Compounds > deamino arginine vasopressin
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deamino arginine vasopressin

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Description

Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5311065
CHEMBL ID1429
CHEBI ID4450
SCHEMBL ID14027607
MeSH IDM0474041

Synonyms (52)

Synonym
1-(3-mercaptopropionic acid)-8-d-arginine-vasopressin
ddavp
DB00035
1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin
1-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin
desmopressine [inn-french]
desmopressinum [inn-latin]
desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin, l-
einecs 240-726-7
desmopresina [inn-spanish]
desmopressin [inn:ban]
deamino-8-d-arginine, l-, vasopressin
deamino arginine vasopressin
vasopressin, 1-(3-mercaptopropanoic acid)-8-d-arginine-
desmopressinum
CHEBI:4450 ,
desmopresina
1-{[(4r,7s,10s,13s,16s)-7-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-10-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-13-benzyl-16-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-6,9,12,15,18-pentaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17-pentaazacycloicosan-4-yl]carbonyl}-l-prolyl-d-arginylglycinamide
desmopressine
CHEMBL1429 ,
ser-120
h01ba02
ser120
(s)-1-((4r,7s,10s,13s,16s)-7-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-10-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-13-benzyl-16-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-6,9,12,15,18-pentaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17-pentaazacycloicosane-4-carbonyl)-n-((r)-1-(2-amino-2-oxoethylamino)-5-guanidino-1-oxopentan-2-yl)pyrrol
bdbm50205308
enr1llb0fp ,
unii-enr1llb0fp
dtxsid1048259 ,
AKOS015994650
desmopressin [vandf]
desmopressin [mi]
desmopressin [ep monograph]
desmopressin [inn]
desmopressin [mart.]
desmopressin [who-dd]
NFLWUMRGJYTJIN-PNIOQBSNSA-N
HS-2010
SCHEMBL14027607
113-81-5
EX-A4284
AC-35742
STL581697
iaminomethylidene)-d-ornithylglycinamide
1-{[(4r,7s,10s,13s,16s)-7-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-10-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-13-benzyl-16-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-6,9,12,15,18-pentaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17-pentaazacycloicosan-4-yl]carbonyl}-l-prolyl-n~5~-(d
desmopressin (mart.)
(deamino-cys1,d-arg8)vasopressin
desmopressine (inn-french)
desmopressina
desmopresina (inn-spanish)
desmopressin (ep monograph)
desmopressinum (inn-latin)
AKOS040894156

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Compared with previously available treatments, it has a greatly enhanced therapeutic profile, allowing more specific antidiuresis without adverse reactions."( Clinical experience with desmopressin: efficacy and safety in central diabetes insipidus and other conditions.
Harris, AS, 1989)		0.28
" No abnormalities were demonstrated, which suggests that the drug is safe in this clinical situation."( Assessment of the safety of regular DDAVP therapy in primary nocturnal enuresis.
Rew, DA; Rundle, JS, 1989)		0.28
"Desmopressin is a potent antidiuretic for nocturnal enuresis with few and mostly insignificant adverse reactions."( Efficacy, safety, and dosing of desmopressin for nocturnal enuresis in Europe.
Bengtsson, B; Hjälmås, K, 1993)		0.29
" During the 1-year prospective study with oral DDAVP 300-600 micrograms per day in two to three doses, stable and satisfactory antidiuresis (comparable with that on previous IN therapy) was maintained; tablets were well-tolerated and no side-effect warranted drug withdrawal."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, long-term efficacy and safety of oral 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin in adult patients with central diabetes insipidus.
Choi, KL; Ip, TP; Kumana, CR; Lam, KS; Pang, RW; Wat, MS, 1996)		0.29
"Desmopressin could be a safe and immediately effective option for the treatment or prevention of bleeding in selected patients with hematologic malignancies."( Pilot study on the safety and efficacy of desmopressin for the treatment or prevention of bleeding in patients with hematologic malignancies.
Bona, ED; Castaman, G; D'Emilio, A; Rodeghiero, F; Schiavotto, C; Trentin, L, )		0.13
" These results suggest that repeated short-term iontophoresis is a safe and effective technique for transdermal delivery of DDAVP."( Safe and efficient transdermal delivery of desmopressin acetate by iontophoresis in rats.
Ito, K; Kato, Y; Nakakura, M, 1998)		0.3
"Oral DDAVP is a safe and efficacious drug for the short-term treatment of children with primary nocturnal enuresis."( Efficacy and safety of oral desmopressin in the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis in Asian children.
Chao, SM; Low, EH; Murugasu, B; Ong, EK; Tan, AY; Yap, HK, 1998)		0.3
" In conclusion, DDAVP use during pregnancy seems to be safe for both mother and child."( DDAVP use during pregnancy: an analysis of its safety for mother and child.
Ray, JG, 1998)		0.3
" No serious drug-related adverse events were recorded and no clinical symptoms of hyponatraemia were reported."( Efficacy and safety during long-term treatment of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis with desmopressin. Swedish Enuresis Trial Group.
Bergström, R; Fosdal, I; Hjälmås, K; Tullus, K; Winnergård, I, 1999)		0.3
"We report our experience with the incidence of adverse events during the use of Stimate brand intranasal desmopressin acetate (IN DDAVP) for patients with haemophilia A (HA) or von Willebrand disease (vWD) after noting two severe adverse events in one adult patient."( Adverse events during use of intranasal desmopressin acetate for haemophilia A and von Willebrand disease: a case report and review of 40 patients.
Abshire, TC; Dunn, AL; Powers, JR; Ribeiro, MJ; Rickles, FR, 2000)		0.31
" Poly I:Poly C itself had no toxic effect on renal tissue, while Poly I:Poly C followed 24 h later by gentamicin indicated a protective effect from the gentamicin nephrotoxicity as the functional and histological investigations indicated."( Protective effect of poly I:poly C from gentamicin nephrotoxicity in guinea pigs.
Gourgiotis, D; Karpathios, T; Kavazarakis, E; Moustaki, M; Nakopoulou, L; Zeis, MP; Zeis, PM, 2001)		0.31
" Most adverse events (rhinitis, pharyngitis, headache and increased cough) were mild to moderate in severity, unrelated to treatment and resolved before the study was completed."( The efficacy and safety of oral desmopressin in children with primary nocturnal enuresis.
Salzman, PM; Schulman, SL; Stokes, A, 2001)		0.31
" In general, these alternatives are safe with proper dosing and monitoring of effects."( Safety and efficacy of methods for reducing perioperative allogeneic transfusion: a critical review of the literature.
Wells, PS, )		0.13
"All 72 enrolled patients completed the trial; no serious adverse events occurred and no adverse events of severe intensity were recorded."( Desmopressin in elderly patients with nocturia: short-term safety and effects on urine output, sleep and voiding patterns.
Andersson, KE; Norgaard, JP; Rembratt, A, 2003)		0.32
" DDAVP was well tolerated: the majority of reported adverse events were mild, although two adverse events leading to withdrawal were reported."( The Canadian Enuresis Study and Evaluation--short- and long-term safety and efficacy of an oral desmopressin preparation.
Barkin, J; Gorodzinsky, F; Schwarz, R; Wolfish, NM, 2003)		0.32
"Desmopressin is a safe drug with a low incidence of side-effects."( Desmopressin is a safe drug for the treatment of enuresis.
Auriemma, R; Cennamo, M; Del Gado, G; Del Gado, R; Del Gaizo, D; Vernì, M, 2005)		0.33
" Herein we review the adverse effects of DDAVP and its predecessor, vasopressin, as well as discuss important clinical considerations when using these agents to treat central diabetes insipidus."( Vasopressin and desmopressin in central diabetes insipidus: adverse effects and clinical considerations.
Allen, M; Kim, RJ; Maghnie, M; Malattia, C; Moshang, T, 2004)		0.32
"Desmopressin has been used extensively for primary nocturnal enuresis and it is associated with a low incidence of adverse effects."( Desmopressin toxicity due to prolonged half-life in 18 patients with nocturnal enuresis.
Dehoorne, JL; Hoebeke, P; Raes, AM; van Laecke, E; Vande Walle, JG, 2006)		0.33
" Water intoxication leading to hyponatremia is an infrequent but serious adverse event associated with desmopressin."( The comparative safety of oral versus intranasal desmopressin for the treatment of children with nocturnal enuresis.
Leung, AK; Norgaard, JP; Robson, WL, 2007)		0.34
" In addition, the product was well tolerated and no adverse events potentially related to the study drug were reported."( Fanhdi, efficacy and safety in von Willebrand's disease: prospective international study results.
Bello, IF; Molina, MQ; Navarro, FH; Yuste, VJ, 2007)		0.34
"Fanhdi is an effective and safe plasma-derived FVIII/VWF concentrate that can be used as an alternative to the current replacement therapy in patients with VWD to provide an adequate haemostasis during surgical procedures and treatment of bleeding episodes."( Fanhdi, efficacy and safety in von Willebrand's disease: prospective international study results.
Bello, IF; Molina, MQ; Navarro, FH; Yuste, VJ, 2007)		0.34
" While a large body of clinical data is available for desmopressin, and despite its widespread use, comprehensive reviews of the safety of desmopressin are lacking (although some case series have attempted to correlate patient and/or dosing characteristics with the occurrence of adverse reactions)."( Desmopressin 30 years in clinical use: a safety review.
Nørgaard, JP; Raes, A; Stockner, M; Vande Walle, J, 2007)		0.34
" There are few serious adverse events reported for the melt formulation (oral lyophilisate), but as it has only recently become available on the market, it would be premature to conclude that it has a better safety profile."( Is there still a role for desmopressin in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis?: a focus on safety issues.
Raes, A; Van de Walle, J; Van Herzeele, C, 2010)		0.36
" Aim, patients: Due to clinical practice we were interested in finding prospective parameter potentially correlating with adverse reactions of DDAVP and initiated this study."( Clinical assessment of efficacy and safety of DDAVP.
Alesci, SR; Asmelash, G; Dück, O; Grossmann, R; Krekeler, S; Llugaliu, B; Miesbach, W; Schüttrumpf, J, 2010)		0.36
"Most adverse reactions were mild and no serious adverse drug reactions were either observed or reported by the subjects."( Clinical assessment of efficacy and safety of DDAVP.
Alesci, SR; Asmelash, G; Dück, O; Grossmann, R; Krekeler, S; Llugaliu, B; Miesbach, W; Schüttrumpf, J, 2010)		0.36
" The adverse effects of desmopressin were similar to those observed in the placebo group."( Efficacy and safety of desmopressin for treatment of nocturia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blinded trials.
Peng, X; Yang, C; Zhang, Y; Zong, H, 2012)		0.38
"Rate of correction of hyponatremia, predictability of response to the combination, adverse events related to therapy."( Hypertonic saline and desmopressin: a simple strategy for safe correction of severe hyponatremia.
Chen, L; Hix, JK; Silver, SM; Sood, L; Sterns, RH, 2013)		0.39
" There was no adverse effect associated with therapy."( Hypertonic saline and desmopressin: a simple strategy for safe correction of severe hyponatremia.
Chen, L; Hix, JK; Silver, SM; Sood, L; Sterns, RH, 2013)		0.39
" Safety was evaluated by hyponatremia, hyponatremic symptoms and other adverse drug events."( Safety and efficacy of desmopressin for the treatment of nocturia in elderly patients: a cohort study.
Choo, MS; Chun, JY; Han, JY; Hong, BS; Song, M, 2014)		0.4
" Severe adverse events were not observed."( Safety and efficacy of desmopressin for the treatment of nocturia in elderly patients: a cohort study.
Choo, MS; Chun, JY; Han, JY; Hong, BS; Song, M, 2014)		0.4
"2 mg is safe and effective in elderly patients with NP if patients are well informed and are closely followed up."( Safety and efficacy of desmopressin for the treatment of nocturia in elderly patients: a cohort study.
Choo, MS; Chun, JY; Han, JY; Hong, BS; Song, M, 2014)		0.4
"Studies were generally of high quality, although 4 used an active run-in period to titrate the dose and exclude patients with adverse effects or who were nonresponders."( A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of desmopressin for nocturia in adults.
Ebell, MH; Gardner, J; Radke, T, 2014)		0.4
" Endpoints are adverse events and change in body mass index."( Safety profile of desmopressin tablet for enuresis in a prospective study.
De Bruyne, P; Eggert, P; Evans, J; Lottmann, H; Norgaard, JP; Van Herzeele, C; Vande Walle, J, 2014)		0.4
" At each visit, adverse events were questioned and observed signs or symptoms were recorded."( Safety profile of desmopressin tablet for enuresis in a prospective study.
De Bruyne, P; Eggert, P; Evans, J; Lottmann, H; Norgaard, JP; Van Herzeele, C; Vande Walle, J, 2014)		0.4
"Overall, 222 (30%) patients experienced 404 treatment-emergent adverse events."( Safety profile of desmopressin tablet for enuresis in a prospective study.
De Bruyne, P; Eggert, P; Evans, J; Lottmann, H; Norgaard, JP; Van Herzeele, C; Vande Walle, J, 2014)		0.4
" In conclusion, our study supports desmopressin use as a safe treatment option in patients with various bleeding disorders."( Side effects of desmopressin in patients with bleeding disorders.
Cnossen, MH; de Maat, MP; Kruip, MJ; Leebeek, FW; Stoof, SC, 2016)		0.43
" Other secondary end points and adverse events were evaluated."( Efficacy and Safety of Desmopressin Add-On Therapy for Men with Persistent Nocturia on α-Blocker Monotherapy for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study.
Cho, KJ; Choo, MS; Kim, DY; Kim, JC; Lee, JG; Lee, JZ; Lee, KS; Oh, SJ; Seo, JT, 2017)		0.46
" The incidence of adverse events in the desmopressin add-on group was similar to that in the placebo group."( Efficacy and Safety of Desmopressin Add-On Therapy for Men with Persistent Nocturia on α-Blocker Monotherapy for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study.
Cho, KJ; Choo, MS; Kim, DY; Kim, JC; Lee, JG; Lee, JZ; Lee, KS; Oh, SJ; Seo, JT, 2017)		0.46
" Of the known adverse drug reactions, hyponatremia remains a major concern especially in patients over 65 years of age."( Desmopressin and nocturnal voiding dysfunction: Clinical evidence and safety profile in the treatment of nocturia.
Chung, E, 2018)		0.48
" Other adverse events were similar across treatment groups."( Efficacy and Safety of SER120 Nasal Spray in Patients with Nocturia: Pooled Analysis of 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Phase 3 Trials.
Abrams, S; Cheng, M; Dmochowski, R; Fein, S; Kaminetsky, J; MacDiarmid, S; Wein, A, 2018)		0.48
" Adverse events (AEs) were also recorded."( Pharmacokinetics and safety profile of desmopressin oral tablet formulations in healthy Chinese subjects under fasting and fed conditions.
Chen, G; Chen, H; Ding, Y; Li, C; Li, X; Liu, B; Liu, C; Liu, J; Niu, J; Shen, Z; Wu, M; Zhang, H; Zhu, X, 2018)		0.48
" Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids are used for the treatment of renal colic, some adverse effects have been reported."( Desmopressin/indomethacin combination efficacy and safety in renal colic pain management: A randomized placebo controlled trial.
Baigi, V; Entezari, P; Hedayatshodeh, M; Jalili, M; Mirfazaelian, H; Shirani, F, 2019)		0.51
" The number of total adverse events was similar in both desmopressin and control groups [5 trials, RR = 0."( Efficacy and safety of desmopressin in women with nocturia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Cai, X; Nie, M; Tian, Y; Wang, K, 2019)		0.51
"The administration of DDAVP was not associated with adverse safety events, but did not significantly reduce the incidence of hematoma expansion in patients with AU-associated ICH."( The Safety and Efficacy of Desmopressin in Patients With Intracranial Hemorrhage and a History of Alcohol Use.
Berger, K; Gunther, M; Prust, M; Salerno, D; Witenko, CJ, 2022)		0.72
" A single IV dose of desmopressin adjusted to the patient's weight is safe as pre-PRB bleeding prophylaxis."( Safety of renal biopsy bleeding prophylaxis with desmopressin.
Álvarez Nadal, M; Barrios, RHS; Burguera Vion, V; Cintra Cabrera, M; Elías Triviño, S; Fernández Lucas, M; Ortego, S; Rivera-Gorrin, M; Villa Hurtado, D, 2021)		0.62
" We aimed to establish a systematic review and meta-analysis to confirm its effect on symptom relief and adverse effects."( The efficacy and safety of desmopressin acetate applied for nocturia in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Alshayyah, R; Wang, Q; Yang, B, 2022)		0.72
" Patients treated with desmopressin were at higher risk than the control group for short-term adverse events (P < ."( The efficacy and safety of desmopressin acetate applied for nocturia in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Alshayyah, R; Wang, Q; Yang, B, 2022)		0.72
" Some adverse reactions of desmopressin, such as hyponatremia, headache, dizziness and nausea, may be mild and short-term."( The efficacy and safety of desmopressin acetate applied for nocturia in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Alshayyah, R; Wang, Q; Yang, B, 2022)		0.72
" Treatment-related adverse effects and nighttime arousal were secondary outcomes."( The Safety and Efficacy of Fluoxetine for the Treatment of Refractory Primary Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis in Children: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Abdelhalim, A; El-Kenawy, MR; Hashem, A; Helmy, TE; Hussiny, M; Soltan, MA, 2022)		0.72
"Fluoxetine is safe treatment for refractory primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children with good initial response that declines at 12 weeks."( The Safety and Efficacy of Fluoxetine for the Treatment of Refractory Primary Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis in Children: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Abdelhalim, A; El-Kenawy, MR; Hashem, A; Helmy, TE; Hussiny, M; Soltan, MA, 2022)		0.72
" The secondary endpoints were to clarify the persistence rate, adverse events, and predictive factors of decreasing nighttime frequency."( Efficacy and safety of desmopressin orally disintegrating tablets 25 and 50 μg in male patients with nocturia: A Japanese real-world multicenter clinical study.
Fujino, K; Hashimoto, J; Hashimoto, K; Ichihara, K; Igarashi, M; Ito, Y; Iwasawa, A; Kimura, M; Kobayashi, K; Kouzen, N; Kyoda, Y; Masumori, N; Miyao, N; Muranaka, I; Nofuji, S; Ogasawara, T; Okada, M; Shibamori, K; Shibuya, A; Shimizu, T; Shinkai, N; Suzuki, N; Tachikawa, K; Takei, F; Tanaka, T; Toyota, T; Uchida, K; Yorozuya, W, 2022)		0.72
" The reason for discontinuation was mainly the occurrence of adverse events in 67 patients (56."( Efficacy and safety of desmopressin orally disintegrating tablets 25 and 50 μg in male patients with nocturia: A Japanese real-world multicenter clinical study.
Fujino, K; Hashimoto, J; Hashimoto, K; Ichihara, K; Igarashi, M; Ito, Y; Iwasawa, A; Kimura, M; Kobayashi, K; Kouzen, N; Kyoda, Y; Masumori, N; Miyao, N; Muranaka, I; Nofuji, S; Ogasawara, T; Okada, M; Shibamori, K; Shibuya, A; Shimizu, T; Shinkai, N; Suzuki, N; Tachikawa, K; Takei, F; Tanaka, T; Toyota, T; Uchida, K; Yorozuya, W, 2022)		0.72
"We aim to make desmopressin a safe treatment option for (older) patients at risk for hyponatremia, by introducing a new way of sodium monitoring."( Laying the foundation for enhancing safety of desmopressin in older people: Validation of capillary blood sodium levels.
Delanghe, J; Everaert, K; Maenhout, T; Petrovic, M; Van Laecke, E; Verbakel, I; Weiss, J, 2023)		0.91
" We provided the first step towards a simple and safe solution for frequent sodium monitoring through a minimal invasive capillary blood collection."( Laying the foundation for enhancing safety of desmopressin in older people: Validation of capillary blood sodium levels.
Delanghe, J; Everaert, K; Maenhout, T; Petrovic, M; Van Laecke, E; Verbakel, I; Weiss, J, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The pharmacokinetic parameters and biological duration of action of DDAVP were measured in five patients with central diabetes insipidus of differing severity."( Pharmacokinetics of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in patients with central diabetes insipidus.
Burger, HG; Johnston, CI; Pullan, PT, 1978)		0.26
" The maximum plasma concentrations of DDAVP, measured with a specific and sensitive RIA method, was dose-dependent and there was not significant difference in time until maximum concentration was obtained or in plasma half-life between the two routes of administration."( Central diabetes insipidus in children. Antidiuretic effect and pharmacokinetics of intranasal and peroral 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin.
Czernichow, P; Fjellestad-Paulsen, A; Harris, A; Tubiana-Rufi, N, 1987)		0.27
" Plasma DDAVP levels increased in a dose-dependent fashion and its disappearance from the plasma followed an exponential time course, with a half-life 86 to 142 min."( Antidiuretic effect and pharmacokinetics of oral 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin. 1. Studies in adults and children.
Dunger, DB; Lewis, RJ; Lightman, SL; Lyon, CC; Taylor, F; Williams, TD, 1986)		0.27
" After intravenous administration, the half-life of elimination (t1/2) of dDAVP was 78 +/- 10 minutes."( Pharmacokinetics of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin after various routes of administration in healthy volunteers.
Fjellestad-Paulsen, A; Höglund, P; Lundin, S; Paulsen, O, 1993)		0.29
"Plasma desmopressin concentrations were measured throughout each study day to calculate the area under the desmopressin plasma-concentration-time curve to infinity (AUCinf), the maximum plasma desmopressin concentration (Cmax), the time at which Cmax was reached (Tmax) and the time at which plasma desmopressin was first detected (Tlag)."( Effect of food intake on the pharmacokinetics and antidiuretic activity of oral desmopressin (DDAVP) in hydrated normal subjects.
Jensen, AR; Jensen, KT; Pedersen, EB; Rittig, S, 1998)		0.3
" To assess whether the kinetic characteristics and recovery of high purity, plasma-derived (Monoclate-P, Centeon) and recombinant (Bioclate , Centeon) FVIII concentrates are enhanced by increased plasma vWf concentrations, we compared the pharmacokinetic response to a bolus of FVIII infused alone with the response to a bolus infused 2 h after the intranasal delivery of 300 microg of desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) High Concentration Nasal Spray (Stimate, Centeon) in 10 adult severe haemophiliacs."( Intranasal DDAVP induced increases in plasma von Willebrand factor alter the pharmacokinetics of high-purity factor VIII concentrates in severe haemophilia A patients.
Deitcher, SR; Johnson, JA; Tuller, J, 1999)		0.3
" Individual plasma desmopressin-vWF and desmopressin-FVIII:C concentration/response-time data were fitted to a pharmacodynamic sigmoid E ( max ) model linked to a two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model (Ke0 link)."( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of desmopressin: effect on plasma factor VIII:C and von Willebrand factor.
Argenti, D; Heald, D; Jensen, BK, 1997)		0.3
"We performed a crossover study to determine the relative pharmacokinetic bioavailability and antidiuretic activity of desmopressin in 16 orally hydrated, healthy human subjects."( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of desmopressin administered as whole, chewed and crushed tablets, and as an oral solution.
Argenti, D; Heald, DL; Ireland, D, 2001)		0.31
" Serial plasma samples were collected for 12 hours for desmopressin pharmacokinetic analysis."( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of desmopressin administered as whole, chewed and crushed tablets, and as an oral solution.
Argenti, D; Heald, DL; Ireland, D, 2001)		0.31
" The plasma concentration of desmopressin was followed for 26 hr during and after the infusion and the pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by compartmental analysis."( Pharmacokinetics and antidiuretic effect of high-dose desmopressin in patients with chronic renal failure.
Björkman, S; Lethagen, S; Ruzicka, H; Sterner, G, 2003)		0.32
" In order to investigate the clearance of VWF in Type 1 VWD, the current study assessed the half-life of VWF antigen (t(1/2) VWF:Ag) in Type 1 VWD patients and individuals with mild hemophilia A following the administration of 1-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP; desmopressin)."( Increased clearance of von Willebrand factor antigen post-DDAVP in Type 1 von Willebrand disease: is it a potential pathogenic process?
Bowen, DJ; Brown, SA; Collins, PW; Eldridge, A, 2003)		0.32
"To investigate (1) the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of desmopressin in men from an age group with a high incidence of nocturia; and (2) circadian variation in the pharmacokinetic parameters."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of desmopressin administered orally versus intravenously at daytime versus night-time in healthy men aged 55-70 years.
Djurhuus, JC; Graugaard-Jensen, C; Norgaard, JP; Rembratt, A; Senderovitz, T, 2004)		0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using a two-compartmental model except for AUC(0-->t), which was derived using non-compartmental analysis."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of desmopressin administered orally versus intravenously at daytime versus night-time in healthy men aged 55-70 years.
Djurhuus, JC; Graugaard-Jensen, C; Norgaard, JP; Rembratt, A; Senderovitz, T, 2004)		0.32
"The pharmacokinetic profile of desmopressin is biexponential."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of desmopressin administered orally versus intravenously at daytime versus night-time in healthy men aged 55-70 years.
Djurhuus, JC; Graugaard-Jensen, C; Norgaard, JP; Rembratt, A; Senderovitz, T, 2004)		0.32
" Eight healthy males and eight healthy females participated in the trial, which was conducted in a pharmacokinetic (PK) part followed by a pharmacodynamic (PD) part."( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of desmopressin: evaluating sex differences and the effect of pre-treatment with piroxicam, and further validation of an indirect response model.
Callréus, T; Höglund, P; Lundin, S; Odeberg, JM; Roth, EB, 2004)		0.32
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of oral desmopressin in elderly patients with nocturia, and to analyse any possible correlation between the absorption and clinical effect."( The pharmacokinetics of 400 microg of oral desmopressin in elderly patients with nocturia, and the correlation between the absorption of desmopressin and clinical effect.
Djurhuus, JC; Hvistendahl, GM; Nørgaard, JP; Riis, A, 2005)		0.33
"In all, 32 patients were screened to determine the baseline number of nocturnal voids and the nocturia index; of these, 24 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were enrolled for a pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral desmopressin 400 microg."( The pharmacokinetics of 400 microg of oral desmopressin in elderly patients with nocturia, and the correlation between the absorption of desmopressin and clinical effect.
Djurhuus, JC; Hvistendahl, GM; Nørgaard, JP; Riis, A, 2005)		0.33
" Plasma desmopressin at 2 h after dosing cannot be used to predict the pharmacodynamic response, although desmopressin lowers the nocturnal diuresis and the number of nocturnal voids."( The pharmacokinetics of 400 microg of oral desmopressin in elderly patients with nocturia, and the correlation between the absorption of desmopressin and clinical effect.
Djurhuus, JC; Hvistendahl, GM; Nørgaard, JP; Riis, A, 2005)		0.33
"To determine the pharmacodynamic properties of a new oral lyophilisate formulation of desmopressin (in single doses of 30, 60, 120, 240, 360 or 480 microg) in children with known primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) and thus identify those dosages that could provide a duration of action corresponding to a typical length of night-time sleep in children with PNE; additional objectives were to determine the safety and tolerability of desmopressin in this population."( A new fast-melting oral formulation of desmopressin: a pharmacodynamic study in children with primary nocturnal enuresis.
Bogaert, GA; Deboe, V; Hoebeke, P; Mattsson, S; Norgaard, JP; Schurmans, T; Vande Walle, JG, 2006)		0.33
"All 72 participants receiving desmopressin had a pharmacodynamic response to the drug, while there was no change in urinary output in the 12 placebo-treated patients."( A new fast-melting oral formulation of desmopressin: a pharmacodynamic study in children with primary nocturnal enuresis.
Bogaert, GA; Deboe, V; Hoebeke, P; Mattsson, S; Norgaard, JP; Schurmans, T; Vande Walle, JG, 2006)		0.33
" A sublingual dose of 240 microg of desmopressin appeared to result in a pharmacokinetic profile comparable to 20 microg administered intranasally."( Plasma pharmacokinetics of desmopressin following sublingual administration: an exploratory dose-escalation study in healthy male volunteers.
Joukhadar, C; Kaehler, ST; Müller, M; Rinösl, H; Sauermann, R; Steiner, IM, 2006)		0.33
" The pharmacokinetic difference was minor and presumably of no clinical relevance."( Pharmacokinetics of desmopressin administrated as an oral lyophilisate dosage form in children with primary nocturnal enuresis and healthy adults.
Agersø, H; Karlsson, MO; Nørgaard, JP; Osterberg, O; Savic, RM; Simonsson, US; Walle, JV, 2006)		0.33
" While the poor pharmacokinetic characteristics of the different available formulations may have a role in apparent therapy resistance, there are limited data available to support this theory."( Evidence of partial anti-enuretic response related to poor pharmacodynamic effects of desmopressin nasal spray.
De Guchtenaere, A; Donckerwolcke, R; Hoebeke, P; Raes, A; Van Laecke, E; Vande Walle, C; Vande Walle, J, 2009)		0.35
" Also the time to reach maximal antidiuretic effect and the duration of pharmacodynamic action show a wide range, requiring individualization of mode and time of administration."( Evidence of partial anti-enuretic response related to poor pharmacodynamic effects of desmopressin nasal spray.
De Guchtenaere, A; Donckerwolcke, R; Hoebeke, P; Raes, A; Van Laecke, E; Vande Walle, C; Vande Walle, J, 2009)		0.35
" Different formulations are promoted as bioequivalent, although these claims are not supported by comparative pharmacodynamic data in children."( Oral lyophylizate formulation of desmopressin: superior pharmacodynamics compared to tablet due to low food interaction.
De Guchtenaere, A; Dehoorne, J; Hoebeke, P; Raes, A; Van Herzeele, C; Van Laecke, E; Vande Walle, J, 2011)		0.37
"With meal combination desmopressin melt formulation has a superior pharmacodynamic profile to tablet, making it more suitable for the younger age group with a limited interval between meal and drug administration."( Oral lyophylizate formulation of desmopressin: superior pharmacodynamics compared to tablet due to low food interaction.
De Guchtenaere, A; Dehoorne, J; Hoebeke, P; Raes, A; Van Herzeele, C; Van Laecke, E; Vande Walle, J, 2011)		0.37
" However, no comparative pharmacokinetic study in children was executed confirming this statement."( Pharmacokinetics of desmopressin administered as tablet and oral lyophilisate formulation in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.
De Bruyne, P; De Guchtenaere, A; Dehoorne, J; Hoebeke, P; Raes, A; Van Herzeele, C; Van Laecke, E; Vande Walle, J, 2014)		0.4
"Previously published data from two studies (one in 22 children aged 6-16 years, and the other in 25 children aged 6-13 years) were analyzed using population pharmacokinetic modeling."( Effects of Food and Pharmaceutical Formulation on Desmopressin Pharmacokinetics in Children.
Boussery, K; Colin, P; De Bruyne, P; Dossche, L; Michelet, R; Van Bocxlaer, J; Vande Walle, J; Vermeulen, A, 2016)		0.43
" However recent studies have shown that macrophages play a critical role in regulating the half-life of VWF, and have identified specific lectin (including asialoglycoprotein, macrophage galactose-type lectin, Sigec-5 and C-type lectin domain family 4 member M) and scavenger receptors (including low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1, scavenger receptor A1 and stabilin-2) that are involved in VWF clearance."( von Willebrand factor clearance - biological mechanisms and clinical significance.
Lavin, M; O'Donnell, JS; O'Sullivan, JM; Ward, S, 2018)		0.48
"To study the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of desmopressin (dDAVP) oral lyophilisate in children below the age of 8 years with special emphasis on age-related and size-related differences in bioavailability."( Desmopressin oral lyophilisate in young children: new insights in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
De Bruyne, P; Dossche, L; Gasthuys, E; Michelet, R; Rittig, S; Van Herzeele, C; Vande Walle, J; Vermeulen, A, 2021)		0.62
" The aim of this study was to develop a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to describe, quantify, and explain this variability."( Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of von Willebrand Factor Activity in von Willebrand Disease Patients after Desmopressin Administration.
Cnossen, MH; de Jager, NCB; Heijdra, JM; Kieboom, Q; Kruip, MJHA; Leebeek, FWG; Mathôt, RAA, 2020)		0.56
" Therefore, population pharmacokinetic (PK) models have been developed, which aim to quantify and explain intraindividual and interindividual differences in treatment response."( Is pharmacokinetic-guided dosing of desmopressin and von Willebrand factor-containing concentrates in individuals with von Willebrand disease or low von Willebrand factor reliable and feasible? A protocol for a multicentre, non-randomised, open label coho
Al Arashi, W; Bukkems, LH; Cloesmeijer, ME; Cnossen, MH; de Jager, NCB; Heijdra, JM; Leebeek, FWG; Mathôt, RAA; Zwaan, CM, 2022)		0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A double-blind, placebo controlled study of alarm therapy combined with desmopressin for children with nocturnal enuresis is described."( Efficacy of desmopressin combined with alarm therapy for monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.
Blom, J; Leebeek-Groenewegen, A; Sukhai, R; Van Der Heijden, B, 2001)		0.31
"There is a temporary, positive effect on enuresis using desmopressin combined with alarm therapy."( Efficacy of desmopressin combined with alarm therapy for monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.
Blom, J; Leebeek-Groenewegen, A; Sukhai, R; Van Der Heijden, B, 2001)		0.31
" Here, we explored the antitumor effects of desmopressin in combination with chemotherapeutic agents using the F3II mammary carcinoma in syngeneic Balb/c mice."( Antitumor effects of desmopressin in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in a mouse model of breast cancer.
Alonso, DF; Giron, S; Gomez, DE; Hermo, GA; Krzymuski, MJ; Ripoll, GV, )		0.13
" Desmopressin in combination with a fixed dose anticholinergic has been shown to be useful in individuals who fail desmopressin monotherapy, but still fails to achieve success rates greater than 60%."( Evaluating use of higher dose oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin for refractory nocturnal enuresis.
Berkenwald, A; Ellsworth, P; Pires, J, 2016)		0.43
"The use of escalating doses of oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin achieved an overall response rate of 96."( Evaluating use of higher dose oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin for refractory nocturnal enuresis.
Berkenwald, A; Ellsworth, P; Pires, J, 2016)		0.43
"7% with titrated doses of oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin is considerably higher than the response rates on fixed dose combination therapy quoted in the literature and supports the need for further evaluation in larger studies."( Evaluating use of higher dose oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin for refractory nocturnal enuresis.
Berkenwald, A; Ellsworth, P; Pires, J, 2016)		0.43
" Herein we present a case of drug-drug interaction (meloxicam and desmopressin), in a patient also on clozapine, that ultimately resulted in hyponatremia and seizure."( Meloxicam-desmopressin drug-drug interaction producing hyponatremia.
Bojdani, E; Buonocore, S; Chen, A; Gurrera, R; Li, KJ, 2019)		0.51
"In a patient with higher ADH levels, as in our patient taking desmopressin, the addition of an NSAID could further increase water retention and worsen hyponatremia; indeed, meloxicam was the only new medication added to the patient's regimen, and a drug interaction calculator supports the desmopressin-meloxicam drug-drug interaction as the culprit."( Meloxicam-desmopressin drug-drug interaction producing hyponatremia.
Bojdani, E; Buonocore, S; Chen, A; Gurrera, R; Li, KJ, 2019)		0.51

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The Ussing chamber technique was used as an oral absorption model for studies of the relative effects of the inhibition of enzymatic degradation and increased paracellular route on the transport of the poorly absorbed vasopressin analogues lysine vasopressin (LVP) and desmopressin (DDAVP)."( Effects of enzymatic inhibition and increased paracellular shunting on transport of vasopressin analogues in the rat.
Andreasson, A; Lundin, K; Ungell, AL; Utter, L, 1992)		0.28
" Plasma DDAVP concentration/time curves conformed closely with zero-order kinetics, which suggests that the bioavailability approached 100%, corresponding to that for direct intravenous infusion."( Administration of antidiuretic peptide (DDAVP) by way of suction de-epithelialised skin.
Lundin, S; Svedman, C; Svedman, P, 1991)		0.28
" Plasma levels showed that desmopressin was absorbed to a greater extent after administration of the spray with a 2 to 3-fold increase in the relative bioavailability compared with the drops."( Intranasal administration of peptides: nasal deposition, biological response, and absorption of desmopressin.
Alkner, U; Harris, AS; Nilsson, IM; Wagner, ZG, 1986)		0.27
" At the DDAVP dosage used in this study and currently recommended for therapy, the VIII:C response is neither a function of the rate of absorption of the compound nor of the magnitude of its plasma concentration."( Intravenous and subcutaneous administration of desmopressin (DDAVP) to hemophiliacs: pharmacokinetics and factor VIII responses.
Alberca, I; Harris, AS; Lindquist, A; Longo, G; Mannucci, PM; Sacchi, E; Vicente, V, 1987)		0.27
"The effects of concentration and dose volume on the nasal bioavailability and biological response to desmopressin [DDAVP; 1-(3-mercaptoproprionic acid)-8-D-arginine vasopressin] were investigated in humans."( Effects of concentration and volume on nasal bioavailability and biological response to desmopressin.
Harris, AS; Lethagen, S; Nilsson, IM; Ohlin, M, 1988)		0.27
" Radioimmunoassay of DDAVP in blood samples made it possible to calculate bioavailability of DDAVP after the two forms of administration."( Biological effect and plasma concentrations of DDAVP after intranasal and peroral administration to humans.
Lundin, S; Vilhardt, H, 1986)		0.27
" The bioavailability after nasal administration was found to be 13 times higher in the rat model."( Nasal absorption of desmopressin in rats and sheep. Effect of a bioadhesive microsphere delivery system.
Critchley, H; Davis, SS; Farraj, NF; Illum, L, 1994)		0.29
" The improved bioavailability resulted from an increased absorption from the small intestine and most likely from an increased stability toward enzymatic degradation, whereas plasma clearance was either unaffected or slightly increased by the glycosylation."( Glycosylated peptide hormones: pharmacological properties and conformational studies of analogues of [1-desamino,8-D-arginine]vasopressin.
Ahman, J; Bengtsson, B; Drakenberg, T; Kihlberg, J; Nilsson, A; Olsson, H; Söderberg-ahlm, C; Walse, B, 1995)		0.29
" However, the bioavailability of intranasal dDAVP is about 10% and may be modified by nasal congestion."( Renal concentrating capacity test by desmopressin in children: intranasal or intravenous route?
Cochat, P; Dubourg, L; Feber, J; Hadj-Aïssa, A; Pozet, N; Wright, C, 1993)		0.29
"The absolute bioavailability of an aqueous solution of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP) from different regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum) has been studied in 6 healthy, male volunteers aged 24 to 35 years, followed for 12 h after each drug administration."( Absolute bioavailability of an aqueous solution of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin from different regions of the gastrointestinal tract in man.
d'Agay-Abensour, L; Fjellestad-Paulsen, A; Höglund, P; Ngô, Y; Paulsen, O; Rambaud, JC, 1993)		0.29
"Various aliphatic carboxylic acid esters and a carbonate ester of the tyrosine phenolic group in desmopressin were synthesized to assess their suitability as prodrugs with improved bioavailability compared to the parent peptide."( Prodrugs of peptides. 18. Synthesis and evaluation of various esters of desmopressin (dDAVP).
Bundgaard, H; Buur, A; Kahns, AH, 1993)		0.29
"The bioavailability of dDAVP seems lower than previously reported after intranasal and oral administration."( Pharmacokinetics of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin after various routes of administration in healthy volunteers.
Fjellestad-Paulsen, A; Höglund, P; Lundin, S; Paulsen, O, 1993)		0.29
"The bioavailability from the gastrointestinal tract of peptides as large as nonapeptides is very low, which may be attributed to extensive lumenal and mucosal degradation."( Metabolism of vasopressin, oxytocin, and their analogues in the human gastrointestinal tract.
Fjellestad-Paulsen, A; Lundin, S; Söderberg-Ahlm, C, 1995)		0.29
"Formulations of MA-SME were shown to generate substantial enhancement (up to 12-fold) of the rat oral bioavailability of DDAVP with regard to simple saline solution of the drug."( Improved oral delivery of desmopressin via a novel vehicle: mucoadhesive submicron emulsion.
Amselem, S; Friedman, D; Ilan, E; Schwarz, J; Weisspapir, M; Yogev, A; Zawoznik, E, 1996)		0.29
"The bioavailability of an aqueous solution of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP), with and without an enzyme inhibitor, was studied in six healthy, male volunteers aged 19-34 years, followed for 8 h after each drug administration."( Bioavailability of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin with an enzyme inhibitor (aprotinin) from the small intestine in healthy volunteers.
d'Agay-Abensour, L; Fjellestad-Paulsen, A; Höglund, P; Rambaud, JC, 1996)		0.29
"The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of desmopressin (Minirin, DDAVP) have been studied in elderly males, aged between 55 and 75 years."( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of desmopressin in elderly men.
Djurhuus, JC; Hougaard, C; Matthiesen, TB; Rittig, S, 1997)		0.3
" All lipid vehicles enhanced the oral bioavailability of dDAVP, but monohexanoin gave the highest increase, approximately 10 times that of control."( Enhancing effects of monohexanoin and two other medium-chain glyceride vehicles on intestinal absorption of desmopressin (dDAVP).
Bojrup, M; Ljusberg-Wahren, H; Lundin, PD; Lundin, S; Weström, BR, 1997)		0.3
" Desmopressin bioavailability was increased after treatment with the test preparation (mean ratio of 130."( A comparative study of pharmacodynamics and bioavailability of 2 different desmopressin nasal sprays.
Eller, N; Hitzenberger, G; Kollenz, CJ, 1998)		0.3
" The oral bioavailability of desmopressin is limited due both to its high hydrophilicity leading to a low intestinal permeability and to low enzymatic stability."( alpha-Chymotrypsin-catalyzed degradation of desmopressin (dDAVP): influence of pH, concentration and various cyclodextrins.
Fredholt, K; Friis, GJ; Ostergaard, J; Savolainen, J, 1999)		0.3
"We performed a crossover study to determine the relative pharmacokinetic bioavailability and antidiuretic activity of desmopressin in 16 orally hydrated, healthy human subjects."( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of desmopressin administered as whole, chewed and crushed tablets, and as an oral solution.
Argenti, D; Heald, DL; Ireland, D, 2001)		0.31
" Bioavailability was estimated using AUC(0-->t) for the oral and the intravenous periods."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of desmopressin administered orally versus intravenously at daytime versus night-time in healthy men aged 55-70 years.
Djurhuus, JC; Graugaard-Jensen, C; Norgaard, JP; Rembratt, A; Senderovitz, T, 2004)		0.32
" Bioavailability was as high as 85% and showed acceptable variability (30%)."( Transdermal delivery of desmopressin using a coated microneedle array patch system.
Ameri, M; Cormier, M; Daddona, P; Johnson, B; Libiran, L; Nyam, K; Zhang, DD, 2004)		0.32
" In addition to poor compliance and suboptimal dosing, the poor bioavailability of intranasal desmopressin may be a pathogenic factor."( Partial response to intranasal desmopressin in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis is related to persistent nocturnal polyuria on wet nights.
Dehoorne, J; Donckerwolcke, R; Hoebeke, P; Raes, A; Van Laecke, E; Vande Walle, C; Vande Walle, J; Vansintjan, P, 2007)		0.34
" Of these peptides, the most commonly used is desmopressin, which displays poor bioavailability as well as potent activity at the V(1b) receptor, with possible stress-related adverse effects."( Identification of novel selective V2 receptor non-peptide agonists.
Bertozzi, SM; Brann, MR; Burstein, ES; Currier, EA; Davis, RE; Del Tredici, AL; Knapp, AE; Lameh, J; Mohell, N; Nash, NR; Olsson, R; Piu, F; Vanover, KE, 2008)		0.35
" If a correlation existed between these data and in vivo DDAVP bioavailability after nasal administration, this could strengthen the safety concerns related to the use of this medication in adults and children."( In vitro permeation of desmopressin across rabbit nasal mucosa from liquid nasal sprays: the enhancing effect of potassium sorbate.
Balducci, AG; Bortolotti, F; Colombo, G; Fabio, S; Fabrizio, B; Gaia, C; Giulia, BA; Paola, R; Russo, P; Sonvico, F, 2009)		0.35
"1 min; the extents of bioavailability were 72."( Two-layered dissolving microneedles for percutaneous delivery of peptide/protein drugs in rats.
Fukushima, K; Hasegawa, R; Ise, A; Ito, Y; Morita, H; Sugioka, N; Takada, K, 2011)		0.37
" Food interaction is known to influence the bioavailability of desmopressin."( Oral lyophylizate formulation of desmopressin: superior pharmacodynamics compared to tablet due to low food interaction.
De Guchtenaere, A; Dehoorne, J; Hoebeke, P; Raes, A; Van Herzeele, C; Van Laecke, E; Vande Walle, J, 2011)		0.37
" Research on desmopressin bioavailability in children is needed."( Reduced anti-diuretic response to desmopressin during wet nights in patients with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.
Andersen, RF; Hagstroem, S; Kamperis, K; Rittig, S; Tauris, LH, 2012)		0.38
"In the present study, a nasal powder of the antidiuretic peptide desmopressin (DDAVP) formulated as chimera agglomerates was studied to improve drug bioavailability and provide a flexible drug product."( Antidiuretic effect of desmopressin chimera agglomerates by nasal administration in rats.
Balducci, AG; Bortolotti, F; Colombo, G; Colombo, P; Ferraro, L; Nastruzzi, C; Russo, P; Sonvico, F, 2013)		0.39
" In all cases, the appropriate dose should be determined by titration, owing to considerable interindividual differences in bioavailability and antidiuretic effect."( Clinical review: Treatment of neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus.
Juul, KV; Nørgaard, JP; Oiso, Y; Robertson, GL, 2013)		0.39
" No data are available on the influence of food intake on the bioavailability of desmopressin tablet in a pediatric setting, although studies in adults have documented that food intake results in a significantly lower desmopressin plasma concentration."( Pharmacokinetics of desmopressin administered as tablet and oral lyophilisate formulation in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.
De Bruyne, P; De Guchtenaere, A; Dehoorne, J; Hoebeke, P; Raes, A; Van Herzeele, C; Van Laecke, E; Vande Walle, J, 2014)		0.4
" Simulations were subsequently performed to further explore the relative bioavailability of both formulations and the food effect."( Effects of Food and Pharmaceutical Formulation on Desmopressin Pharmacokinetics in Children.
Boussery, K; Colin, P; De Bruyne, P; Dossche, L; Michelet, R; Van Bocxlaer, J; Vande Walle, J; Vermeulen, A, 2016)		0.43
"1 % more available than the tablet, and fasted children exhibited an average increase in the relative bioavailability of 101 % in comparison with fed children."( Effects of Food and Pharmaceutical Formulation on Desmopressin Pharmacokinetics in Children.
Boussery, K; Colin, P; De Bruyne, P; Dossche, L; Michelet, R; Van Bocxlaer, J; Vande Walle, J; Vermeulen, A, 2016)		0.43
"To address targeting and bioavailability issues of peptidic drugs like desmopressin, the encapsulation into nanoparticles (NP) has become standard in pharmaceutics."( Influence of different stabilizers on the encapsulation of desmopressin acetate into PLGA nanoparticles.
Günday Türeli, N; Primavessy, D; Schneider, M, 2017)		0.46
" PK and bioavailability parameters were calculated."( Pharmacokinetics and safety profile of desmopressin oral tablet formulations in healthy Chinese subjects under fasting and fed conditions.
Chen, G; Chen, H; Ding, Y; Li, C; Li, X; Liu, B; Liu, C; Liu, J; Niu, J; Shen, Z; Wu, M; Zhang, H; Zhu, X, 2018)		0.48
" Simulations were performed to further explore the relative bioavailability of both formulations and evaluate current dosing strategies."( An Integrated Paediatric Population PK/PD Analysis of dDAVP: How do PK Differences Translate to Clinical Outcomes?
De Bruyne, P; Dossche, L; Gasthuys, E; Michelet, R; Van Bocxlaer, J; Van Herzeele, C; Vande Walle, J; Vermeulen, A, 2020)		0.56
" Regarding the pharmacokinetics, a profound food effect on the oral bioavailability was demonstrated as well as different plasma concentration-time profiles (double absorption peak) of the desmopressin lyophilizate between adults and children."( Pediatric Pharmacology of Desmopressin in Children with Enuresis: A Comprehensive Review.
Croubels, S; Devreese, M; Dossche, L; Gasthuys, E; Michelet, R; Nørgaard, JP; Van Bocxlaer, J; Vermeulen, A; Walle, JV, 2020)		0.56
" The absorption rate for 2 h was examined following the intravenous administration of the anticholinergics imidafenacin (IM), atropine (AT), and tolterodine (TO)."( Urinary reabsorption in the rat kidney by anticholinergics.
Aoki, Y; Ito, H; Kobayashi, H; Oe, H; Yokoyama, O; Yoshiki, H; Zha, X, 2021)		0.62
" Correspondingly, oral peptide drug absorption and bioavailability may be impacted."( Do Macrocyclic Peptide Drugs Interact with Bile Salts under Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions?
Dening, TJ; Douglas, JT; Hageman, MJ, 2021)		0.62
" A new VWF A1-domain binding aptamer, BT200, demonstrated good subcutaneous bioavailability and a long half-life in non-human primates."( The von Willebrand factor A-1 domain binding aptamer BT200 elevates plasma levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII: a first-in-human trial.
Beliveau, M; Bileck, A; Derhaschnig, U; Firbas, C; Gager, G; Gelbenegger, G; Gilbert, JC; Grafeneder, J; Jilma, B; Jilma-Stohlawetz, P; Kovacevic, KD; Quehenberger, P; Schörgenhofer, C; Zhu, S, 2022)		0.72

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" dosage (0."( 1-Deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin: a new pharmacological approach to the management of haemophilia and von Willebrands' diseases.
Capitanio, A; Mannucci, PM; Pareti, FI; Ruggeri, ZM, 1977)		0.26
" Twenty-one patients with central diabetes insipidus who ranged in age from 3 to 68 years were treated with DDAVP, which was administered intranasally in a dosage ranging from 10 microgram every 12 hours to 20 microgram every eight hours."( Treatment of central diabetes insipidus in adults and children with desmopressin.
Rosenthal, IM; Walter, R; Ziai, F, 1978)		0.26
" Further increase of dosage resulted only in prolongation of duration of action (up to 48 hrs) and peak ("plateau") effect (up to 24 hrs)."( The antidiuretic action of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in man.
Borbély, L; Fischer, J; Marosi, J; Radó, JP; Szende, L; Takó, J, 1976)		0.26
" The DDAVP tables were administered at the dosage of 400-600 micrograms/day in 2-3 administrations."( [Long-term treatment of central diabetes insipidus with oral DDAVP].
Bernareggi, V; Carraro, A; Cuttica, M; Fano, M; Giordano, G; Giusti, M, )		0.13
" According to the results of the study desmopressin should be administered at a higher dosage than 300 micrograms/die to obtain the same antidiuretic effect as with the intranasal administration."( [Clinical evaluation of desmopressin (DDAVP) in diabetes insipidus: solution vs tablets].
Boscaro, M; Mantero, F; Piccitto, R; Rampazzo, AL, )		0.13
" The right dosage of DDAVP tablets was between 150 and 600 micrograms/die."( [Treatment of central diabetes insipidus using oral DDAVP. Comparison with intranasal treatment].
Bernareggi, V; Carraro, A; Fano, M; Giusti, M; Porcella, E, )		0.13
" After frusemide there was a small transient increase in excretion of active kallikrein 1-2 h after dosing which coincided with the maximum diuresis and natriuresis."( Active and inactive urinary kallikrein in man: effects of diuresis and antidiuresis.
Albano, JD; Bhatia, SS; Campbell, SK; Millar, JG; Waller, DG, 1990)		0.28
" Long-term follow-up studies did not disclose any recurrence of the pituitary granulomatous process nor objective evidence of underlying disease even after steroid dosage has been tapered."( Pituitary granuloma and pyoderma gangrenosum.
Chanson, P; Derome, PJ; Guillausseau, PJ; Kujas, M; Lubetzki, J; Timsit, J; Violante, A; Warnet, A, 1990)		0.28
"Although several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of the vasopressin analog DDAVP in enhancing human memory, no previous study has reported the dose-response relationship of DDAVP to memory in healthy young adults."( Dose-dependent effects of DDAVP on memory in healthy young adult males: a preliminary study.
Beckwith, BE; Poland, RE; Reno, CR; Till, RE, )		0.13
" In all cases, the dose-response curves were linear and the slopes of the regression lines were essentially the same."( New variant of von Willebrand disease with defective binding to factor VIII.
Fressinaud, E; Girma, JP; Meyer, D; Nishino, M; Rothschild, C, 1989)		0.28
" IAP pretreatment also caused a marked upward shift in the dose-response curve of vasopressin (10(-10) to 10(-4) M)-induced cAMP accumulation."( Tonic inhibition of renal response to vasopressin by a pertussis toxin substrate.
Fallet, R; Gong, GD; Jeffries, WB; Pettinger, WA; Van Dreal, P, 1988)		0.27
" At the DDAVP dosage used in this study and currently recommended for therapy, the VIII:C response is neither a function of the rate of absorption of the compound nor of the magnitude of its plasma concentration."( Intravenous and subcutaneous administration of desmopressin (DDAVP) to hemophiliacs: pharmacokinetics and factor VIII responses.
Alberca, I; Harris, AS; Lindquist, A; Longo, G; Mannucci, PM; Sacchi, E; Vicente, V, 1987)		0.27
" Calculation of the ED50 data from dose-response curves of both peptides show that AVP is about 10(4)-fold more active than OXT in inhibiting in vitro progesterone and androstenedione secretion."( Inhibitory effect of oxytocin and vasopressin on steroid release by cultured porcine luteal cells.
Jarry, H; Pitzel, L; Probst, I; Wuttke, W, 1988)		0.27
"The effect of methylcellulose on the particle size distribution and dosing accuracy of pre-metered spray pump devices containing the peptide desmopressin (DDAVP) was investigated."( Effect of viscosity on particle size, deposition, and clearance of nasal delivery systems containing desmopressin.
Harris, AS; Lethagen, S; Nilsson, IM; Svensson, E; Wagner, ZG, 1988)		0.27
"The dose-response relationships and pharmacokinetics of orally administered 1-desamino-8-D-AVP (DDAVP) were investigated."( Antidiuretic effect and pharmacokinetics of oral 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin. 1. Studies in adults and children.
Dunger, DB; Lewis, RJ; Lightman, SL; Lyon, CC; Taylor, F; Williams, TD, 1986)		0.27
" Patients were discharged from hospital on a preliminary dosage regimen ranging from 100 to 400 mcg three times daily."( Oral desmopressin in central diabetes insipidus.
Harris, AS; Westgren, U; Wittström, C, 1986)		0.27
" A dose-response study in five of the patients indicated that peroral DDAVP doses as small as 10 micrograms have effects on renal concentrating ability."( Peroral treatment of diabetes insipidus with a polypeptide hormone analog, desmopressin.
Hammer, M; Vilhardt, H, 1985)		0.27
" Further studies may be valuable, possibly relating dosage to body weight."( DDAVP in young enuretic patients: a double-blind trial.
Ferrie, BG; Glen, ES; MacFarlane, J, 1984)		0.27
" DDAVP up to 10(-5) mol/l had no effect but shifted the dose-response curves of AVP to the right."( DDAVP (1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin): an antagonist of the pressor action of endogenous vasopressin?
Derkx, FH; Jones, R; Man in 't Veld, AJ; Reid, JL; Schalekamp, MA, 1983)		0.27
" Data processing consists of mathematical representation of two curved dose-response surfaces followed by solution of this pair of nonlinear simultaneous equations for the unknown arginine vasopressin and desmopressin concentrations."( A bivariate radioimmunoassay for arginine vasopressin and the synthetic antidiuretic agent 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (desmopressin).
Dawson, KP; Lynskey, CP; Sadler, WA, 1984)		0.27
" With 2 h CS-US delay the same dosage of the peptide caused CTA impairment, manifested by weaker and faster decaying aversion to saccharin."( Specificity of the effect of desglycinamide (8-D-arginine) deaminovasopressin on short--term memory.
Bures, J; Buresová, O; Skopková, J, 1983)		0.27
" Nevertheless, the antinociceptive action of vasopressin does not appear to be secondary to its pressor activity, since phenylephrine failed to induce an antinociceptive effect at a dosage that mimicked the pressor response to vasopressin."( Vasopressin-induced antinociception: an investigation into its physiological and hormonal basis.
Berntson, GG; Berson, BS; Kirk, WT; Torello, MW; Zipf, W, 1983)		0.27
" The duration of the action of sublingually administered DDAVP was 12 hrs; after dosing DVDAVP the effect lasted even 6 hrs."( Effects of vasopressin analogues (DDAVP, DVDAVP) in the form of sublingual tablets in central diabetes insipidus.
Julesz, J; Laczi, F; Lázló, FA; Mezei, G, 1981)		0.26
" [4-Threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin, a highly potent and selective uterotonic oxytocin analogue, had no detectable prostaglandin-releasing activity at a dosage 30 times higher than oxytocin."( Agonist and antagonist specificities of decidual prostaglandin-releasing oxytocin receptors and myometrial uterotonic oxytocin receptors in pregnant rats.
Chan, WY; Chen, DL; Manning, M, 1994)		0.29
" The effect did not correlate with a dosage strictly based on body weight."( Abnormalities of water metabolism in children and adolescents following craniotomy for a brain tumor.
Blumberg, DL; David, R; Sklar, CA; Wisoff, J, 1994)		0.29
"To find the optimal dosage of desmopressin tablets and to compare desmopressin's efficacy with placebo in a group of adolescents with severe monosymptomatic enuresis."( Desmopressin tablets in the treatment of severe nocturnal enuresis in adolescents.
Läckgren, G; Stenberg, A, 1994)		0.29
" We reviewed all randomized controlled trials to determine (1) short- and long-term efficacy, (2) responders, (3) dose-response curve, (4) side effects, and (5) comparative efficacy with other treatments."( Desmopressin acetate and nocturnal enuresis: how much do we know?
Burd, L; Harlos, S; Kirshen, AJ; Moffatt, ME, 1993)		0.29
" Five studies attempted to address the dose-response issue."( Desmopressin acetate and nocturnal enuresis: how much do we know?
Burd, L; Harlos, S; Kirshen, AJ; Moffatt, ME, 1993)		0.29
" The drugs were: AVT, V1-agonist ([Phe2 Orn8]VT), and V2-agonist (DDAVP), in dosage of 50 pmol/kg*min each."( At low dose, arginine vasotocin has vasopressor rather than vasodepressor effect in chickens.
Koike, TI; Marks, PA; Robinzon, B, 1993)		0.29
") and oral administration of ronidazole in sheep (n = 6) at a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight."( Plasma ronidazole concentrations in sheep after intravenous, oral, intraruminal and intraabomasal administration.
Debackere, M; Vynckier, LJ, 1993)		0.29
" Despite the sodium restriction, amiloride had no effect on FELi, although the dosage was sufficient to cause a 6-fold increase in sodium excretion, and potassium retention."( Indomethacin- and desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin-induced lithium reabsorption is not amiloride sensitive in humans.
Bijlsma, JA; Boer, WH; Dorhout Mees, EJ; Koomans, HA; van Rijn, HJ, 1993)		0.29
" The dosage used is 25-40 U factor VIII/IX per kilogram bodyweight given three times or twice weekly, respectively."( The treatment of haemophilia, including prophylaxis, constant infusion and DDAVP.
Berntorp, E, 1996)		0.29
" After treatment with either dosage of DDAVP the subjects generally tolerated the pressure on their index finger for a longer time than after placebo treatment."( Modulation of pain perception in man by a vasopressin analogue.
Arnold, H; Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G; Pause, BM; Pohl, J; Schulte, HM; Schulz, A, 1996)		0.29
" This effect was demonstrated graphically as a bell-shaped dose-response curve with a peak response at doses of 3 x 10(-8) and 3 x 10(-6) mg."( Population profile of brain asymmetry in rats after intra-amniotic administration of vasopressin.
Chebotar, NA; Ignat'eva, TV; Klement'ev, BI; Konopistseva, LA, )		0.13
" An adjustment in dosage was necessary in seven patients during follow-up, resulting in a final dose of 600 micrograms d-1."( Oral desmopressin treatment of central diabetes insipidus in children.
Bergadá, C; Boulgourdjian, EM; Heinrich, JJ; Martínez, AS; Ropelato, MG, 1997)		0.3
"The aim of this study was to characterize the magnitude and duration of the antidiuretic effects elicited by desmopressin given in hemostatic dosage intravenously (i."( Antidiuretic effect of desmopressin given in hemostatic dosages to healthy volunteers.
Frick, K; Lethagen, S; Sterner, G, 1998)		0.3
" If the reduction of at least the 50% of the basal number of the wet nights is not achieved, the dosage must be increased until 40 micrograms."( [An update on clinical and therapeutic aspects of nocturnal enuresis].
Chiozza, ML, )		0.13
"To determine the time taken to achieve complete dryness, the management of desmopressin dosage to reduce the relapse rate, the mean dosage in those responding and any side effects of long-term treatment."( Long-term use and tapered dose reduction of intranasal desmopressin in the treatment of enuretic children.
Glauninger, P; Oswald, J; Riccabona, M, 1998)		0.3
" The maximum dosage was maintained for at least 4-6 weeks."( Long-term use and tapered dose reduction of intranasal desmopressin in the treatment of enuretic children.
Glauninger, P; Oswald, J; Riccabona, M, 1998)		0.3
" The dosage of desmopressin (group A, n = 31 ) was 20 microg/day and the dosage of indomethacin (group B, n = 29) was 100 mg/day."( Desmopressin versus indomethacin treatment in primary nocturnal enuresis and the role of prostaglandins.
Hasanoğlu, E; Sener, F; Söylemezoğlu, O, 1998)		0.3
" Mean nasal dosage was found to be 20."( [Treatment of diabetes insipidus with Minirin. Switch from nasal to oral administration].
Czernichow, P, 1998)		0.3
"While certain plasma-derived factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF) concentrates have proven to be quite useful in preventing or controlling bleeding in persons with von Willebrand disease who are not candidates for DDAVP, most of the information concerning dosage and effectiveness has been anecdotal."( Clinical guidelines for treating von Willebrand disease patients who are not candidates for DDAVP--a survey of European physicians.
Lusher, JM, 1998)		0.3
" On each study day, blood was sampled up to 8 h after dosing for assessment of desmopressin concentration."( Changes in gastrointestinal motility influence the absorption of desmopressin.
Bengtsson, P; Callréus, T; Höglund, P; Lundahl, J, 1999)		0.3
" This paper is a review of the haemostatic use of desmopressin with special reference to women's bleeding disorders, the mechanisms of action, modes of administration, clinical indications, dosage recommendations, and hospital or home treatment."( Desmopressin in the treatment of women's bleeding disorders.
Lethagen, S, 1999)		0.3
" We report 19 patients who have used the drug for an average of 2 years and 4 months, 18 of whom confirmed continued dramatic benefit without any obvious change in dosage used or efficacy and with few side effects."( Long term use of desmopressin for urinary symptoms in multiple sclerosis.
Addison, R; Schon, F; Tubridy, N, 1999)		0.3
" This is the first report of symptomatic hyponatraemia in an adult patient with recommended dosing of Stimate."( Adverse events during use of intranasal desmopressin acetate for haemophilia A and von Willebrand disease: a case report and review of 40 patients.
Abshire, TC; Dunn, AL; Powers, JR; Ribeiro, MJ; Rickles, FR, 2000)		0.31
" The dosage of the coagulation products and the duration of therapy depend on many variables, including the severity of the hemorrhage, the pharmacokinetics of the coagulation products, and patient-specific factors."( Coagulation products and their uses.
Lindley, CM; Shord, SS, 2000)		0.31
" Changes in IOP and pupil size were monitored for up to 6 hours and dose-response curves were generated."( Exogenous vasopressin influences intraocular pressure via the V(1) receptors.
Costa, VP; Gondim, EL; Liu, JH; Weinreb, RN, 2001)		0.31
" Physical and biochemical barriers, lack of optimal dosage forms and delivery devices limit the systemic delivery of biotherapeutic agents by inhalation."( The lung as a route for systemic delivery of therapeutic proteins and peptides.
Agu, RU; Armand, M; Kinget, R; Ugwoke, MI; Verbeke, N, 2001)		0.31
" A linear dose-response relationship was observed (p <0."( The efficacy and safety of oral desmopressin in children with primary nocturnal enuresis.
Salzman, PM; Schulman, SL; Stokes, A, 2001)		0.31
"In the present prospective study including 43 children therapeutic success was therefore evaluated on the basis of the dosage that was standardized according to both age and weight of the patients."( [Age- and weight-related dosage of dDAVP in the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis].
Chavez-Kattau, K; Eggert, P; Müller, D, )		0.13
"The results suggest an ideal weight-related dosage of 1 microgram x weight or rather an age- and weight-related dosage of 8 microgram x weight/age."( [Age- and weight-related dosage of dDAVP in the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis].
Chavez-Kattau, K; Eggert, P; Müller, D, )		0.13
" In general, these alternatives are safe with proper dosing and monitoring of effects."( Safety and efficacy of methods for reducing perioperative allogeneic transfusion: a critical review of the literature.
Wells, PS, )		0.13
" Study group 1 (10 healthy volunteers) received a DDAVP infusion to establish dose-response curves for the in vitro inhibition of platelet function by eptifibatide, abciximab, and tirofiban together with l-aspirin before and after DDAVP."( Desmopressin antagonizes the in vitro platelet dysfunction induced by GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors and aspirin.
Blazicek, H; Domanovits, H; Galehr, E; Jilma, B; Jilma-Stohlawetz, P; Mayr, F; Reiter, RA, 2003)		0.32
"In this study, minitablet and granule formulations were developed as solid oral dosage forms for the delivery of peptide drugs with the absorption enhancer N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC)."( N-trimethyl chitosan chloride as absorption enhancer in oral peptide drug delivery. Development and characterization of minitablet and granule formulations.
Junginger, HE; Kotzé, AF; van der Merwe, SM; Verhoef, JC, 2004)		0.32
"Although desmopressin appears to be safe and well-tolerated by patients with impaired renal function, great caution should be exercised when titrating towards an efficient dosage regimen if patients with moderately or severely impaired renal function are to be treated with desmopressin at all."( Pharmacokinetics and renal excretion of desmopressin after intravenous administration to healthy subjects and renally impaired patients.
Agersø, H; Karlsson, MO; Lövgren, U; Riis, A; Seiding Larsen, L; Senderovitz, T, 2004)		0.32
" Plasma desmopressin at 2 h after dosing cannot be used to predict the pharmacodynamic response, although desmopressin lowers the nocturnal diuresis and the number of nocturnal voids."( The pharmacokinetics of 400 microg of oral desmopressin in elderly patients with nocturia, and the correlation between the absorption of desmopressin and clinical effect.
Djurhuus, JC; Hvistendahl, GM; Nørgaard, JP; Riis, A, 2005)		0.33
" The therapeutic regimen provided for a maximum dose of desmopressin of 40 microg/day (four puffs/nostril or two tablets), starting from an initial dosage of 20 microg/day (two puffs/nostril or one tablet) 1 h before going to bed."( Desmopressin is a safe drug for the treatment of enuresis.
Auriemma, R; Cennamo, M; Del Gado, G; Del Gado, R; Del Gaizo, D; Vernì, M, 2005)		0.33
" An overhydration technique was used before dosing to suppress endogenous vasopressin production and thereby ensure that any antidiuresis could be attributed to treatment."( A new fast-melting oral formulation of desmopressin: a pharmacodynamic study in children with primary nocturnal enuresis.
Bogaert, GA; Deboe, V; Hoebeke, P; Mattsson, S; Norgaard, JP; Schurmans, T; Vande Walle, JG, 2006)		0.33
" Dosage and timing of VWF/FVIII administrations should be planned to keep FVIII level between 50 and 150 U/dL."( Von Willebrand's disease: clinical management.
Berntorp, E; Castaman, G; Federici, AB; Thompson, A, 2006)		0.33
" More studies using clinically significant endpoints are necessary to assess the relative efficacy and optimal dosing of these drugs."( Pharmacological approaches to reducing blood loss and transfusions in the surgical patient.
Ozier, Y; Schlumberger, S, 2006)		0.33
" Dosage and timing of VWF/FVIII administrations should be planned to keep the FVIII level between 50 and 150 IU/dL."( Management of inherited von Willebrand disease in 2006.
Federici, AB, 2006)		0.33
" Because the bleeding tendency is moderate in type 2 and severe in type 3 vWD, and because the FVIII:C levels are subnormal in type 2 and very low in type 3 vWD patients, new guidelines using vWF:RCo unit dosing for the prophylaxis and treatment of bleeding episodes are proposed."( Guidelines for the evaluation of intravenous desmopressin and von Willebrand factor/factor VIII concentrate in the treatment and prophylaxis of bleedings in von Willebrand disease types 1, 2, and 3.
Berneman, Z; Gadisseur, A; Michiels, JJ; Schroyens, W; van de Velden, A; van der Planken, M, 2006)		0.33
" After in-patient dosage titration, outpatients' serum sodium concentrations were maintained in a narrower range in the sc group compared with the intranasal group, and the percentage of serum sodium concentrations within the normal range was greater in the sc group."( Use of subcutaneous DDAVP in infants with central diabetes insipidus.
Aijaz, N; Blanco, EJ; Blumberg, D; Lane, AH; Wilson, TA, 2006)		0.33
" The dosage selected for the study was based on the established dose of commercially available desmopressin nasal spray (20 mug before bedtime) and on clinical trial experience."( Maximal bladder capacity is a positive predictor of response to desmopressin treatment in patients with MS and nocturia.
Karagiannis, G; Karamouti, M; Papaioannou, P; Zahariou, A, 2008)		0.35
" Desmopressin MELT had similar levels of efficacy and safety at lower dosing levels than the tablet, and therefore facilitates early initiation of PNE treatment in children aged 5-6 years."( A randomised comparison of oral desmopressin lyophilisate (MELT) and tablet formulations in children and adolescents with primary nocturnal enuresis.
Alloussi, S; El-Radhi, AS; Froeling, F; Lottmann, H; Persson, BE; Riis, A; Rittig, S, 2007)		0.34
" While a large body of clinical data is available for desmopressin, and despite its widespread use, comprehensive reviews of the safety of desmopressin are lacking (although some case series have attempted to correlate patient and/or dosing characteristics with the occurrence of adverse reactions)."( Desmopressin 30 years in clinical use: a safety review.
Nørgaard, JP; Raes, A; Stockner, M; Vande Walle, J, 2007)		0.34
"Only patients with primary nocturnal enuresis refractory to the maximal dosage of desmopressin were enrolled."( Combination therapy with desmopressin and an anticholinergic medication for nonresponders to desmopressin for monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Austin, PF; Campigotto, MJ; Coplen, DE; Ferguson, G; Royer, ME; Yan, Y, 2008)		0.35
" Compliance and dosage were also associated with response and more patients experienced > or = 50% reduction in wet nights after 6 months' treatment than earlier in the study, suggesting the value of persistent treatment."( Long-term desmopressin response in primary nocturnal enuresis: open-label, multinational study.
Baydala, L; Eggert, P; Evans, J; Klein, BM; Lottmann, H; Norgaard, JP, 2009)		0.35
"To create improved pharmaceutical formulations for nasal and sublingual administration of desmopressin and investigate their pharmacokinetic profiles in comparison with a commercial nasal liquid spray and finally to evaluate the volunteers' opinions on the different dosage forms."( Clinical study shows improved absorption of desmopressin with novel formulation.
Björk, E; Bredenberg, S; Fransén, N, 2009)		0.35
"The nasal powder formulation is a promising new dosage form for the delivery of desmopressin and other compounds."( Clinical study shows improved absorption of desmopressin with novel formulation.
Björk, E; Bredenberg, S; Fransén, N, 2009)		0.35
" As the bleeding tendency is moderate in VWD type 2 and severe in type 3 and because the FVIII:C levels are subnormal in type 2 but very low in type 3 VWD patients, new guidelines using VWF:RCo unit dosing for the acute and prophylactic treatment of bleeding episodes are proposed."( Managing patients with von Willebrand disease type 1, 2 and 3 with desmopressin and von Willebrand factor-factor VIII concentrate in surgical settings.
Berneman, Z; Gadisseur, A; Michiels, JJ; Schroyens, W; van Vliet, HH, 2009)		0.35
" A dose-response profile revealed a noncompetitive property of VRQ397; correspondingly, VRQ397 bound specifically to V2R-expressing cells could not displace its natural ligand, AVP, but modulated AVP binding kinetics (dissociation rate)."( VRQ397 (CRAVKY): a novel noncompetitive V2 receptor antagonist.
Beauregard, K; Bouvier, M; Brault, S; Chemtob, S; Duhamel, F; Gobeil, F; Guillon, G; Hamdan, FF; Hamel, D; Hardy, P; Heveker, N; Hou, X; Joyal, JS; Kaul, R; Lahaie, I; Lubell, WD; Nedev, H; Quiniou, C; Rihakova, L; Sapieha, P; Saragovi, HU; Shao, Z, 2009)		0.35
" Dosing has traditionally been calculated based on the FVIII content of the products, although dosing based on VWF functional activity [e."( Von Willebrand factor/factor VIII concentrates in the treatment of von Willebrand disease.
Batlle, J; Fraga, EL; López-Fernández, MF; Pérez-Rodríguez, MA; Trillo, AR, 2009)		0.35
" All 21 patients with DI required daily change in dosage and schedule of DDAVP."( Challenges in management of patients with intracranial germ cell tumor and diabetes insipidus treated with cisplatin and/or ifosfamide based chemotherapy.
Afzal, S; Bartels, U; Bouffet, E; Huang, A; Stephens, D; Tabori, U; Wherrett, D, 2010)		0.36
" Frequency of desmopressin and antifibrinolytic dosing varied widely."( Adenotonsillectomy in patients with desmopressin responsive mild bleeding disorders: a review of the literature.
Cox Gill, J; Dunn, AL, 2010)		0.36
" We believe that desmopressin in all formulations has a good safety profile in children with MNE, provided that treatment is properly prescribed and monitored; improving the training of doctors and patients in the dose-response kinetics of the drug, teaching appropriate restriction of fluid intake and by encouraging the use of desmopressin within a narrow dose range (10-20 microg spray, 120-240 microg melt and 200-400 microg tablet) when used in primary-care settings."( Is there still a role for desmopressin in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis?: a focus on safety issues.
Raes, A; Van de Walle, J; Van Herzeele, C, 2010)		0.36
" Further studies are needed to elucidate the best compromise between dosing regimen, efficacy and safety in various clinical settings."( Pharmacological agents: antifibrinolytics and desmopressin.
Bellamy, L; Ozier, Y, 2010)		0.36
" Dosing strategies for medications used in the ICU are typically developed for use in noncritically ill patients and, therefore, do not account for the altered pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties encountered in the critically ill as well as the increased potential for drug-drug interactions, given the far greater number of medications ordered."( Adverse drug events associated with disorders of coagulation.
Barletta, JF; Cooper, B; Ohlinger, MJ, 2010)		0.36
" The duration of antidiuretic action was 4, 8 and 11 h, respectively, for 125, 250, and 500 ng, increasing from 250 to 500 ng but for the remaining secondary dynamic efficacy parameters no difference could be detected based on descriptive statistics between the doses 250 and 500 ng, indicating that the upper plateau region of the dose-response curve had been reached."( Desmopressin duration of antidiuretic action in patients with central diabetes insipidus.
Bichet, DG; Juul, KV; Nørgaard, JP, 2011)		0.37
" Reductions in serum sodium to <125 mmol/L in six women (taking >25 µg desmopressin) and two men (aged 67 and 82) taking 100 µg, support lower and gender-specific dosing to reduce the small but clinically significant risk of hyponatraemia."( Desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet effectively reduces nocturia: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Klein, BM; Nørgaard, JP; Weiss, JP; Zinner, NR, 2012)		0.38
"Fluid deprivation tests were performed without (d0) and after one (d1) and five days (d5) of oral prednisolone (Pred) pretreatment in a dosage relevant to drug therapy (30 mg/day)."( Arginine vasopressin-dependent and AVP-independent mechanisms of renal fluid absorption during thirsting despite glucocorticoid-mediated vasopressin suppression.
Bähr, V; Diederich, S; Mai, K; Pedersen, EB; Pfeiffer, AF; Spranger, J; Ufer, F, 2013)		0.39
" Desmopressin (DDAVP) and antifibrinolytics are the mainstays of treatment in these patients, yet the optimal dosing and timing of these agents to prevent or resolve bleeding, while minimizing adverse side effects, is sometimes unclear."( Common management issues in pediatric patients with mild bleeding disorders.
O'Brien, SH, 2012)		0.38
"To establish the dose-response efficacy of desmopressin in a Japanese patient population for the treatment of nocturia."( Gender difference in efficacy and dose response in Japanese patients with nocturia treated with four different doses of desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Juul, KV; Nishizawa, O; Nørgaard, JP; Yamaguchi, O, 2013)		0.39
" The dose-response relationship of pharmacodynamic variables measured after a single dose of desmopressin administered to water-loaded subjects (treatment period 1) was compared with the primary clinical endpoint of change from baseline in mean number of nocturnal voids, after 28 days of desmopressin treatment (treatment period 2)."( Gender difference in efficacy and dose response in Japanese patients with nocturia treated with four different doses of desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Juul, KV; Nishizawa, O; Nørgaard, JP; Yamaguchi, O, 2013)		0.39
" In treatment period 1 a dose-response relationship was observed, both overall and in each gender group."( Gender difference in efficacy and dose response in Japanese patients with nocturia treated with four different doses of desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Juul, KV; Nishizawa, O; Nørgaard, JP; Yamaguchi, O, 2013)		0.39
"A dose-response relationship for desmopressin ODT was shown in a population of Japanese patients with nocturia."( Gender difference in efficacy and dose response in Japanese patients with nocturia treated with four different doses of desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Juul, KV; Nishizawa, O; Nørgaard, JP; Yamaguchi, O, 2013)		0.39
" However, owing to the agglomerate larger size, powder flowability was greatly improved in comparison with the original microparticles, allowing accurate powder dosing into the nasal delivery device."( Antidiuretic effect of desmopressin chimera agglomerates by nasal administration in rats.
Balducci, AG; Bortolotti, F; Colombo, G; Colombo, P; Ferraro, L; Nastruzzi, C; Russo, P; Sonvico, F, 2013)		0.39
" Dosage should be adjusted according to FVIII levels in plasma."( Haemostatic treatment in connection with surgery in patients with von Willebrand disease.
Lethagen, S, 1999)		0.3
"64 years), were treated with MELT at a dosage of 120 mcg a day."( Oral desmopressin lyophilisate (MELT) for monosymptomatic enuresis: structured versus abrupt withdrawal.
Chiaretti, A; Cortina, I; Fabrizio, GC; Ferrara, P; Ianniello, F; Romano, V, 2014)		0.4
" There is wide inter-individual variation in dose requirement and dosing intervals."( Desmopressin administration in children with central diabetes insipidus: a retrospective review.
Ambler, GR; Maguire, AM; Ooi, HL, 2013)		0.39
" The dosage for desmopressin oral lyophilisate is more predictable due to the significantly smaller variance."( Pharmacokinetics of desmopressin administered as tablet and oral lyophilisate formulation in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.
De Bruyne, P; De Guchtenaere, A; Dehoorne, J; Hoebeke, P; Raes, A; Van Herzeele, C; Van Laecke, E; Vande Walle, J, 2014)		0.4
" Half of the patients with CDI prescribed as oral treatment were provided dosing instructions to only administer the drug before bedtime, and one third of the CDI patients either had no specific instructions or were instructed to use the drug as needed."( National Surveillance of Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI) in Denmark: results from 5 years registration of 9309 prescriptions of desmopressin to 1285 CDI patients.
Juul, KV; Nørgaard, JP; Rittig, S; Schroeder, M, 2014)		0.4
"As neonatal central diabetes insipidus is rare in preterm neonates with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), very little is known about dosing and the route of administration of desmopressin treatment."( Transient diabetes insipidus in a preterm neonate and the challenge of desmopressin dosing.
Dudink, J; van den Akker, EL; Van der Kaay, DC; Van Heel, WJ, 2014)		0.4
"The determination of the desmopressin dose in a preterm neonate is a challenge and there is no consistent literature about the dosing or the route of administration."( Transient diabetes insipidus in a preterm neonate and the challenge of desmopressin dosing.
Dudink, J; van den Akker, EL; Van der Kaay, DC; Van Heel, WJ, 2014)		0.4
"3) when the subjects reached their final dosing level."( Prophylaxis escalation in severe von Willebrand disease: a prospective study from the von Willebrand Disease Prophylaxis Network.
Abshire, T; Berntorp, E; Carcao, M; Cox-Gill, J; Donfield, S; Kempton, CL; Kouides, P; Leebeek, FW, 2015)		0.42
" The effect was less pronounced at 32 °C, with a significant reduction in EPICT obtained with a dosage of 5 microgram only (p = 0."( The effectiveness of low-dose desmopressin in improving hypothermia-induced impairment of primary haemostasis under influence of aspirin - a randomized controlled trial.
Cheung, CW; Lee, Y; Leung, SW; Ng, KF; Tsui, PY, 2015)		0.42
" A higher dosage (5 microgram) further reduced the closure times below baseline."( The effectiveness of low-dose desmopressin in improving hypothermia-induced impairment of primary haemostasis under influence of aspirin - a randomized controlled trial.
Cheung, CW; Lee, Y; Leung, SW; Ng, KF; Tsui, PY, 2015)		0.42
" Approximately two thirds of patients received dosing instructions to administer the drug 4 times daily to provide 24-h antidiuretic coverage."( Desmopressin as an adjuvant to opioids or NSAIDs in treatment of renal colic: a nationwide register-based study.
Juul, KV; Nørgaard, JP; Rittig, S; Schroeder, MK, 2015)		0.42
"The higher sensitivity to desmopressin (dDAVP) found in women and older patients with nocturnal polyuria (NP) has partially been unraveled, leading to adaptation of the dosage based on gender."( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Oral Disintegrating Tablet of Desmopressin in Adults with Nocturnal Polyuria: A Pilot Study.
Everaert, K; Goessaert, AS; Hoebeke, P; Vande Walle, J, 2015)		0.42
" The aim of this study was to investigate the dose-response effects of in vitro desmopressin in whole blood."( Desmopressin in vitro effects on platelet function, monitored with Multiplate, ROTEM and Sonoclot.
Jensen, H; Kander, T; Pearson, K; Schött, U, 2016)		0.43
" The possibility for smaller dosage increments and ease of administration make IN DDAVP administered buccally preferable over other DDAVP treatment options in infants."( Buccally Administered Intranasal Desmopressin Acetate for the Treatment of Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus in Infancy.
Backeljauw, P; Gutmark-Little, I; Smego, AR, 2016)		0.43
" The fact that few patients achieved complete dryness may be due to the low dosage used."( Reboxetine in therapy-resistant enuresis: A randomized placebo-controlled study.
Hägglöf, B; Lundmark, E; Nevéus, T; Stenberg, A, 2016)		0.43
"The incidence of hyponatraemia can be reduced by using minimum effective gender-specific dosing with the ODT formulation of desmopressin (25 μg in women, 50 μg in men)."( Low-dose desmopressin combined with serum sodium monitoring can prevent clinically significant hyponatraemia in patients treated for nocturia.
Juul, KV; Malmberg, A; Nørgaard, JP; van der Meulen, E; Walle, JV, 2017)		0.46
" After 3 months 2/8 (25%, CI 95%: 8-65%) showed improvements, remaining 75% has been increased dosage of methylphenidate."( Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and enuresis: a study about effectiveness of treatment with methylphenidate or desmopressin in a pediatric population.
Ferrara, P; Ianniello, F; Mariotti, P; Petitti, T; Quattrocchi, E; Sannicandro, V; Sbordone, A, 2019)		0.51
" As research on new treatment strategies for established therapies, such as population pharmacokinetic-guided dosing of clotting factor concentrates, and novel treatment modalities such as aptamers and gene therapy are ongoing, it is likely that the horizon to tailor therapy to the individual patients' needs will be extended, thus, further improving the already high standard of care in VWD in most high-resource countries."( Current and Emerging Options for the Management of Inherited von Willebrand Disease.
Cnossen, MH; Heijdra, JM; Leebeek, FWG, 2017)		0.46
"Danish national prescription data on pediatric desmopressin dosage are consistent with a greater sensitivity to desmopressin in girls than boys."( Desmopressin use in pediatric nocturnal enuresis patients: is there a sex difference in prescription patterns?
Juul, KV; Mahler, B; Nørgaard, JP; Rittig, S; Schroeder, MK, 2018)		0.48
"The objective of this study was to describe desmopressin dosing strategies, with emphasis on hemostatic outcomes among patients without preexisting bleeding disorders."( Comparison of Two Weight-Based Desmopressin Dosing Strategies for Spontaneous Bleeding.
Franquiz, MJ; Hines, MC; Yeung, SYA, 2018)		0.48
" More data are needed to confirm this dosing strategy."( Comparison of Two Weight-Based Desmopressin Dosing Strategies for Spontaneous Bleeding.
Franquiz, MJ; Hines, MC; Yeung, SYA, 2018)		0.48
" Newer formulations have shown that a minimum dosage of 25 μg orally disintegrating sublingual desmopressin appears to be ideal for women, whereas men usually benefit from a minimum of 50 μg."( Desmopressin and nocturnal voiding dysfunction: Clinical evidence and safety profile in the treatment of nocturia.
Chung, E, 2018)		0.48
" Patient demographics, DDAVP dosing and route, and outcomes such as bleeding and adverse events were collected."( Perioperative Desmopressin for Patients Undergoing Otolaryngologic Procedures: A Systematic Review.
Barinsky, GL; Buziashvili, D; Carron, MA; Eloy, JA; Folbe, AJ; Hsueh, WD; Johnson, AP; Svider, PF, 2019)		0.51
" Both clotting factor concentrates and desmopressin are currently dosed according to the patients' body weight."( Strategies for Individualized Dosing of Clotting Factor Concentrates and Desmopressin in Hemophilia A and B.
Cnossen, MH; Kruip, MJHA; Leebeek, FWG; Mathôt, RAA; Preijers, T; Schütte, LM; van Hest, RM, 2019)		0.51
" A recent study reported that standard dosing frequently results in FVIII levels (FVIII:C) below or above FVIII target ranges, leading to respectively a bleeding risk or excessive costs."( Desmopressin treatment combined with clotting factor VIII concentrates in patients with non-severe haemophilia A: protocol for a multicentre single-armed trial, the DAVID study.
Beckers, EAM; Cnossen, MH; Coppens, M; Driessens, MHE; Eikenboom, J; Fijnvandraat, K; Kruip, MJHA; Laros-van Gorkom, BAP; Leebeek, FWG; Mathôt, RAA; Mauser-Bunschoten, EP; Meijer, K; Nieuwenhuizen, L; Polinder, S; Schütte, LM; van Hest, RM, 2019)		0.51
" Simulations were performed to further explore the relative bioavailability of both formulations and evaluate current dosing strategies."( An Integrated Paediatric Population PK/PD Analysis of dDAVP: How do PK Differences Translate to Clinical Outcomes?
De Bruyne, P; Dossche, L; Gasthuys, E; Michelet, R; Van Bocxlaer, J; Van Herzeele, C; Vande Walle, J; Vermeulen, A, 2020)		0.56
" Simulations showed that current dosing regimens using a fixed dose of lyophilizate 120 μg is not adequate for children, assuming children to be in the fed state when taking dDAVP."( An Integrated Paediatric Population PK/PD Analysis of dDAVP: How do PK Differences Translate to Clinical Outcomes?
De Bruyne, P; Dossche, L; Gasthuys, E; Michelet, R; Van Bocxlaer, J; Van Herzeele, C; Vande Walle, J; Vermeulen, A, 2020)		0.56
" A follow-up clinical trial testing the proposed dDAVP dosing regimen should be performed."( An Integrated Paediatric Population PK/PD Analysis of dDAVP: How do PK Differences Translate to Clinical Outcomes?
De Bruyne, P; Dossche, L; Gasthuys, E; Michelet, R; Van Bocxlaer, J; Van Herzeele, C; Vande Walle, J; Vermeulen, A, 2020)		0.56
" Specialists must supervise fluid replacement and dosing of desmopressin."( ENDOCRINOLOGY IN THE TIME OF COVID-19: Management of diabetes insipidus and hyponatraemia.
Christ-Crain, M; Hoorn, EJ; Sherlock, M; Thompson, CJ; Wass, JAH, 2020)		0.56
" If the therapeutic effect was not satisfactory dosage was adjusted and desmopressin was added."( The prognostic value of voiding chart data in therapy-resistant enuresis.
Lundmark, E; Neve Us, T, 2020)		0.56
" Prescribing the standard flat-dose regimen to the entire pediatric population might be insufficient to attain response to desmopressin treatment, whereby dosing schemes based on age and weight were proposed."( Pediatric Pharmacology of Desmopressin in Children with Enuresis: A Comprehensive Review.
Croubels, S; Devreese, M; Dossche, L; Gasthuys, E; Michelet, R; Nørgaard, JP; Van Bocxlaer, J; Vermeulen, A; Walle, JV, 2020)		0.56
" The dosage of desmopressin acetate varied according to the discretion of the physician, usually beginning with one tablet before going to bed at night for 3 months."( Monocentric single-arm study of desmopressin acetate efficacy on nocturnal polyuria in the elderly.
Iannitti, T; Morales-Medina, JC; Palmieri, B; Vadalà, M, 2020)		0.56
" Studies on the rationale of dosing are scarce and mainly focus on the underlying causes of the vast differences in desmopressin response among individuals."( A Novel Quantitative Method for Analyzing Desmopressin in Human Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
Cnossen, MH; de Jager, NCB; Heijdra, JM; Kruip, MJHA; Leebeek, FWG; Mathôt, RAA; Pistorius, M, 2020)		0.56
" Moreover, the need for size-adapted dosing regimens of dDAVP lyophilisate in young children is indicated."( Desmopressin oral lyophilisate in young children: new insights in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
De Bruyne, P; Dossche, L; Gasthuys, E; Michelet, R; Rittig, S; Van Herzeele, C; Vande Walle, J; Vermeulen, A, 2021)		0.62
" This model is a starting point toward more accurate prediction of desmopressin dosing effects in VWD."( Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of von Willebrand Factor Activity in von Willebrand Disease Patients after Desmopressin Administration.
Cnossen, MH; de Jager, NCB; Heijdra, JM; Kieboom, Q; Kruip, MJHA; Leebeek, FWG; Mathôt, RAA, 2020)		0.56
" Although there are minimal guidelines regarding the appropriate formulation and dosage of DDAVP for management of CDI in infants, we initiated the lowest dose available and titrated the medication based on close monitoring of urine output and serum sodium levels in order to successfully treat his transient CDI."( Management of transient central diabetes insipidus with intravenous desmopressin in a premature infant with gastroschisis and septo-optic dysplasia: A case report.
Kim, F; Towers, HM, 2021)		0.62
" The spermatogenesis rate decreased with increased dosage of desmopressin."( Desmopressin Suppresses Gonadotropin-Induced Spermatogenesis in Patients With Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome: A Retrospective, Single-Center Cohort Study.
Bingqing, Y; Jiangfeng, M; Min, N; Qibin, H; Rui, Z; Shuying, L; Wen, J; Xi, W; Xueyan, W; Yinjie, G, 2021)		0.62
" Reliability and feasibility of PK-guided dosing will be tested by assessing predictive performance, treatment duration, haemostasis, patient satisfaction and physician satisfaction."( Is pharmacokinetic-guided dosing of desmopressin and von Willebrand factor-containing concentrates in individuals with von Willebrand disease or low von Willebrand factor reliable and feasible? A protocol for a multicentre, non-randomised, open label coho
Al Arashi, W; Bukkems, LH; Cloesmeijer, ME; Cnossen, MH; de Jager, NCB; Heijdra, JM; Leebeek, FWG; Mathôt, RAA; Zwaan, CM, 2022)		0.72
" We found that paediatric data remains limited, leading to recent proposals for age- and weight-based dosing regimens."( Desmopressin therapy in children and adults: pharmacological considerations and clinical implications.
Chin, X; Han, HC; Lim, ST; Ng, YH; Teo, SW; Yap, F, 2022)		0.72
" Subsequently, we performed Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the efficacy of the current dosing regimen."( Quantification of the relationship between desmopressin concentration and Von Willebrand factor in Von Willebrand disease type 1: A pharmacodynamic study.
Cloesmeijer, ME; Cnossen, MH; de Jager, NCB; Heijdra, JM; Kruip, MHJA; Leebeek, FWG; Mathôt, RAA, 2022)		0.72
" Standard weight-based dosing of desmopressin was used."( Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise vs desmopressin in adolescent males with mild hemophilia A: a randomized trial.
Ahuja, S; Bouskill, V; Carcao, M; Dunn, AL; Gonzales, A; Kahr, WHA; Kerlin, BA; Kumar, R; Lillicrap, D; Pluthero, FG; Rand, ML; Schneiderman, JE; Stanek, J; Tarango, C; Waller, A; Widener, P, 2022)		0.72
" The original dosage was then reintroduced and was still sufficient until months later."( Infection with SARS-CoV-2 may alter the half-life of desmopressin (DDAVP) in patients with central diabetes insipidus.
Bechtold-Dalla Pozza, S; Dubinski, I; Schmidt, H, 2022)		0.72
" Individualized management and accurate hormone replacement dosage for postoperative childhood-onset CP patients are of great importance."( Postoperative hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction and long-term hormone replacement in patients with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma.
Bai, RN; Chen, J; Deng, Y; Fan, K; Ge, M; Gong, J; Li, S; Miao, Y; Peng, X; Wei, Y; Wu, D; Wu, Q; Zhao, C, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
vasopressin receptor agonistAny drug which binds to vasopressin receptors and triggers a response.
renal agentA drug used for its effect on the kidneys' regulation of body fluid composition and volume.
diagnostic agentA substance administered to aid diagnosis of a disease.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
heterodetic cyclic peptideA heterodetic cyclic peptide is a peptide consisting only of amino-acid residues, but in which the linkages forming the ring are not solely peptide bonds; one or more is an isopeptide, disulfide, ester, or other bond.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (6)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Vasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.02330.00040.43453.9811AID217394
Vasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.06240.00020.62357.0300AID217087
Vasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00580.00050.18971.7820AID217360
Translocator proteinMus musculus (house mouse)Ki0.00030.00030.00030.0004AID277899
Vasopressin V2 receptor Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00030.00030.97919.7000AID277899
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Vasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.00020.00000.55066.7000AID1178647; AID1598498
Oxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.09100.00000.08050.8810AID1178646; AID1598499
Vasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)1.00000.00000.19713.2000AID1178648
Vasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.01100.00000.03600.2400AID1178649; AID1598501
Vasopressin V2 receptor Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.00000.00000.00000.0000AID1598510
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (69)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
renal water retentionVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of adenylate cyclase activityVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
hemostasisVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
telencephalon developmentVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to cytokineVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intracellular signal transductionVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hormone stimulusVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasopressinVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
suckling behaviorOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
muscle contractionOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heart developmentOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lactationOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
memoryOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of norepinephrine secretionOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
telencephalon developmentOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to progesteroneOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to anoxiaOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to cytokineOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
maternal behaviorOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm ejaculationOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
eating behaviorOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to peptide hormoneOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
estrous cycleOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressureOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
digestive tract developmentOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synapse assemblyOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of penile erectionOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contractionOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
female pregnancyOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasopressinOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
maternal process involved in parturitionOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hormone stimulusOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
maternal aggressive behaviorVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
generation of precursor metabolites and energyVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of phospholipase C activityVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of female receptivityVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
grooming behaviorVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
blood circulationVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of heart rateVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glutamate secretionVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
myotube differentiationVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signalingVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
telencephalon developmentVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell growthVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic processVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reductionVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to water deprivationVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
maternal behaviorVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm ejaculationVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to corticosteroneVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulseVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hormone stimulusVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasopressinVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of phospholipase C activityVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phospholipase A2 activityVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell population proliferationVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cellVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic processVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of arachidonic acid secretionVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hormone stimulusVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasopressinVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (7)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
vasopressin receptor activityVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
peptide bindingVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone bindingOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
peptide bindingOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vasopressin receptor activityOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
oxytocin receptor activityOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vasopressin receptor activityVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C bindingVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone bindingVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
V1A vasopressin receptor bindingVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
peptide bindingVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vasopressin receptor activityVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C bindingVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
peptide bindingVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (11)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
endosomeVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
membraneVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicleVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membraneVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneVasopressin V2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
microvillusOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adherens junctionOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneOxytocin receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicleVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneVasopressin V1a receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneVasopressin V1b receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (81)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1598503Selectivity ratio of EC50 for human OTR stably expressed in CHOK1 cells to EC50 for recombinant human V2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells
AID235493Selectivity index of human V1b receptor towards V1a receptor2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-22, Volume: 47, Issue:9
Design of potent and selective agonists for the human vasopressin V1b receptor based on modifications of [deamino-cys1]arginine vasopressin at position 4.
AID1598519Antidiuretic activity in hydrated-euvolemic Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as suppression of urine output at MED administered as iv infusion for 180 mins measured during compound dosing relative to control
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1178650Selectivity ratio of EC50 for human vasopressin V2 expressed in HEK293 cells to EC50 for human oxytocin receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 57, Issue:12
New, potent, and selective peptidic oxytocin receptor agonists.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1150895Antidiuretic activity in rat1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of deamino(4-threonine,8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino(8-D-arginine)vasopressin, highly potent and specific antidiuretic peptides, and (8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino-arginine-vasopressin.
AID1598526Elimination half life in human
AID1150894Activity at oxytocin receptor in rat uterus in presence of Mg2+1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of deamino(4-threonine,8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino(8-D-arginine)vasopressin, highly potent and specific antidiuretic peptides, and (8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino-arginine-vasopressin.
AID1150898Retardation factor of the compound by silica gel electrophoresis1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of deamino(4-threonine,8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino(8-D-arginine)vasopressin, highly potent and specific antidiuretic peptides, and (8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino-arginine-vasopressin.
AID277899Displacement of [3H]AVP from vasopressin V2 receptor in rat kidney membranes2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-22, Volume: 50, Issue:4
Design and synthesis of the first selective agonists for the rat vasopressin V(1b) receptor: based on modifications of deamino-[Cys1]arginine vasopressin at positions 4 and 8.
AID1882822Stability of the compound in simulated intestinal fluid at pH 6.8 assessed as half life measured up to 24 hrs by RP-HPLC-UV analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-28, Volume: 65, Issue:8
On the Utility of Chemical Strategies to Improve Peptide Gut Stability.
AID1598518Ratio of EC50 for agonist activity at recombinant rat V2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells to EC50 for antidiuretic activity in hydrated-euvolemic Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as effective plasma concentration causing half-maximal suppression of urine out
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID173421Dose that reduces the response seen with 2x units of agonist to equal the response seen with 1x unit of agonist administered before antagonist; Agonist1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 32, Issue:1
2-O-alkyltyrosine derivatives of 1-deamino-arginine-vasopressin: highly specific and potent antidiuretic agonists.
AID277900Displacement of [3H]AVP from vasopressin V1a receptor in rat liver membrane2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-22, Volume: 50, Issue:4
Design and synthesis of the first selective agonists for the rat vasopressin V(1b) receptor: based on modifications of deamino-[Cys1]arginine vasopressin at positions 4 and 8.
AID426923Antidiuretic activity in fasted and hydrated Wistar rat assessed as compound potency to yield antidiuresis time of 200 mins required for urinary excretion of half the water load at 0.001 to 100 nmol/kg, sc administered immediately after water loading by m2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 44, Issue:7
Arginine vasopressin and its analogues--the influence of position 2 modification with 3,3-diphenylalanine enantiomers. Highly potent V2 agonists.
AID196847In vitro anti-oxytocic activity on isolated estrogen treated rat uteri with 0.5 mM Mg+2; Agonist1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 32, Issue:1
2-O-alkyltyrosine derivatives of 1-deamino-arginine-vasopressin: highly specific and potent antidiuretic agonists.
AID1598507Non-renal clearance in nephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rat at 0.1 mg/kg, iv administered as cassette dose by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1178649Agonist activity at human vasopressin V1b expressed in HEK293 cells after 5 hrs by firefly luciferase reporter gene assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 57, Issue:12
New, potent, and selective peptidic oxytocin receptor agonists.
AID1598516Antidiuretic activity in hydrated-euvolemic Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as suppression of urine output by measuring cumulative urine weight at 30 pM administered as iv infusion for 180 mins measured up to 300 mins
AID1178657Partial agonist activity at human oxytocin receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells after 5 hrs by firefly luciferase reporter gene assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 57, Issue:12
New, potent, and selective peptidic oxytocin receptor agonists.
AID1150897Ratio of antidiuretic activity in rat to vasopressor activity in rat1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of deamino(4-threonine,8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino(8-D-arginine)vasopressin, highly potent and specific antidiuretic peptides, and (8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino-arginine-vasopressin.
AID1598512Elimination half life in Sprague-Dawley rat at 0.1 mg/kg, iv administered as cassette dose by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1598508Protein binding in rat plasma at 200 to 1000 ng/ml measured after 15 mins by UC-LC/MS/MS analysis
AID1598514Antidiuretic activity in hydrated-euvolemic Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as effective plasma concentration causing half-maximal suppression of urine output administered as iv infusion for 180 mins measured during compound dosing
AID196969In vitro anti-oxytocic activity on isolated estrogen treated rat uteri without Mg+2; Agonist1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 32, Issue:1
2-O-alkyltyrosine derivatives of 1-deamino-arginine-vasopressin: highly specific and potent antidiuretic agonists.
AID1598529Antidiuretic activity in iv dosed rat assessed as suppression of urine output relative to control
AID1598511Agonist activity at recombinant rat V2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells measured after 5 hrs by cAMP response element driven luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control
AID168452Compound was tested for its antidiuretic activity1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 32, Issue:1
2-O-alkyltyrosine derivatives of 1-deamino-arginine-vasopressin: highly specific and potent antidiuretic agonists.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1150893Activity at oxytocin receptor in rat uterus1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of deamino(4-threonine,8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino(8-D-arginine)vasopressin, highly potent and specific antidiuretic peptides, and (8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino-arginine-vasopressin.
AID426916Agonist activity at vasopressin V1a receptor in phenoxybenzamine-treated Wistar rat uterus assessed as arterial vasopressor activity2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 44, Issue:7
Arginine vasopressin and its analogues--the influence of position 2 modification with 3,3-diphenylalanine enantiomers. Highly potent V2 agonists.
AID1178648Agonist activity at human vasopressin V1a expressed in HEK293 cells after 5 hrs by firefly luciferase reporter gene assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 57, Issue:12
New, potent, and selective peptidic oxytocin receptor agonists.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1178652Selectivity ratio of EC50 for human vasopressin V1b expressed in HEK293 cells to EC50 for human oxytocin receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 57, Issue:12
New, potent, and selective peptidic oxytocin receptor agonists.
AID1178656Clearance in Sprague-Dawley rat at 0.2 mg/kg, iv administered in cassette mode as bolus dose2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 57, Issue:12
New, potent, and selective peptidic oxytocin receptor agonists.
AID1178661Partial agonist activity at human oxytocin receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells after 5 hrs by firefly luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 57, Issue:12
New, potent, and selective peptidic oxytocin receptor agonists.
AID217394Binding affinity against human vasopressin V2 receptor was determined by using plasma membranes from CHO cells stably transfected with VP/OT receptors2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-22, Volume: 47, Issue:9
Design of potent and selective agonists for the human vasopressin V1b receptor based on modifications of [deamino-cys1]arginine vasopressin at position 4.
AID1598498Agonist activity at recombinant human V2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells measured after 5 hrs by cAMP response element driven luciferase reporter gene assay
AID426920Antidiuretic activity in fasted and hydrated Wistar rat assessed as compound required to yield antidiuresis time of 60 mins required for urinary excretion of half the water load at 0.001 to 100 nmol/kg, sc administered immediately after water loading by m2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 44, Issue:7
Arginine vasopressin and its analogues--the influence of position 2 modification with 3,3-diphenylalanine enantiomers. Highly potent V2 agonists.
AID1598515Antidiuretic activity in hydrated-euvolemic Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as suppression of urine output by measuring cumulative urine weight administered as iv infusion for 180 mins measured during compound dosing
AID1178653Antagonist activity at human vasopressin V1a expressed in AVP-stimulated HEK293 cells after 5 hrs by firefly luciferase reporter gene assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 57, Issue:12
New, potent, and selective peptidic oxytocin receptor agonists.
AID217360Binding affinity against human vasopressin V1b receptor was determined by using plasma membranes from CHO cells stably transfected with VP/OT receptors2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-22, Volume: 47, Issue:9
Design of potent and selective agonists for the human vasopressin V1b receptor based on modifications of [deamino-cys1]arginine vasopressin at position 4.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1598499Agonist activity at human OTR stably expressed in CHOK1 cells by NFAT-luciferase reporter gene assay
AID1598505Agonist activity at recombinant human V1a receptor expressed in HEK293 cells up to 1000 nM measured after 5 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1598500Agonist activity at human OTR stably expressed in CHOK1 cells by NFAT-luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1178647Agonist activity at human vasopressin V2 expressed in HEK293 cells after 5 hrs by firefly luciferase reporter gene assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 57, Issue:12
New, potent, and selective peptidic oxytocin receptor agonists.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1178646Agonist activity at human oxytocin receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells after 5 hrs by firefly luciferase reporter gene assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 57, Issue:12
New, potent, and selective peptidic oxytocin receptor agonists.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1882821Stability of the compound in simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2 assessed as half life measured up to 24 hrs by RP-HPLC-UV analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-28, Volume: 65, Issue:8
On the Utility of Chemical Strategies to Improve Peptide Gut Stability.
AID1598525Clearance in iv dosed over hydrated human
AID1598528Elimination half life in severe renal impairment patent
AID1178651Selectivity ratio of EC50 for human vasopressin V1a expressed in HEK293 cells to EC50 for human oxytocin receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 57, Issue:12
New, potent, and selective peptidic oxytocin receptor agonists.
AID1598520Antidiuretic activity in hydrated-euvolemic Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as suppression of urine output at 30 pM administered as iv infusion for 180 mins measured after 5 hrs
AID426922Antidiuretic activity in fasted and hydrated Wistar rat assessed as compound potency to yield antidiuresis time of 60 mins required for urinary excretion of half the water load at 0.001 to 100 nmol/kg, sc administered immediately after water loading by mo2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 44, Issue:7
Arginine vasopressin and its analogues--the influence of position 2 modification with 3,3-diphenylalanine enantiomers. Highly potent V2 agonists.
AID1598502Agonist activity at recombinant human V1B receptor expressed in HEK293 cells measured after 5 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control
AID277897Activity at OT receptor assessed as oxytocic activity in absence of magnesium2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-22, Volume: 50, Issue:4
Design and synthesis of the first selective agonists for the rat vasopressin V(1b) receptor: based on modifications of deamino-[Cys1]arginine vasopressin at positions 4 and 8.
AID1598501Agonist activity at recombinant human V1B receptor expressed in HEK293 cells measured after 5 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay
AID277896Vasopressor activity in rat2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-22, Volume: 50, Issue:4
Design and synthesis of the first selective agonists for the rat vasopressin V(1b) receptor: based on modifications of deamino-[Cys1]arginine vasopressin at positions 4 and 8.
AID235494Selectivity index of human V1b receptor towards V2 receptor2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-22, Volume: 47, Issue:9
Design of potent and selective agonists for the human vasopressin V1b receptor based on modifications of [deamino-cys1]arginine vasopressin at position 4.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1598506Clearance in Sprague-Dawley rat at 0.1 mg/kg, iv administered as cassette dose by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1150896Vasopressor activity in rat1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of deamino(4-threonine,8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino(8-D-arginine)vasopressin, highly potent and specific antidiuretic peptides, and (8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino-arginine-vasopressin.
AID1598504Selectivity ratio of EC50 for recombinant human V1B receptor expressed in HEK293 cells to EC50 for recombinant human V2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells
AID1598521Half life in iv dosed Sprague-Dawley rat by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1598510Agonist activity at recombinant rat V2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells measured after 5 hrs by cAMP response element driven luciferase reporter gene assay
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID277895Antidiuretic activity in rat2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-22, Volume: 50, Issue:4
Design and synthesis of the first selective agonists for the rat vasopressin V(1b) receptor: based on modifications of deamino-[Cys1]arginine vasopressin at positions 4 and 8.
AID230906Ratio of antidiuretic to vasopressor agonistic activity1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 32, Issue:1
2-O-alkyltyrosine derivatives of 1-deamino-arginine-vasopressin: highly specific and potent antidiuretic agonists.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID217087Binding affinity against human vasopressin V1a receptor was determined by using plasma membranes from CHO cells stably transfected with VP/OT receptors2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-22, Volume: 47, Issue:9
Design of potent and selective agonists for the human vasopressin V1b receptor based on modifications of [deamino-cys1]arginine vasopressin at position 4.
AID1598527Clearance in severe renal impairment patent
AID426914Agonist activity at oxytocin receptor in Wistar rat uterus assessed as uterotonic activity in absence of Mg2+2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 44, Issue:7
Arginine vasopressin and its analogues--the influence of position 2 modification with 3,3-diphenylalanine enantiomers. Highly potent V2 agonists.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (4,179)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990927 (22.18)18.7374
1990's1115 (26.68)18.2507
2000's1023 (24.48)29.6817
2010's856 (20.48)24.3611
2020's258 (6.17)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 27.04

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index27.04 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.50 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.56 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index38.14 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (27.04)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials516 (11.74%)5.53%
Reviews689 (15.67%)6.00%
Case Studies841 (19.13%)4.05%
Observational17 (0.39%)0.25%
Other2,333 (53.07%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (81)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Is Mirabegron 25 mg Safe and Effective in Treatment of Primary Nocturnal Enuresis as Regard Oral Desmopressin 120 mcg? [NCT05617664]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-23Recruiting
Effect of Aspirin, in Vitro Hemodilution and Desmopressin on Platelet Dysfunction Associated With Mild Hypothermia in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01382134]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Response-adaptive Dose-finding Trial Investigating the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Oral Doses of FE 201836, With Desmopressin Orally Disintegrating Tablet as a Benchmark, During 12 Weeks of Treatmen [NCT03201419]Phase 2302 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-27Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Desmopressin Combined With Tranexamic Acid on the Blood Loss and Transfusion Need During and After Scoliosis Correction Surgery [NCT02084342]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-12-31Active, not recruiting
Usage of Desmopressin fo Improving Nocturnal Enuresis in Patients After Radical Cystectomy With Orthotopic Bladder Reconstruction [NCT01582542]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-04-30Active, not recruiting
Peroral Administration of Different Doses of Desmopressin Administered as a New Orally-Disintegrating Tablet and Desmopressin for Nasal Administration in the Treatment of CDI in Japanese Patients [NCT01280188]Phase 320 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Influence of Food-intake on Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Desmopressin Oral Tablet Formulation, in Comparison With Desmopressin MELT Formulation [NCT01036841]Phase 424 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Prophylactic Desmopressin in Heart Valve Surgery [NCT03343418]Phase 4108 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-02-28Active, not recruiting
Post-authorisation Safety Study of NOCDURNA for the Symptomatic Treatment of Nocturia Due to Idiopathic Nocturnal Polyuria: A Multi-country Cohort Study Using Secondary Data [NCT04740645]300,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2021-07-13Recruiting
A New Check-list Method Enhances the Treatment Compliance and Response of Simple Behavioral Therapy for Primary Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis. Prospective Randomised Controlled Trial. [NCT03510975]Phase 475 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-01Completed
To Evaluate the Renal Tubular Function Pre and Post Nephrectomy in Living Donors [NCT03676361]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-29Withdrawn(stopped due to Not initiated)
Documentation of the Efficacy of Desmopressin (MINIRIN Parenteral 4 Microgram/ml Solution for Injection) Within the Context of Surgical Procedures [NCT02368730]23 participants (Actual)Observational2015-06-30Completed
The Effect of Gender on Antidiuresis - Evaluated by Graded Low Dose Desmopressin Infusion [NCT02068560]64 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Effects of Desmopressin on Blood Loss and the Quality of the Surgical Field During Endoscopic Sinus Surgery [NCT02125188]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
A Randomized Double-blinded Trial Comparing DEsmopressin to FEsoterodine in the Treatment of Severe Nocturia in Women Aged 65 and olDer: The DEFEND Trial [NCT02262936]Phase 2/Phase 34 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Poor recruitment)
Retrospective, Observational and Multicenter Study of Factors Influencing the Pharmacokinetic of the Factor VIII After Intravenous Desmopressin in Patients With Moderate or Minor Hemophilia A [NCT05628558]800 participants (Anticipated)Observational2020-07-01Recruiting
Study on the Therapeutic Schedule and Mechanism of Suoquan Mixture Combined With Desmopressin to Children's Monosymptomatic Enuresis [NCT03733873]400 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-01Completed
A Multi-centre, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Trial to Demonstrate the Efficacy and Safety of Desmopressin Orally Disintegrating Tablet for the Treatment of Nocturia in Adult Females [NCT01223937]Phase 3268 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Completed
The Effect of Clinical Characterization of Children With Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis on the Efficacy of Desmopressin and Alarm Therapy. [NCT03389412]Phase 4324 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-01Completed
Intranasal DDAVP in Preventing Bleeding During Dental Extraction in Cirrhotic Patients [NCT00816127]36 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-10-31Completed
Safety Outcomes Post Kidney Biopsy - Randomized Clinical Evaluation of Efficacy of Desmopressin [NCT05467033]Phase 3424 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-01Recruiting
Characterization of Laboratory Response to DDAVP in Adult Hemophilia A Carriers [NCT02506023]Phase 12 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Specified Drug Use-results Survey (Long-term Use) on MINIRINMELT® OD Tablet 25μg / 50μg in Treatment for Male Nocturia Due to Nocturnal Polyuria [NCT04329975]1,087 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2020-05-19Completed
Minirin Versus Oxybutynin for Nocturnal Enuresis in Children [NCT02538302]Phase 366 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
Effect of Desmopressin on Platelet Dysfunction Associated With Mild Hypothermia in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00902057]Phase 448 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-06-30Not yet recruiting
Safety and Tolerability Analysis of Combining Desmopressin With Docetaxel for the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer [NCT04113005]Early Phase 110 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-10-01Not yet recruiting
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-centre Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of Desmopressin (FE 992026) Orally Disintegrating Tablets During 12 Weeks of Treatment for Nocturia Due to Nocturnal Polyuria in Japanese Female Subje [NCT02905682]Phase 3190 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-30Completed
Desmopressin in the Treatment of Mixed Nocturia With Nocturnal Polyuria and Low Nocturnal Bladder Capacity [NCT00902655]Phase 4103 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-04-30Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Nocturin 0.1 mg Tablets in Treatment of Nocturia in Patients With Nocturnal Polyuria, Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) and Benign Prostate Syndrome (BPS). [NCT00902265]138 participants (Actual)Observational2009-02-28Completed
A Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Randomized, Monocentre Cross-over Study to Investigate the Effect of Desmopressin on the Nocturnal Micturition Frequency in Patients With Parkinson Disease [NCT00806468]Phase 41 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Terminated(stopped due to lack of recruitment)
Desmopressin as Treatment for Postoperative Bleeding After Cardiac Surgery [NCT00885924]Phase 417 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Terminated(stopped due to to include required number of patients took too much time)
A 6-week Open Label Cross-over Study With 2 Different Daily Doses of Minirin® Oral Lyophilisate (120 μg and 240 μg) and 2 Different Daily Doses of Minirin® Tablet (0.2 mg and 2 x 0.2 mg) in Children and Adolescents With Primary Nocturnal Enuresis (PNE) [NCT00209261]Phase 4221 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
A Prospective Randomized Trial for the Use of DDAVP in the Reduction of Post-operative Ecchymosis in Rhinoplasty. [NCT01982760]Phase 214 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Terminated
Severe Aortic Stenosis and Acquired Von Willebrand´s Disease: The Impact of Desmopressin in Valve-Replacement Surgery [NCT01994330]Phase 413 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
A Multi-centre, Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Comparative Trial to Investigate the Dose-Response of 4 Different Dose Levels of Minirin Melt and Placebo in Water-loaded Male and Female Japanese Nocturia Patients (Single Dose [NCT01184859]Phase 2116 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Completed
A Multi-centre, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Trial With an Open-label Extension to Demonstrate the Efficacy and Safety of Desmopressin Orally Disintegrating Tablets for the Treatment of Nocturia in Adult Males [NCT01262456]Phase 3395 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Fluoxetine Versus the Standard Oral Desmopressin for Management of Mono-symptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis. A Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT06185361]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-12-01Active, not recruiting
The Effect of Oral Midodrine Versus Oral Desmopressin Acetate Use for Liberation From IV Noradrenaline in Intensive Care Unit Patients Recovering From Spinal Shock . [NCT04586790]Phase 290 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-15Recruiting
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Multi-centre Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of Two Different Dose Levels of Desmopressin for the Treatment of Nocturia in Adult Women [NCT01684800]Phase 2178 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
An Open Randomized Controlled Trial of Desmopressin, and Dexamethasone as Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Pulmonary Hemorrhage Associated With Leptospirosis [NCT00592566]Phase 2/Phase 364 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Numbe of eligible patients has been decreased over time.)
"A Multi-Center Extension Study Investigating the Long Term Efficacy and Safety of a Fast-Dissolving (Melt) Formulation of Desmopressin for the Treatment of Nocturia in Adults" [NCT00615836]Phase 3554 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Desmopressin Oral Lyophilisate Formulation in the Paediatric Population [NCT02584231]Phase 425 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-09Completed
Desmopressin for Reversal of Antiplatelet Drugs in Stroke Due to Haemorrhage (DASH) [NCT03696121]Phase 254 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-01Completed
Efficacy of Desmopressin (1-deamin0-8-D-arginine-vasopressin) in Reducing Active Microvascular Bleeding After Cardiac Surgery [NCT00337766]Phase 40 participants Interventional2006-06-30Completed
Comparison of Intranasal Desmopressin vs IV Ketorolac in Renal Colic Patients [NCT02937896]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-centre Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of Desmopressin (FE 992026) Orally Disintegrating Tablets During 12 Weeks of Treatment for Nocturia Due to Nocturnal Polyuria in Japanese Male Subject [NCT02904759]Phase 3342 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-30Completed
Treatment and Management of Women With Bleeding Disorders [NCT00111215]100 participants Interventional2001-01-31Completed
Decline in Renal Concentration Ability in Lithium Treated Patients [NCT05307042]51 participants (Anticipated)Observational2022-05-31Not yet recruiting
Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Trial of Desmopressin on Nocturia in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Patients [NCT01530451]Phase 39 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient funding)
The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Supine Hypertension in Patients With Autonomic Failure [NCT00223717]Phase 1152 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-01-31Completed
Study of Genetic Factors Influencing the Factor VIII Response to Desmopressin in Carriers of Hemophilia A: the GIDEHAC Study [NCT06020456]361 participants (Actual)Observational2022-01-01Completed
A Single/Multiple Ascending Dose Phase 1 Study of the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacologic Activity of BT200 in Normal Human Volunteers [NCT04103034]Phase 1112 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-10-07Completed
Desmopressin Response in the Young: A Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Dose-titration Study With Three Different Doses (120 Mcg, 240 Mcg and 360 Mcg) of Desmopressin Administered as a New Melt Tablet in Children and Adolescents With Primary N [NCT00230594]Phase 3132 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Completed
"A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group, Multi-Center Study With a Double Blind Extension Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of a Fast- Dissolving (Melt) Formulation of Desmopressin for the Treatment of Nocturia in Adults" [NCT00477490]Phase 3799 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation Vs Desmopressin In Children With Primary Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis [NCT04545931]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-15Recruiting
Prospective, Open-labelled, Phase II Study, of the Administration of Desmopressin in Patients With Colorectal Cancer, With or Without Metastasis, With Rectal Bleeding, Before Treatment With Surgery and/or Chemotherapy and/or Radiotherapy. [NCT01623206]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Multi-centre Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of Two Different Dose Levels of Desmopressin for the Treatment of Nocturia in Adult Men [NCT01694498]Phase 2183 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Assessment of Analgesic Efficacy of Intranasal Desmopressin in the Treatment of Acute Pain in Patients With Renal Colic [NCT01742689]Phase 388 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-03-31Recruiting
A Double-blind, Randomised, Parallel-group Trial Investigating Sleep Behaviour and Daytime Performance in Nocturia Patients Treated With Desmopressin Orally Disintegrating Tablets as Compared to Placebo [NCT01779466]Phase 25 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Terminated due to lack of eligible patients)
Effect of Desmopressin on Platelet Function in CKD Patients on Antiplatelet Agent Who Need Emergent Temporary Catheter Insertion for Hemodialysis [NCT01841515]Phase 125 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
Exercise Versus DDAVP in Patients With Mild Hemophilia A - is One Non-inferior to the Other and do They Work Additively in Improving Hemostasis? [NCT03379974]Phase 432 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-31Completed
Desmopressin Melt Therapy in Patients With Nocturnal Polyuria: a Pharmacokinetic/Dynamic Study [NCT01435083]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Phase III Comparative Study With FE992026 in Children and Adolescents With Reduced Night-time Urinary Osmolarity-type Nocturnal Enuresis [NCT01078753]Phase 389 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Desmopressin as a Therapy for Nocturnal Enuresis in Pediatric Patients With Sickle Cell Disease [NCT04420585]Phase 47 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-07-07Terminated(stopped due to We were not able to meet recruitment after 9 years of trying to enroll patients on different versions of the protocol and changing recruitment strategies.)
Outcome of Adding Desmopressin to Tamsulosin for Treatment of Nocturnal Polyurea in Patients With Benign Prostatic Obstruction [NCT05945420]Phase 4160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-20Recruiting
Perioperative Administration of Desmopressin to Subjects With Breast Cancer: A Phase IIa, Dose-Escalation Study [NCT01606072]Phase 221 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
[NCT00004364]5 participants Observational1995-12-31Active, not recruiting
[NCT00004363]0 participants Observational1995-12-31Completed
Preoperative Nasal Desmopressin Versus Oral Bisoprolol for Controlling Bleeding and Improving Surgical Field During Unilateral Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery [NCT05430048]Phase 2100 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-07-01Completed
A Multi-Centre Trial Investigating the Long Term Safety and Tolerability of Desmopressin (FE 992026) Orally Disintegrating Tablets for the Treatment of Nocturia Due to Nocturnal Polyuria in Japanese Subjects [NCT03051009]Phase 3503 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-11Completed
Effects of Nasal Desmopressin Spray Versus Topical Epinephrine on Surgical Field Clarity and Hemodynamics in Endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy: A Randomized Clinical Study. [NCT05507476]52 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-09-01Completed
DDAVP vs Exercise in Patients With Mild Hemophilia A - Which is Better and do They Work Synergistically in Improving Hemostasis? [NCT03136003]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-07-04Recruiting
A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study Investigating the Impact Burden of Nocturia Using the Nocturia Impact Diary [NCT01552343]Phase 356 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Completed
Improving Platelet Activity for Cerebral Hemorrhage Treatment - DDAVP Proof of Concept [NCT00961532]Phase 214 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
Effect of Laser Acupuncture for Treating Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis in Adolescent Females [NCT05399173]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-02Recruiting
A Multi-centre, Double-blind, Randomised Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of a Combination Therapy, Desmopressin and Tolterodine, for Treatment of Overactive Bladder With Nocturia in Women [NCT01729819]Phase 2106 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Non-interventional Study on Safety and Efficacy of Minirin Melt® in Adult Patients With Nocturia [NCT03089073]835 participants (Actual)Observational2015-07-13Terminated(stopped due to Enrollment challenges)
Comparative, Randomized, Single-Dose, 2-way Crossover Bioavailability Study of TEVA and Aventis Pharmaceuticals (DDAVP®) 0.2 mg Desmopressin Acetate Tablets in Healthy Adult Subjects Following a 0.8 mg Dose Under Fasting Conditions [NCT00835211]Phase 148 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-07-31Completed
Desmopressin as a Therapy for Nocturnal Enuresis in Patients With Sickle Cell Disease [NCT02636387]14 participants (Actual)Observational2015-08-26Terminated(stopped due to Low recruitment)
Desmopressin Melt: Impact on Sleep and Daytime Functioning? A Prospective Study. [NCT01645475]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
Desmopressin Melt Therapy in Nocturnal Polyuria Patients: Pharmacodynamic Study [NCT01439997]Phase 45 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-26Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00477490 (12) [back to overview]Part I: Change From Baseline in the Two Domain Scores of the Nocturia Quality of Life (NQoL) Questionnaire at Week 4
NCT00477490 (12) [back to overview]Part II: Percentage of Participants With Greater Than 33 Percent Reduction From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids to Days 29, 57, 113 and 169
NCT00477490 (12) [back to overview]Part II: Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs) During Study Part II
NCT00477490 (12) [back to overview]Part II: Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids to Days 29, 57, 113 and 169
NCT00477490 (12) [back to overview]Part I: Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs) During Study Part I
NCT00477490 (12) [back to overview]Part I: Change From Baseline in the Mental Health Summary and the Physical Health Summary of the Short Form-12 Version 2 (SF-12v2) at Week 4
NCT00477490 (12) [back to overview]Part I: Change From Baseline in Quality of Life Assessed by The International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire - Nocturia (ICIQ-N) at Week 4
NCT00477490 (12) [back to overview]Part I: Percentage of Participants With Greater Than 33 Percent Reduction From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Week 4
NCT00477490 (12) [back to overview]Part I: Change From Baseline in Total Reported Sleep Time at Week 4
NCT00477490 (12) [back to overview]Part I: Change From Baseline in Quality of Sleep as Assessed by the Global Score of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at Week 4
NCT00477490 (12) [back to overview]Part I: Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Week 4
NCT00477490 (12) [back to overview]Part I: Change From Baseline in Initial Period of Undisturbed Sleep at Week 4
NCT00615836 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Short Form-12, Version 2 (SF-12v2) Mental Component Summary Score
NCT00615836 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Nocturia Quality of Life (NQoL) Global Quality of Life Score
NCT00615836 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire - Nocturia (ICIQ-N) Nighttime Urination Bother Score
NCT00615836 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids
NCT00615836 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Global Score
NCT00615836 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Nocturia Quality of Life (NQoL) Overall Score
NCT00615836 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Nocturia Quality of Life (NQoL) Sleep/Energy Domain Score
NCT00615836 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in NQoL Bother/Concern Domain Score
NCT00615836 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Greater Than 33% Reduction in the Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids
NCT00615836 (13) [back to overview]Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT00615836 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Sleep Time
NCT00615836 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Short Form-12, Version 2 (SF-12v2) Physical Component Summary Score
NCT00615836 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Initial Period of Undisturbed Sleep
NCT00835211 (3) [back to overview]AUCinf - Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity (Extrapolated)
NCT00835211 (3) [back to overview]AUC0-t - Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time of Last Non-zero Concentration (Per Participant)
NCT00835211 (3) [back to overview]Cmax - Maximum Observed Concentration
NCT00902265 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) Quality of Life Score at Week 12
NCT00902265 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Ratio of Nighttime Urine Volume to 24-hour Urine Volume at Week 12
NCT00902265 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score in Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ) at Week 12
NCT00902265 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Initial Period of Undisturbed Sleep at Week 12
NCT00902265 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline of Total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) at Week 12
NCT00902265 (9) [back to overview]Overall Mean Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nighttime Voids at Week 12
NCT00902265 (9) [back to overview]Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT00902265 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Degree of Bother Due to Frequency of Daytime Voiding Assessed by The International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire - Nocturia (ICIQ-N)
NCT00902265 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Degree of Bother Due to Frequency of Nighttime Voiding Assessed by The International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire - Nocturia (ICIQ-N)at Week 12
NCT00961532 (2) [back to overview]Adverse Events : New Fever >=100.4F, Respiratory Distress or Pulmonary Edema on Chest Radiography, Rash, Hypotension (Systolic BP < 100 mm Hg or New Vasopressor Use or Increase in Vasopressor Dose by >25%)
NCT00961532 (2) [back to overview]Change in Platelet Activity, Measured in Seconds on PFA-EPI Assay, From Pre to Post-treatment
NCT01078753 (3) [back to overview]Change in Number of Wet Nights Between Baseline and Treatment Period I
NCT01078753 (3) [back to overview]Change in Number of Wet Nights Between Treatment Periods I and II
NCT01078753 (3) [back to overview]Change in the Number of Wet Nights Between Baseline and Treatment Period II
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Nocturia-Related Quality of Life Based on Evaluation Provided by Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire (N-QoL) at Approximately Day 32
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Time When Urine Production <0.12 ml/kg/Min
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Duration of Action Defined as the Time With Urine Osmolality Above 200 mOsm/kg - Period 1
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Sleep Time at Approximately Day 32
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Sleep Related Quality of Life Based on the Global Score of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at Approximately Day 32
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Nocturnal Voids After 28 Days of Treatment - Period 2
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of 24-hour Urine Voids at Approximately Day 32
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Nocturnal Urine Volume at Approximately Day 32
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Area Under the Urine Osmolality Curve (AUCosm)
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Daytime Voids at Approximately Day 32
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in 24-Hour Urine Production Per Body Weight at Approximately Day 32
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Nocturnal Polyuria Index at Approximately Day 32
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in 24-Hour Urine Volume at Approximately Day 32
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Duration of First Period of Undisturbed Sleep After 28 Days of Treatment - Period 2
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Participant Counts of Minimum Observed Serum Sodium Levels During the Second Treatment Period (Days 4-32)
NCT01184859 (16) [back to overview]Area Under the Urine Production Curve (AUCurine Prod)
NCT01223937 (9) [back to overview]Minimum Post-Treatment Serum Sodium Levels
NCT01223937 (9) [back to overview]Summary of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT01223937 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids Averaged Over a 3-Month Period
NCT01223937 (9) [back to overview]Adjusted Probability of Participants Achieving a >33% Reduction From Baseline in Number of Nocturnal Voids at Month 3
NCT01223937 (9) [back to overview]Adjusted Probability of Participants Achieving a >33% Reduction From Baseline in Number of Nocturnal Voids for All During-Treatment Visits up to Month 3
NCT01223937 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in 24-Hour Urine Volume at Month 3
NCT01223937 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Month 3
NCT01223937 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Time to First Nocturnal Void at Month 3
NCT01223937 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Nocturnal Urine Volume at Month 3
NCT01262456 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Month 3
NCT01262456 (11) [back to overview]Summary of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) in the Double-Blind Period
NCT01262456 (11) [back to overview]Adjusted Probability of Participants Achieving a >33% Reduction From Baseline in Number of Nocturnal Voids at Month 3
NCT01262456 (11) [back to overview]Adjusted Probability of Participants Achieving a >33% Reduction From Baseline in Number of Nocturnal Voids for All During-Treatment Visits up to Month 3
NCT01262456 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in 24-Hour Urine Volume at Month 3
NCT01262456 (11) [back to overview]Summary of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) in the Open-Label Period
NCT01262456 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Time to First Nocturnal Void at Month 3
NCT01262456 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Nocturnal Urine Volume at Month 3
NCT01262456 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids Averaged Over a 3-Month Period
NCT01262456 (11) [back to overview]Minimum Post-Treatment Serum Sodium Levels in the Double-Blind Period
NCT01262456 (11) [back to overview]Minimum Post-Treatment Serum Sodium Levels in the Open-Label Period
NCT01552343 (8) [back to overview]Cohen's D Effect Size in Responsiveness in the Nocturia Impact (NI) Total Scores and Overall Impact Question as Measured From Baseline (Day 1) to Month 1
NCT01552343 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 1 on Nocturia Impact (NI) Total Score
NCT01552343 (8) [back to overview]Construct Validity For the Nocturia Impact (NI) Total Scores and Overall Impact Question (Q12) for Participants With High/Low Number of Nocturnal Voids
NCT01552343 (8) [back to overview]Difference in Mean Change From Baseline to Month 1 in Nocturia Impact (NI) Total Scores and Overall Impact Question for Responders and Non-Responders
NCT01552343 (8) [back to overview]Internal Consistency of the Nocturia Impact (NI) Total Score for Each Day NI Diaries Were Completed Assessed as Cronbach's Alpha Values
NCT01552343 (8) [back to overview]Minimum Post-Treatment Serum Sodium Levels
NCT01552343 (8) [back to overview]Summary of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT01552343 (8) [back to overview]The Pearson Correlation Coefficient Between Change From Baseline to Month 1 in Number of Nocturnal Voids and Change From Baseline to Month 1 in Nocturia Impact (NI) Diary Total Score
NCT01729819 (6) [back to overview]Change in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids From Baseline
NCT01729819 (6) [back to overview]Change in Mean Time to First Nocturnal Void From Baseline
NCT01729819 (6) [back to overview]Responder Status
NCT01729819 (6) [back to overview]Change in the Impact on Sleep as Measured by the Sleep Rating Scales From Baseline
NCT01729819 (6) [back to overview]Onset of Effect as Seen in Change in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids From Baseline for Each Visit During Three Months of Treatment
NCT01729819 (6) [back to overview]Change in Mean Nocturnal Urine Volume From Baseline
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in PGI-S Scores at Week 8
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in PGI-S Scores at Week 4
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in PGI-S Scores at Week 12
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGI-S) Scores at Week 1
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Nocturnal Diuresis Rate Profiles at Week 12
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Nocturnal Diuresis Rate Profiles at Week 1
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean NUV in Week 1
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean NUV at Week 12
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Week 8
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Week 4
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Aggregated Mean Duration of FUSP During 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Week 1
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Total Score at Week 8
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Total Score at Week 4
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Total Score at Week 12
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Total Score at Week 1
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Overall Impact Score at Week 8
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Overall Impact Score at Week 12
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Overall Impact Score at Week 1
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Duration of FUSP at Week 8
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Duration of FUSP at Week 4
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Duration of FUSP at Week 12
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Duration of First Undisturbed Sleep Period (FUSP) at Week 1
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in ISI at Week 8
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in ISI at Week 4
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in ISI at Week 12
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hsu 5-point Likert Bother Scale at Week 8
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Aggregated Mean NI Diary Overall Impact Score During 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Overall Impact Score at Week 4
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Aggregated Mean NI Diary Total Score During 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Responder Rate in Nocturnal Voids During 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Responder Rate in Nocturnal Voids at Week 8
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Responder Rate in Nocturnal Voids at Week 4
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Responder Rate in Nocturnal Voids at Week 12
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Responder Rate in Nocturnal Voids at Week 1
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hsu 5-point Likert Bother Scale at Week 4
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hsu 5-point Likert Bother Scale at Week 12
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Week 12
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Percentage of Nights With at Most One Nocturnal Void During 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) Urinary Symptoms Scores at Week 8
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) Urinary Symptoms Scores at Week 4
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) Urinary Symptoms Scores at Week 12
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Percentage of Nights With No Nocturnal Voids During 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hsu 5-point Likert Bother Scale at Week 1
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Aggregated Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids During 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT03201419 (46) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) Urinary Symptoms Scores at Week 1

Part I: Change From Baseline in the Two Domain Scores of the Nocturia Quality of Life (NQoL) Questionnaire at Week 4

The NQoL questionnaire is a self-administered questionnaire designed to assess the impact of nocturia on quality of life. It contains a sleep/energy domain (6 questions), a bother/concern domain (6 questions), and 1 global QoL question. The twelve core questions are scored on a 0 to 4 scale with higher numbers indicating a better quality of life. Domain summary scores were calculated by transforming the raw score into a 0-100 scale with higher numbers indicating a better quality of life. (NCT00477490)
Timeframe: - Week 3 to Day 1 (Baseline), Week 4 (end of Part I)

,,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Sleep/Energy DomainBother/Concern Domain
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg12.314.7
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg16.318.2
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg14.615.7
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg14.715.2
Placebo15.212.7

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Part II: Percentage of Participants With Greater Than 33 Percent Reduction From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids to Days 29, 57, 113 and 169

Part II outcomes tested the durability of the effect observed in Part I. Percentage of participants in each treatment arm that had a greater than 33% reduction from baseline to Days 29, 57, 113 and 169 in mean number of nocturnal voids. Nocturnal void data were recorded in participant diaries. (NCT00477490)
Timeframe: - Week 3 to Day 1 (Baseline), Days 29, 57, 113 and 169

,,,,,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Day 29 (n=104,100,93,104,22,28,27,22)Day 57 (n=86,85,78,81,17,24,21,16)Day 113 (n=53,56,49,47,11,15,13,11)Day 169 (n=17,15,17,15,3,3,4,2)
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg57595861
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg68838787
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg64687980
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg68716976
Placebo to 10 μg734155100
Placebo to 100 μg736973100
Placebo to 25 μg43717367
Placebo to 50 μg484354100

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Part II: Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs) During Study Part II

A treatment-emergent adverse event (AE) was any AE occurring during the treatment period or a pretreatment AE that worsened in intensity during the treatment period. The treatment period was the period during which a subject received investigational medicinal product. If a subject discontinued the investigational medicinal product, the date of last dose was the last day of the treatment period. (NCT00477490)
Timeframe: Week 5 up to Day 169

,,,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
All AEsDeathsSerious AEsAEs leading to discontinuationSevere AEsAdverse Drug Reactions
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg95033764
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg100024568
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg95013459
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg92002958
Placebo to 10 μg20001110
Placebo to 100 μg28025118
Placebo to 25 μg27002316
Placebo to 50 μg25022215

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Part II: Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids to Days 29, 57, 113 and 169

Part II outcomes tested the durability of the effect observed in Part I. The number of nocturnal voids was the average over 3 consecutive 24-hours periods prior to Part I baseline and prior to the Part II visit as recorded in participant diaries. (NCT00477490)
Timeframe: - Week 3 to Day 1 (Baseline), Days 29, 57, 113 and 169

,,,,,,,
Interventionnocturnal voids (Mean)
Day 29 (n=104,100,93,104,22,28,27,22)Day 57 (n=86,85,78,81,17,24,21,16)Day 113 (n=53,56,49,47,11,15,13,11)Day 169 (n=17,15,17,15,3,3,4,2)
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg-1.12-1.14-1.31-1.47
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg-1.47-1.74-1.95-1.76
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg-1.31-1.42-1.56-1.71
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg-1.43-1.50-1.65-1.65
Placebo to 10 μg-1.20-1.08-0.76-1.78
Placebo to 100 μg-1.58-1.35-1.76-2.50
Placebo to 25 μg-1.19-1.53-1.67-2.00
Placebo to 50 μg-1.00-1.03-1.21-2.33

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Part I: Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs) During Study Part I

A treatment-emergent adverse event (AE) was any AE occurring during the treatment period or a pretreatment AE that worsened in intensity during the treatment period. The treatment period was the period during which a subject received investigational medicinal product. If a subject discontinued the investigational medicinal product, the date of last dose was the last day of the treatment period. (NCT00477490)
Timeframe: Day 1 up to Week 4 (end of Part I)

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
All AEsDeathsSerious AEsAEs leading to discontinuationSevere AEsAdverse drug reactions (ADRs)
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg100026862
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg1100013780
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg98012561
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg10302131373
Placebo94018462

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Part I: Change From Baseline in the Mental Health Summary and the Physical Health Summary of the Short Form-12 Version 2 (SF-12v2) at Week 4

The SF-12v2 was used to measure the impact of nocturia and lack of sleep on general quality of life. The SF-12 consists of 12 questions. Data were analyzed using norm-based scoring and summarized along 2 dimensions: Physical Health Summary and Mental Health Summary. Each summary has a range from 0 (poor health) to 100 (highest level of health). Higher numbers indicate better quality of life. (NCT00477490)
Timeframe: - Week 3 to Day 1 (Baseline), Week 4 (end of Part I)

,,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Mental Health SummaryPhysical Health Summary
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg2.50.5
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg1.72.3
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg2.11.2
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg2.20.6
Placebo2.41.0

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Part I: Change From Baseline in Quality of Life Assessed by The International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire - Nocturia (ICIQ-N) at Week 4

The ICIQ-N is a self-administered questionnaire designed to assess the frequency and bother of daytime and nighttime urination. Subjects were asked to rate the degree of bother of daytime urination and nighttime urination on a scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 10 (a great deal). Higher numbers indicate lower quality of life. (NCT00477490)
Timeframe: - Week 3 to Day 1 (Baseline), Week 4 (end of Part I)

,,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daytime urination: How much does it bother you?Nighttime urination: How much does it bother you?
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg-0.7-1.8
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg-1.0-2.5
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg-0.9-2.1
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg-0.7-2.2
Placebo-0.7-1.4

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Part I: Percentage of Participants With Greater Than 33 Percent Reduction From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Week 4

"Percentage of participants in each treatment arm that had a greater than 33% reduction from baseline to the end of Part I (week 4) in mean number of nocturnal voids. Nocturnal void data were recorded in participant diaries.~This was the second co-primary outcome." (NCT00477490)
Timeframe: - Week 3 to Day 1 (Baseline), Week 4 (end of Part I)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo47
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg47
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg50
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg53
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg71

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Part I: Change From Baseline in Total Reported Sleep Time at Week 4

Total sleep time was recorded by participants in study diaries. (NCT00477490)
Timeframe: - Week 3 to Day 1 (Baseline), Week 4 (end of Part I)

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Placebo24.6
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg7.8
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg15.9
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg24.9
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg19.0

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Part I: Change From Baseline in Quality of Sleep as Assessed by the Global Score of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at Week 4

The PSQI is a self-administered 19-item questionnaire designed to assess sleep quality and disturbances. The global score ranges from 0 (better sleep quality) to 21 (worse sleep quality). Higher numbers indicate lower quality of life. (NCT00477490)
Timeframe: - Week 3 to Day 1 (Baseline), Week 4 (end of Part I)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-1.6
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg-1.6
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg-1.8
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg-2.0
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg-1.9

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Part I: Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Week 4

"The number of nocturnal voids was the average over 3 consecutive 24-hours periods prior to Day 1 and prior to the week 4 visit as recorded in participant diaries.~This was the first co-primary outcome." (NCT00477490)
Timeframe: - Week 3 to Day 1 (Baseline), Week 4 (end of Part I)

Interventionnocturnal voids (Mean)
Placebo-0.86
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg-0.83
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg-1.00
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg-1.18
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg-1.43

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Part I: Change From Baseline in Initial Period of Undisturbed Sleep at Week 4

Initial period of undisturbed sleep was the time elapsed from first falling asleep until either first void or morning arising. Data were captured in patient diaries. (NCT00477490)
Timeframe: - Week 3 to Day 1 (Baseline), Week 4 (end of Part I)

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Placebo38.7
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg50.9
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg82.7
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg85.1
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg106.7

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Change From Baseline in the Short Form-12, Version 2 (SF-12v2) Mental Component Summary Score

"The SF-12v2 was used to measure the impact of nocturia and lack of sleep on general quality of life. The SF-12 consists of 12 questions spanning 8 domains: physical functioning, role function-physical, role function-emotional, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, and mental health. These scales are combined to create 2 summary measures: the Physical Health Summary and Mental Health Summary. The Mental Health Summary score ranges from 0 to 100, where higher numbers indicate better quality of life.~Participants in the 10μg arm are included only until the time of dose escalation." (NCT00615836)
Timeframe: Baseline of Study CS29, Week 16, Visit 12 (approximately 56-78 weeks total study time) and End of Study (up to a maximum of 35 months)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 16 [N=34, 42, 44, 34]Visit 12 [N=0, 82, 73, 66]End of Study [N=17, 91, 81, 80]
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg5.82NA-0.49
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg4.140.141.30
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg3.840.533.15
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg1.571.391.77

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Change From Baseline in the Nocturia Quality of Life (NQoL) Global Quality of Life Score

"The NQoL is a self-administered 13-item questionnaire designed to assess the impact of nocturia on quality of life. It contains a sleep/energy domain (6 questions), a bother/concern domain (6 questions), and 1 global QoL question. The global QoL question is scored on a scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 10 (a great deal). Higher numbers indicate better impact on quality of life.~Participants in the 10μg arm are included only until the time of dose escalation." (NCT00615836)
Timeframe: Baseline of Study CS29, Week 16, Visit 12 (approximately 56-78 weeks total study time) and End of Study (up to a maximum of 35 months)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 16 [N=34, 42, 44, 35]Visit 12 [N=0, 85, 77, 69]End of Study [N=17, 93, 85, 81]
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg0.29NA0.18
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg0.260.460.43
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg0.360.380.34
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg0.680.480.47

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Change From Baseline in International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire - Nocturia (ICIQ-N) Nighttime Urination Bother Score

"The ICIQ-N is a self-administered 4-item questionnaire designed to assess the frequency and bother of daytime and nighttime urination. To assess nighttime urination bother, participants were asked to rate the degree of bother of nighttime urination by answering the question Night time urination: How much does this bother you? on a scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 10 (a great deal). Higher numbers indicate greater bother.~Participants in the 10μg arm are included only until the time of dose escalation." (NCT00615836)
Timeframe: Baseline of Study CS29, Week 16, Visit 12 (approximately 56-78 weeks total study time) and End of Study (up to a maximum of 35 months)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 16 [N=34, 42, 44, 35]Visit 12 [N=0, 84, 77, 67]End of Study [N=17, 93, 84, 82]
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg-3.68NA-3.12
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg-3.71-4.12-3.62
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg-2.62-2.83-2.96
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg-3.77-3.77-3.46

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Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids

"Participants completed a voiding diary for 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to the study visit in which they recorded each nocturnal urination (void). The mean number of voids per night was the average number of voids from the 3-day diary. Baseline refers to Baseline of Study CS29 and the number of weeks represents the total exposure to study drug.~Participants in the 10μg arm are included only until the time of dose escalation." (NCT00615836)
Timeframe: Baseline of Study CS29 and Weeks 8, 12, 20, 28, 52-56, 72-76, and 92-96.

,,,
Interventionnocturnal voids (Mean)
8 Weeks [N=103, 96, 92, 104]12 Weeks [N=85, 81, 77, 81]20 Weeks [N=62, 58, 64, 64]28 Weeks [N=63, 85, 62, 62]52-56 Weeks [N=45, 91, 81, 77]72-76 Weeks [N=0, 79, 72, 67]92-96 Weeks [N=0, 68, 62, 62]
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg-1.12-1.15-1.25-1.47-1.79NANA
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg-1.47-1.73-1.86-1.81-2.14-2.24-2.09
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg-1.30-1.40-1.61-1.36-1.40-1.51-1.39
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg-1.42-1.48-1.69-1.49-1.78-1.86-1.91

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Change From Baseline in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Global Score

"The PSQI is a self-administered 19-item questionnaire designed to assess sleep quality and disturbances. The 19 individual items are scored on an evenly weighted 0 to 3 scale and generate 7 component scores: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. The sum of scores for these 7 components yields 1 global score ranging from 0 to 21. Higher numbers indicate greater sleep disturbance.~Participants in the 10μg arm are included only until the time of dose escalation." (NCT00615836)
Timeframe: Baseline of Study CS29, Week 16, Visit 12 (approximately 56-78 weeks total study time) and End of Study (up to a maximum of 35 months)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 16 [N=32, 39, 42, 34]Visit 12 [N=0, 80, 73, 65]End of Study [N=16, 89, 78, 78]
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg-2.41NA-1.69
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg-2.94-2.66-1.54
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg-2.59-1.59-2.12
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg-3.52-2.99-2.88

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Change From Baseline in Nocturia Quality of Life (NQoL) Overall Score

"The NQoL is a self-administered 13-item questionnaire designed to assess the impact of nocturia on quality of life. It contains a sleep/energy domain (6 questions), a bother/concern domain (6 questions), and 1 global QoL question (which is not included in the overall score). The 12 core items are scored on a 0 to 4 scale, and the overall score is calculated by transforming the raw score into a 0-100 scale with higher numbers indicating better impact on quality of life.~Participants in the 10μg arm are included only until the time of dose escalation." (NCT00615836)
Timeframe: Baseline of Study CS29, Week 16, Visit 12 (approximately 56-78 weeks total study time) and End of Study (up to a maximum of 35 months)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 16 [N=34, 42, 44, 35]Visit 12 [N=0, 84, 77, 66]End of Study [N=17, 94, 85, 80]
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg20.16NA12.87
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg26.1319.8918.36
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg22.4219.3717.46
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg22.0621.5119.13

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Change From Baseline in Nocturia Quality of Life (NQoL) Sleep/Energy Domain Score

"The NQoL is a self-administered 13-item questionnaire designed to assess the impact of nocturia on quality of life. It contains a sleep/energy domain (6 questions), a bother/concern domain (6 questions), and 1 global QoL question. The 12 core items are scored on a 0 to 4 scale with higher numbers indicating a better quality of life. The sleep/energy domain summary score is calculated by transforming the raw score into a 0-100 scale with higher numbers indicating a better impact on quality of life.~Participants in the 10μg arm are included only until the time of dose escalation." (NCT00615836)
Timeframe: Baseline of Study CS29, Week 16, Visit 12 (approximately 56-78 weeks total study time) and End of Study (up to a maximum of 35 months)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 16 [N=34, 42, 44, 35]Visit 12 [N=0, 85, 77, 66]End of Study [N=17, 93, 84, 81]
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg17.89NA12.01
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg23.4522.6620.58
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg22.0220.2020.30
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg20.8323.3221.83

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Change From Baseline in NQoL Bother/Concern Domain Score

"The NQoL is a self-administered 13-item questionnaire designed to assess the impact of nocturia on quality of life. It contains a sleep/energy domain (6 questions), a bother/concern domain (6 questions), and 1 global QoL question. The 12 core items are scored on a 0 to 4 scale with higher numbers indicating a better quality of life. The bother/concern domain summary score is calculated by transforming the raw score into a 0-100 scale with higher numbers indicating a better impact on quality of life.~Participants in the 10μg arm are included only until the time of dose escalation." (NCT00615836)
Timeframe: Baseline of Study CS29, Week 16, Visit 12 (approximately 56-78 weeks total study time) and End of Study (up to a maximum of 35 months)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 16 [N=34, 42, 44, 35]Visit 12 [N=0, 83, 77, 66]End of Study [N=17, 94, 84, 80]
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg22.43NA13.73
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg28.8117.1116.25
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg22.8218.2714.23
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg23.3019.7016.47

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Percentage of Participants With a Greater Than 33% Reduction in the Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids

"Percentage of participants with >33% reduction from Baseline in the mean number of nocturnal urinations per night, calculated from the 3-day voiding diary completed prior to each study visit.~Participants in the 10μg arm are included only until the time of dose escalation." (NCT00615836)
Timeframe: Baseline of Study CS29 and Weeks 8, 12, 20, 28, 52-56, 72-76, and 92-96.

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
8 Weeks [N=103, 96, 92, 104]12 Weeks [N=85, 81, 77, 81]20 Weeks [N=62, 58, 64, 64]28 Weeks [N=63, 85, 62, 62]52-56 Weeks [N=45, 91, 81, 77]72-76 Weeks [N=0, 79, 72, 67]92-96 Weeks [N=0, 68, 62, 62]
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg57.360.056.563.575.6NANA
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg68.381.582.887.188.386.688.7
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg63.567.979.365.973.669.663.2
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg67.470.176.674.271.677.877.4

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Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs)

"An AE was any untoward medical occurrence that did not necessarily have a causal relationship with the study drug. An adverse drug reaction (ADR) was an AE evaluated by the Investigator as being probably or possibly causally related to treatment with the study drug.~A serious AE (SAE) was any event that resulted in death, was life-threatening, required inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, resulted in persistent or significant disability/incapacity or congenital anomaly/birth defect or was an important medical event that could have jeopardized the patient's safety or required medical or surgical intervention to prevent 1 of the outcomes listed above. The intensity of an AE was defined as severe if it resulted in the inability to work or perform usual activities." (NCT00615836)
Timeframe: From first dose of study drug in Study CS29 until the end of study CS31 (up to 35 months).

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
All adverse eventsDeathsSerious adverse eventsAEs leading to discontinuationSevere adverse eventsAdverse drug reactions (ADRs)
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg14909142188
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg1900213125107
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg188222203687
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg1872293339100
Placebo81017252

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Change From Baseline in Total Sleep Time

"Participants completed a sleep diary on 3 consecutive mornings prior to each study visit, from which the total sleep time was calculated and averaged for the 3 days. Baseline refers to Baseline of Study CS29 and the number of weeks represents the total exposure to study drug.~Participants in the 10μg arm are included only until the time of dose escalation." (NCT00615836)
Timeframe: Baseline of Study CS29 and Weeks 8, 12, 20, 28, 52-56, 72-76, and 92-96.

,,,
Interventionminutes (Mean)
8 Weeks [N=103, 96, 91, 104]12 Weeks [N=85, 81, 77, 81]20 Weeks [N=61, 58, 64, 64]28 Weeks [N=64, 85, 62, 62]52-56 Weeks [N=46, 91, 80, 77]72-76 Weeks [N=0, 80, 72, 66]92-96 Weeks [N=0, 67, 61, 62]
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg13.9320.6612.6411.1221.09NANA
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg14.6812.9024.5422.2515.8419.3426.83
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg19.7724.9436.1334.9920.8626.4423.45
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg33.1730.3434.0133.9925.6833.2237.33

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Change From Baseline in the Short Form-12, Version 2 (SF-12v2) Physical Component Summary Score

"The SF-12v2 was used to measure the impact of nocturia and lack of sleep on general quality of life. The SF-12 consists of 12 questions spanning 8 domains: physical functioning, role function-physical, role function-emotional, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, and mental health. These scales are combined to create 2 summary measures: the Physical Health Summary and Mental Health Summary. The Physical Health Summary score ranges from 0 to 100, where higher numbers indicate better quality of life.~Participants in the 10μg arm are included only until the time of dose escalation." (NCT00615836)
Timeframe: Baseline of Study CS29, Week 16, Visit 12 (approximately 56-78 weeks total study time) and End of Study (up to a maximum of 35 months)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 16 [N=34, 42, 44, 34]Visit 12 [N=0, 82, 73, 66]End of Study [N=17, 91, 81, 80]
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg1.23NA1.29
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg0.142.28-0.67
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg1.421.35-0.02
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg2.622.081.75

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Change From Baseline in Initial Period of Undisturbed Sleep

"Participants completed a sleep diary on 3 consecutive mornings prior to each study visit, from which the initial period of undisturbed sleep was calculated and averaged for the 3 days. The Initial Period of Undisturbed Sleep is the time elapsed from bedtime to either first void or morning arising minus the minutes it took to fall asleep. Baseline refers to Baseline of Study CS29 and the number of weeks represents the total exposure to study drug.~Participants in the 10μg arm are included only until the time of dose escalation." (NCT00615836)
Timeframe: Baseline of Study CS29 and Weeks 8, 12, 20, 28, 52-56, 72-76, and 92-96.

,,,
Interventionminutes (Mean)
8 Weeks [N=93, 82, 83, 90]12 Weeks [N=78, 69, 66, 72]20 Weeks [N=55, 51, 59, 58]28 Weeks [N=59, 80, 58, 61]52-56 Weeks [N=42, 88, 75, 71]72-76 Weeks [N=0, 77, 68, 60]92-96 Weeks [N=0, 66, 56, 57]
Desmopressin Melt 10 μg77.6497.5794.51113.60120.91NANA
Desmopressin Melt 100 μg126.63144.77155.44143.86167.72200.67185.74
Desmopressin Melt 25 μg96.58116.70115.60116.46110.59125.21134.14
Desmopressin Melt 50 μg104.72118.71133.66101.04121.34137.91163.31

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AUCinf - Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity (Extrapolated)

Bioequivalence based on AUCinf (NCT00835211)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over 12 hour period

Interventionpg*h/mL (Mean)
Desmopressin Acetate266.62
DDAVP®286.34

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AUC0-t - Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time of Last Non-zero Concentration (Per Participant)

Bioequivalence based on AUC0-t (NCT00835211)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over 12 hour period

Interventionpg*h/mL (Mean)
Desmopressin Acetate252.85
DDAVP®268.02

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Cmax - Maximum Observed Concentration

Bioequivalence based on Cmax (NCT00835211)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over 12 hour period

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Desmopressin Acetate78.102
DDAVP®82.888

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Mean Change From Baseline International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) Quality of Life Score at Week 12

The International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) is a self-administered 8 item questionnaire designed to assess urination frequency and Quality of Life (QOL). The last question (item 8) concerns Quality of Life (QOL) and is scaled 0-6 where higher numbers indicate lower quality of life due to symptoms. Higher scores represent worse Quality of Life (QoL). (NCT00902265)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Desmopressin 0.1 mg-1.56

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Mean Change From Baseline in Ratio of Nighttime Urine Volume to 24-hour Urine Volume at Week 12

The ratio of nighttime urine volume to 24-hour urine volume is calculated as the urine volume (volume of all voids after going to bed plus the first morning void) / 24-hour urine volume. Ratios are calculated at baseline and week 12 and difference between the two time points is reported here. (NCT00902265)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionratio (Mean)
Desmopressin 0.1 mg-14.0

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Mean Change From Baseline in Total Score in Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ) at Week 12

The LSEQ is a self-administered 10-item visual analog scale questionnaire designed to assess sleep quality. The 10 individual items are scored 1 to 100, with the total score ranging from 0 - 1,000. Higher numbers indicate lower sleep quality. (NCT00902265)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Desmopressin 0.1 mg-15.1

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Mean Change From Baseline in Initial Period of Undisturbed Sleep at Week 12

Initial period of undisturbed sleep is calculated as the number of hours between falling asleep and waking for the first time during the night to void. Change is calculated at Week 12 - baseline. (NCT00902265)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

InterventionHours (Mean)
Desmopressin 0.1 mg1.69

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Mean Change From Baseline of Total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) at Week 12

The International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) is a self-administered 8 item questionnaire designed to assess urination frequency and Quality of Life (QOL). The first 7 items are summed into a total score and question urination frequency. They are scaled 0-5, with higher numbers indicating greater severity of symptoms. The last question (item 8) concerns QOL and is scaled 0-6 where higher numbers indicate lower quality of life due to symptoms. The total scale across all questions is 0-41, with higher scores representing worse symptoms. (NCT00902265)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Desmopressin 0.1 mg-4.86

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Overall Mean Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nighttime Voids at Week 12

The number of nighttime voids was calculated over 48-hours period prior to baseline and week 12 visits. Calculated as Week 12 measure - Baseline measure. (NCT00902265)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

InterventionNumber of nocturnal voids (Mean)
Desmopressin 0.1 mg-2.01

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Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (AEs)

(NCT00902265)
Timeframe: Week 1 to Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Number)
All Adverse EventsDeathsSerious Adverse EventsAEs Leading to Discontinuation
Desmopressin 0.1 mg3002

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Change From Baseline in Degree of Bother Due to Frequency of Daytime Voiding Assessed by The International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire - Nocturia (ICIQ-N)

The ICIQ-N is a self-administered 4-item questionnaire designed to assess the frequency and bother of daytime and nighttime urination. In questions 1 and 2 participants were asked to estimate the frequency of both daytime voiding (all voids before going to bed excluding the first morning void) and rate the degree of bother of daytime urination on a scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 10 (a great deal). Higher numbers indicate lower Quality of Life (QoL). (NCT00902265)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Desmopressin 0.1 mg-2.25

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Change From Baseline in Degree of Bother Due to Frequency of Nighttime Voiding Assessed by The International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire - Nocturia (ICIQ-N)at Week 12

The ICIQ-N is a self-administered 4-item questionnaire designed to assess the frequency and bother of daytime and nighttime urination. In questions 3 and 4, participants were asked to estimate the frequency of nighttime voiding (number of voids after going to bed plus the first morning void) and rate the degree of bother of nighttime urination on a scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 10 (a great deal). Higher numbers indicate lower Quality of Life (QOL). (NCT00902265)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Desmopressin 0.1 mg-4.00

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Adverse Events : New Fever >=100.4F, Respiratory Distress or Pulmonary Edema on Chest Radiography, Rash, Hypotension (Systolic BP < 100 mm Hg or New Vasopressor Use or Increase in Vasopressor Dose by >25%)

We prospectively defined acute adverse events as: new fever >=100.4F, respiratory distress or pulmonary edema on chest radiography, rash, hypotension (systolic BP < 100 mm Hg or new vasopressor use or increase in vasopressor dose by >25%). The two patients reported were the only two that sustained any of the prospectively defined adverse events. (NCT00961532)
Timeframe: within 6 hours of study treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
DDAVP2

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Change in Platelet Activity, Measured in Seconds on PFA-EPI Assay, From Pre to Post-treatment

The Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA) is a commercially available point-of-care assay that measures the time to closure of an aperature. Longer time to closure indicates less platelet activity. EPI denotes epinephrine (as opposed to adenosine diphosphate) as the stimulant to platelet aggregation. In our laboratory, a time to closure of at least 172 seconds in consistent with an aspirin effect. (NCT00961532)
Timeframe: 60 minutes after treatment start

Interventionseconds (Mean)
DDAVP68

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Change in Number of Wet Nights Between Baseline and Treatment Period I

The number of wet nights was recorded by participants (or their caregivers) in a daily diary. The difference was calculated from the number of wet nights during the 14-day Baseline Period minus the number of wet nights during the 14-day Treatment Period I. (NCT01078753)
Timeframe: Baseline (14-day period prior to starting study treatment) and Treatment Period I (weeks 1-2 after treatment initiation).

Interventionwet nights (Least Squares Mean)
Desmopressin2.946
Placebo1.317

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Change in Number of Wet Nights Between Treatment Periods I and II

The number of wet nights was recorded by participants (or their caregivers) in a daily diary. The difference was calculated from the number of wet nights during the 14-day Treatment Period I minus the number of wet nights during the 14-day Treatment Period II. (NCT01078753)
Timeframe: Treatment Period I (weeks 1-2) and Treatment Period II (weeks 3-4)

Interventionwet nights (Least Squares Mean)
Desmopressin0.318
Placebo0.135

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Change in the Number of Wet Nights Between Baseline and Treatment Period II

The number of wet nights was recorded by participants (or their caregivers) in a daily diary. The difference was calculated from the number of wet nights during the 14-day Baseline Period minus the number of wet nights during the 14-day Treatment Period II. (NCT01078753)
Timeframe: Baseline (14-day period prior to starting study treatment) and Treatment Period II (weeks 3-4 after treatment initiation).

Interventionwet nights (Least Squares Mean)
Desmopressin3.264
Placebo1.451

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Time When Urine Production <0.12 ml/kg/Min

Urine volume was registered and samples for osmolality check were collected every 30 minutes as long as there was an antidiuretic action defined as a urine production <0.12 mL/kg/min. The hydration due to water-loading should have lasted until end of action, defined as when the urine production returned to >0.12 mL/kg/min, but no longer than 12 hours. (NCT01184859)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionhours (Mean)
Placebo0.41
Desmopressin 10µg1.67
Desmopressin 25µg3.50
Desmopressin 50µg6.05
Desmopressin 100µg8.20

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Duration of Action Defined as the Time With Urine Osmolality Above 200 mOsm/kg - Period 1

Participants were water-loaded to suppress the endogenous release of vasopressin, thus all antidiuretic activity was generated by desmopressin only. Water-loading was initiated 2 hours before dosing on Day 1. Urine volume was registered and samples for osmolality check were collected every 30 minutes as long as there was an antidiuretic action defined as a urine production <0.12 mL/kg/min. The hydration should have lasted until end of action, defined as when the urine production returned to >0.12 mL/kg/min, but no longer than 12 hours. (NCT01184859)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionhours (Mean)
Placebo0.00
Desmopressin 10µg0.09
Desmopressin 25µg2.00
Desmopressin 50µg3.45
Desmopressin 100µg5.74

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Change From Baseline in Total Sleep Time at Approximately Day 32

"Total sleep time is defined as the time spent asleep from initial sleep to final awakening.~Records of nocturia and sleep over three consecutive days per week were kept in voiding-sleep diaries by study participants. The average of the total time asleep of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to average baseline readings." (NCT01184859)
Timeframe: 3 days between study days -6 to 0 (Baseline), and days 25 to 32

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Placebo2.47
Desmopressin 10µg-11.86
Desmopressin 25µg-33.04
Desmopressin 50µg6.81
Desmopressin 100µg14.07

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Change From Baseline in Number of Nocturnal Voids After 28 Days of Treatment - Period 2

Records of nocturia and sleep over three consecutive days per week were kept in voiding-sleep diaries by study participants. The average number of nocturnal voids of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to average baseline readings. (NCT01184859)
Timeframe: 3 days between study days -6 to 0 (Baseline), and days 25 to 32

Interventionnocturnal voids (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.735
Desmopressin 10µg-1.007
Desmopressin 25µg-1.282
Desmopressin 50µg-1.589
Desmopressin 100µg-1.624

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Change From Baseline in Number of 24-hour Urine Voids at Approximately Day 32

Number of voids in 24 hours was recorded over three consecutive days per week in diaries kept by study participants. The average number of 24-hour voids of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to the average baseline readings. (NCT01184859)
Timeframe: 3 days between study days -6 to 0 (Baseline), and days 25 to 32

Interventionvoids (Mean)
Placebo-0.15
Desmopressin 10µg-0.47
Desmopressin 25µg-1.19
Desmopressin 50µg-1.33
Desmopressin 100µg-0.96

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Change From Baseline in Nocturnal Urine Volume at Approximately Day 32

Nocturnal urine volume was recorded over three consecutive days per week in diaries kept by study participants. The average nocturnal urine volume of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to the average baseline readings. (NCT01184859)
Timeframe: 3 days between study days -6 to 0 (Baseline), and days 25 to 32

Interventionml (Mean)
Placebo-114.70
Desmopressin 10µg-140.68
Desmopressin 25µg-209.87
Desmopressin 50µg-295.02
Desmopressin 100µg-333.22

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Area Under the Urine Osmolality Curve (AUCosm)

Area under the urine osmolality curve, from dose administration to end of action (AUCosm). (NCT01184859)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionh*mOsm/kg (Mean)
Placebo0.00
Desmopressin 10µg24.67
Desmopressin 25µg852.00
Desmopressin 50µg1551.01
Desmopressin 100µg3112.53

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Change From Baseline in Number of Daytime Voids at Approximately Day 32

Number of daytime voids was recorded over three consecutive days per week in diaries kept by study participants. The average number of daytime voids of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to the average baseline readings. (NCT01184859)
Timeframe: 3 days between study days -6 to 0 (Baseline), and days 25 to 32

Interventionvoids (Mean)
Placebo0.49
Desmopressin 10µg0.68
Desmopressin 25µg0.15
Desmopressin 50µg0.23
Desmopressin 100µg0.63

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Change From Baseline in 24-Hour Urine Production Per Body Weight at Approximately Day 32

Twenty-four hour urine volume was recorded over three consecutive days per week in diaries kept by study participants. Urine volume per body weight was calculated. The average 24-hour urine volume per kg of body weight of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to the average baseline readings. (NCT01184859)
Timeframe: 3 days between study days -6 to 0 (Baseline), and days 25 to 32

Interventionml/kg (Mean)
Placebo-2.017
Desmopressin 10µg-0.096
Desmopressin 25µg-3.523
Desmopressin 50µg-4.573
Desmopressin 100µg-3.058

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Change From Baseline in Nocturnal Polyuria Index at Approximately Day 32

Nocturnal polyuria index is defined as a proportion of nocturnal urine volume to the 24-hour urine volume. Urine volume and time of day of those voids was recorded over three consecutive days per week in diaries kept by study participants. The average nocturnal polyuria index of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to the average baseline readings. (NCT01184859)
Timeframe: 3 days between study days -6 to 0 (Baseline), and days 25 to 32

Interventionnocturnal urine volume / 24-hour urine (Mean)
Placebo-4.72
Desmopressin 10µg-7.82
Desmopressin 25µg-8.61
Desmopressin 50µg-13.56
Desmopressin 100µg-16.00

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Change From Baseline in 24-Hour Urine Volume at Approximately Day 32

Twenty-four hour urine volume was recorded over three consecutive days per week in diaries kept by study participants. The average 24-hour urine volume of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to the average baseline readings. (NCT01184859)
Timeframe: 3 days between study days -6 to 0 (Baseline), and days 25 to 32

Interventionml (Mean)
Placebo-104.47
Desmopressin 10µg-19.47
Desmopressin 25µg-201.83
Desmopressin 50µg-270.53
Desmopressin 100µg-187.25

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Change From Baseline in Duration of First Period of Undisturbed Sleep After 28 Days of Treatment - Period 2

"Duration of first period of undisturbed sleep is defined as the length of time from initial sleep to first awakening.~Records of nocturia and sleep over three consecutive days per week were kept in voiding-sleep diaries by study participants. The average length of first period of undisturbed sleep of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to average baseline readings." (NCT01184859)
Timeframe: 3 days between study days -6 to 0 (Baseline), and days 25 to 32

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Placebo68.39
Desmopressin 10µg101.85
Desmopressin 25µg113.45
Desmopressin 50µg190.77
Desmopressin 100µg194.25

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Participant Counts of Minimum Observed Serum Sodium Levels During the Second Treatment Period (Days 4-32)

Serum sodium levels were monitored throughout the trial as part of the clinical chemistry panel. If the value was ≤125 mEq/L, the participant was to be withdrawn from the trial and treatment stopped immediately. This outcome reports participants' lowest recorded serum sodium levels during the second treatment period. (NCT01184859)
Timeframe: Days 4- 32

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
>= 135 mEq/L>=130 mEq/L to <135 mEq/L<130 mEq/L
Desmopressin 100µg2300
Desmopressin 10µg2300
Desmopressin 25µg2110
Desmopressin 50µg2110
Placebo2300

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Area Under the Urine Production Curve (AUCurine Prod)

Area under the urine production curve, from dose administration to end of action (AUCurine prod) (NCT01184859)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionh*mL (Mean)
Placebo59.34
Desmopressin 10µg214.24
Desmopressin 25µg297.17
Desmopressin 50µg522.99
Desmopressin 100µg537.08

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Minimum Post-Treatment Serum Sodium Levels

Serum sodium levels were monitored since hyponatremia is a potential serious adverse event associated with daily doses of desmopressin. The serum sodium level must have been within the normal reference range at the Screening Visit for the participant to be eligible for enrollment. A participant was to be withdrawn from the trial if the serum sodium level was <=125 mmol/L at any time. (NCT01223937)
Timeframe: Day 1 up to 3 months

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
<=125 mmol/L126-129 mmol/L130-134 mmol/L>=135 mmol/L
Desmopressin 25 μg0311121
Placebo002124

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Summary of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

A TEAE was any adverse event occurring after start of treatment and within the time of residual drug effect, i.e., within 1 day of the last dose of desmopressin. An adverse drug reaction (ADR) was any AE assessed by the Investigator as possibly/probably related to study drug. (NCT01223937)
Timeframe: Day 1 up to 3 months

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
All adverse events (AEs)Severe AEsAdverse drug reactions (ADRs)AEs leading to discontinuationADRs leading to discontinuationSerious AEsDeaths
Desmopressin 25 μg601264300
Placebo573151020

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Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids Averaged Over a 3-Month Period

"The number of nocturnal voids was the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to Day 1 and prior to the during-treatment visits (Week 1, Months 1, 2, 3) as recorded in participant diaries. The first morning void was not counted as a nocturnal void. Change from baseline values for Week 1, and Months 1, 2 and 3 are reported below.~Comparison of the mean number of nocturnal voids at baseline and over a 3-month treatment period (obtained by longitudinal analysis of Week 1, and Months 1, 2 and 3) are reported in the statistical analysis. This was the first co-primary endpoint. The trial was to be declared positive only if the 25 μg desmopressin group had a statistically significant positive effect as compared to placebo on both co-primary endpoints." (NCT01223937)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline); Week 1, Months 1, 2, 3 (3-month treatment period)

,
Interventionnocturnal voids (Mean)
Week 1 (n=124, 128)Month 1 (n=121, 126)Month 2 (n=116, 121)Month 3 (n=107, 113)
Desmopressin 25 μg-1.21-1.47-1.57-1.69
Placebo-1-1.25-1.36-1.38

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Adjusted Probability of Participants Achieving a >33% Reduction From Baseline in Number of Nocturnal Voids at Month 3

"Probability of participants achieving 33% responder status at Month 3 employed a longitudinal analysis assessing nocturnal void information captured in the 3-day diary. A 33% responder was defined as a participant with a decrease of at least 33% in the mean number of nocturnal voids relative to baseline. The number of nocturnal voids was the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to Day 1 and prior to the Month 3 visit as recorded in participant diaries. The first morning void was not counted as a nocturnal void.~The secondary efficacy outcomes (#3-7) used a hierarchical step-down approach in the order listed." (NCT01223937)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Month 3

Interventionprobability (Number)
Placebo0.69
Desmopressin 25 μg0.79

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Adjusted Probability of Participants Achieving a >33% Reduction From Baseline in Number of Nocturnal Voids for All During-Treatment Visits up to Month 3

"Probability of participants achieving 33% responder status during 3 months of treatment employed a longitudinal analysis assessing nocturnal void information captured in the 3-day diary. A 33% responder was defined as a participant with a decrease of at least 33% in the mean number of nocturnal voids relative to baseline. The number of nocturnal voids was the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to Day 1 and prior to the during treatment visits (Week 1, Months 1, 2, 3) as recorded in participant diaries. The first morning void was not counted as a nocturnal void.~This was the second co-primary endpoint. The trial was to be declared positive only if the 25 μg desmopressin group had a statistically significant positive effect as compared to placebo on both co-primary endpoints." (NCT01223937)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline); Week 1, Months 1, 2, 3 (3-month treatment period)

Interventionprobability (Number)
Placebo0.64
Desmopressin 25 μg0.76

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Change From Baseline in 24-Hour Urine Volume at Month 3

"Twenty-four hour urine volume was derived from the 3-day urine volume diary. Mean urine volumes were calculated as the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to the Month 3 visit.~The secondary efficacy outcomes (#3-7) used a hierarchical step-down approach in the order listed." (NCT01223937)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Month 3

InterventionmL (Mean)
Placebo-152
Desmopressin 25 μg-255

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Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Month 3

"The number of nocturnal voids was the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to Day 1 and prior to the during-treatment visits (Month 3 for this outcome) as recorded in participant diaries. The first morning void was not counted as a nocturnal void.~Secondary efficacy outcomes (#3-7) used a hierarchical step-down approach in the order listed." (NCT01223937)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Month 3

Interventionnocturnal voids (Mean)
Placebo-1.38
Desmopressin 25 μg-1.69

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Change From Baseline in Mean Time to First Nocturnal Void at Month 3

"The time to first void was defined as the time from going to bed with the intention of sleeping until first nocturnal void or until waking in the morning in cases where there was no nocturnal void. The time to first void was derived from the sleep and voiding diary. The mean time to first void was calculated as the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to the Month 3 visit.~The secondary efficacy outcomes (#3-7) used a hierarchical step-down approach in the order listed." (NCT01223937)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Month 3

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Placebo115
Desmopressin 25 μg168

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Change From Baseline in Nocturnal Urine Volume at Month 3

"The nocturnal urine volume was derived from the 3-day urine volume diary. The nocturnal urine volume included the volume of the first morning void. Mean urine volumes were calculated as the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to the Month 3 visit.~The secondary efficacy outcomes (#3-7) used a hierarchical step-down approach in the order listed." (NCT01223937)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Month 3

InterventionmL (Mean)
Placebo-151
Desmopressin 25 μg-242

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Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Month 3

"Comparison of the mean number of nocturnal voids at baseline and at the 3-month visit. The number of nocturnal voids was the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to the relevant visits as recorded in participant diaries. The first morning void was not counted as a nocturnal void.~The secondary efficacy outcomes (#3-7) used a hierarchical step-down approach in the order listed. The active treatment groups were compared to placebo using a step-down approach from highest dose (75 µg) to lowest dose (50 µg)." (NCT01262456)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Month 3

Interventionnocturnal voids (Mean)
Desmopressin 75 μg Double-Blind-1.37
Desmopressin 50 μg Double-Blind-1.25
Placebo Double-Blind-0.984

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Summary of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) in the Double-Blind Period

A TEAE was any adverse event (AE) occurring after start of treatment and within the time of residual drug effect, i.e., within 1 day for desmopressin. An adverse drug reaction (ADR) was any AE assessed by the investigator as possibly or probably related to study drug. (NCT01262456)
Timeframe: From Day 1 through Month 3 (double-blind period)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
All AEsSevere AEsAdverse drug reactions (ADRs)AEs leading to discontinuationADRs leading to discontinuationSerious AEs (SAEs)Deaths
Desmopressin 50 μg Double-Blind462234440
Desmopressin 75 μg Double-Blind492207550
Placebo Double-Blind582227410

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Adjusted Probability of Participants Achieving a >33% Reduction From Baseline in Number of Nocturnal Voids at Month 3

"Probability of participants achieving 33% responder status at Month 3 employed a longitudinal analysis assessing nocturnal void information captured in the 3-day diary. A 33% responder was defined as a participant with a decrease of at least 33% in the mean number of nocturnal voids relative to baseline. The number of nocturnal voids was the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to Day 1 and prior to the Month 3 visit as recorded in participant diaries. The first morning void was not counted as a nocturnal void.~The secondary efficacy outcomes (#3-7) used a hierarchical step-down approach in the order listed. The active treatment groups were compared to placebo using a step-down approach from highest dose (75 µg) to lowest dose (50 µg)." (NCT01262456)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Month 3

Interventionprobability (Number)
Desmopressin 75 μg Double-Blind0.68
Desmopressin 50 μg Double-Blind0.66
Placebo Double-Blind0.54

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Adjusted Probability of Participants Achieving a >33% Reduction From Baseline in Number of Nocturnal Voids for All During-Treatment Visits up to Month 3

"Probability of participants achieving 33% responder status during 3 months of treatment employed a longitudinal analysis assessing nocturnal void information captured in the 3-day diary. A 33% responder was defined as a participant with a decrease of at least 33% in the mean number of nocturnal voids relative to baseline. The number of nocturnal voids was the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to Day 1 and prior to the during treatment visits (Week 1, Months 1, 2, 3) as recorded in participant diaries. The first morning void was not counted as a nocturnal void.~This was the second co-primary outcome. Superiority to placebo was to be simultaneously demonstrated on the 2 co-primary endpoints in a step-down approach from highest (75 μg) to lowest dose (50 μg), thereby controlling the family-wise error rate at the 5% nominal significance level." (NCT01262456)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Week 1, Months 1, 2, 3 (3-month double-blind treatment period)

Interventionprobability (Number)
Desmopressin 75 μg Double-Blind0.67
Desmopressin 50 μg Double-Blind0.67
Placebo Double-Blind0.50

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Change From Baseline in 24-Hour Urine Volume at Month 3

"Twenty-four hour urine volume was derived from the 3-day urine volume diary. Mean urine volumes were calculated as the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to the Month 3 visit.~The secondary efficacy outcomes (#3-7) used a hierarchical step-down approach in the order listed. The active treatment groups were compared to placebo using a step-down approach from highest dose (75 µg) to lowest dose (50 µg)." (NCT01262456)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Month 3

InterventionmL (Mean)
Desmopressin 75 μg Double-Blind-224
Desmopressin 50 μg Double-Blind-194
Placebo Double-Blind-197

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Summary of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) in the Open-Label Period

A TEAE was any adverse event (AE) occurring after start of treatment and within the time of residual drug effect, i.e., within 1 day for desmopressin. An adverse drug reaction (ADR) was any AE assessed by the investigator as possibly or probably related to study drug. (NCT01262456)
Timeframe: Month 1 of open-label period (Month 4 of treatment)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
All AEsSevere AEsAdverse drug reactions (ADRs)AEs leading to discontinuationADRs leading to discontinuationSerious AEs (SAEs)Deaths
Desmopressin 50 μg Double-Blind / 100 μg Open-Label23060000
Desmopressin 75 μg Double-Blind / 100 μg Open-Label23192210
Placebo Double-Blind / Desmopressin 100 μg Open-Label26092220

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Change From Baseline in Mean Time to First Nocturnal Void at Month 3

"The time to first void was defined as the time from going to bed with the intention of sleeping until first nocturnal void or until waking in the morning in the case where there was no nocturnal void. The first morning void was not counted as a nocturnal void. The time to first void was derived from the sleep and voiding diary. The mean time to first void was calculated as the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to the Month 3 visit.~The secondary efficacy outcomes (#3-7) used a hierarchical step-down approach in the order listed. The active treatment groups were compared to placebo using a step-down approach from highest dose (75 µg) to lowest dose (50 µg)." (NCT01262456)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Month 3

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Desmopressin 75 μg Double-Blind117
Desmopressin 50 μg Double-Blind113
Placebo Double-Blind71.5

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Change From Baseline in Nocturnal Urine Volume at Month 3

"The nocturnal urine volume was derived from the 3-day urine volume diary. The nocturnal urine volume included the volume of the first morning void. Mean urine volumes were calculated as the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to the Month 3 visit.~The secondary efficacy outcomes (#3-7) used a hierarchical step-down approach in the order listed. The active treatment groups were compared to placebo using a step-down approach from highest dose (75 µg) to lowest dose (50 µg)." (NCT01262456)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Month 3

InterventionmL (Mean)
Desmopressin 75 μg Double-Blind-199
Desmopressin 50 μg Double-Blind-186
Placebo Double-Blind-144

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Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids Averaged Over a 3-Month Period

"The number of nocturnal voids was the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to Day 1 and prior to the during-treatment visits (Week 1, Months 1, 2, 3) as recorded in participant diaries. The first morning void was not counted as a nocturnal void. Change from baseline values for Week 1, and Months 1, 2 and 3 are reported below.~Comparison of the mean number of nocturnal voids at baseline and over a 3-month treatment period (obtained by longitudinal analysis of Week 1, and Months 1, 2 and 3) are reported in the statistical analysis. This was the first co-primary outcome. Superiority to placebo was to be simultaneously demonstrated on the 2 co-primary outcomes in a step-down approach from highest (75 μg) to lowest dose (50 μg), thereby controlling the family-wise error rate at the 5% nominal significance level." (NCT01262456)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Week 1, Months 1, 2, 3 (3-month double-blind treatment period)

,,
Interventionnocturnal voids (Mean)
Week 1 (n=120, 116, 141)Month 1 (n=117, 112, 139)Month 2 (n=113, 107, 132)Month 3 (n=106, 103, 125)
Desmopressin 50 μg Double-Blind-0.973-1.31-1.4-1.25
Desmopressin 75 μg Double-Blind-1.06-1.4-1.43-1.37
Placebo Double-Blind-0.591-0.928-1.01-0.984

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Minimum Post-Treatment Serum Sodium Levels in the Double-Blind Period

Serum sodium levels were monitored at each study visit since hyponatremia is a potential serious adverse event associated with daily doses of desmopressin. The serum sodium level must have been within the normal reference range at the Screening Visit for the participant to be eligible for enrollment. A participant was to be withdrawn from the trial if the serum sodium level was <=125 mmol/L at any time. (NCT01262456)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Month 3 (double-blind period)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
≤125 mmol/L126-129 mmol/L130-134 mmol/L≥135 mmol/L
Desmopressin 50 μg Double-Blind209108
Desmopressin 75 μg Double-Blind4512101
Placebo Double-Blind002141

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Minimum Post-Treatment Serum Sodium Levels in the Open-Label Period

Serum sodium levels were monitored at each study visit since hyponatremia is a potential serious adverse event associated with daily doses of desmopressin. The serum sodium level must have been within the normal reference range at the Screening Visit for the participant to be eligible for enrollment. A participant was to be withdrawn from the trial if the serum sodium level was <=125 mmol/L at any time. (NCT01262456)
Timeframe: Month 1 of open-label period (Month 4 of treatment)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
≤125 mmol/L126-129 mmol/L130-134 mmol/L≥135 mmol/L
Desmopressin 50 μg Double-Blind / 100 μg Open-Label011288
Desmopressin 75 μg Double-Blind / 100 μg Open-Label111189
Placebo Double-Blind / Desmopressin 100 μg Open-Label1310110

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Cohen's D Effect Size in Responsiveness in the Nocturia Impact (NI) Total Scores and Overall Impact Question as Measured From Baseline (Day 1) to Month 1

"The responsiveness of the NI Diary was measured with Cohen's D effect size. The effect size was calculated for active treatment versus placebo, based on change from Baseline to Month 1. The effect size was evaluated as small, medium, or large if D was <=0.35, >0.35 - 0.65, or >0.65, respectively.~Mean values are the Cohen's D effect size. Standard deviation is the pooled standard deviation." (NCT01552343)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Month 1

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Nocturia Impact (NI) Total Score (Q1-Q11)Overall Impact Question (Q12)
All Participants0.73-0.00

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Change From Baseline to Month 1 on Nocturia Impact (NI) Total Score

The NI Diary is a 12-item instrument consisting of 11 core items and an overall impact question (Q12). Responses are scored from 0 (no impact) to 4 (highest impact); the NI total score is the sum of the 11 core items scores (range of 0-44) which is then transformed to a 0-100 scale (high score indicates high impact). The NI total score was analyzable only if all 11 items (Q1-Q11) had non-missing responses. Otherwise, it was defined as missing. Missing values were not imputed. The average over the 3-day diary period prior to baseline (Day 1) and Month 1 was used for the overall impact score. Negative change from baseline scores indicate a decrease in impact caused by nocturia. (NCT01552343)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -2 to Day 1), Treatment (Day 28-30)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Desmopressin-8.5
Placebo-9.64

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Construct Validity For the Nocturia Impact (NI) Total Scores and Overall Impact Question (Q12) for Participants With High/Low Number of Nocturnal Voids

"The known group validity was assessed by comparing participants who experienced ≥3 nocturnal voids to those who experienced <3 nocturnal voids, using the average over 3 days for the Screening and Baseline diaries. Results are reported for the NI Total Scores and the Overall Impact Question (Q12).~The NI Diary is a 12-item instrument consisting of 11 core items and an overall impact question (Q12). The NI total score is defined as the sum of the 11 core items scores.~The overall impact question (Q12) and the NI total score were transformed using Fisher's z transformation, i.e. the scores were based on a standardized scale from 0 (lowest impact) to 100 (highest impact)." (NCT01552343)
Timeframe: Screening (Day -20), Baseline (Day 1)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Nocturia Impact (NI) Total Score: ScreeningNocturia Impact (NI) Total Score: BaselineOverall Impact Question (Q12): ScreeningOverall Impact Question (Q12): Baseline
< 3 Voids28.125.740.435.6
>= 3 Voids36.739.356.253.3

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Difference in Mean Change From Baseline to Month 1 in Nocturia Impact (NI) Total Scores and Overall Impact Question for Responders and Non-Responders

"This outcome is a measure of sensitivity of the NI Diary to change in nocturia.~The NI Diary is a 12-item instrument consisting of 11 core items and an overall impact question (Q12). The NI total score is defined as the sum of the 11 core items scores.~The overall impact question (Q12) and the NI total score were transformed using Fisher's z transformation, i.e. the scores were based on a standardized scale from 0 (lowest impact) to 100 (highest impact).~The difference in mean change in NI total score for subjects who experienced a reduction from baseline of <33% in nocturnal voids at the Month 1 visit (non-responders) versus those with a reduction in nocturnal voids from Baseline of ≥33% (responders) was estimated." (NCT01552343)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Month 1

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Nocturia Impact (NI) Total Score (Q1-Q11)Overall Impact Question (Q12)
Non-Responders-2.6-4.9
Responders-13.3-4.9

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Internal Consistency of the Nocturia Impact (NI) Total Score for Each Day NI Diaries Were Completed Assessed as Cronbach's Alpha Values

"Cronbach's alpha (CA) is a measure of the internal consistency of the Nocturia Impact (NI) Total scores. Higher scores indicate a more reliable (precise) instrument. A value of 0.70 set as the benchmark for declaring the scale as internally consistent.~Cronbach's alpha was assessed for each of the three consecutive days NI diaries were completed during screening (Day -20 to Day -18), baseline (Day -2 to Day 1) and Month 1 (Day 28 to Day 30)." (NCT01552343)
Timeframe: Screening (Day -20 to Day -18), Baseline (Day -2 to Day 1) and Treatment (Day 28 to Day 30)

Interventionratio of variance (Number)
Screening Day -20Screening Day -19Screening Day -18Baseline Day -2Baseline Day -1Baseline Day 1Treatment Day 28Treatment Day 29Treatment Day 30
All Participants0.9150.9250.9230.9390.9410.9430.9200.9140.898

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Minimum Post-Treatment Serum Sodium Levels

Serum sodium levels were monitored since hyponatremia is a potential serious adverse event associated with daily doses of desmopressin. A participant was to be withdrawn from the trial if the serum sodium level was <=125 mmol/L at any time. (NCT01552343)
Timeframe: Day 1 up to 1 month

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
<=125 mmol/L>125 - <130 mmol/L>=130 - 135 mmol/L
Female - Desmopressin 25 μg002
Female - Placebo000
Male - Desmopressin 75 μg001
Male - Placebo000

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Summary of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

A TEAE was any adverse event occurring after start of treatment and within the time of residual drug effect, i.e. within one day of the last dose of desmopressin. (NCT01552343)
Timeframe: Day 1 up to 1 month

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
All adverse events (AEs)DeathsSerious AEsAEs leading to discontinuationSevere AEsAdverse drug reactions (ADRs)
Female - Desmopressin 25 μg200001
Female - Placebo200000
Male - Desmopressin 75 μg000000
Male - Placebo100000

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The Pearson Correlation Coefficient Between Change From Baseline to Month 1 in Number of Nocturnal Voids and Change From Baseline to Month 1 in Nocturia Impact (NI) Diary Total Score

"This outcome is a measure of sensitivity of the NI Diary to change in nocturia.~The NI Diary is a 12-item instrument consisting of 11 core items and an overall impact question (Q12). Responses are scored from 0 (no impact) to 4 (highest impact); a lowering of score equals a decrease in impact caused by nocturia. The NI total score is the sum of the 11 core items scores. The NI total score was analyzable only if all 11 items (Q1-Q11) had non-missing responses. Otherwise, it was defined as missing. Missing values were not imputed. The average over the 3-day diary period prior to baseline (Day 1) and Month 1 was used for the overall impact score.~The correlation was estimated using Fisher's z transformation, i.e. the NI total score was based on a standardized scale from 0 (lowest impact) to 100 (highest impact).~Corresponding adjusted partial correlation coefficients were based on adjustments for mean number of Baseline voids, Baseline NI total score, age, and gender." (NCT01552343)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Month 1

Interventioncorrelation coefficient (Number)
Correlation - no adjustmentsAdjusted partial correlation - baseline # of voidsAdj partial correlation - baseline NI total scoreAdjusted partial correlation - age categoryAdjusted partial correlation - gender
All Participants0.310.350.280.330.33

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Change in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids From Baseline

A nocturnal void was defined as a void occurring at least 5 minutes after going to bed, but before getting up the next morning. The mean estimate was the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to the respective visit as captured in the voiding and sleep diary. (NCT01729819)
Timeframe: Baseline to 3 months of treatment

InterventionVoids (Least Squares Mean)
Combination-1.63
Tolterodine-1.29

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Change in Mean Time to First Nocturnal Void From Baseline

The time to first nocturnal void was defined as the time from going to bed with the intention of sleeping until first nocturnal void or until waking in the morning in the case there is no nocturnal void. The time to first void was calculated as the average over three consecutive 24-hour periods prior to the respective visits. (NCT01729819)
Timeframe: Baseline to 3 months of treatment

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
Combination118.19
Tolterodine100.19

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Responder Status

Responder status was defined as ≥33% decrease in the mean number of nocturnal void and at least one night with no voids out of the 3-day diary period. (NCT01729819)
Timeframe: Baseline to 3 months of treatment

InterventionProportion of responders (Number)
Combination0.40
Tolterodine0.29

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Change in the Impact on Sleep as Measured by the Sleep Rating Scales From Baseline

An electronic diary was used in the trial to document the impact on sleep quality (sleep rating scales). The sleep rating scales included three questions that ranged from 0 (poor) to 10 (good). The average of each question for each visit was summarised and the change from baseline was analysed longitudinally during the three months of treatment. (NCT01729819)
Timeframe: Baseline to 3 months of treatment

,
InterventionScore on scale (Least Squares Mean)
From very tired to wide awake, how do you feel nowRate how refreshed you feel nowRate the quality of your sleep last night
Combination1.761.811.95
Tolterodine1.331.461.67

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Onset of Effect as Seen in Change in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids From Baseline for Each Visit During Three Months of Treatment

A nocturnal void was defined as a void occurring at least 5 minutes after going to bed, but before getting up the next morning. The mean estimate was the average over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods prior to the respective visit as captured in the voiding and sleep diary. (NCT01729819)
Timeframe: Baseline to 3 months of treatment

InterventionVoids (Least Squares Mean)
Month 1Month 2Month 3Overall (during the three months)
Treatment Difference (Combination-tolterodine)-0.19-0.44-0.43-0.35

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Change in Mean Nocturnal Urine Volume From Baseline

The mean nocturnal urine volume was derived from the three-day urine volume diary. The nocturnal volume was defined as the sum of the volumes for all nocturnal voids including the volume of the first morning void within 30 min of waking up in the morning. (NCT01729819)
Timeframe: Baseline to 3 months of treatment

InterventionmL (Least Squares Mean)
Combination-156.6
Tolterodine-92.46

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Change From Baseline in PGI-S Scores at Week 8

"The PGI-S is a 1-item questionnaire designed to assess patient's impression of disease severity. The PGI-S was scored from 1 (none) to 4 (severe).~Change from baseline in visit-specific PGI-S is presented in this endpoint.~Level estimated for baseline value of PGI-S equal to 3 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.132
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.410
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.825
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.643
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.816
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.013
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.800

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Change From Baseline in PGI-S Scores at Week 4

"The PGI-S is a 1-item questionnaire designed to assess patient's impression of disease severity. The PGI-S was scored from 1 (none) to 4 (severe).~Change from baseline in visit-specific PGI-S is presented in this endpoint.~Level estimated for baseline value of PGI-S equal to 3 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.837
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.025
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.798
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.749
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.656
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.936
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.898

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Change From Baseline in PGI-S Scores at Week 12

"The PGI-S is a 1-item questionnaire designed to assess patient's impression of disease severity. The PGI-S was scored from 1 (none) to 4 (severe).~Change from baseline in visit-specific PGI-S is presented in this endpoint.~Level estimated for baseline value of PGI-S equal to 3 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.181
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.338
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.894
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.638
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.168
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.041
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.853

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Change From Baseline in Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGI-S) Scores at Week 1

"The PGI-S is a 1-item questionnaire designed to assess patient's impression of disease severity. The PGI-S was scored from 1 (none) to 4 (severe).~Change from baseline in visit-specific PGI-S is presented in this endpoint.~Level estimated for baseline value of PGI-S equal to 3 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 1

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.739
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.970
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.811
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.643
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.417
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.719
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.593

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Change From Baseline in Nocturnal Diuresis Rate Profiles at Week 12

"The nocturnal diuresis rate (mL/min) is calculated as the mean of the nocturnal diuresis for each of the three nights, with the single-night nocturnal diuresis calculated as the ratio of NUV to total time in bed.~Change from baseline in visit-specific mean nocturnal diuresis (mL/min) is presented.~Level estimated for baseline value of mean nocturnal diuresis (mL/min) equal to 1.3 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

InterventionmL/min (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.648
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.606
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.735
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.458
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.685
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.651
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.515

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Change From Baseline in Nocturnal Diuresis Rate Profiles at Week 1

"The nocturnal diuresis rate (mL/min) is calculated as the mean of the nocturnal diuresis for each of the three nights, with the single-night nocturnal diuresis calculated as the ratio of NUV to total time in bed.~Change from baseline in visit-specific mean nocturnal diuresis (mL/min) is presented.~Level estimated for baseline value of mean nocturnal diuresis (mL/min) equal to 1.3 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 1

InterventionmL/min (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.575
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.635
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.610
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.459
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.523
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.328
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.402

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Change From Baseline in Mean NUV in Week 1

"The NUV is defined as the total urine volume from 5 minutes after bedtime with the intention to sleep including the first void within 30 minutes of rising in the morning.~The NUV at each visit was calculated as the average over the 3 consecutive 24-hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in NUV are estimated using a baseline value of 750 (mL)." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 1

InterventionmL (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-328.8
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-371.8
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-352.4
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-265.5
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-312.6
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-218.2
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-241.6

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Change From Baseline in Mean NUV at Week 12

"The NUV is defined as the total urine volume from 5 minutes after bedtime with the intention to sleep including the first void within 30 minutes of rising in the morning.~The NUV at each visit was calculated as the average over the 3 consecutive 24-hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in NUV are estimated using a baseline value of 750 (mL)." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

InterventionmL (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-367.3
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-392.4
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-411.3
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-284.2
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-393.5
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-403.2
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-317.8

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Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Week 8

"Nocturnal voids were defined as voids occuring from 5 minutes after bedtime until rising in the morning.~The number of nocturnal voids at each visit was calculated as the average over the 3 consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in nocturnal voids are estimated using a baseline value of 2." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventionnocturnal voids (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.085
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.177
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.965
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.490
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.077
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.786
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.953

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Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Week 4

"Nocturnal voids were defined as voids occuring from 5 minutes after bedtime until rising in the morning.~The number of nocturnal voids at each visit was calculated as the average over the 3 consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in nocturnal voids are estimated using a baseline value of 2." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

Interventionnocturnal voids (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.078
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.330
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.784
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.471
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.952
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.518
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.912

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Change From Baseline in Aggregated Mean Duration of FUSP During 12 Weeks of Treatment

"The FUSP is defined as the time in minutes from the time of going to bed to the time of first nocturnal void, or time of awakening if no void occurred.~The visit-specific means were aggregated into a mean of current and preceding visits.~Level estimated for baseline value of mean duration of FUSP (minutes) equal to 180 is presented in this endpoint.~The 95% credibility interval (2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of the posterior distribution) instead of confidence interval is presented for this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, During 12 Weeks of Treatment

Interventionminutes (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)154.98
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)150.23
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)145.95
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)140.74
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)139.19
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)138.13
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)137.45

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Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Week 1

"Nocturnal voids were defined as voids occuring from 5 minutes after bedtime until rising in the morning.~The number of nocturnal voids at each visit was calculated as the average over the 3 consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in nocturnal voids are estimated using a baseline value of 2.~MMRM=Mixed Model for Repeated Measurements.~For all visit-specific results, the tables present the number of subjects with an observation of the endpoints in question at the specific visit. All secondary analyses are performed using the observed-case approach based on repeated measurements for all subjects in the ITT-RT population. That is, these secondary analyses are based on all subjects with at least one non-missing post-baseline observation (with a baseline value if relevant)." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 1

Interventionnocturnal voids (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.714
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.162
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.722
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.520
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.722
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.325
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.575

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Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Total Score at Week 8

"The NI Diary is a 12-item questionnaire with 11 core items (Q1-Q11) and an overall QoL impact question (Q12). The NI Diary Total Scores are calculated by summing the 11 core items. Responses are scored from 0 to 4 (lowest to highest impact). The NI Diary Total is standardized from 0 to 100 (lowest to highest impact).~The score at each visit was calculated as the average over the three consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in NI Diary Total Score are estimated using a baseline value of 40." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-16.03
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-23.22
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-15.10
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-12.04
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-19.23
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-14.11
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-14.83

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Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Total Score at Week 4

"The NI Diary is a 12-item questionnaire with 11 core items (Q1-Q11) and an overall QoL impact question (Q12). The NI Diary Total Scores are calculated by summing the 11 core items. Responses are scored from 0 to 4 (lowest to highest impact). The NI Diary Total is standardized from 0 to 100 (lowest to highest impact).~The score at each visit was calculated as the average over the three consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in NI Diary Total Score are estimated using a baseline value of 40." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-12.62
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-17.44
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-14.37
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-11.23
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-22.23
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-13.29
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-14.20

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Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Total Score at Week 12

"The NI Diary is a 12-item questionnaire with 11 core items (Q1-Q11) and an overall QoL impact question (Q12). The NI Diary Total Scores are calculated by summing the 11 core items. Responses are scored from 0 to 4 (lowest to highest impact). The NI Diary Total is standardized from 0 to 100 (lowest to highest impact).~The score at each visit was calculated as the average over the three consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in NI Diary Total Score are estimated using a baseline value of 40." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-16.92
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-24.44
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-14.68
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-10.13
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-22.59
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-17.18
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-17.45

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Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Total Score at Week 1

"The NI Diary is a 12-item questionnaire with 11 core items (Q1-Q11) and an overall quality of life (QoL) impact question (Q12). The NI Diary Total Scores are calculated by summing the 11 core items.Responses are scored from 0 to 4 (lowest t o highest impact). The NI Diary Total is standardized from 0 to 100 (lowest to highest impact).~The score at each visit was calculated as the average over the three consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in NI Diary Total Score are estimated using a baseline value of 40." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 1

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-7.55
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-21.91
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-10.90
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-8.93
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-9.68
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-8.75
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-8.07

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Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Overall Impact Score at Week 8

"The NI Diary is a 12-item questionnaire with 11 core items (Q1-Q11) and an overall QoL impact question (Q12). For the overall impact question (Q12), response options range from 0 (not at all) to 4 (a great deal). The NI Diary Overall Impact Scores are standardized from 0 to 100 (lowest to highest impact).~The score at each visit was calculated as the average over the three consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in NI Diary Overall Impact Score are estimated using a baseline value of 40." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-28.13
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-34.97
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-21.71
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-19.03
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-23.84
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-20.70
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-25.32

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Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Overall Impact Score at Week 12

"The NI Diary is a 12-item questionnaire with 11 core items (Q1-Q11) and an overall QoL impact question (Q12). For the overall impact question (Q12), response options range from 0 (not at all) to 4 (a great deal). The NI Diary Overall Impact Scores are standardized from 0 to 100 (lowest to highest impact).~The score at each visit was calculated as the average over the three consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in NI Diary Overall Impact Score are estimated using a baseline value of 40." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-30.47
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-36.76
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-20.84
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-15.32
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-28.89
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-27.13
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-30.03

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Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Overall Impact Score at Week 1

"The NI Diary is a 12-item questionnaire with 11 core items (Q1-Q11) and an overall QoL impact question (Q12). For the overall impact question (Q12), response options range from 0 (not at all) to 4 (a great deal). The NI Diary Overall Impact Scores are standardized from 0 to 100 (lowest to highest impact).~The score at each visit was calculated as the average over the three consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in NI Diary Overall Impact Score are estimated using a baseline value of 40." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 1

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-10.98
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-30.39
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-15.51
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-11.77
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-2.79
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-12.26
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-13.46

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Change From Baseline in Mean Duration of FUSP at Week 8

"The FUSP is defined as the time in minutes from the time of going to bed to the time of first nocturnal void, or time of awakening if no void occurred.~The duration of FUSP at each visit was calculated as the average over the 3 consecutive 24-hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in FUSP are estimated using a baseline value of 180 (min)." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventionminutes (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)160.4
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)225.4
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)190.2
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)136.8
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)163.2
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)164.3
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)161.0

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Change From Baseline in Mean Duration of FUSP at Week 4

"The FUSP is defined as the time in minutes from the time of going to bed to the time of first nocturnal void, or time of awakening if no void occurred.~The duration of FUSP at each visit was calculated as the average over the 3 consecutive 24-hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in FUSP are estimated using a baseline value of 180 (min)." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

Interventionminutes (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)164.5
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)211.0
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)132.3
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)89.5
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)122.0
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)95.5
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)150.2

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Change From Baseline in Mean Duration of FUSP at Week 12

"The FUSP is defined as the time in minutes from the time of going to bed to the time of first nocturnal void, or time of awakening if no void occurred.~The duration of FUSP at each visit was calculated as the average over the 3 consecutive 24-hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in FUSP are estimated using a baseline value of 180 (min)." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionminutes (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)178.5
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)160.0
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)180.7
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)111.5
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)141.1
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)166.2
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)162.8

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Change From Baseline in Mean Duration of First Undisturbed Sleep Period (FUSP) at Week 1

"The FUSP is defined as the time in minutes from the time of going to bed to the time of first nocturnal void, or time of awakening if no void occured.~The duration of FUSP at each visit was calculated as the average over the 3 consecutive 24-hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in FUSP are estimated using a baseline value of 180 (min)." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 1

Interventionminutes (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)122.9
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)187.0
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)106.0
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)91.7
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)82.9
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)51.3
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)81.1

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Change From Baseline in ISI at Week 8

"The ISI is a 7-item questionnaire which comprises of four 'sleep-related' items and three 'wake-related' items. Each item is rated on a 0-4 scale and the total score ranges from 0 to 28 (higher score suggests more severe insomnia).~Change from baseline in visit-specific ISI is presented in this endpoint.~Level estimated for baseline value of ISI equal to 15 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-7.643
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-8.091
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-6.693
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-6.959
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-5.707
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-7.167
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-6.408

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Change From Baseline in ISI at Week 4

"The ISI is a 7-item questionnaire which comprises of four 'sleep-related' items and three 'wake-related' items. Each item is rated on a 0-4 scale and the total score ranges from 0 to 28 (higher score suggests more severe insomnia).~Change from baseline in visit-specific ISI is presented in this endpoint.~Level estimated for baseline value of ISI equal to 15 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-6.589
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-6.652
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-5.630
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-5.428
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-4.510
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-6.372
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-5.277

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Change From Baseline in ISI at Week 12

"The ISI is a 7-item questionnaire which comprises of four 'sleep-related' items and three 'wake-related' items. Each item is rated on a 0-4 scale and the total score ranges from 0 to 28 (higher score suggests more severe insomnia).~Change from baseline in visit-specific ISI is presented in this endpoint.~Level estimated for baseline value of ISI equal to 15 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-7.807
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-9.329
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-6.355
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-6.193
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-5.002
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-7.908
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-6.678

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Change From Baseline in Hsu 5-point Likert Bother Scale at Week 8

"The Hsu 5-point Likert Bother scale is a questionnaire designed to assess the subjective bothersomeness and functional disruptiveness of nocturia. The Hsu 5 point Likert Bother Scale was scored from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely).~Change from baseline in visit-specific Hsu Bother is presented in this endpoint.~Level estimated for baseline value of Hsu Bother equal to 3 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.972
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.044
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.991
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.499
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.012
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.881
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.731

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Change From Baseline in Aggregated Mean NI Diary Overall Impact Score During 12 Weeks of Treatment

"The NI Diary is a 12-item questionnaire with 11 core items (Q1-Q11) and an overall QoL impact question (Q12). For the overall impact question (Q12), response options range from 0 (not at all) to 4 (a great deal). The NI Diary Overall Impact Scores are standardized from 0 to 100 (lowest to highest impact).~The score at each visit was calculated as the average over the three consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. The visit-specific means were aggregated into a mean of current and preceding visits.~Level estimated for baseline value of mean NI Diary Overall Impact Score equal to 40 is presented in this endpoint.~The 95% credibility interval (2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of the posterior distribution) instead of confidence interval is presented for this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, during 12 weeks of treatment

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-6.50
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-6.25
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-6.11
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-6.00
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-5.98
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-5.97
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-5.96

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Change From Baseline in Mean NI Diary Overall Impact Score at Week 4

"The NI Diary is a 12-item questionnaire with 11 core items (Q1-Q11) and an overall QoL impact question (Q12). For the overall impact question (Q12), response options range from 0 (not at all) to 4 (a great deal). The NI Diary Overall Impact Scores are standardized from 0 to 100 (lowest to highest impact).~The score at each visit was calculated as the average over the three consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in NI Diary Overall Impact Score are estimated using a baseline value of 40." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-22.17
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-26.07
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-19.35
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-18.36
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-17.95
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-21.40
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-21.75

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Change From Baseline in Aggregated Mean NI Diary Total Score During 12 Weeks of Treatment

"The NI Diary is a 12-item questionnaire with 11 core items (Q1-Q11) and an overall QoL impact question (Q12). The NI Diary Total Scores are calculated by summing the 11 core items. Responses are scored from 0 to 4 (lowest to highest impact). The NI Diary Total is standardized from 0 to 100 (lowest to highest impact).~The score at each visit was calculated as the mean over the three consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. The visit-specific means were aggregated into a mean of current and preceding visits.~Level estimated for baseline value of mean NI Diary Total Score equal to 40 is presented in this endpoint.~The 95% credibility interval (2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of the posterior distribution) instead of confidence interval is presented for this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, during 12 weeks of treatment

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-12.40
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-12.69
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-12.75
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-12.77
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-12.77
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-12.78
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-12.77

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Responder Rate in Nocturnal Voids During 12 Weeks of Treatment

"Defined as 50% reduction in nocturnal voids from baseline.~Estimated odds of at least 50% reduction in the aggregated mean number of nocturnal voids for a subject with 2 nocturnal voids at baseline are presented in this endpoint.~The 95% credibility interval (2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of the posterior distribution) instead of confidence interval is presented for this endpoint.~The estimated odd equals the probability of response divided by the probability of non-response; these odds may vary between 0 and infinity. For example, if the probability of responding is 80%, the odd of responding is 4, as it is 4 times more likely to respond (80%) then it is not to respond (20%)." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: During 12 weeks of treatment

Interventionodd of response (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.129
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.095
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.032
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)0.934
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)0.887
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)0.849
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)0.834

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Responder Rate in Nocturnal Voids at Week 8

"Defined as 50% reduction in nocturnal voids from baseline.~Adjusted visit-specific estimated odds of at least 50% reduction in the mean number of nocturnal voids are estimated using a baseline value of 2.~The estimated odd equals the probability of response divided by the probability of non-response; these odds may vary between 0 and infinity. For example, if the probability of responding is 80%, the odd of responding is 4, as it is 4 times more likely to respond (80%) then it is not to respond (20%)." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionodd of response (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.395
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)3.398
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.928
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)0.877
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.039
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.489
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)1.503

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Responder Rate in Nocturnal Voids at Week 4

"Defined as 50% reduction in nocturnal voids from baseline.~Adjusted visit-specific estimated odds of at least 50% reduction in the mean number of nocturnal voids are estimated using a baseline value of 2.~The estimated odd equals the probability of response divided by the probability of non-response; these odds may vary between 0 and infinity. For example, if the probability of responding is 80%, the odd of responding is 4, as it is 4 times more likely to respond (80%) then it is not to respond (20%)." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Week 4

Interventionodd of response (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.199
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)5.851
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)0.634
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)0.534
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.760
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)0.683
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)1.235

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Responder Rate in Nocturnal Voids at Week 12

"Defined as 50% reduction in nocturnal voids from baseline.~Adjusted visit-specific estimated odds of at least 50% reduction in the mean number of nocturnal voids are estimated using a baseline value of 2.~The estimated odd equals the probability of response divided by the probability of non-response; these odds may vary between 0 and infinity. For example, if the probability of responding is 80%, the odd of responding is 4, as it is 4 times more likely to respond (80%) then it is not to respond (20%)." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionodd of response (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)3.914
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.891
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.824
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)0.854
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.400
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.395
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)1.590

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Responder Rate in Nocturnal Voids at Week 1

"Defined as 50% reduction in nocturnal voids from baseline.~Adjusted visit-specific estimated odds of at least 50% in the reduction mean number of nocturnal voids are estimated using a baseline value of 2.~The estimated odd equals the probability of response divided by the probability of non-response; these odds may vary between 0 and infinity. For example, if the probability of responding is 80%, the odd of responding is 4, as it is 4 times more likely to respond (80%) then it is not to respond (20%)." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Week 1

Interventionodd of response (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)0.844
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.202
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)0.682
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)0.818
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)0.810
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)0.513
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)0.480

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Change From Baseline in Hsu 5-point Likert Bother Scale at Week 4

"The Hsu 5-point Likert Bother scale is a questionnaire designed to assess the subjective bothersomeness and functional disruptiveness of nocturia. The Hsu 5 point Likert Bother Scale was scored from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely).~Change from baseline in visit-specific Hsu Bother is presented in this endpoint.~Level estimated for baseline value of Hsu Bother equal to 3 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.896
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.940
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.712
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.606
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.096
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.861
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.665

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Change From Baseline in Hsu 5-point Likert Bother Scale at Week 12

"The Hsu 5-point Likert Bother scale is a questionnaire designed to assess the subjective bothersomeness and functional disruptiveness of nocturia. The Hsu 5 point Likert Bother Scale was scored from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely).~Change from baseline in visit-specific Hsu Bother is presented in this endpoint.~Level estimated for baseline value of Hsu Bother equal to 3 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.992
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.249
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.700
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.880
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.974
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.921
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.769

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Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids at Week 12

"Nocturnal voids were defined as voids occuring from 5 minutes after bedtime until rising in the morning.~The number of nocturnal voids at each visit was calculated as the average over the 3 consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. Adjusted visit-specific mean changes from baseline in nocturnal voids are estimated using a baseline value of 2." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionnocturnal voids (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.256
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.120
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.850
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.674
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.053
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.921
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.957

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Percentage of Nights With at Most One Nocturnal Void During 12 Weeks of Treatment

"The percentages of nights during the treatment period with at most one nocturnal void are presented in this endpoint.~Level estimated for baseline value of mean number of nocturnal voids equal to 2 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: During 12 weeks of treatment

Interventionpercentage of nights (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)67.2
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)77.5
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)64.5
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)55.3
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)73.2
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)61.4
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)62.0

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Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) Urinary Symptoms Scores at Week 8

"The PGI-I is a 1-item questionnaire designed to assess the patient's impression of changes in urinary symptoms. The PGI-I was scored from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse).~Visit-specific PGI-I in urinary symptoms is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.843
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.887
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.528
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.286
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.155
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.273
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)2.573

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Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) Urinary Symptoms Scores at Week 4

"The PGI-I is a 1-item questionnaire designed to assess the patient's impression of changes in urinary symptoms. The PGI-I was scored from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse).~Visit-specific PGI-I in urinary symptoms is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Week 4

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.121
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.191
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.447
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.521
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.385
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.582
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)2.596

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Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) Urinary Symptoms Scores at Week 12

"The PGI-I is a 1-item questionnaire designed to assess the patient's impression of changes in urinary symptoms. The PGI-I was scored from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse).~Visit-specific PGI-I in urinary symptoms is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.667
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.671
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.656
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.452
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)1.678
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.384
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)2.490

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Percentage of Nights With No Nocturnal Voids During 12 Weeks of Treatment

"The percentages of nights during the treatment period with complete response, i.e. no nocturnal voids are presented in this endpoint.~Level estimated for baseline value of mean number of nocturnal voids equal to 2 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: During 12 weeks of treatment

Interventionpercentage of nights (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)23.3
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)28.8
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)17.3
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)12.9
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)14.8
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)21.5
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)23.0

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Change From Baseline in Hsu 5-point Likert Bother Scale at Week 1

"The Hsu 5-point Likert Bother scale is a questionnaire designed to assess the subjective bothersomeness and functional disruptiveness of nocturia. The Hsu 5 point Likert Bother Scale was scored from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely).~Change from baseline in visit-specific Hsu Bother is presented in this endpoint.~Level estimated for baseline value of Hsu Bother equal to 3 is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 1

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.649
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.072
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.748
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.458
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.346
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.376
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.570

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Change From Baseline in Aggregated Mean Number of Nocturnal Voids During 12 Weeks of Treatment

"Nocturnal voids were defined as voids occuring from 5 minutes after bedtime until rising in the morning.~The number of nocturnal voids at each visit was calculated as the average over the 3 consecutive 24 hour periods just prior to the respective visit. The visit-specific means were aggregated into a mean of current and preceding visits.~Level estimated for baseline value of mean number of nocturnal voids equal to 2, and 95% credibility interval (2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of the posterior distribution) instead of confidence interval are presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Baseline, during 12 weeks of treatment

Interventionnocturnal voids (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-1.06
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.99
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.89
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.80
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.77
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.76
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)-0.76

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Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) Urinary Symptoms Scores at Week 1

"The PGI-I is a 1-item questionnaire designed to assess the patient's impression of changes in urinary symptoms. The PGI-I was scored from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse).~Visit-specific PGI-I in urinary symptoms is presented in this endpoint." (NCT03201419)
Timeframe: Week 1

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
FE 201836 500 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.475
FE 201836 350 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.045
FE 201836 250 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.708
FE 201836 150 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.786
FE 201836 100 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.781
FE 201836 50 ug (Randomized Treatment Period)2.758
Placebo (Randomized Treatment Period)2.745

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		210amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		1.9710hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.6930azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		210acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		1.9710benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.830amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
choline
[no description available]		1.9810cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		1.9710tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		7241halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		3.1110coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.3820trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.0510guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		11.56312amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		2.3820glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.15102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.3920alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		3.3811alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		3.3870carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		4.4651aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		5.0431diatomic iodinenutrient
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		3.5110dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.3920cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		4.131acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		4.0120pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		2.0110phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.5120hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
taurine
[no description available]		1.9810amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.2310primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		1.9610methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethylamine
[no description available]		2.4120methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.3920uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		8.3211isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		210non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		4.1331aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		1.9710dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
phenytoin
[no description available]		3.8130imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		2.4120aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		3.2310aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		5.231acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.2310acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		3.2310aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		420phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.23101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.5620monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.2310imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		3.2310organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.2310triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		4.0820adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.2310acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.2310diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		1.9910guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.5220N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		3.2310dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		3.5320carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		3.2310dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.2310dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		3.2310nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		1.9710pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		1.9710dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		14.145116benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		3.2310ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		3.5920aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
baclofen
[no description available]		3.8730amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.2310indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
betaxolol
[no description available]		3.2310propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.2310carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.2310diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		3.2310secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bumetanide
[no description available]		3.2310amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		3.2310azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		3.5220methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
caffeine
[no description available]		3.5520purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.7930aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
camostat
camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.		1.9710benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.5620benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		5.86130dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbazochrome
carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename		2.0110
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carvedilol
[no description available]		3.2310carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		3.2310organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		3.6120ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		210benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		3.7930aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		3.2310benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.23101,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.5620aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		4.0520benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		3.2310organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		6.35170monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		3.520isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.23101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.2310lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		3.2310aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		3.23102-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		5.1890aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.2310tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		3.2310dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		440clonidine;
imidazoline
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotrimazole
[no description available]		3.2310conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		3.2310substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.5220acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		3.2310dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nonivamide
nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.		1.9710capsaicinoid;
phenols		lachrymator
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.2310primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		4.05401,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		994amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		4.0620carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.2310dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.2310ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		3.2310piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		3.2310organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		3.2310branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
racemetirosine
alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)		2.3820
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		4.0820aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.2310morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.9921aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		3.2310dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.2310pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.2310oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		1.9810ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.3720
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.2310triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		3.2310aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		3.2310dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.23101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		3.23102-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		4.4130aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.2310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		1.9710anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.2310benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		3.2310conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		3.2310ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.2310benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		3.5720nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		5.121(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		3.2310fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		3.6820(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.2310pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		3.5320carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		8.08175chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		3.2310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		2.3820benzoate ester
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		4.0640
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		3.2310sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.7830monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
granisetron
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		4.1340methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		3.2310azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		3.2310acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		5.231aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.2310azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		5.64100benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		3.2310one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		3.2310hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		3.8230monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		3.2310primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		3.5820benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ifosfamide
[no description available]		3.8730ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		13.685512dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.2310bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		3.2310indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		9.34314aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		1.9810organic molecular entity
ioversol
[no description available]		3.2310amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		3.2310carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		3.09503-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.2310benzenes
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		3.5220carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		4.3660catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.2310alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		3.2310benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		3.2310piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		3.5620cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.2310benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		3.2310amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		3.2310benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		3.54201,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		3.5620nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.2310fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		3.2310N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		4.9321monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		3.2310benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		3.6520benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		4.2350biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.2310dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		3.2310anthracenes
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.2310primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2310nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		3.2310diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		5.1250aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.9421aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		4.9721ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.2310piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.2310organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		3.2310amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.2310phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		3.2310aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		420guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		3.2310benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.2310aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		1.9710ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.3110aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		1.9710benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		7.0451beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		3.5320benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		3.2310organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		4.3730aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		4.5340aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		3.2310aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		3.2310imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		4.2220amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		3.2310bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		3.2310dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		3.2310benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.2310diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		3.5520dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
ml 7
ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).		2.0210N-sulfonyldiazepane;
organoiodine compound		EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.2310monoterpenoid
entinostat
[no description available]		2.1310benzamides;
carbamate ester;
primary amino compound;
pyridines;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		210purine nucleoside
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		3.2310methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.2310tetralins
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		2.3820benzoic acids;
guanidines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		3.2310heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		3.2310aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.2310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		3.2310benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		3.7830C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.2310aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		3.23102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		4.3230nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		3.2310isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		3.2310fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		3.2310organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		2.420nitrobenzoic acid
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		3.23103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		3.8130aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		3.2310carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		3.2310ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.23101,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		3.7630benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		12.22498acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		3.2310phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		3.2310aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		3.5220benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		3.23101,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		3.2310aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.7830barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		3.2310oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		3.2310piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		3.2310N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.5420aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		3.5320indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.2310aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		4.4511organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.8940inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		3.2310isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		3.7830aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		3.2310pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		3.2310benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.2310benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		4.4511benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.2310benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		3.2310pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		3.2310phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.2310xanthenes
propiverine
propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome		6.7261diarylmethane
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		6.1731phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		4.87110naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.2310pyridinium ion
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.2310benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.2310dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.23101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		3.2310benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.2310alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		6421,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.2310tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
ronidazole
Ronidazole: Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.. ronidazole : A carbamate ester that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl and (carbamoyloxy)methyl groups, respectively. An antiprotozoal agent, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery.		1.9810C-nitro compound;
carbamate ester;
imidazoles		antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.2310indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.2310benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		1.9810ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.2310organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		3.2310pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		3.2310pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		3.2310ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
imatinib
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.2310dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.5220quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.2310sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		3.2310
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		1.9710benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		3.2310sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.2310benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.6920imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		3.2310furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.2310phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.0210quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.2310phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		3.2310aziridines
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		7.44122monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		3.2310imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		3.2310benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3820trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		3.2310N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		3.2310aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		16.659111amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		3.2310pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		3.2310triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		2.4220benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.5120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.2310amine
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.2310oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		3.2310
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		3.2310dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		3.2310chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.2310aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.2310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.2310carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		3.2310nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		3.2310imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.8530mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		3.69011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		5.418011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		3.2310alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.1850imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		4.7630glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		7.983302-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.81301-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.3920ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		7.2732111beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate
Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.		3.5830tartrate saltantihypertensive agent
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.4920non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		5.5713011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		4.332217-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
adrenochrome
Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.		2.0110indoles
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		3.8130pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		1.9610organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		6.01502-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		1.9810alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		3.1450L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.3920aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.7830amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		5.2430aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorobutanol
[no description available]		3.2360tertiary alcohol
vincristine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.5120carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		1.9810steroid ester
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		5.1731aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.2310benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		7.66223adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		3.2310kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.0410D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.2360monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		4.4551phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		3.5920amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		440ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		4.4851amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.2310amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		1.9610amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		1.9710adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		2.6930quaternary ammonium salt
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		4.073117-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.0510pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.2310aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.4520
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.420amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		3.065020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		3.7930alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310benzenes
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.2310penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.7130diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.23104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.2310aromatic ketone
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.1320beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		4.4970mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		3.830beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		1.9510non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		2.8740L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.3820amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		5.56130arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
trifluoroethanol
Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.		2.3920fluoroalcohol
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		1.9710fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.0110benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.2310primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.2510bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		5.51606-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.2310glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
dinoseb
dinoseb: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dinoseb : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.. 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol that is 2,4-dinitrophenol substituted by a butan-2-yl group at position 2.		1.9710dinitrophenol
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.2310phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.730mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.0510xanthene
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		2105-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.2310benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.9740pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		3.821mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		3.0510biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		1.9710methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		3.2310quinolines
iodohippuric acid
Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.		1.9810benzamides;
N-acylglycine;
organoiodine compound
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		1.9810methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.5120acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
homoarginine
L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.		1.9510homoarginine;
L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
rat metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.6930azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		3.3711isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		5.61611,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		2.0110organic cation
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		3.2310phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		4.1620azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		3.1210heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		3.2310N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.2310benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310steroid ester
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		1.991011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		1.981020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
n-pentyl nitrite
Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.. n-pentyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.		1.9310nitrite estersvasodilator agent
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		3.23101-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.4120benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		5.0652amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.0210thiazolidine
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		4.3130ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.2310diarylmethane
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.2310amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
trilaurin
trilaurin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by lauric (dodecanoic) acid.		2.110dodecanoate ester;
triglyceride
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.2310carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		1.9910dialdehydebiomarker
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.2310benzenes;
sulfonamide
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		3.150carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
tristearin
tristearoylglycerol : A triglyceride that is glycerol in which all three hydroxy groups have been formally esterified with stearic acid.		2.110triacylglycerol 54:0Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
plant metabolite
tripalmitin
tripalmitin: structure. tripalmitin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		2.110triglyceride
trimyristin
trimyristin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by myristic (tetradecanoic) acid.		2.110tetradecanoate ester;
triglyceride
formestane
[no description available]		2.251017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enol;
hydroxy steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lactulose
[no description available]		3.2310glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		2.5520diester;
organosulfonic acid
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		4.3730acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		4.9321cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
formal glycol
[no description available]		1.9810cyclic acetal;
dioxolane
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		4.311117-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
docosanol
Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.		4.4511docosanol;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		antiviral drug;
plant metabolite
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		4.693017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		3.2310ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
testosterone 17-phenylpropionate
[no description available]		1.9810steroid ester
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		3.2310glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.2310alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
nitrofen
nitrofen: structure		2.6630organic molecular entityEC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
stearylamine
stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.0110primary aliphatic aminefilm-forming compound
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		5.8140tertiary amine
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		7.71111aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		3.5120benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
ethamsylate
Ethamsylate: Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.		1.9710organosulfur compound;
sulfonic acid derivative
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		3.2310dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		3.0850fluorescein isothiocyanate
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.05101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
streptomycin
[no description available]		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		3.2310organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310acridines
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		2.0510cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		3.2310azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		1.9610elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		1.9710manganese group element atom
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		2.420magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		1.9610mercury coordination entitysensitiser
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		1.9610metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
vasotocin
Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.		5.79290
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		3.0610
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		3.351117beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.41101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		1.9810ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		3.2310selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		3.2460acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides
[no description available]		2.3720halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		5.285017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2310
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.2310
mercaptomerin
mercaptomerin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5700		1.9310
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		3.830aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.2310nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		5.4121indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
zingerone
zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.		2.0510methyl ketone;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
antiemetic;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.2310indoles
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		6.858011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		3.6903',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.3820glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.2310N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		3.5220timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		3.82212-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.2310catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.2310carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.2310amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		3.2310azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.2310pyrroline
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		3.5620taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		3.5420beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		210peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.2310catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		3.2310ethanolamines
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		3.23101-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		3.2310alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		2.3820butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		1.9710
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		3.23105-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		4.5290alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.23101,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
exifone
[no description available]		3.2310benzophenones
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.2310benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.2310anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.2310tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.2310aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		3.2310aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		2.3820
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		3.2310anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		3.2310aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		440alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.2310diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.2310diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		4.08150acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug
buserelin
Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.		2.2510oligopeptide
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.2310
pimonidazole
pimonidazole: structure given in first source		2.0810
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		4.1360aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		3.2310
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		3.2310delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.2310naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		4.120delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		1.9710benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		3.23103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.2310N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		3.2310aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		2.8940
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		3.23103-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
n 0437, (-)-isomer
rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.2510tetralins
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		3.2310aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		3.23106-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
aromasil
[no description available]		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
zileuton
[no description available]		3.23101-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		6.7592methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		3.2310phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		3.2310pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		3.2310aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		3.2310organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		3.2310benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		3.6220aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		5.9321alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		3.2310monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.2310duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		3.2310biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		3.23101,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		3.2310oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.2310monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
relcovaptan
relcovaptan: a nonpeptide vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2560proline derivative
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		4.9421L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.2310carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		5.4641adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		3.2310
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.2310acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		3.2310aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.2310azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.2310acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.		2.1310phosphatidylglycerol
1,2-distearoyllecithin
[no description available]		2.0110
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.2310organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.2310benzimidazoles
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.2310organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.2310sulfonamide
repaglinide
[no description available]		3.2310piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
methacycline
[no description available]		1.97101,2-diglyceride
cetiedil
cetiedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		4.4511azepanes
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.02101,2,3-triazole
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		3.48202-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		3.23101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.2310aminopyrimidine
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.2310chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		3.2310razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.2310conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.2310amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		7.4181polypeptide
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.2310carbapenems
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		3.2310hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
rivastigmine
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.2310carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.2310indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		5.8621aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.2310benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		3.2310macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		1.97103-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		13474iditolfungal metabolite
moexipril
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate: RN given refers to (L)-lysine, unspecified salicylate salt		1.9910
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.		2.15103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		protein kinase agonist
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
droxidopa
Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension		310catechols;
L-tyrosine derivative		antihypertensive agent;
prodrug;
vasoconstrictor agent
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		3.2310primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		4.4511
bremazocine
bremazocine: potent, log-acting opiate kappa-agonist & centrally acting analgesic; RN given refers to (2R)-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9610
inositol 1-phosphate
1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.		1.9810
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
1h-indene-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(2- (carboxymethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-propoxy-, (1s,2r,3s)-
1H-Indene-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(2- (carboxymethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-propoxy-, (1S,2R,3S)-: an ET(A) and ET(B) endothelin receptor antagonist; structure in first source		1.9910
benzamil
[no description available]		2.4120guanidines;
pyrazines
sch 28080
Sch 28080: not related structurally to other known anti-ulcer agents; inhibits histamine-stimulated gastric secretion; prevents gastric lesions induced by aspirin, indomethacin & ethanol		210imidazopyridine
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		2.91402-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.3720
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.2310benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		2.6530
opc 21268
OPC 21268: structure given in first source; vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist		3.2360
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.2310adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
foropafant
Foropafant: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist		1.9910
mozavaptan
mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		3.86120benzamidesaquaretic
argipressin, deaminopenicillamine(1)-o-methyl-tyr(2)-
argipressin, deaminopenicillamine(1)-O-methyl-Tyr(2)-: vasopressin antagonist; RN refers to (L-Tyr-L-Arg)-isomer		2.6530
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.6820benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.2310isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1-((beta-mercapto-beta)beta cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-2-(o-ethyl-tyr)-4-val-9-des-gly-arginine vasopressin
1-((beta-mercapto-beta)beta cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-2-(O-ethyl-Tyr)-4-Val-9-des-Gly-arginine vasopressin: vasopressin receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (D-Tyr)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89		3.9940
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
gefitinib
[no description available]		3.6920aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-2-(o-ethyl-tyr)-4-val-arginine vasopressin
1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-2-(O-ethyl-Tyr)-4-Val-arginine vasopressin: RN refers to (L-Tyr-L-Val-L-Arg)-isomer ; vasopressin antagonist		3.0650
argipressin, beta-mercapto-beta,beta cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-
[no description available]		1.9910
argipressin (4-9)
argipressin (4-9): principal metabolite of argipressin; RN given refers to (all-L)-isomer		1.9910
acth (4-10)
ACTH (4-10): part of ACTH molecule containing amino acids 4-10 of total 39 amino acid chain; heptapeptide common to MSH & ACTH; RN given refers to glycine cpd		2.3720
h-d-phe-pip-arg-pna
S 2238: chromogenic substrate for thrombin; used in amidolytic assay; patterned after N-terminal portion of A alpha chain of fibrinogen; synonym S-2238 refers to di-HCl		1.9810
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.2310benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		1.9710
methotrexate
[no description available]		3.8130dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
reboxetine
Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		4.1431aromatic ether
glycyl-histidyl-arginyl-proline
glycyl-histidyl-arginyl-proline: a fibrin B-knob mimetic		2.1310
tamsulosin
[no description available]		5.32315-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.2310biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
tyrosyl-tryptophyl-alanyl-tryptophyl-phenylalaninamide
tyrosyl-tryptophyl-alanyl-tryptophyl-phenylalaninamide: RN given refers to (L-Tyr-D-Trp-L-Ala-D-Trp-L-Phe-NH2)-isomer		2.1110
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		4.2941amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
ivabradine
Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.		3.5110aromatic ether;
benzazepine;
carbobicyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiotonic drug
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.23101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.23101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.1140secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.2310carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		3.23109-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.2310azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.2310carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.2310amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		5.4840benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		3.2310aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.2310
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.2310dihydropyridine
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.2310isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		3.7730methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
satavaptan
satavaptan: a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		5.1380
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.2310pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.2310amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		2.0210
vasopressin, 9-des-gly-nh(2)-lys-
[no description available]		3.7530
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.2310
argipressin, val(4)-
argipressin, Val(4)-: RN given refers to (L-Val-D-Arg)-isomer		2.3820
vasopressin, deamino-homo-arg-
vasopressin, deamino-homo-Arg-: RN given refers to (L-Lysine)-isomer		5.43151
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		210biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
argipressin,beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-val(4)-
argipressin,beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-Val(4)-: potent, selective inhibitor of vasopressor response to arginine vasopressin		2.3620
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		7.35351amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.2310
lixivaptan
[no description available]		2.6920
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		4.0240
argipressin, beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-ile(2)-abu(4)-
argipressin, beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-Ile(2)-Abu(4)-: an arginine vasopressin (AVP) V2 receptor antagonist		1.9810
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.0710divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.2310indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.2310furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.2310benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
dabigatran
Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.		2.2110aromatic amide;
benzimidazoles;
beta-alanine derivative;
carboxamidine;
pyridines		anticoagulant;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.2310benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		8.0891benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
solifenacin succinate
Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.		5.4362isoquinolines
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
cortisone
[no description available]		4.024011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		1.9610
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.23101-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
solanine
Solanine: A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants.. solanine : A glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is a trisccharide derivative of solanidine [(22beta)-solanid-5-en-3beta-ol].		2.0410
wortmannin
[no description available]		1.9810acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.2310amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
carboplatin
[no description available]		2.7130
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.3720inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		6.26111peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		3.2260oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		10.961051heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		2.3820myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.432011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.2310coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.6830guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.		2.0210nucleoside triphosphate analogue
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		210monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		3.2310cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		3.2310alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.23101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		2.0210cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		3.2310L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.2310acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.23102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		3.2310piperidines
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
linezolid
[no description available]		3.2310acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.0110tripeptide
teprotide
Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.		1.9610peptide
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		3.2310tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0210alkaloidgeroprotector
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.23101-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		3.2310retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		4.0631icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.2310retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.5220octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		3.5420macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		2.0210D-galactopyranuronic acid
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.2310dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		1.9810butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.23102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		3.2310
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		3.2310epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		3.2310macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
octreotide
[no description available]		3.7120
eptifibatide
[no description available]		5.7832homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
deaminooxytocin
demoxytocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is the synthetic analog of the peptide hormone oxytocin where the free amino group in the half-cystine residue is replaced by hydrogen. The mechanism of action and pharmacological properties of demoxytocin and oxytocin are similar. The drug affects the permeability of the cell membrane, increasing the content of calcium ions in smooth muscle cells, thereby increasing its contraction. It stimulates the contraction of smooth muscles of the uterus, as well as stimulating the contraction of myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland, and enhances the secretion of milk.		2.110heterodetic cyclic peptideoxytocic
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.1310N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
decitabine
[no description available]		3.23102'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		3.5520actinomycinmutagen
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		3.7830L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.2310nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.2310flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.2310one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		2.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
lypressin
Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.		10.63502cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		18.7861738vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
methylatropine
methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766		1.9710
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		3.4360oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		3.2310pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		210
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		3.2310ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		3.8430aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.2310N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.2310zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		3.2310diarylmethane
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		4.07401,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.4120capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		4.3111
levocetirizine
[no description available]		2.110diarylmethane
terbinafine
[no description available]		3.2310acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.23102-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
ethylenethiourea
Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.		1.9710imidazolidines
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.5220dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		3.2310cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
streptozocin
[no description available]		3.2310
tamoxifen
[no description available]		3.5720stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		3.2310pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
cancidas
[no description available]		3.2310
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.2310carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.4420barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.2310
hmr 3647
[no description available]		3.2310
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.2310tropane alkaloid
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.2310aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.2310beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		7.44262alkali metal atom
thiobutabarbital
thiobutabarbital: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		1.9910salicylamides
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.2310indolyl carboxylic acid
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		3.2310beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		3.5320cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		2.7130
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
opc 51803
OPC 51803: a nonpeptide vasopressin V(2)-agonist; structure in first source		210
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
oxytocin, thr(4)-gly(7)-
oxytocin, Thr(4)-Gly(7)-: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.0810aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
argipressin, deaminopenicillamine(1)-val(4)-
argipressin, deaminopenicillamine(1)-Val(4)-: antagonist of vasopressor effect of vasopressin		2.3820
oxytocin, 1-desamino-(o-et-tyr)(2)-
oxytocin, 1-desamino-(O-Et-Tyr)(2)-: inhibits vasopressin action on uterine activity		1.9610
oxytocin, phe(2)-orn(8)-
oxytocin, Phe(2)-Orn(8)-: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		3.5990
amanitins
Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.		1.9710
argipressin, beta-mercapto beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-o-methyl-tyr(2)-val(4)-
argipressin, beta-mercapto beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-O-methyl-Tyr(2)-Val(4)-: vasopressin antagonist		1.9810
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist		210naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.4320
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.6930organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		2.0210quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		3.2460
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.2310triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		3.6411long-chain fatty acid
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		3.23102-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-phallacidin
7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-phallacidin: fluorescent probe for actin		1.9710
2-mercaptoacetate
2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610monocarboxylic acid anion
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		8.12301prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		3.0650monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		1.9810octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.8230D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		7.4691
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		3.7730epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.4220prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		3.68100prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		3.5420antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.2310
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.2310aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.2310isoquinolines
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		3.23102-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.2310cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		3.2310retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.2310prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.23101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.2310N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
fondaparinux
Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.		3.1510amino sugar;
oligosaccharide sulfate;
pentasaccharide derivative		anticoagulant
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.2310
9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid
9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. 9-HODE : A HODE that consists of (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid with the hydroxy substituent located at position 9.		1.9810HODE;
octadecadienoic acid		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: chemorepellant factor which maintains blood vessel wall thromboresistance; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer		1.9810octadecadienoic acid
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		3.4780thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.06101-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
codeine
[no description available]		3.2310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		4.5932hydrochloride
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		3.2310acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		3.6620pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		3.2310carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		5.7261morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		3.2310organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		4.0920phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.2310cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.5520
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		5.6151morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
alpha-neoendorphin
alpha-neoendorphin: precursor or leucine enkephalin family		1.9710
atosiban
[no description available]		4.0540oligopeptide
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.2310medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.2310organic molecular entity
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		1.9810carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		1.98101-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		3.2310organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310phenylalanine derivative
11-dehydrocorticosterone
11-dehydrocorticosterone : An 11-oxo steroid that is corticosterone in which the hydroxy substituent at the 11beta position has been oxidised to give the corresponding ketone.		2.011011-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vinorelbine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.0110phosphatidylcholine(1+)
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		3.8230(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
su 11248
[no description available]		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		3.2310dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		210alkali metal atom
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		3.23106-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		3.2310morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefixime
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.2310dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.2310benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		3.2310azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.2310styrenes
diphenylhexatriene
Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.		1.9910alkatrienefluorochrome
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		3.5420dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		2.01101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.2310bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		3.1250cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		1.9810monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
metkephamid
metkephamid: systemically active analog of methionine enkephalin; RN refers to parent cpd (L-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-L-Phe)-(L-Met)-isomer		1.9610
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.2310amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		3.23103-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.2310
ceftazidime
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
ici 118551
ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).		2.4120aromatic ether;
indanes;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		1.9510
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.2310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.2310peptide
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
famotidine
[no description available]		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
resiniferatoxin
resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diterpenoid;
enone;
monomethoxybenzene;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
ortho ester;
phenols;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		analgesic;
neurotoxin;
plant metabolite;
TRPV1 agonist
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		3.86301,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2		2.0710naphthalenes
mastoparan
[no description available]		1.9710mastoparans;
peptidyl amide		antimicrobial agent
saralasin
Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.		1.9610oligopeptide
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.0310
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
latrunculin b
latrunculin B: 14-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin A; structure given in first source. latrunculin B : A macrolide consisting of a 14-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica.		2.0210cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide;
oxabicycloalkane;
thiazolidinone		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
toxin
disufenton sodium
disufenton sodium: a nitrone benzene bissulfonate in development for stroke; has neuroprotective activity; structure in first source		3.4211
vasopressin, 1-deamino-4-val-8-arg-
vasopressin, 1-deamino-4-Val-8-Arg-: highly potent & specific antidiuretic possessing protracted effects; RN given refers to (L-Val-L-Arg)-isomer		4.45230
everolimus
[no description available]		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.2310ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
lactacystin
[no description available]		2.0110lactam;
S-substituted L-cysteine
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		3.1610gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		1.9710cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
dantrolene
[no description available]		3.2310
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.2310macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
hexarelin
hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6		6.8362
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.2310diarylmethane
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.2310substituted aniline
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.2310
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
jasplakinolide
jasplakinolide: cyclodepsipeptide isolated from marine sponge Jaspis; active against Candida; RN refers to 2S-(2R*,4E,6S*,8R*)-isomer; structure in first source. jaspamide : A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer.		2.0210cyclodepsipeptide;
phenols		actin polymerisation inducer;
animal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
marine metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
ipamorelin
[no description available]		2.1110
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2310oligopeptide
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine-
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source		4.8330
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.2310organic molecular entity
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.0510aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
mirabegron
mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.		2.55201,3-thiazoles;
aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		beta-adrenergic agonist
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticagrelor
Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.		3.8921aryl sulfide;
hydroxyether;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
triazolopyrimidines		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.6320aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
pasireotide
pasireotide : A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease.		3.6120homodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		antineoplastic agent
zeolites
[no description available]		3.1410
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.6520
apixaban
[no description available]		2.6320aromatic ether;
lactam;
piperidones;
pyrazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
edoxaban
edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.		2.2110chloropyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound;
thiazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
ghrp-1
alanyl-histidyl-(2-naphthyl)alanyl-tryptophyl-phenylalanyl-lysinamide: amino acid sequence given in first source; a second generation growth hormone-releasing peptide		2.5220
isotocin
isotocin: hormone found in some teleosts; Gln in position 4 of oxytocin replaced by Ser & Leu in position 8 by Ile; structure		2.6730
baci-im
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.5620nystatins
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.2310acetamides
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		7.94150
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		3.2260benzoxazole
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		3.37111,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.7830
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		18.6343219
thienopyridine
thienopyridine: patients were treated with thienopyridine after percutaneous coronary intervention; Antiplatelet Agents. thienopyridine : Any organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton results from the formal ortho-fusion of any bond of a pyridine with any bond of a thiophene.		2.0810
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		2.0510
argipressin, des-glynh2(9)-
argipressin, des-GlyNH2(9)-: RN given refers to (L-Arg)-isomer		6.15101
felypressin
Felypressin: A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.. felypressin : A synthetic nonapeptide comprising cysteinyl, phenylalanyl, phenylalanyl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, cysteinyl, prolyl, lysyl, and glycinamide residues in sequence, with a disulfide bridge joining the two cysteine residues. Its antidiuretic effects are less than those of vasopressin. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in local anaesthetic injections for dental use, and is an ingredient of preparations that have been used for treatment of pain and inflammation of the mouth.		2.4110heterodetic cyclic peptidevasoconstrictor agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
butaprost
butaprost: highly selective prostaglandin receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.1310
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		1.9710
cgp 39393
desirudin: recombinant hirudin; has identical amino acid sequence as the natural hirudin variant 1 but lacks the sulphate group on Tyr(63). desirudin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of 65 amino acids joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 6-14, 16-28 and 22-39. It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin and used as an anticoagulant in patients to prevent venous thromboembolism. Its amino acid sequence differs from natural hirudin by lack of sulfate group on Tyr-63.		2.6730
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.6520polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin
[no description available]		2.4110heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		8.49261polypeptide
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.6120
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		5.5392peptide hormone
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		1.9610
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
ristocetin
Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.		12.16383glycopeptide;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
tetrasaccharide derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.8220glycoside
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		4.1131
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.71301,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
carbetocin
carbetocin : Oxytocin in which the hydrogen on the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by methyl, the amino group on the cysteine residue is substituted by hydrogen, and the sulfur of the cysteine residue is replaced by a methylene group. A synthetic carba-analogue of oxytocin, it is used to control bleeding after giving birth. Like oxytocin, it causes contraction of the uterus.		5.3560heterodetic cyclic peptideoxytocic
aluminum lactate
aluminum lactate: RN given refers to compound with unknown number of aluminum atoms		2.0310aluminium coordination entity;
lactate salt
chitosan
[no description available]		2.4920
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		3.2310organosulfonic acid
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		3.36703',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
osteum
[no description available]		2.1510organic molecular entity
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
sodium ethylxanthate
Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.		1.9810
1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-7-phenylheptan-3-one
1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-7-phenylheptan-3-one: an iPLA2 GVIA inhibitor		2.0710benzenes
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.1910
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.6920oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		2.0310peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
fibrinopeptide a
Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.		1.9710
apelin-13 peptide
apelin-13 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source. apelin-13 : A 13 amino acid oligopeptide which is the ligand for the apelin receptor (also known as the APJ receptor). It exhibits hypotensive and neuroprotective effects, and may be a potential prognostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis.		2.2110oligopeptideantihypertensive agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
biomarker;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
tolterodine tartrate
Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.		7.95104tartrate salt
phosphinothricin
phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.		210organic anion
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		7.66102
cay 10580
CAY 10580: a E-prostanoid EP4 receptor agonist. 2-(3-hydroxyoctyl)-5-oxo-1-pyrrolidineheptanoic acid : A pyrrolidin-2-one substituted by 6-carboxyhexyl and 3-hydroxyoctyl groups at positions 1 and 2, respectively. It is a potent prostaglandin EP4 receptor agonist (Ki=35 nM).		2.1310hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
secondary alcohol		prostaglandin receptor agonist
vasopressin, 1-deamino-4-val-8-arg-
[no description available]		2.6730
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		2.0810
peptide a
[no description available]		210
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		1.9810
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		1.9910polypeptide
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		4.1320ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		3.5220
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.2310
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		3.8930
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		1.9710monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
piroxicam
[no description available]		4.9421benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.66201,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		4.6440benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.8230
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.2310sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.2310
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.6830
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.1710
phosphatidylethanol
phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.		210
plecanatide
plecanatide: A uroguanylin analog and guanylate cyclase (GC-C receptor) agonist that activates receptors on gut epithelial cells to maintain barrier function, mucus production, and suppress inflammation. It is used in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation and other gastrointestinal disorders.		2.4110
hirudin
Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.		4.6461
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
vasotocin, (beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-o-methyl-tyr(2)-thr(4)-orn(8)-tyr(9)-nh2
vasotocin, (beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-O-methyl-Tyr(2)-Thr(4)-Orn(8)-Tyr(9)-NH2: a ligand used in quantitative receptor autoradiography for oxytocin receptors		1.9910
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		3.2660
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		1.9910
mesotocin
[no description available]		2.6930
refludan
lepirudin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of 65 amino acids joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 6-14, 16-28 and 22-39. It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin and used as an anticoagulant in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.		3.4111
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		6.5381
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		1.9810
technetium tc 99m medronate
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.		1.9810
apyrase
Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.		2.4120
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		2.6730
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.0610
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.0310
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid
Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.		1.9810
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.23102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		3.23102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		3.08503',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		3.2310folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		3.2310cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		4.4970benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		3.2310dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		3.2310purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		3.53202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.2310L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		3.2310benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		1.9710pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		3.2310imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		3.2310nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.2310tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		3.2310formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
rifabutin
[no description available]		3.2310
amg531
[no description available]		4.1620
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
eye
[no description available]		1.9710
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.3620
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		2.4110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.4120
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		05.9260
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.4120
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		05.9260
Central Diabetes Insipidus
[description not available]		014.271426
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic
A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).		014.271426
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		017.9124814
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		04.670
Bleeding
[description not available]		020.3326527
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		04.670
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		05.3570
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		122.3326527
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		018.7526819
Angiohemophilia
[description not available]		022.5859639
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		018.7526819
von Willebrand Diseases
Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.		022.5859639
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		120.3850122
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		017.5518420
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst manifested by excessive fluid intake. It is characteristic of many diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS; and NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS. The condition may be psychogenic in origin.		07.38120
Bedwetting
[description not available]		021.1225551
Nocturnal Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.		021.1225551
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.4520
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		09.05167
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		09.5215
Nycturia
[description not available]		017.810934
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.4520
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		09.05167
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		06.3653
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		09.5215
Nocturia
Frequent URINATION at night that interrupts sleep. It is often associated with outflow obstruction, DIABETES MELLITUS, or bladder inflammation (CYSTITIS).		017.810934
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		03.8390
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		07.89222
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		03.8390
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
[description not available]		011.37624
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		07.76371
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		05.8280
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		010.63443
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		05.8280
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		010.63443
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		010.55424
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		015.412119
Hypernatremia
Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.68560
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		015.412119
Type 2 von Willebrand Disease
[description not available]		09.3172
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		03.0950
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.7830
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.7830
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		06.6681
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4820
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		02.4820
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		015.61884
Hemorrhagic Diathesis
[description not available]		011.01392
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		015.61884
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).		011.01392
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		09.64521
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		012.3729
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		012.3729
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion
A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.		09.64521
Type 1 von Willebrand Disease
[description not available]		010.59254
Recrudescence
[description not available]		012.956812
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		011.37864
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4110
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		08.7262
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		08.7262
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		011.37864
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		05.2162
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		05.2162
Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).		123.34409104
Ectopic ACTH Syndrome
[description not available]		010.21393
ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic
Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.		010.21393
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		05.5861
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		09.58331
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		019.4815041
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		05.5861
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		014.58331
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		08.12261
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		07.96221
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		110.12261
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		03.2960
Cancer, Second Primary
[description not available]		02.4110
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		03.2960
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		011.42436
Injuries, Multiple
[description not available]		04.1150
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage
[description not available]		09.35311
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).		09.35311
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		016.732105
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom
[description not available]		07.93102
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
A syndrome of ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE combined with excessive upright TACHYCARDIA, and usually without associated ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. All variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central HYPOVOLEMIA) while upright.		05.3641
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous
[description not available]		05.83220
Central Nervous System Cysts
Congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement.		03.2150
Craniopharyngioma
A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)		05.83220
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		04.64100
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		03.96100
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		08.6560
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		06.29351
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		08.6560
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		03.96100
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		06.77410
Water Intoxication
A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.		07.16400
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		06.77410
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.9240
ADPKD
[description not available]		03.5680
ARPKD
[description not available]		02.610
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		03.5680
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive
A genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance, characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS and associated LIVER lesions. Serious manifestations are usually present at BIRTH with high PERINATAL MORTALITY.		02.610
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.9240
Oligohydramnios
A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.		04.5451
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.		02.5120
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		010.61242
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		010.61242
Thrombocytopathy
[description not available]		012.68596
Blood Platelet Disorders
Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.		012.68596
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		07.97101
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		07.97101
Cutis Elastica
[description not available]		05.68130
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.		05.42100
Apoplexy
[description not available]		07.4963
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		07.4963
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		09.4392
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		09.4392
Froehlich's Syndrome
[description not available]		04.62100
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		06.03101
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		03.3920
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		08.66520
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		05.0950
Anti-PIT-1 Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		04.9940
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		03.3920
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		08.66520
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		05.0950
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		015.698011
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		010.97217
External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		02.2110
External Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		02.2110
Afferent Pupillary Defect
[description not available]		02.5320
Otitis Externa
Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.		02.2110
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		02.7830
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		07.09440
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		02.7830
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		012.92462
Placental Abruption
[description not available]		02.5220
Abruptio Placentae
Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.		02.5220
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		02.2510
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		09.34152
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		111.34152
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		03.0950
Harelip
[description not available]		02.7430
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		02.7430
Alobar Holoprosencephaly
[description not available]		02.4820
Cleft Lip
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.		02.7430
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		02.7430
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		08.79212
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		08.79212
Chromosome Inversion
An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.		02.4620
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		013.87407
Hemarthrosis
Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.		07.01110
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		013.87407
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease
[description not available]		05.71190
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell
A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.		05.71190
Angiodysplasia
Acquired degenerative dilation or expansion (ectasia) of normal BLOOD VESSELS, often associated with aging. They are isolated, tortuous, thin-walled vessels and sources of bleeding. They occur most often in mucosal capillaries of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT leading to GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE and ANEMIA.		02.9740
Cerebral Concussion
[description not available]		02.2510
Brain Concussion
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)		02.2510
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.5220
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.4460
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		05.4460
Achlorhydria
A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.		02.2510
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		03.4270
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		05.5661
Hypophysitis
Inflammation of the PITUITARY GLAND.		03.240
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		03.4270
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		05.5661
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		04.5511
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		04.5511
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		08.54345
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		02.7930
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		02.7930
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.2510
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		05.67100
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		08.95231
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		03.9240
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		05.67100
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		02.2510
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		03.9240
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.2510
Hypomelanosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Bruise
[description not available]		02.9940
Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome
Syndrome characterized by the triad of oculocutaneous albinism (ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS); PLATELET STORAGE POOL DEFICIENCY; and lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin.		05.7371
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		02.9940
Hypopigmentation
A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.		02.2510
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		04.641
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		08.27255
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		05.0242
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		04.641
Diathesis
[description not available]		04.5250
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		010.11174
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		04.0550
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		03.4620
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		04.5380
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		04.5380
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.8840
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		03.8840
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		02.5720
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		04.2160
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		07.93211
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.		02.2510
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		010.53424
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
[description not available]		05.3990
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Dysarthria, Pseudobulbar
[description not available]		02.2510
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		02.2510
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		04.87130
Cerebromedullospinal Disconnection
[description not available]		02.2510
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		04.87130
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.2510
Acute Renal Colic
[description not available]		09.38127
Renal Colic
A severe intermittent and spasmodic pain in the lower back radiating to the groin, scrotum, and labia which is most commonly caused by a kidney stone (RENAL CALCULUS) passing through the URETER or by other urinary track blockage. It is often associated with nausea, vomiting, fever, restlessness, dull pain, frequent urination, and HEMATURIA.		111.38127
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		03.1350
De Morsier Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3110
Germinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)		03.5480
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.940
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		06.25190
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.6320
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		06.25190
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		02.6320
Infections, Hantavirus
[description not available]		02.2510
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.0750
Hantavirus Infections
Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.		02.2510
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		03.0750
Post-Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.2510
Hematoma, Subdural, Cranial
[description not available]		02.2510
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		03.6530
Blood Clot
[description not available]		010.58342
Hemorrhage, Intracranial, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.930
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral, Traumatic
[description not available]		03.6730
Cerebral Intraventricular Haemorrhage
[description not available]		02.6320
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		010.58342
Hematoma, Subdural, Intracranial
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE over the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE.		02.2510
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		03.6530
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.1710
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		04.760
Empty Sella Syndrome
A condition when the SELLA TURCICA is not filled with pituitary tissue. The pituitary gland is either compressed, atrophied, or removed. There are two types: (1) primary empty sella is due a defect in the sella diaphragm leading to arachnoid herniation into the sellar space; (2) secondary empty sella is associated with the removal or treatment of PITUITARY NEOPLASMS.		03.6230
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		04.760
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)		03.1710
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.3110
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		05.37131
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.3110
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		05.37131
Diabetes Insipidus and Mellitus with Optic Atrophy and Deafness
[description not available]		02.7530
Wolfram Syndrome
A hereditary condition characterized by multiple symptoms including those of DIABETES INSIPIDUS; DIABETES MELLITUS; OPTIC ATROPHY; and DEAFNESS. This syndrome is also known as DIDMOAD (first letter of each word) and is usually associated with VASOPRESSIN deficiency. It is caused by mutations in gene WFS1 encoding wolframin, a 100-kDa transmembrane protein.		02.7530
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		02.7220
ADDH
[description not available]		06.3172
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		06.3172
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		04.0931
Potassium Deficiency
A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		02.7430
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		02.8130
Hypovolemic
[description not available]		03.420
Hypovolemia
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).		03.420
chronic COVID syndrome
[description not available]		02.3110
Nasal Septal Perforation
An opening or hole in the NASAL SEPTUM that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, drug use, or pathological process.		02.610
Child Mental Disorders
[description not available]		02.3110
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).		02.3110
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		02.3110
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		02.3110
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		05.57110
Polydipsia, Primary
[description not available]		02.1510
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		05.1460
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		09.52292
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		05.1460
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.7230
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.7230
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.7230
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		03.0910
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		02.5320
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		03.0440
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		02.5320
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		03.0440
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis
[description not available]		03.3620
Meningitis, Pneumococcal
An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)		03.3620
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		04.9180
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		02.4320
Endolymphatic Hydrops
An accumulation of ENDOLYMPH in the inner ear (LABYRINTH) leading to buildup of pressure and distortion of intralabyrinthine structures, such as COCHLEA and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. It is characterized by SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; and sometimes VERTIGO.		02.5220
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		02.1510
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		02.1510
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		06.0161
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		06.0161
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		06.4771
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		02.1710
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		06.4771
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		02.1710
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		010.39336
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		010.39336
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		07.37102
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		09.09176
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		07.37102
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		09.09176
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		04.981
Absence of Cerebral Hemispheres, Congenital
[description not available]		02.1710
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		08.22570
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		05.5351
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		05.5351
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.4720
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		02.4720
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic
[description not available]		02.6930
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.		02.6930
Bewilderment
[description not available]		03.1650
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.6930
Heat Collapse
[description not available]		02.1710
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		02.6930
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		02.1710
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		02.1710
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		02.1710
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		06.0370
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		03.8340
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		03.8340
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.9940
Metastase
[description not available]		03.9240
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.0140
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.9940
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		03.9240
Tooth Diseases
Diseases involving the TEETH.		02.1710
Dermal Sinus
[description not available]		04.1831
Ache
[description not available]		05.773
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		05.773
Granulomatosis, Lipid
[description not available]		02.9940
Erdheim-Chester Disease
A rare form of non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL) with onset in middle age. The systemic disease is characterized by infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, an inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the bone marrow, and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones.		02.9940
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.7230
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		04.5151
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		03.1350
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		02.7230
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		04.5151
Cephalgia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.1710
Headache Disorders
Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.1710
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.9640
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		04.9280
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		04.9280
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		02.2110
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.4920
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		02.4220
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.4920
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		02.2110
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		14.2110
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		04.0731
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		04.0731
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		05.53110
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		05.53110
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		04.3441
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		04.3441
Anophthalmia
[description not available]		02.2110
ENT Diseases
[description not available]		03.6330
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.4220
Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell
Group of disorders which feature accumulations of active HISTIOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTES, but where the histiocytes are not LANGERHANS CELLS. The group includes HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS; SINUS HISTIOCYTOSIS; xanthogranuloma; reticulohistiocytoma; JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA; xanthoma disseminatum; as well as the lipid storage diseases (SEA-BLUE HISTIOCYTE SYNDROME; and NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES).		04.5350
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.4220
Histiocytoma
A neoplasm containing HISTIOCYTES. Important forms include BENIGN FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA; and MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA.		02.2110
Linear Skull Fracture
[description not available]		02.4620
Arm Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.		02.2110
Christmas Disease
[description not available]		08.07181
Hemophilia B
A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)		08.07181
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		08.26168
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		08.26168
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		012.17515
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		04.5111
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		05.8922
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		04.5111
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		05.8922
Monosomy
The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.		02.4620
Facies
The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		02.2110
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		02.2110
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		02.2110
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.2110
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		02.2110
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		05.3190
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		05.3190
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		02.0810
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		07.03131
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		02.0810
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		02.4720
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.4220
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		02.4720
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.4220
Delayed Graft Function
General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.4220
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		08.35292
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		08.35292
Brain Dead
[description not available]		08.43122
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		07.190
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		013.145910
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		07.190
Deficiency, Factor 11
[description not available]		05.43100
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		06.1341
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		0310
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		0310
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		03.6130
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.9540
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		06.0361
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		06.0361
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.9540
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		02.0810
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		02.9140
Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal
A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.		02.0810
Daytime Urinary Incontinence
[description not available]		06.1760
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		03.2460
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		03.2460
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		04.4950
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.4950
Auditory Vertigo
[description not available]		02.0810
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		02.4420
Meniere Disease
A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.		02.0810
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.0810
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		02.4320
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		02.4420
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		02.4420
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.0810
Blood Coagulation Disorders, Inherited
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of inherited abnormalities in blood coagulation.		07.5462
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		02.9340
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		02.520
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		02.520
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		04.3740
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		03.0110
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma
[description not available]		04.2460
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		03.0110
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		03.0110
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		04.3740
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		03.3520
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		02.0810
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		03.3520
Apoplexy, Pituitary
[description not available]		02.9540
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		02.7230
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		03.91120
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		15.91120
Placenta Diseases
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.		02.0810
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		06.62130
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		06.62130
Type 3 Von Willebrand's Disease
[description not available]		06.9431
Anasarca
[description not available]		03.1450
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		03.1450
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		02.4520
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.6730
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		02.110
Itching
[description not available]		02.420
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
[description not available]		02.4220
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		02.110
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		02.110
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.420
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		02.110
HbS Disease
[description not available]		011.1177
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		03.8520
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		011.1177
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		03.8520
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		06.1694
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		06.1694
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		03.2760
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		05.94110
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		05.94110
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		02.110
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.		02.110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		07.2791
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		07.2791
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		06.4831
Abdominal Cryptorchidism
[description not available]		02.110
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		02.110
Acquired Language Disorders
[description not available]		02.110
Language Disorders
Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.		02.110
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		02.9740
Central Nervous System Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.4420
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.		02.4420
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		02.1110
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.1110
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		04.8842
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		05.7981
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		08.51201
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		08.51201
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		02.6930
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		02.6930
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.9740
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		03.72100
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.9740
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		03.72100
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		04.1860
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		04.1860
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		04.942
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		02.1110
Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic
[description not available]		03.6430
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		04.0150
Urethral Obstruction
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.		02.420
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		02.1110
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		04.0150
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		03.8621
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		03.8621
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		08.2192
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		08.2192
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		011.07213
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		011.07213
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		03.420
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		03.420
Lassitude
[description not available]		04.3141
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		06.17123
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.1110
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		04.3141
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		06.17123
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		02.1110
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		02.5220
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		04.3341
Disomy, Uniparental
[description not available]		02.1110
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.1110
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		04.18170
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		02.1110
Autism
[description not available]		02.4420
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		02.4420
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1110
Enterovirus Infections
Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.		03.0310
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		03.0310
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		04.1660
Deficiency, Factor 5
[description not available]		04.71110
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.		03.5111
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.5220
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		02.5220
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		03.0410
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		05.4731
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		03.3720
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		03.3720
Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
[description not available]		03.0410
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.		05.3270
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome
This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.		02.1110
Turner Syndrome
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.		02.1110
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.1310
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		02.1310
Acquired Storage Pool Disease
[description not available]		04.7110
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4420
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		02.4420
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.4120
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		03.0610
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		03.0610
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		03.0410
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		03.0610
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.1310
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.1310
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.1510
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		02.1510
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		04.5150
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		04.0250
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		04.5150
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9610
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		04.0250
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		02.4520
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		02.4520
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		05.0452
Psychoses
[description not available]		04.2841
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		05.0452
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		04.2841
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.4320
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.4420
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.4320
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.4420
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.4420
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.4420
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		04.9660
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		04.9660
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.9610
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		02.0510
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.7430
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		04.1130
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		02.0510
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		04.1130
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.7130
Urge Incontinence
[description not available]		02.0510
Urinary Incontinence, Urge
Involuntary discharge of URINE that is associated with an abrupt and strong desire to void. It is usually related to the involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle of the bladder (detrusor hyperreflexia or detrusor instability).		02.0510
Hematoma, Subdural
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		03.3620
Cranial Epidural Hematoma
[description not available]		03.3120
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		05.5461
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		04.5351
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		05.5461
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		03.7921
Emesis, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.0510
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.		02.0510
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.9440
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.9440
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		03.8440
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		03.8440
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		02.9440
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		02.4420
Urinary Fistula
An abnormal passage in any part of the URINARY TRACT between itself or with other organs.		02.0510
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		02.9440
Escherichia coli Meningitis
[description not available]		02.0510
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.9140
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.9140
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		05.0550
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		05.0550
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		02.420
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		02.9610
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		03.150
Cane-Cutter Fever
[description not available]		03.4411
Leptospirosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.		15.4411
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		03.3820
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		03.3820
Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary
[description not available]		02.0510
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		02.7330
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4320
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		02.7330
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.3620
Brain Stem Neoplasms
Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.		02.0510
Deficiency of GP 2b 3a Complex
[description not available]		04.5290
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		02.0510
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		02.0510
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Lowered Platelets
[description not available]		02.9540
Eclampsia
Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).		02.0510
HELLP Syndrome
A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.		02.9540
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		03.3870
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		02.4520
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		03.6430
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		02.7230
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		03.6430
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.3820
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		01.9610
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.3820
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		01.9610
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.9340
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		06.8762
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		06.8762
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		05.56120
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		05.56120
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		05.1980
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		05.9151
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		0533
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		0533
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		05.9151
Adult Periodontitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Aggressive Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.		02.0510
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		02.0510
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		02.0510
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		05.6671
Wounds, Stab
Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.		02.0510
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		05.6671
Deficiency, Factor 7
[description not available]		02.9240
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Factor VII Deficiency
An autosomal recessive characteristic or a coagulation disorder acquired in association with VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY. FACTOR VII is a Vitamin K dependent glycoprotein essential to the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.		02.9240
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		02.0510
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		02.4220
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		02.4220
Pervasive Child Development Disorders
[description not available]		02.4820
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders
[description not available]		02.4820
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.		02.4820
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.		02.4820
E chaffeensis Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Gammapathy, Monoclonal
[description not available]		05.881
Paraproteinemias
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.		05.881
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.4420
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.4420
Facial Asymmetry
Congenital or acquired asymmetry of the face.		02.0610
Fulminant Meningococcal Sepsis with Adrenal Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.9810
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		02.4720
Fetal Pyelectasis
[description not available]		02.0610
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		02.4720
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		02.7430
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		02.7430
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.4120
Hemorrhage, Oral
[description not available]		08.27263
Gaucher Disease
An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.		02.4120
Acrocephaly
Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.		02.0610
Craniosynostoses
Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.		02.0610
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		03.3220
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		03.3220
Anetoderma
Benign DERMATOSIS caused by a loss of dermal ELASTIC TISSUE resulting in localized sac-like areas of flaccid skin. It can be either primary (idiopathic) or secondary to other skin conditions, PENICILLAMINE use, or premature birth.		02.9810
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		03.3220
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		03.3220
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		04.1231
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		03.3320
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		03.3320
Teeth, Impacted
[description not available]		03.8240
Molar, Fourth
[description not available]		02.9810
Bacterial Meningitides
[description not available]		02.730
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.6930
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.6930
Meningitis, Bacterial
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.		02.730
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		02.4320
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		02.4320
Hypercalciuria
Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.		02.0610
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		05.881
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
[description not available]		04.0250
Uterine Atony
[description not available]		02.0610
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		05.881
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.		04.0250
Uterine Inertia
Failure of the UTERUS to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (LABOR, OBSTETRIC). It is also called uterine atony.		02.0610
Connective Tissue Disease, Mixed
[description not available]		02.0610
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		03.6130
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.0710
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		03.6130
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.0710
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Congestive Ophthalmopathy
[description not available]		02.0710
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		02.4620
Blow Out Fracture
[description not available]		02.0710
Graves Ophthalmopathy
An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.		02.0710
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.6930
Coarctation of Aorta
[description not available]		02.0710
Dysphagia
[description not available]		02.0710
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		02.0710
Aortic Coarctation
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.		02.0710
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.0710
Decapitation
Traumatic or experimentally induced separation of the head from the body in an animal or human.		02.0710
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0710
Prinzmetal Angina
[description not available]		02.0710
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		02.0710
Myocardial Bridging
A malformation that is characterized by a muscle bridge over a segment of the CORONARY ARTERIES. Systolic contractions of the muscle bridge can lead to narrowing of coronary artery; coronary compression; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH.		02.0710
Angina Pectoris, Variant
A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.		02.0710
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		02.0710
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		02.0710
Blood Coagulation Factor Deficiencies
[description not available]		04.8250
Abnormalities, Urogenital
[description not available]		02.0710
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.7230
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		03.4611
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		03.4611
Prostatism
Lower urinary tract symptom, such as slow urinary stream, associated with PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA in older men.		02.0810
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		02.4420
Pelvic Floor Diseases
[description not available]		02.9910
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		02.0710
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex
[description not available]		02.6730
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior
[description not available]		02.0710
Acne
[description not available]		02.0710
Hirsutism
A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.		02.0710
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		04.7421
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		02.0710
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		04.7421
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		02.0710
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		02.0710
Asystole
[description not available]		0310
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		0310
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7430
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.0810
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.0810
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		04.0630
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		04.0630
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4120
Brittle Bone Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.		02.0110
Brain Injuries, Penetrating
[description not available]		02.4120
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		0450
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		02.9210
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		0450
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		02.9210
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		05.8851
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.9210
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.9210
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		02.9210
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		05.8851
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		02.9210
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.420
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		03.320
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		03.320
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.0110
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.0110
MODS
[description not available]		02.0110
Jaundice, Spirochetal
[description not available]		02.0110
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		02.3920
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		02.0110
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		02.7130
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		04.3111
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		04.3111
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		02.9310
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		03.3320
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		03.3320
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		02.9310
Embryopathies
[description not available]		04.2940
Cyst, Dental Root
[description not available]		02.0110
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Multiple System Atrophy
A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)		02.0110
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		02.6830
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
[description not available]		02.3920
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic
An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.		02.3920
Arousal Disorders, Sleep
[description not available]		05.0131
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.6730
Blue Toe Syndrome
A condition that is caused by recurring atheroembolism in the lower extremities. It is characterized by cyanotic discoloration of the toes, usually the first, fourth, and fifth toes. Discoloration may extend to the lateral aspect of the foot. Despite the gangrene-like appearance, blue toes may respond to conservative therapy without amputation.		02.0110
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.6730
Compartment Syndromes
Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.		03.3220
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		03.9750
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		03.9750
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		02.3620
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		02.3620
Benign Intracranial Hypertension
[description not available]		02.0110
Pseudotumor Cerebri
A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).		02.0110
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		07.2782
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		02.6930
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.0210
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.0210
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		02.0210
Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn
Neonatal nasogastric or intracranial hemorrhage caused by vitamin K deficiency.		02.9310
Acrania
[description not available]		02.0210
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		02.0210
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		04.2741
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.940
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		02.0110
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		04.2741
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.940
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		02.0110
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		02.0210
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		02.0210
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		02.0210
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		03.4880
Atrial Septal Defect
[description not available]		02.0210
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		02.420
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		02.420
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		04.341
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		03.8120
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		02.0210
Corpus Luteum Cyst
[description not available]		02.0210
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		02.0210
Ovarian Cysts
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.		02.0210
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6730
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		02.6730
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		02.0210
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		02.0210
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.420
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		02.420
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8240
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		03.8240
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		03.8340
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		07.0462
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		02.4320
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		02.4320
Benign Hypothalamic Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.8440
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		02.0210
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0210
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		05.621
Hypermyotonia
[description not available]		02.0210
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.0210
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		02.0210
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		02.0210
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		02.0210
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		02.0210
Hemorrhage, Vitreous
[description not available]		02.0210
Vitreous Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.		02.0210
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0210
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		02.0210
Brain Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.0210
Cerebral Arterial Diseases
Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.		02.0210
Aura
[description not available]		02.4320
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.4320
Activated Protein C Resistance
A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.		02.7130
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		02.3920
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		02.3920
Central Nervous System Cysticercosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Neurocysticercosis
Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)		02.0310
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		05.6771
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		05.6771
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
A familial coagulation disorder characterized by a prolonged bleeding time, unusually large platelets, and impaired prothrombin consumption.		04.78120
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		02.6630
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		02.6630
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		02.0310
Hospital-Addiction Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.0310
Congenital Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		02.4320
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		02.0310
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital
Prenatal protozoal infection with TOXOPLASMA gondii which is associated with injury to the developing fetal nervous system. The severity of this condition is related to the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs; first trimester infections are associated with a greater degree of neurologic dysfunction. Clinical features include HYDROCEPHALUS; MICROCEPHALY; deafness; cerebral calcifications; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. Signs of a systemic infection may also be present at birth, including fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p735)		02.4320
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.9410
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		02.0310
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		02.0310
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.0310
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		02.0310
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		02.0310
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.0310
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0310
Complete Breech
[description not available]		02.0310
Breech Presentation
A malpresentation of the FETUS at near term or during OBSTETRIC LABOR with the fetal cephalic pole in the fundus of the UTERUS. There are three types of breech: the complete breech with flexed hips and knees; the incomplete breech with one or both hips partially or fully extended; the frank breech with flexed hips and extended knees.		02.0310
Dwarfism, Pituitary
A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.		02.0310
Exertional Heat Illness
[description not available]		03.4111
Marfan Syndrome, Type I
[description not available]		02.4120
Marfan Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.		02.4120
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		07.8163
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		07.8163
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).		02.0310
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary
[description not available]		02.4220
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.9410
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		02.9410
Apertognathia
[description not available]		02.0310
Angle Class III
[description not available]		02.0310
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		02.4220
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		02.4220
Erythremia
[description not available]		03.5930
Hemorrhagic Thrombocythemia
[description not available]		03.3120
Polycythemia Vera
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.		03.5930
Thrombocythemia, Essential
A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.		03.3120
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		02.9410
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.9410
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		02.9510
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		02.9510
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		02.0310
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		04.950
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		02.420
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid
A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)		02.0310
Cancer of Parotid
[description not available]		02.0310
Parotid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.		02.0310
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.0310
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.0310
Lymphocytosis
Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.		02.0310
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		02.420
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		02.420
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.0410
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
[description not available]		02.0410
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.0410
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.		02.0410
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		02.0310
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		02.0310
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		02.0310
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.0310
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9140
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		02.9140
Familial Turner Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4420
Noonan Syndrome
A genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. The phenotype bears similarities to that of TURNER SYNDROME that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, X karyotype abnormality. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,XX and 46,XY). Mutations in a several genes (PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, NF1 and RAF1) have been associated the NS phenotype. Mutations in PTPN11 are the most common. LEOPARD SYNDROME, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of Noonan Syndrome, is also due to mutations in PTPN11. In addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome due to mutations in NF1.		02.4420
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.6930
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		03.6130
Altidudinal Hemianopia
[description not available]		02.0310
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		03.6130
Alogia
[description not available]		03.4211
Aphasia
A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.		03.4211
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		02.4120
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		02.420
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		03.4880
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		03.4880
Mast Cell Activation Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
Mastocytosis
A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).		02.0310
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.2460
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive
[description not available]		02.0310
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		02.0310
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		02.0310
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		02.6830
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.0310
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.0310
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		04.9790
Placenta Praevia
[description not available]		02.9510
Placenta Previa
Abnormal placentation in which the PLACENTA implants in the lower segment of the UTERUS (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the CERVIX. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and PREMATURE LABOR.		02.9510
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.0410
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0410
Injuries, Tendon
[description not available]		02.0410
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		03.7521
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		03.7521
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.6630
Amentia
[description not available]		04.0431
Paranoia
[description not available]		02.3720
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.6630
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		04.0431
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		04.1360
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		04.1360
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		01.9610
Microcephaly
A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)		01.9610
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		01.9610
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		01.9610
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		01.9610
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		01.9610
Hives
[description not available]		01.9610
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		01.9610
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		03.3511
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		03.3511
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		01.9610
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		01.9610
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV
A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.		01.9610
Coagulation Factor 12 Deficiency
[description not available]		03.0750
Flushing
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.		05.1762
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		05.4280
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		04.0430
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		05.4280
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		04.0430
Hypergammaglobulinemia
An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.		01.9610
Hyperlipoproteinemia
[description not available]		02.6530
Hyperlipoproteinemias
Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.		02.6530
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.3720
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.3720
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		01.9610
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.3720
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		01.9610
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		01.9610
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		01.9610
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic
[description not available]		02.3720
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic
A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.		02.3720
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		04.1460
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		02.940
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.3620
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9610
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		01.9610
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		04.1360
Amaurosis
[description not available]		02.6730
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		02.6630
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.6730
Optic Atrophy
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.		01.9610
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder
A mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1139)		02.3720
Psychophysiologic Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)		01.9610
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		01.9610
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		01.9610
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		01.9610
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		01.9510
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		03.7921
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		03.7921
Diabetic Coma
A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.		01.9810
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		01.9810
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		01.9810
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		04.0631
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		04.0631
Acquired Adult Flatfoot Deformity
[description not available]		01.9810
Pericementitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		01.9810
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		01.9810
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		01.9810
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		01.9810
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		01.9810
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		01.9810
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		01.9810
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Benign Monoclonal Gammopathies
[description not available]		01.9810
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		01.9810
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		01.9810
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.3820
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.3820
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		04.7950
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		01.9810
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		04.7950
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		01.9810
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		01.9810
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		01.9810
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		01.9810
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		01.9810
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		01.9810
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		01.9810
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		03.3711
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		03.3711
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		02.3820
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		02.3820
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.		01.9810
Amnionitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Chorioamnionitis
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.		01.9810
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Ecchymosis
Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.		03.7821
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		01.9810
Autonomic Failure, Progressive
[description not available]		01.9810
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.420
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.910
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		01.9810
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		01.9810
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		03.3711
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute
A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.		01.9810
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Nevoxanthoendothelioma
[description not available]		01.9810
Xanthoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing
[description not available]		01.9810
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		01.9810
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.		01.9810
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.3820
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.6730
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.3820
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.6730
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		02.910
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.3820
Epulides, Giant Cell
[description not available]		01.9810
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.3820
Granuloma, Giant Cell
A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.		01.9810
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		01.9810
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		01.9810
Tuberculoma
A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion.		01.9810
Meningitis, Tuberculous
[description not available]		01.9810
Tuberculosis, Meningeal
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)		01.9810
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		01.9910
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		02.910
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.6830
Familial Mediterranean Fever
A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.		01.9910
Licheniform Eruptions
[description not available]		01.9910
Sickle Cell Trait
The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.		02.6730
Emesis
[description not available]		01.9910
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		01.9910
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		01.9910
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		01.9910
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		01.9910
Deficiency, Factor 13
[description not available]		01.9910
Factor XIII Deficiency
A deficiency of blood coagulation FACTOR XIII or fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF) that prevents blood clot formation and results in a clinical hemorrhagic diathesis.		01.9910
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin
[description not available]		01.9910
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)		01.9910
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis
[description not available]		01.9910
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		02.420
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		01.9910
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.		01.9910
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		03.3711
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.910
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.910
Labhart-Willi Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Prader-Willi Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)		01.9910
Buerger Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.9110
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		02.9110
Chicken Pox
[description not available]		01.9910
Chickenpox
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		01.9910
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		03.7921
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		03.7921
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		06.1866
Hay Fever
[description not available]		01.9910
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		01.9910
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.6830
Antithrombin 3 Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9910
Antithrombin III Deficiency
An absence or reduced level of Antithrombin III leading to an increased risk for thrombosis.		01.9910
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		03.7921
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		03.7921
Cleft Spine
[description not available]		03.7921
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.420
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.420
Anhidrosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		03.320
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		03.320
Scrotal Hydrocele
[description not available]		01.9910
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		01.9910
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		01.9910
Familial Hyperpotassemia and Hypertension
[description not available]		01.9910
Pseudohypoaldosteronism
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by renal electrolyte transport dysfunctions. Congenital forms are rare autosomal disorders characterized by neonatal hypertension, HYPERKALEMIA, increased RENIN activity and ALDOSTERONE concentration. The Type I features HYPERKALEMIA with sodium wasting; Type II, HYPERKALEMIA without sodium wasting. Pseudohypoaldosteronism can be the result of a defective renal electrolyte transport protein or acquired after KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		01.9910
Aminoaciduria, Renal
[description not available]		01.9910
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		01.9910
Hemoglobinopathies
A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.		01.9910
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		01.9910
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		03.3811
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		03.3811
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Fungal Meningitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		01.9910
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		02.3920
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.8910
Joint Pain
[description not available]		0210
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		0210
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		0210
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		0210
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		0210
Bladder Exstrophy
A birth defect in which the URINARY BLADDER is malformed and exposed, inside out, and protruded through the ABDOMINAL WALL. It is caused by closure defects involving the top front surface of the bladder, as well as the lower abdominal wall; SKIN; MUSCLES; and the pubic bone.		0210
Epispadias
A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is above its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the top or the side of the PENIS, but the urethra can also be open the entire length of the penis. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is often between the CLITORIS and the labia, or in the ABDOMEN.		0210
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		0210
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		0210
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		0210
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		0210
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		0210
Dandy-Walker Complex
[description not available]		0210
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		0210
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		0210
Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		0210
Adenoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.		0210
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		0210
Parodontosis
[description not available]		03.7821
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		03.7821
Hyphema
Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.		0210
Carcinoma, Large Cell
A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Disgerminoma
[description not available]		0210
Dysgerminoma
A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)		0210
Aberrant Tissue
[description not available]		0210
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		0210
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		0210
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		0210
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		0210
Thrombocythemia
[description not available]		0210
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		0210
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		03.3911
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		03.3911
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		02.3920
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		02.3920
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		0210
Cancer of Sigmoid
[description not available]		0210
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		0210
Bilateral Wilms Tumor
[description not available]		0210
Wilms Tumor
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.		0210
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		0210
Multiple Hemangioblastomas
[description not available]		0210
Hemangioblastoma
A benign tumor of the nervous system that may occur sporadically or in association with VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE. It accounts for approximately 2% of intracranial tumors, arising most frequently in the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. Histologically, the tumors are composed of multiple capillary and sinusoidal channels lined with endothelial cells and clusters of lipid-laden pseudoxanthoma cells. Usually solitary, these tumors can be multiple and may also occur in the brain stem, spinal cord, retina, and supratentorial compartment. Cerebellar hemangioblastomas usually present in the third decade with INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION, and ataxia. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2071-2)		0210
Infection
[description not available]		03.5930
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		03.5930
Melena
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.		02.3920
Jejunal Diseases
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.		0210
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		0210
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		0210
Alport Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Nephritis, Hereditary
A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		0210
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
[description not available]		0210
Severe Dengue
A virulent form of dengue characterized by THROMBOCYTOPENIA and an increase in vascular permeability (grades I and II) and distinguished by a positive pain test (e.g., TOURNIQUET PAIN TEST). When accompanied by SHOCK (grades III and IV), it is called dengue shock syndrome.		0210
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		03.7821
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		03.7821
Chest Injuries
[description not available]		0210
Amnesia, Anterograde
Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)		0210
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.3820
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		02.3820
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		0210
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		0210
Minimally Conscious State
[description not available]		01.9910
Acquired Meningomyelocele
[description not available]		02.0110
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		02.0110
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.0110
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.0110
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0110
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.0110
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0110
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)		01.9510
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		01.9510
Pyrexia
[description not available]		02.3720
Laurence-Moon Syndrome
An autosomal recessive condition characterized by hypogonadism; spinocerebellar degeneration; MENTAL RETARDATION; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; and OBESITY. This syndrome was previously referred to as Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome until BARDET-BIEDL SYNDROME was identified as a distinct entity. (From N Engl J Med. 1989 Oct 12;321(15):1002-9)		01.9510
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		02.3720
Avulsed Tooth
[description not available]		01.9810
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital
[description not available]		03.7621
Afibrinogenemia
A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.		03.7621
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.8910
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.8910
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		02.8910
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		04.0530
Histomoniasis
[description not available]		02.8910
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		02.8910
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		04.0530
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder
[description not available]		02.8910
Tourette Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)		02.8910
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		03.320
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		03.320
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		03.3611
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia
[description not available]		02.3820
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.		02.3820
Bed Sores
[description not available]		03.3611
Pressure Ulcer
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.		03.3611
Thalassemias
[description not available]		01.9710
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		01.9710
Myelomonocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		01.9710
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic
A myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood.		01.9710
Epiphora
[description not available]		01.9710
Dacryoadenitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.		01.9710
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		02.8910
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		02.8910
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		01.9710
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		03.3611
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		03.7621
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		03.3611
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		03.7621
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		02.3820
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.3820
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9710
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations
Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.		01.9710
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		03.2920
Albinism, Tyrosinase-Negative
[description not available]		01.9710
Albinism, Oculocutaneous
Heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprising at least four recognized types, all having in common varying degrees of hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. The two most common are the tyrosinase-positive and tyrosinase-negative types.		01.9710
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		01.9710
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		01.9710
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		02.8910
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.8910
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		01.9710
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		01.9710
Palsy
[description not available]		02.8910
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.8910
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral
[description not available]		02.8910
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		02.8910
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.8910
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		01.9710
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		01.9710
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		01.9710
Cretinism
[description not available]		01.9710
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		01.9710
Congenital Hypothyroidism
A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.		01.9710
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		01.9710
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.8910
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		01.9710
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		01.9710
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		01.9710
Cadmium Poisoning
Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.		01.9710
Eosinophilic Granuloma
The most benign and common form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis which involves localized nodular lesions predominantly of the bones but also of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by EOSINOPHILS.		01.9710
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.3720
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		02.3720
Anemia, Sideroblastic
Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.		01.9710
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		01.9710
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		01.9610
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		01.9610
Albinism
General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.		01.9710
Teeth, Unerupted
[description not available]		01.9710
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase
[description not available]		01.9610
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.		01.9610
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		01.9710
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		01.9710
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		02.3720
Leukemia L5178
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.		02.3720
Air Sickness
[description not available]		01.9710
Motion Sickness
Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.		01.9710
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A
[description not available]		01.9710
Meningitis, Meningococcal
A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)		01.9710
Adenoma, Chromophobe
A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.		01.9610
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		01.9710
Hyperphagia
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.		01.9710
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		01.9710
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		02.8810
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		02.8810
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.3720
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		01.9710
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		01.9610
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		01.9610
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		02.3720
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		02.3720
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		03.3511
Claustrophobia
[description not available]		03.3511
Agoraphobia
Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.		03.3511
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		03.3511
Phobic Disorders
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.		03.3511
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.8810
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.8810
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		01.9610