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		1.9610
preproenkephalin
preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor		1.9810
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		7.66104
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		4.721
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		011.11387
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		011.11387
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		01.9710
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		01.9710
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		07.6630
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		09.551533
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		04.54250
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		06.57130
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		09.63337
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		09.63337
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.97400
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.7730
Ache
[description not available]		07.27114
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.0410
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		07.27114
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.0410
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.4620
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.4620
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		04.1760
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		04.1760
Anochlesia
[description not available]		04.63100
Amentia
[description not available]		09.36234
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		09.36234
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Aura
[description not available]		02.520
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.520
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		06.03150
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		06.03150
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.2110
Itching
[description not available]		02.9640
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.2110
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.9640
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.4110
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.4110
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		011.66184
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		012.36374
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		012.36374
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.2110
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.2110
Myopia, Pathological
[description not available]		03.1710
Myopia, Degenerative
Excessive axial myopia associated with complications (especially posterior staphyloma and CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION) that can lead to BLINDNESS.		03.1710
Ametropia
[description not available]		02.4920
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		03.8440
Refractive Errors
Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.		02.4920
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		08.05132
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.1710
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		08.05132
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.1710
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		0591
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		03.1250
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		0591
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		03.1250
Drooling
[description not available]		05.0652
Sialorrhea
Increased salivary flow.		05.0652
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		011.163410
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		02.2110
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.4720
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		05.9674
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.4720
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		05.9674
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		016.45298
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		02.2110
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		05.4882
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		05.4882
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		023.28594178
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		028.28594178
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.110
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)		02.110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		08.34402
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		016.4412934
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		07.42173
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		016.4412934
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		07.42173
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.1510
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.1510
Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.		02.0510
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		06.15123
Peptic Ulcer Perforation
Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.		02.0510
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.2170
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7130
Asialia
[description not available]		05.9474
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.		02.0510
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		02.7130
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		05.9474
Farsightedness
[description not available]		02.4220
Hyperopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4220
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.2560
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		02.7430
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		02.0510
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.9440
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.730
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.9440
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		011.983411
Psychoses
[description not available]		019.0319555
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		019.0319555
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		016.568830
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		04.43220
Nails, Ingrown
Excessive lateral nail growth into the nail fold. Because the lateral margin of the nail acts as a foreign body, inflammation and granulation may result. It is caused by improperly fitting shoes and by improper trimming of the nail.		02.0710
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.7230
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		07.7230
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		010.87282
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		07.77200
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		010.87282
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		03.6230
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		02.4120
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		06.9492
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		03.821
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		06.9492
Galactorrhea
Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.		04.3141
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		05.4153
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		05.4153
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		02.0110
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		06.8774
Nocturnal Wandering
[description not available]		02.4120
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		02.0110
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		06.8774
Blepharospasm-Oromandibular Dyskinesia
[description not available]		02.0110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		011.664114
Cephalgia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.0110
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.0110
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		02.0110
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		011.664114
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.0110
Headache Disorders
Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.0110
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.9240
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)		07.41380
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		010.3318
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		010.3318
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.730
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.730
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		013.747414
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		05.74112
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		013.747414
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		05.74112
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.1150
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		05.62290
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		014.877028
Serotonin Syndrome
An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.		02.730
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		010.74233
Delusional Disorder
Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.		07.19350
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		010.74233
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		06.02152
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		05.3472
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		05.3472
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		012.735624
Affective Disorders, Psychotic
Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.		06.1671
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.730
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		09.613210
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		06.57110
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		014.613210
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		06.57110
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		011.822211
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		011.822211
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		05.8851
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		05.8851
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.9210
Cortical Lewy Body Disease
[description not available]		06.4971
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		08.82236
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		03.6230
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		08.82236
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		03.6230
Lewy Body Disease
A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)		06.4971
Capgras Syndrome
A psychotic disorder characterized by the patient's belief that acquaintances or closely related persons have been replaced by doubles or imposters.		02.730
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		03.580
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		03.580
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		07.78194
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		06.89136
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		014.01164
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		08.4213
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		08.4213
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		03.821
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		012.33278
Autism
[description not available]		04.4951
Pervasive Child Development Disorders
[description not available]		06.8482
Acquired Communication Disorders
[description not available]		02.0110
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		04.4951
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.		06.8482
Communication Disorders
Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive LANGUAGE DISORDERS, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., MENTAL RETARDATION), psychiatric conditions, and HEARING DISORDERS.		02.0110
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		06.2572
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		06.2572
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		06.1771
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		06.1771
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		05.69190
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		013.174614
Combat Disorders
Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.		04.0931
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		013.174614
Habit Chorea
[description not available]		02.9210
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder
[description not available]		07.66104
Tourette Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)		07.66104
Tics
Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)		02.9210
Post-Natal Depression
[description not available]		03.3911
Depression, Postpartum
Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)		03.3911
Callous-Unemotional Traits
[description not available]		03.3911
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		08.32123
Conduct Disorder
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		03.3911
Recrudescence
[description not available]		014.456833
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		07.1230
As If Personality
[description not available]		03.3320
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		05.66100
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		05.66100
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		06.6171
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		03.69100
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		02.9140
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		02.9140
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.0110
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.0110
Acetonemia
[description not available]		02.0110
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.940
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.940
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		02.0110
Impotence
[description not available]		0531
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		0531
Hair Diseases
Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.		02.0110
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		03.3911
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		03.3911
Claustrophobia
[description not available]		03.3911
Phobic Disorders
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.		03.3911
Adult-Onset Dystonias
[description not available]		02.730
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.		02.730
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		03.6130
Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements
[description not available]		02.0110
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		03.6130
Benign Essential Tremor
[description not available]		02.0110
Essential Tremor
A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)		02.0110
Binge Eating
[description not available]		02.420
Hyperphagia
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.		02.0110
Bulimia
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.		02.420
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		04.4951
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		04.4951
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		010.43273
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		010.43273
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		09.15122
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		09.15122
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		05.6421
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		05.6421
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		04.0831
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		04.0831
Trichotillomania
Compulsion to pull out one's hair.		04.341
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		02.4320
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		02.420
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		02.4320
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		02.420
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.0110
Aprosodia
[description not available]		04.0831
Hemisensory Neglect
[description not available]		02.4120
Perceptual Disorders
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.		02.4120
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		02.0110
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.0110
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		06.7951
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		06.7951
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		04.3622
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		02.9310
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		02.0110
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		04.4951
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		02.0110
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		04.4951
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		04.6232
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.6930
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		04.6232
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		07.6930
Lassitude
[description not available]		03.411
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		03.411
Emesis
[description not available]		03.3320
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		03.3320
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		06.1671
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		02.9310
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		02.9310
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		02.9310
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		06.1671
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		02.9310
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		02.9310
Cervical Dystonia
A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.		02.0110
Torticollis
A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.		02.0110
Glycine Encephalopathy
[description not available]		02.0110
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.4220
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.4220
Flushing
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.		02.0110
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		02.0110
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.0110
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.0110
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		02.730
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		02.6930
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.9140
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.9140
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		03.2560
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.8442
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		03.2560
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		04.8442
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		04.0731
Ectoparasitic Infestations
Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.		02.4220
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		09.0731
Pyrexia
[description not available]		03.150
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		03.150
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		05.0352
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		02.0110
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.6730
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		02.0110
Priapism
A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.		05.8181
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		03.820
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		02.9310
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		02.9310
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.4220
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.4220
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.0110
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.0110
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		05.1862
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		05.1862
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.4120
Xanthoma
[description not available]		02.0110
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.4120
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		02.0110
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.0110
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.0110
Brain Injury, Chronic
Conditions characterized by persistent brain damage or dysfunction as sequelae of cranial trauma. This disorder may result from DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; BRAIN EDEMA; and other conditions. Clinical features may include DEMENTIA; focal neurologic deficits; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; AKINETIC MUTISM; or COMA.		02.0110
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.0110
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.0110
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		04.0631
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		04.0150
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		04.0150
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		02.0110
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		04.6261
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		02.730
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		04.6261
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		02.730
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		05.7981
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		010.7981
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.0110
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.0110
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.9240
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		02.0110
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.0110
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		02.0210
Frigidity
[description not available]		05.451
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)		05.451
Addison Disease and Cerebral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.9310
Alpers Diffuse Degeneration of Cerebral Gray Matter with Hepatic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.9310
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.9310
Devic Disease
[description not available]		02.9310
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.9310
Adrenoleukodystrophy
An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the LYSOSOMES of ADRENAL CORTEX and the white matter of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. Clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. The slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. The defective gene ABCD1 is located at Xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS).		02.9310
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.9310
Neuromyelitis Optica
A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.		02.9310
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		02.9310
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		05.241
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.9310
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		05.241
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		02.9310
Acute Porphyria
[description not available]		02.9310
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.		02.9310
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.730
Malassezia furfur Infection
[description not available]		02.0110
Tinea Versicolor
A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).		02.0110
Anoxemia
[description not available]		04.6361
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		04.6361
Childhood Schizophrenia
[description not available]		05.4944
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders
[description not available]		03.411
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.		03.411
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		03.821
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		03.821
Action Tremor
[description not available]		05.09101
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		05.09101
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		018.038022
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		115.038022
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.6830
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.6830
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		05.7842
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		05.7842
Adipocere
[description not available]		04.5490
Acute Idiopathic Facial Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.0210
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		02.0210
Bell Palsy
A syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral FACIAL PARALYSIS which progresses over a 2-5 day period. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. Pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. This condition may be associated with HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN infection of the facial nerve. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1376)		02.0210
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		02.0210
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.4120
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		02.0210
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.4120
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.0310
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.6930
Hypermyotonia
[description not available]		02.0310
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		02.0310
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		02.0310
Deficiency, Vitamin A
[description not available]		02.0310
Vitamin A Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)		02.0310
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.0310
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.0310
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		07.99147
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear
[description not available]		02.0310
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)		02.0310
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		02.6830
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		05.3853
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		17.3853
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		014.1814083
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		014.1814083
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		06.0862
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		06.0862
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		012.228332
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		017.228332
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		03.3411
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		04.6132
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		012.5294
Indigestion
[description not available]		08.47107
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		012.5294
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		08.47107
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		04.3122
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		04.3122
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		02.3720
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.		04.660
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		01.9610
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		02.8840
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		07.111010
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		07.111010
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		03.0750
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		03.0750
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.6630
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		07.6630
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		08.07135
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		01.9610
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		013.07135
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		01.9610
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		01.9610
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		04.6132
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		04.6132
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		04.0531
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		04.9833
Gastritis, Familial Giant Hypertrophic
[description not available]		02.3720
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		01.9510
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3711
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		08.3711
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		01.9810
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		01.9810
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		06.07113
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		06.07113
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		01.9810
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		01.9810
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.3820
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.3820
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		01.9810
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		04.2970
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		04.2970
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		03.3220
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		01.9810
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		01.9810
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		04.4651
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		09.4651
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		03.3711
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		03.3711
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		03.0750
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		01.9810
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		01.9810
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		04.8442
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		01.9810
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		04.0631
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		04.0631
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		03.7621
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		01.9810
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		01.9810
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		01.9810
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.3820
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.3820
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.3820
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.3820
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute
A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.		01.9810
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		04.3322
Deficiency, Thiamine
[description not available]		01.9810
Thiamine Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)		01.9810
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		01.9910
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9910
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		01.9910
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		01.9910
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		01.9910
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		01.9910
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		01.9910
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		03.3711
Constricted Pupil
[description not available]		02.6830
Miosis
Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.		02.6830
Mydriasis
Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.		01.9910
Cyst
[description not available]		01.9910
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		02.420
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		03.3811
Dizzyness
[description not available]		05.6121
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		03.3811
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		05.6121
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		03.6130
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
[description not available]		02.9110
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.		02.9110
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		03.6130
Rheumatism
[description not available]		03.3811
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		03.3811
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		06.1280
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		06.1280
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		02.9110
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		02.9110
Paranoia
[description not available]		03.0950
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		04.8342
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		04.8342
Cognitive Manifestations
[description not available]		02.9110
Neurobehavioral Manifestations
Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information.		02.9110
Cataleptic Attacks
[description not available]		01.9910
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		02.6930
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		02.6930
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		04.3522
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		04.3522
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.3970
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.9110
ADDH
[description not available]		04.6432
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		04.6432
Labhart-Willi Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Prader-Willi Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)		01.9910
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		01.9910
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.9110
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.9110
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		04.0831
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		04.0831
Developmental Coordination Disorder
[description not available]		01.9910
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		01.9910
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		01.9910
Body Rocking
[description not available]		04.341
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		01.9910
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		01.9910
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		05.4644
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		05.4644
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.6830
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		01.9910
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		02.6830
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		01.9910
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		0210
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		0210
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		0210
Salivary Gland Diseases
Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.		0210
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		0210
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		02.3920
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		0210
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		0210
Water Intoxication
A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.		02.4120
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		0210
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		0210
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		0210
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		0210
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		03.2560
Antisocial Behavior
Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others		0210
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		03.3970
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		03.3970
Dysthymia
[description not available]		04.311
Disorder, Borderline Personality
[description not available]		06.0332
Borderline Personality Disorder
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)		06.0332
Dysthymic Disorder
Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)		04.311
Ocular Hypotension
Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).		0210
Stammering
[description not available]		0210
Stuttering
A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		0210
Clerambault Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4120
Agoraphobia
Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.		0210
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		03.3911
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		0210
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		03.3220
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		0210
Convergent Strabismus
[description not available]		0210
Esotropia
A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a cross-eye appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.		0210
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		0210
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		0210
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		0210
Acne
[description not available]		0210
Psychophysiologic Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)		0210
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		0210
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		0210
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		0210
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		0210
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		0210
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.		0210
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		02.4120
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		0210
Blepharospasm
Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.		0210
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		0210
Incipient Schizophrenia
[description not available]		02.4120
Childhood Tic Disorders
[description not available]		0210
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia.		02.4120
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		0210
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		0210
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		0210
Hypochondriacal Neuroses
[description not available]		02.4120
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		0210
Complex Partial Epilepsy
[description not available]		0210
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		0210
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)		0210
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		0210
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		04.3422
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		0210
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		03.3911
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		0210
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		0210
Breathlessness
[description not available]		0210
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.4120
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		0210
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		04.0731
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		0210
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.4120
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		04.0731
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		04.2420
Catatonic Schizophrenia
[description not available]		03.821
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		03.3320
Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic
[description not available]		0210
Hebephrenic Schizophrenia
[description not available]		0210
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.9210
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		02.9210
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		0210
Briquet Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Somatoform Disorders
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)		0210
Personality Disorder, Schizoid
[description not available]		0210
Acrania
[description not available]		0210
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		0210
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		0210
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		0210
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		02.3920
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		0210
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		0210
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		02.3920
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		0210
Eulenburg Disease
[description not available]		0210
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia
[description not available]		0210
Myotonic Disorders
Diseases characterized by MYOTONIA, which may be inherited or acquired. Myotonia may be restricted to certain muscles (e.g., intrinsic hand muscles) or occur as a generalized condition.		0210
Atypical Cluster Headache
[description not available]		04.7121
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
[description not available]		03.3911
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses
A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.		03.3911
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		04.3622
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		04.3622
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		02.9210
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		02.9210
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		03.3911
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		03.3911
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.6730
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.821
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		0210
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		0210
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		03.821
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.9210
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		02.9210
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.4120
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		0210
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.4120
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		0210
48,XXYY Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Klinefelter Syndrome
A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).		02.0110
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		0210
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		0210
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.9210
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		03.7821
Gall Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		02.0110
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		03.7821
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.0110
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Multiple System Atrophy
A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)		02.0110
Apraxia
[description not available]		02.0110
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		02.0110
Apraxias
A group of cognitive disorders characterized by the inability to perform previously learned skills that cannot be attributed to deficits of motor or sensory function. The two major subtypes of this condition are ideomotor (see APRAXIA, IDEOMOTOR) and ideational apraxia, which refers to loss of the ability to mentally formulate the processes involved with performing an action. For example, dressing apraxia may result from an inability to mentally formulate the act of placing clothes on the body. Apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant PARIETAL LOBE and supramarginal gyrus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp56-7)		02.0110
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		02.0110
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		03.3911
Microglossia
[description not available]		02.0110
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		02.8940
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		07.8940
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.		01.9810
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		04.0531
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		04.0531
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		01.9810
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		01.9810
Island Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9710
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.3820
Adenoma, Islet Cell
A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.		01.9710
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.3820
Aujeszky Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		03.0750
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		03.0750
Gastric Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.		02.3820
Pancreatic Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.		01.9710
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		06.9710
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		01.9710
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		01.9710
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		03.3611
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		03.3611
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		03.3611
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.3820
Infection
[description not available]		02.8910
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.8910
Campylobacter Infection
[description not available]		04.3222
Pancreatic Insufficiency
[description not available]		03.3611
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.		03.3611
Achlorhydria
A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.		03.3511
Addison's Anemia
[description not available]		03.3511
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		03.3511
Dumping Syndrome
Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.		01.9610
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		01.9610
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		01.9610
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		01.9710
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		01.9710
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		01.9710
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		01.9710
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		01.9710
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		01.9710
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		01.9710
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		03.3511
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		03.3511
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		01.9610
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		01.9610
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		01.9710
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		01.9710
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		01.9710
Gastritis, Atrophic
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.		02.6630
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		01.9710
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		01.9710
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9710
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		08.3511
Air Sickness
[description not available]		01.9710
Motion Sickness
Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.		01.9710
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		03.3511
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		03.3511
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		01.9710
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		01.9710
Pyrosis
[description not available]		03.3511
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		03.3511
Heartburn
Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.		03.3511
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		03.3511