taurine profile

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	1123
CHEMBL ID	239243
CHEBI ID	15891
SCHEMBL ID	23068
MeSH ID	M0021065

Synonym
AB00443712-07
gtpl2379
CHEBI:15891 ,
beta-aminoethylsulfonic acid
2-aminoethyl sulfonate
ethanesulfonic acid, 2-amino-
NSC32428 ,
.beta.-aminoethylsulfonic acid
aminoethanesulfonic acid
o-due
wln: z2swq
nsc-32428
NCI60_002814
EU-0101134
taurine, >=99%
D00047
taurine (tn)
taurine (jp17/usp/inn)
aminoethylsulfonic acid (jan)
tocris-0209
lopac-t-0625
NCGC00015997-01
NCGC00024497-01
LOPAC0_001134
2-aminoethylsulfonic acid
MLS001332383
MLS001332384
1-aminoethane-2-sulfonic acid
2-sulfoethylamine
taukard
fema no. 3813
ccris 4721
ai3-18307
ethanesulfonic acid, 2-amino- (9ci)
taurine (8ci)
l-taurine
NCGC00024497-02
nci-c60606
nsc 32428
taurinum [latin]
einecs 203-483-8
taurine [inn]
taurina [spanish]
taufon
C00245
107-35-7
TAURINE ,
2-aminoethanesulfonic acid
aminoethylsulfonic acid
tauphon
taurine, cell culture tested, meets usp testing specifications
taurine, >=98%, fg
smr000326743
taurineold
DB01956
MLS000859681
NCGC00024497-05
NCGC00024497-03
NCGC00024497-04
taurine, bioultra, >=99.5% (t)
NCGC00015997-04
T 0625
HMS2093L13
A0295
NCGC00015997-07
taurate
CHEMBL239243
BMSE000120
NCGC00015997-06
HMS3263D09
unii-1eqv5mly3d
taurine [usp:inn:ban]
ec 203-483-8
taurinum
1eqv5mly3d ,
hsdb 8167
taurina
BMSE000805
BMSE000863
NCGC00260069-01
tox21_202520
AKOS005208848
nsc-759150
pharmakon1600-01505463
nsc759150
cas-107-35-7
tox21_110277
dtxcid301304
dtxsid3021304 ,
CCG-205208
HMS2233D19
NCGC00015997-02
NCGC00015997-05
NCGC00015997-08
NCGC00015997-03
bdbm50357220
FT-0611241
AM20080018
LP01134
S2008
HMS3370J18
aminoethylsulfonic acid [jan]
taurine [usp monograph]
taurine [mart.]
taurine [fhfi]
taurine [vandf]
taurine [who-dd]
taurine [jan]
taurine [inci]
taurine [usp-rs]
taurine [mi]
HY-B0351
2-aminoethane-1-sulfonic acid
SCHEMBL23068
tox21_110277_1
NCGC00015997-10
NCGC00261819-01
tox21_501134
2aminoethanesulfonic acid
2-aminoethane sulfonic acid
AB00443712_09
AB00443712_10
mfcd00008197
J-508042
F2191-0280
taurine, >=99.0% (t)
sr-01000076144
SR-01000076144-1
taurine, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
taurine, saj first grade, >=98.5%
taurine, vetec(tm) reagent grade, >=99%
taurine, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
SR-01000076144-3
SR-01000076144-5
taurine, certified reference material, tracecert(r)
SBI-0051101.P002
2-aminoethanesulfonicacid
aminoethylsulfonate
beta-aminoethylsulfonate
b-aminoethylsulfonic acid
1-aminoethane-2-sulfonate
b-aminoethylsulfonate
2-aminoethylsulfonate
rkl10149
taurine,(s)
AS-13587
Q207051
EN300-28228
STL197941
SDCCGSBI-0051101.P003
NCGC00015997-20
D78121
2-aminoethanesulfonic acid.
T-130
taurine; 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid
taurine (usp-rs)
taurinum (latin)
taurine (usp:inn:ban)
taurine (usp monograph)
taurine (mart.)
Z248489432

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Taurine is a non-proteinogenic sulfonic acid found in high concentrations inside vertebrate cardiomyocytes and its movement across the sarcolemmal membrane is critical for cell volume regulation. "	( Intracellular taurine deficiency impairs cardiac contractility in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) without affecting aerobic performance. Gates, MA; Lamarre, SG; MacCormack, TJ; Morash, AJ, 2022)	2.52
"Taurine is an amino acid that has pleiotropic protective properties on some diseases."	( A systematic review of preclinical studies on the taurine role during diabetic nephropathy: focused on anti-oxidative, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptotic effects. Jia, S; Ma, J; Yang, R; Yang, Z, 2022)	1.7
"Taurine is an intracellular free amino acid that has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects."	( Mechanism of taurine reducing inflammation and organ injury in sepsis mice. Deng, S; Hao, Y; Li, R; Ma, Y; Qin, Q; Ran, C; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, L, 2022)	1.81
"Taurine is an important amino acid required for brain development."	( Taurine Alleviates Chronic Social Defeat Stress-Induced Depression by Protecting Cortical Neurons from Dendritic Spine Loss. Cai, G; Fan, Z; Han, J; Li, X; Li, Y; Luo, D; Wang, R; Wu, S; Zhang, H; Zhang, L; Zhu, Y; Zhuo, L, 2023)	3.07
"Homotaurine is a potential therapeutic compound for treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its efficacy is still under investigation. "	( IL-33 and IL-10 Serum Levels Increase in MCI Patients Following Homotaurine Treatment. Banaj, N; Bossù, P; Golesorkhtafti, S; Lembo, M; Messina, B; Sireno, L; Spalletta, G; Toppi, E, 2022)	1.51
"Taurine is an essential amino acid. "	( The relationship between cannabis use and taurine: A MRS and metabolomics study. Barnes, S; Cheng, H; Newman, SD; O'Donnell, BF; Raymond, D; Schnakenberg Martin, AM; Wilson, L, 2022)	2.43
"Taurine is an amino sulfonic acid that is implicated in numerous physiological functions, including the regulation of oxidative stress, which plays an important role in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), together with other pathophysiological processes. "	( The Disease-Modifying Role of Taurine and Its Therapeutic Potential in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Bernal, ME; Bourgonje, AR; Hillebrands, JL; Offringa, AK; van Eijk, LE; van Goor, H, 2022)	2.45
"Taurine is an essential nutrient for felines including lions. "	( Blood Taurine Dynamics in Captive Lions: Relationship with Feed and Bile Acid Composition. Akiba, Y; Honda, A; Kawase, K; Kobayashi, S; Kohari, D; Miyakawa, Y; Miyazaki, T, 2022)	2.64
"Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid in mammals and has been shown to be a potent endogenous antioxidant."	( Taurine Ameliorates Apoptosis via AKT Pathway in the Kidney of Diabetic Rats. Li, S; Piao, F; Wang, D; Zhang, C; Zhang, M, 2022)	2.89
"Taurine is a non-essential amino acid that has received much attention."	( Short-Communication: Short-Term Treatment with Taurine Prevents the Development of Cardiac Hypertrophy and Early Death in Hereditary Cardiomyopathy of the Hamster and Is Sex-Dependent. Bkaily, G; Jacques, D; Jazzar, A; Khalil, A; Najibeddine, H; Normand, A; Simon, Y, 2022)	1.7
"Taurine is a naturally occurring essential β-amino acid reported to elicit antipsychotic property in first episode psychosis in clinical setting, thus require preclinical investigation."	( Taurine, an essential β-amino acid insulates against ketamine-induced experimental psychosis by enhancement of cholinergic neurotransmission, inhibition of oxidative/nitrergic imbalances, and suppression of COX-2/iNOS immunoreactions in mice. Adebayo, OG; Ben-Azu, B; Chijioke, BS; Edje, KE; Eduviere, AT; Esuku, DT; Japhet, K; Jarikre, TA; Moke, EG; Odili, OS; Omogbiya, IA; Omondiabge, OP; Oyovbaire, A; Oyovwi, MO; Ozah, EO, 2022)	2.89
"Taurine is a free amino acid that prevents reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. "	( Effects of taurine against benzo[α]pyrene-induced cell cycle arrest and reactive oxygen species-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B apoptosis via reduction of mitochondrial stress in A549 cells. Chen, TY; Chiou, JZ; Huang, KM; Hwang, DF; Liu, BY, )	1.96
"Taurine (TAU) is an abundant amino acid with substantial anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties."	( Taurine mitigates the development of pulmonary inflammation, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in a rat model of bile duct ligation. Abdoli, N; Azarpira, N; Heidari, R; Lu, Y; Ma, Y; Manthari, RK; Mazloomi, S; Mehrabani, PS; Mingyu, Y; Mobasheri, A; Mousavifaraz, A; Nadgaran, A; Niknahad, H; Nikoozadeh, A; Ommati, MM; Rezaei, M; Sadeghian, I; Tang, Z; Xin, H; Xu, D, 2022)	2.89
"Taurine (TAU) is an amino acid with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in animals and humans."	( Effects of exogenous taurine on growth, photosynthesis, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes and nutrient accumulation by Trifolium alexandrinum plants under manganese stress. Ali, S; Ashraf, MA; Hafeez, A; Rasheed, R; Rizwan, M, 2022)	1.76
"Taurine is an essential amino acid with various biological functions such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation."	( Taurine alleviates ochratoxin A-induced pyroptosis in PK-15 cells by inhibiting oxidative stress. Chen, X; He, W; Huang, K; Liu, K; Liu, S; Mao, X; Qu, J; Yue, D; Zhang, P, 2023)	3.07
"Taurine (TUR) is a sulfur-containing free β-amino acid with antioxidant and therapeutic value against several diseases."	( Taurine attenuated methotrexate-induced intestinal injury by regulating NF-κB/iNOS and Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signals. Althagafy, HS; Atwa, AM; Hassanein, EHM; Kotb El-Sayed, MI; Kozman, MR; Soubh, AA, 2022)	2.89
"Taurine is an amino acid that has several physiological functions. "	( Taurine induces upregulation of p53 and Beclin1 and has antitumor effect in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. He, F; Kobayashi, H; Ma, N; Murata, M; Nishimura, K; Oikawa, S; Okano, M; Tawara, I, 2023)	3.8
"Taurine is a β-amino acid known to regulate cardiac function in other animal models but its role in fish has not been well characterized."	( Taurine depletion impairs cardiac function and affects tolerance to hypoxia and high temperatures in brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis). Buldo, EC; Cockshutt, A; Dixon, TM; El, N; Lamarre, SG; MacCormack, TJ; McGaw, SP; Morash, AJ; Otley, NA; Pabody, CM; Parker, KS; Rhyno, EM; Savoie, M, 2023)	3.07
"Taurine is an end-product of cysteine metabolism, whereas cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) and cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (CSAD) are key enzymes regulating taurine synthesis. "	( Testosterone enhances taurine synthesis by upregulating androgen receptor and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase expressions in male mouse liver. Cui, S; Fan, J; Liu, H; Qiu, G; Zhang, D, 2023)	2.67
"Taurine (Tau) is an osmosensitive amino acid, whose release reflects increased cell volume."	( Attenuation of initial pilocarpine-induced electrographic seizures by methionine sulfoximine pretreatment tightly correlates with the reduction of extracellular taurine in the hippocampus. Albrecht, J; Czarnecka, AM; Czuczwar, SJ; Kołodziej, M; Pawlik, M; Podgajna, M; Skowrońska, K; Węgrzynowicz, M, 2023)	1.83
"Taurine is a crucial amino acid in the human body."	( Taurine reduces apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in islet β-cells induced by high-fat and -glucose diets. Bian, Y; Dai, J; Fu, Z; Hu, J; Li, C; Lin, S; Ma, Y; Meng, L; Wang, J; Wu, Y; Yin, D; Zhang, X; Zhao, D, 2023)	3.07
"Taurine is a recently recognized plant growth regulator under abiotic stress. "	( Effect of seed priming by taurine on growth and chromium (Cr) uptake in canola (Brassica napus L.) under Cr stress. Ali, S; Ashraf, MA; Hussain, I; Ibrahim, SM; Rasheed, R; Rizwan, M, 2023)	2.65
"Taurine is an important osmoregulator with a crucial role in osmoregulation in marine bivalves."	( Function of taurine and its synthesis-related genes in hypertonic regulation of Sinonovacula constricta. Donghong, N; Min, D; Yifeng, L; Yihua, C; Zhiguo, D, 2024)	2.54
"Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid which has strong activities in enhancing immunity. "	( Effect of Taurine on Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Cells in Peyer's Patches of Immunosuppressive Mice. Fang, H; Jin, B; Li, M; Li, W; Meng, F; Piao, F, 2019)	2.36
"Taurine is an abundant sulfur-containing amino acid in myeloid cells. "	( Taurine Chloramine Inhibits Osteoclastic Differentiation and Osteoclast Marker Expression in RAW 264.7 Cells. Kang, IS; Kim, C, 2019)	3.4
"Taurine is a free amino acid and exhibits various biological functions such as brain development, retinal photoreceptor activity, reproduction, normal growth development and antioxidant activity. "	( Relation of Taurine Intake During Pregnancy and Newborns' Growth. Choi, MJ; Jung, YM, 2019)	2.34
"Taurine is a β-amino acid found most broadly distributed in human body, abundant in animal foods, and has an antioxidative function. "	( The Intake of Taurine and Major Food Source of Taurine in Elementary School Children in Korea. Choi, MJ; Jeong, JS, 2019)	2.32
"Taurine appears to be an attractive candidate for use as a radioprotector and as a radiation mitigator, but its protection mechanism against radiation-induced cell damage is still unclear until now."	( Protective Effects of Taurine on the Radiation Exposure Induced Cellular Damages in the Mouse Intestine. Gu, Y; Isogai, T; Kato, T; Ma, N; Yamashita, T, 2019)	1.55
"Taurine is a well-known antioxidant."	( Protective Effect of Taurine on Paraquat-Induced Lung Epithelial Cell Injury. Dong, G; Li, S; Wang, J; Wang, X; Wei, BK, 2019)	1.55
"Taurine is an important amino acid for the growth and development of the central nervous system and plays an important role in the development of the nervous system. "	( The Protection of Taurine on Abnormal Expression of Deiodinase 3 Induced by BDE 209 in JEG Cells Under the Normal Culture Conditions. Cheng, Y; Guo, Y; Hao, X; Li, Y; Li, Z; Niu, X; Qin, C; Shang, X; Shao, J; Wang, R, 2019)	2.29
"Taurine is a nonessential amino acid that has received much attention. "	( Taurine and cardiac disease: state of the art and perspectives. Al-Khoury, J; Bkaily, G; Jacques, D; Jazzar, A; Normand, A; Simon, Y, 2020)	3.44
"Taurine is a semiessential amino acid found at high concentrations in mammalian plasma and cells, where it regulates cellular functions such as ion flux, controls cell volume and serves as a substrate for conjugated bile acids (BAs). "	( Modulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production and activity by taurine and taurine-conjugated bile acids. Carneiro, EM; Davel, AP; Guizoni, DM; Vettorazzi, JF, 2020)	2.23
"Taurine (TAU) is a β-amino sulfonic acid with pleiotropic roles in the brain, including the neuromodulatory activity via GABAergic and glycinergic agonism. "	( Concomitant taurine exposure counteracts ethanol-induced changes in locomotor and anxiety-like responses in zebrafish. Canzian, J; Duarte, T; Fontana, BD; Mezzomo, NJ; Müller, TE; Parker, MO; Rosemberg, DB; Ziani, PR, 2020)	2.38
"Taurine is a ubiquitous sulphur-containing amino acid present in foods such as seafood."	( Perinatal taurine exerts a hypotensive effect in male spontaneously hypertensive rats and down-regulates endothelial oxide nitric synthase in the aortic arch. Burgueño, AL; Mensegue, MF; Tellechea, ML, 2020)	1.68
"Taurine (Tau) is a β-sulphonated amino acid postulated to improve glucose homeostasis in insulin resistance and diabetes. "	( The Influence of Taurine Supplementation on Serum and Tissular Fe, Zn and Cu Levels in Normal and Diet-Induced Insulin-Resistant Rats. Król, E; Kupsz, J; Okulicz, M, 2020)	2.34
"Taurine is an antioxidant that is abundant in some common energy drinks. "	( Impact of taurine on red blood cell metabolism and implications for blood storage. Bertolone, L; Busch, MP; D'Alessandro, A; Dumont, LJ; Fu, X; Hay, AM; Kanias, T; Kleinman, S; Morrison, EJ; Nemkov, T; Roy, MK; Stefanoni, D; Stone, M; Zimring, JC, 2020)	2.4
"Taurine is an amino acid usually added to energy drinks. "	( Taurine enhances voluntary alcohol intake and promotes anxiolytic-like behaviors in rats. Almeida, RF; Bandiera, S; de Paula, LF; Gomez, R; Hansen, AW; Izolan, LDR; Nietiedt, NA; Pulcinelli, RR, 2020)	3.44
"Taurine is an abundant intracellular beta-amino acid majorly synthesized in the liver and transported through plasma. "	( Association of taurine with ovarian follicular steroids and postpartum anestrus condition in Murrah buffaloes. Behera, A; Kumar, LK; Onteru, SK; Singh, D; Sravanthi, K; Vedamurthy, GV, 2021)	2.42
"Taurine is a free amino acid rich in neutrophils, and neutrophils play an important role in the forefront defense against infection. "	( Taurine chloramine selectively regulates neutrophil degranulation through the inhibition of myeloperoxidase and upregulation of lactoferrin. Kang, IS; Kim, C; Kim, DG; Kwon, YM, 2020)	3.44
"Taurine is a non-protein amino acid that is expressed in the majority of animal tissues. "	( The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Taurine on Cardiovascular Disease. Abraham, JR; Apostolopoulos, V; Gadanec, LK; McSweeney, KR; Qaradakhi, T; Zulli, A, 2020)	2.28
"Taurine (Tau) is an abundant amino acid in polymorphonuclear leukocytes that react with hypochlorous acid to form taurine chloramine (TauCl) under inflammatory conditions. "	( Taurine Chloramine decreases cell viability and cytokine production in blood and spleen lymphocytes from septic rats. Dal-Pizzol, F; Dall'igna, DM; Luz, JMD; Michels, M; Vuolo, F, 2020)	3.44
"Taurine is an abundant amino acid with multiple physiological functions, including osmoregulation, pH regulation, antioxidative protection, and neuromodulation."	( Structure and substrate specificity determinants of the taurine biosynthetic enzyme cysteine sulphinic acid decarboxylase. Haavik, J; Kursula, P; Loris, R; Luan, W; Mahootchi, E; Muruganandam, G; Raasakka, A, 2021)	1.59
"Taurine is an organic amino acid and a major constituent of bile. "	( Taurine attenuates the damage of lupus nephritis mouse via inactivation of the NF-κB pathway. Geng, CJ; Li, Q; Luo, H; Miao, SM; Wang, LH, 2021)	3.51
"Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. "	( The relationship between plasma taurine levels in early pregnancy and later gestational diabetes mellitus risk in Chinese pregnant women. An, Z; Hu, T; Liu, L; Liu, PJ; Liu, Y; Ma, L; Xia, LY; Yao, AM, 2021)	2.35
"Taurine is a compatible osmolyte that confers stability to proteins. "	( Taurine suppresses liquid-liquid phase separation of lysozyme protein. Ito, T; Maeyama, S; Murakami, S; Schaffer, SW; Tsubotani, K, 2021)	3.51
"Taurine (TAU) is an amino acid with antioxidant property and beneficial impacts on the male reproductive system."	( Taurine ameliorates cytotoxic effects of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on Leydig cells. Khorsandi, L; Saki, G; Valizadeh, A; Yahyavy, S, 2021)	2.79
"Taurine is a fundamental mediator of homeostasis that exerts multiple roles to confer protection against oxidant stress. "	( Protective role of taurine against oxidative stress (Review). Adamaki, M; Baliou, S; Christodoulou, I; Ioannou, P; Kyriakopoulos, AM; Panayiotidis, MI; Pappa, A; Spandidos, DA; Zoumpourlis, V, 2021)	2.39
"Taurine is an important antioxidant in lens tissue."	( Taurine supplementation protects lens against glutathione depletion. Kerry, Z; Ozsarlak-Sozer, G; Sevin, G; Sozer, N, 2021)	2.79
"Taurine is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid that is found abundantly in excitatory tissues, such as the heart, brain, retina and skeletal muscles. "	( The Role of Taurine in Mitochondria Health: More Than Just an Antioxidant. Jong, CJ; Sandal, P; Schaffer, SW, 2021)	2.44
"Taurine is an abundant amino acid in the brain that serves the central nervous system (CNS)."	( Taurine-modified Ru(ii)-complex targets cancerous brain cells for photodynamic therapy. Deasy, K; Du, E; Hu, X; Mochizuki, T; Roy, S; Wang, P; Zhang, Y, 2017)	2.62
"Taurine is an important osmolyte in teleost hearts, but its role in stress tolerance, cardiac metabolism, and contractility has not been assessed."	( Taurine protects cardiac contractility in killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, by enhancing sarcoplasmic reticular Ca Henry, EF; MacCormack, TJ, 2018)	2.64
"Taurine is a ubiquitous sulfur-containing amino acid found in high concentration in most tissues. "	( Role of Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum in Taurine-Deficiency-Mediated Apoptosis. Ito, T; Jong, CJ; Prentice, H; Schaffer, SW; Wu, JY, 2017)	2.15
"Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid which is not incorporated into protein. "	( Is Taurine a Biomarker in Autistic Spectrum Disorder? Brown, WT; Castellano, MR; Cohen, I; Flory, M; Gonzalez, M; Jenkins, EC; Park, E; Schuller-Levis, G, )	2.2
"Taurine is an essential amino acid to improve the function of cardiovascular, skeletal muscle, retina, and central nervous system. "	( Antioxidant Effect of Taurine-Rich Paroctopus dofleini Extracts Through Inhibiting ROS Production Against LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress In Vitro and In Vivo Model. Choi, EJ; Hwang, JW; Jeon, BT; Jeon, NJ; Kim, EK; Kim, YS; Moon, SH; Park, PJ; Ryu, BI, )	1.89
"Taurine is a highly abundant "amino acid" in the brain. "	( Understanding taurine CNS activity using alternative zebrafish models. Barcellos, LJG; Fontana, BD; Kalueff, AV; Mezzomo, NJ; Rosemberg, DB, 2017)	2.26
"Taurine is an essential amino acid in humans that proved efficacy as a non-pharmacological therapy in a plethora of diseases; however, its impact on NAFLD remains elusive."	( A Novel Role of SIRT1/ FGF-21 in Taurine Protection Against Cafeteria Diet-Induced Steatohepatitis in Rats. Abd Elwahab, AH; Ramadan, BK; Schaalan, MF; Tolba, AM, 2017)	1.46
"Taurine is an abundant beta-amino acid found in high concentration in mammalian tissues. "	( Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to identify taurine-modified metabolites in heart. Ito, T; Murakami, S; Nakajima, D; Okazaki, K; Schaffer, S; Shibata, D, 2018)	2.18
"Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid present in the body in free form. "	( Prophylactic role of taurine and its derivatives against diabetes mellitus and its related complications. Basak, P; Ghosh, S; Kundu, M; Sarkar, P; Sil, PC, 2017)	2.22
"Taurine is a partial agonist with an efficacy significantly lower than that of glycine."	( Single Channel Analysis of Isoflurane and Ethanol Enhancement of Taurine-Activated Glycine Receptors. Kirson, D; Mihic, SJ; Todorovic, J, 2018)	1.44
"Taurine is a nonprotein sulfur containing amino acid as well as a well-known antioxidant and has valuable clinical applications in the detoxification of xenobiotics."	( Antigonadal and endocrine-disrupting activities of lambda cyhalothrin in female rats and its attenuation by taurine. Banerjee, B; Choudhury, SM; Das, T; Ghosh, R; Jana, K, 2018)	1.41
"Taurine (TAU) is an amino sulfonic acid which acts an endogenous inhibitory neuromodulator."	( Taurine Protects from Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Behavioral and Neurochemical Changes in Zebrafish. Barbosa, NV; Canzian, J; Dos Santos, MM; Fontana, BD; Loro, VL; Mello, CF; Mezzomo, NJ; Müller, TE; Rosemberg, DB; Ziani, PR, 2019)	2.68
"Taurine (TAU) is a sulfur-containing beta amino acid that is not involved in protein composition and anabolism, conditionally essential in mammals provided through diet. "	( Taurine Supplementation Alleviates Puromycin Aminonucleoside Damage by Modulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mitochondrial-Related Apoptosis in Rat Kidney. Favero, G; Lavazza, A; Monsalve, M; Rezzani, R; Rodella, LF; Stacchiotti, A, 2018)	3.37
"Taurine is a sulfur-containing-β-amino acid that is widely distributed in mammalian tissues."	( Taurine attenuates the development of hepatic steatosis through the inhibition of oxidative stress in a model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in vivo and in vitro. Ito, T; Kawasaki, A; Murakami, S; Ono, A; Takenaga, T, 2018)	2.64
"Taurine is a β-amino acid with antioxidant properties."	( Dietary taurine supplementation improves breast meat quality in chronic heat-stressed broilers via activating the Nrf2 pathway and protecting mitochondria from oxidative attack. Gao, F; He, X; Jiang, Y; Li, J; Lu, Z; Ma, B; Zhang, L; Zhou, G, 2019)	1.67
"Taurine is an organic compound that can act as a neuroprotectant."	( High dose Allura Red, rather than the ADI dose, induces structural and behavioral changes in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats and taurine can protect it. Hashemi, M; Karbalay-Doust, S; Karimi, F; Noorafshan, A, 2018)	1.41
"Taurine (TAU) is a β-amino sulfonic acid with pleiotropic roles in the brain."	( Taurine modulates acute ethanol-induced social behavioral deficits and fear responses in adult zebrafish. Fontana, BD; Mezzomo, NJ; Müller, TE; Parker, MO; Quadros, VA; Rico, EP; Rosemberg, DB; Stefanello, FV, 2018)	2.64
"Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid with vital biological functions."	( Taurine abrogates mammary carcinogenesis through induction of apoptosis in Sprague-Dawley rats. Anandakumar, P; Sakthisekaran, D; Vanitha, MK, 2018)	2.64
"Taurine is a nonproteinogenic ß-aminosulfonic acid. "	( Taurine: A Regulator of Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Skeletal Muscle Function. Huebbe, P; Rimbach, G; Seidel, U, 2019)	3.4
"Taurine is a non‑proteogenic and essential amino acid in animals."	( Protective effects of taurine against inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in brain injury. Li, S; Liu, H; Niu, X; Zheng, S, 2018)	1.52
"Taurine is an amino acid abundantly present in heart and skeletal muscle. "	( A long-term treatment with taurine prevents cardiac dysfunction in mdx mice. Bove, M; Camerino, GM; Capogrosso, RF; Conte, E; De Bellis, M; De Luca, A; Mantuano, P; Mele, A; Morgese, MG; Pierno, S; Rana, F; Rolland, JF; Sanarica, F; Trabace, L, 2019)	2.25
"Taurine is an amino acid with significant neuroprotective properties."	( Taurine Treatment Provides Neuroprotection in a Mouse Model of Manganism. Abdoli, N; Ghanbarinejad, V; Heidari, R; Niknahad, H; Ommati, MM, 2019)	2.68
"Taurine is a biologically and physiologically valuable food additive. "	( Creating a New Pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum for the Production of Taurine as a Food Additive. Han, SO; Hyeon, JE; Joo, YC; Ko, YJ; Musaad, AS; Shin, SK; You, SK, 2018)	2.15
"Taurine is a dispensable amino acid that has been linked to DCM in dogs."	( Special topic: The association between pulse ingredients and canine dilated cardiomyopathy: addressing the knowledge gaps before establishing causation. Abood, SK; Aldrich, G; Columbus, DA; Ekenstedt, KJ; Larsen, JA; Mansilla, WD; Marinangeli, CPF; Shoveller, AK; Weber, L, 2019)	1.24
"Taurine (Tau) is a kind of semi-essential β amino acid, and beneficial for β cell function."	( Inorganic arsenic induces pyroptosis and pancreatic β cells dysfunction through stimulating the IRE1α/TNF-α pathway and protective effect of taurine. Gao, N; Jia, X; Jiang, L; Liu, S; Liu, X; Pei, P; Qiu, T; Sun, X; Tao, Y; Wang, N; Wang, Z; Wei, S; Yang, G; Yang, L; Yao, X, 2019)	1.44
"Taurine is a β-amino acid present in high concentrations in different areas of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). "	( Taurine and GABA neurotransmitter receptors, a relationship with therapeutic potential? Gulias-Cañizo, R; Ochoa-de la Paz, L; Quiroz-Mercado, H; Zenteno, E, 2019)	3.4
"Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid and known as semi-essential in mammals and is produced chiefly by the liver and kidney. "	( Taurine and its analogs in neurological disorders: Focus on therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms. Azam, S; Choi, DK; Haque, ME; Jakaria, M; Jo, SH; Kim, IS; Uddin, MS, 2019)	3.4
"Taurine is an indispensable amino acid for many fish species and taurine supplementation is needed when plant-based diets are used as the primary protein source for these species. "	( Metabolic Effect of Dietary Taurine Supplementation on Grouper ( Dong, J; Feng, J; Shen, G; Wang, S; Wang, X; Xia, F; Xu, J; Ye, J, 2019)	2.25
"Taurine is a key functional amino acid with many functions in the nervous system. "	( Roles of taurine in cognitive function of physiology, pathologies and toxication. Chen, C; Han, H; He, J; Lu, G; Xia, S; Xie, Z, 2019)	2.37
"Taurine is an important endogenous agonist of glycine receptors (GlyR). "	( β-Amyloid Peptide Antagonizes the Effect of Protons on Taurine-Induced Chloride Current in Rat Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons. Bukanova, YV; Kondratenko, RV; Skrebitsky, VG; Solntseva, EI, 2019)	2.2
"Taurine is a low-molecular weight organic compound in living organisms."	( Testicular toxicity of orally administrated bisphenol A in rats and protective role of taurine and curcumin. Apaydin, FG; Kalender, S; Kalender, Y, 2019)	1.46
"Taurine is a semi-essential sulfonic acid found at high concentrations in plasma and mammalian tissues which regulates osmolarity, ion channel activity and glucose homeostasis. "	( Partial agonism of taurine at gamma-containing native and recombinant GABAA receptors. Gisselmann, G; Hatt, H; Kletke, O; May, A; Sergeeva, OA, 2013)	2.16
"Hypotaurine is an antioxidant with a protective effect on sperm functions."	( Density gradient centrifugation prior to cryopreservation and hypotaurine supplementation improve post-thaw quality of sperm from infertile men with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Artonne, C; Brugnon, F; Farigoule, M; Janny, L; Ouchchane, L; Pons-Rejraji, H, 2013)	1.11
"Taurine is an endogenous ligand acting on glycine receptors in many brain regions, including the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens (nAcc). "	( Physiological concentrations of zinc reduce taurine-activated GlyR responses to drugs of abuse. Cornelison, GL; Kirson, D; Mihic, SJ; Philpo, AE; Todorovic, J, 2013)	2.09
"Taurine is an endogenous brain substance with robust neuromodulatory and possible neuroprotective properties. "	( Modes of direct modulation by taurine of the glutamate NMDA receptor in rat cortex. Agovic, MS; Banerjee, SP; Chan, CY; Friedman, E; Shah, SM; Sun, HS, 2014)	2.13
"Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid in mammals and has been shown to be a potent endogenous antioxidant."	( Taurine protects HK-2 cells from oxidized LDL-induced cytotoxicity via the ROS-mediated mitochondrial and p53-related apoptotic pathways. Chang, CC; Chang, CY; Kang, CK; Lee, TH; Shen, CY; Sher, YP; Sheu, WH, 2014)	2.57
"Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that exerts protective effects on vascular function and structure in several models of cardiovascular diseases through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. "	( Taurine supplementation reduces blood pressure and prevents endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in post-weaning protein-restricted rats. Batista, TM; Carneiro, EM; Clerici, SP; Davel, AP; Delbin, MA; Maia, AR; Victorio, JA, 2014)	3.29
"Taurine is a potent free radical scavenger that attenuates the damage caused by excessive oxygen free radicals."	( Taurine supplementation reduces oxidative stress and protects the liver in an iron-overload murine model. He, M; Liao, Z; Liu, D; Tang, L; Yi, B; Yin, D; Zhang, Z, 2014)	2.57
"Taurine is an ubiquitary expressed aminosulfonic acid known to play an important role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. "	( Neurotrophic effects of taurine on spiral ganglion neurons in vitro. Hagen, R; Jablonka, S; Jürgens, L; Mlynski, R; Radeloff, A; Rak, K; Schendzielorz, P; Scherzad, A; Völker, J, 2014)	2.15
"Taurine is a beta-amino acid found in very high concentration in the heart. "	( Role of protein phosphorylation in excitation-contraction coupling in taurine deficient hearts. Azuma, J; Ito, T; Jong, CJ; Pastukh, V; Ramila, KC; Schaffer, SW, 2015)	2.09
"Taurine is a small organic osmolyte which participates in cell volume regulation. "	( Chondrocytic cells express the taurine transporter on their plasma membrane and regulate its expression under anisotonic conditions. Karjalainen, HM; Lammi, MJ; Leskelä, SS; Qu, C; Rilla, K, 2015)	2.15
"Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid present in high concentrations in mammalian tissues, and has been implicated in several processes involving brain development and neurotransmission. "	( Taurine enhances excitability of mouse cochlear neural stem cells by selectively promoting differentiation of glutamatergic neurons over GABAergic neurons. Hu, P; Wang, Q; Wu, WJ; Xie, DH; Zhu, GH, 2015)	3.3
"Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is present in mammalian tissues in millimolar concentrations. "	( Role of taurine in the pathogenesis of obesity. Murakami, S, 2015)	2.29
"Hypotaurine is a precursor of taurine and an antioxidant, and is concentrated in fetal plasma compared to maternal plasma. "	( Protective effect of hypotaurine against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity in rat placental trophoblasts. Duereh, M; Higuchi, K; Nakashima, E; Nishimura, T; Sugita, Y; Tomi, M; Yoshida, Y, 2015)	1.28
"Taurine is a free amino acid found in numerous diets, with anti-inflammatory properties."	( Taurine increases hippocampal neurogenesis in aging mice. Gebara, E; Sultan, S; Toni, N; Udry, F, 2015)	2.58
"Homotaurine is a natural compound of red algae, which has been demonstrated to have a neuroprotective effect and has been evaluated as a possible therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease. "	( Homotaurine in Parkinson's disease. De Nigris, F; Fasano, A; Ricciardi, L; Specchia, A, 2015)	1.53
"Taurine is an abundant amino acid that is widely distributed in human and animal tissues. "	( Effects of taurine on contractions of human internal mammary artery: a potassium channel opening action. Demirkilic, U; Doganci, S; Karabacak, K; Kaya, E; Kurtoglu, M; Seyrek, M; Ulusoy, KG; Yildirim, V; Yildiz, O, 2015)	2.25
"Homotaurine is a natural aminosulfonate compound endowed with neuromodulatory effects, while the dipeptide L-carnosine is known for its antioxidant properties."	( Intravitreal injection of forskolin, homotaurine, and L-carnosine affords neuroprotection to retinal ganglion cells following retinal ischemic injury. Adornetto, A; Bagetta, G; Cavaliere, F; Corasaniti, MT; Morrone, LA; Nucci, C; Rusciano, D; Russo, R; Varano, GP, 2015)	1.16
"Taurine is an organic acid that has a role in the regulation of oxidative stress and promoting mitochondrial normal functions, and N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a well-known anti-oxidant and glutathione precursor."	( Attenuation of rotenone toxicity in SY5Y cells by taurine and N-acetyl cysteine alone or in combination. Albers, DS; Alkholifi, FK, 2015)	1.39
"Taurine is a natural amino acid present as free form in many mammalian tissues and in particular in skeletal muscle. "	( Taurine: the appeal of a safe amino acid for skeletal muscle disorders. Camerino, DC; De Luca, A; Pierno, S, 2015)	3.3
"Taurine is an essential amino-sulfonic acid having a fundamental function in the brain, participating in both cell volume regulation and neurotransmission. "	( Activation of synaptic and extrasynaptic glycine receptors by taurine in preoptic hypothalamic neurons. Bhattarai, JP; Cho, DH; Chun, SW; Han, SK; Park, SJ, 2015)	2.1
"Taurine is a β-amino acid found in high concentrations in excitable tissues, including the heart. "	( Impaired energy metabolism of the taurine‑deficient heart. Ito, T; Jong, CJ; Schaffer, SW; Shimada-Takaura, K; Takahashi, K, 2016)	2.16
"Taurine (TAU) is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is involved in a diverse array of biological and physiological functions, including bile salt conjugation, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization, calcium modulation, anti-oxidation, and immunomodulation. "	( Effect of taurine on intestinal recovery following intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat. Aranovich, I; Ben Shahar, Y; Berkowitz, D; Bitterman, A; Bitterman, N; Chepurov, D; Coran, AG; Pollak, Y; Sukhotnik, I, 2016)	2.28
"Taurine (TAU) is an amino sulfonic acid with pleiotropic actions on brain function."	( Modulatory action of taurine on ethanol-induced aggressive behavior in zebrafish. Blaser, RE; Filho, GL; Fontana, BD; Giuliani, GS; Meinerz, DL; Mezzomo, NJ; Quadros, VA; Rosa, LV; Rosemberg, DB; Silveira, A, 2016)	1.47
"Taurine (TAU) is an amino sulfonic acid with several functions in central nervous system. "	( The role of taurine on anxiety-like behaviors in zebrafish: A comparative study using the novel tank and the light-dark tasks. Giuliani, GS; Mezzomo, NJ; Quadros, VA; Rosemberg, DB; Silveira, A, 2016)	2.26
"Taurine promises to be a potential prevention for epidural fibrosis after laminectomy."	( Taurine Reduced Epidural Fibrosis in Rat Models after Laminectomy via Downregulating EGR1. Cao, X; Chen, H; Ge, D; Ge, Y; Que, J; Sui, T; Tang, J; Yang, L, 2016)	2.6
"Taurine is an abundant amino acid in the nervous system, which has been proved to possess antioxidation, osmoregulation and membrane stabilization. "	( Neuroprotective actions of taurine on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats. Hao, YJ; Li, YX; Ma, PS; Niu, Y; Sun, T; Wu, W; Yu, JQ; Zhou, R; Zhu, XY, 2016)	2.17
"Taurine is a semi essential amino acid with bioprotective properties."	( Taurine ameliorated thyroid function in rats co-administered with chlorpyrifos and lead. Akande, MG; Shittu, M; Uchendu, C; Yaqub, LS, 2016)	2.6
"Taurine is an inhibitory neuromodulatory amino acid in the central nervous system that activates the GABA- and glycine-insensitive chloride channel and inhibits the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. "	( Adjunctive Taurine in First-Episode Psychosis: A Phase 2, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Allott, KA; McGorry, PD; Moral, J; Murphy, BP; O'Donnell, CP; O'Regan, MK; Papas, A; Pham, T; Phassouliotis, C; Proffitt, TM; Simpson, R; Yuen, HP, 2016)	2.27
"Taurine is a free intracellular β-amino acid with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties."	( Neuroprotective influence of taurine on fluoride-induced biochemical and behavioral deficits in rats. Abolaji, AO; Adedara, IA; Farombi, EO; Idris, UF; Ojuade, TD; Olabiyi, BF; Onibiyo, EM, 2017)	1.47
"Taurine is a non-essential amino acid expressed in high concentration in several mammalian tissues and particularly in skeletal muscle where it is involved in the modulation of intracellular calcium concentration and ion channel regulation and where it also acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory factor."	( The Beneficial Effects of Taurine to Counteract Sarcopenia. Scicchitano, BM; Sica, G, 2018)	1.5
"Taurine is a partial agonist at the glycine receptor (GlyR), a member of the cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel superfamily."	( Disruption of a putative intersubunit electrostatic bond enhances agonist efficacy at the human α1 glycine receptor. Allen, HM; Bayly, MD; Kirson, D; Mihic, SJ; Todorovic, J; Welsh, BT, 2017)	1.18
"Taurine is an amino acid found abundantly in brain, retina, heart, and reproductive organ cells, as well as in meat and seafood. "	( Taurine, energy drinks, and neuroendocrine effects. Caine, JJ; Geracioti, TD, 2016)	3.32
"Taurine is an organic compound used in energy drinks and food that can cause many forms of hypersensitivity reactions, and one of these is erythema exsudativum multiforme."	( Erythema exsudativum multiforme induced by a taurine-containing energy drink. Begolli Gerqari, AM; Begolli, IM; Begolli, M; Daka, A; Ferizi, M; Halimi, S; Hapciu, S; Hysen Gerqari, I, 2016)	1.42
"Taurine is an amino acid found abundantly in the heart in very high concentrations. "	( Taurine Supplementation Improves Functional Capacity, Myocardial Oxygen Consumption, and Electrical Activity in Heart Failure. Ahmadian, M; Ashourpore, E; Dabidi Roshan, V, 2017)	3.34
"Taurine is a conditionally-essential amino acid that is found in high concentrations in the CNS and is essential for growth and survival of neurons. "	( Taurine trials in animal models offer no support for anxiolytic, antidepressant or stimulant effects. Einat, H; Whirley, BK, 2008)	3.23
"Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid for human that is involved in the control of glucose homeostasis; however, the mechanisms by which the amino acid affects blood glucose levels are unknown. "	( Taurine supplementation modulates glucose homeostasis and islet function. Araujo, E; Bedoya, FJ; Beltrá, M; Berná, G; Carneiro, EM; Latorraca, MQ; Martín, F; Navarro, M; Oliveras, MJ; Soria, B; Velloso, LA, 2009)	3.24
"Taurine is a well documented antioxidant agent."	( Effect of taurine on advanced glycation end products-induced hypertrophy in renal tubular epithelial cells. Chuang, LY; Guh, JY; Hsu, MS; Huang, JS; Yang, YL, 2008)	1.47
"Taurine is an essential amino acid in some mammals and is conditionally essential in humans. "	( Taurine uptake across the human intestinal brush-border membrane is via two transporters: H+-coupled PAT1 (SLC36A1) and Na+- and Cl(-)-dependent TauT (SLC6A6). Anderson, CM; Ganapathy, V; Howard, A; Thwaites, DT; Walters, JR, 2009)	3.24
"Taurine is a semi-essential sulphur containing amino acid derived from methionine and cysteine metabolism. "	( Taurine supplementation and pancreatic remodeling. Boukarrou, L; El Idrissi, A; L'Amoreaux, W, 2009)	3.24
"Taurine is an abundant free amino acid in inflammatory cells, where it is thought to be cytoprotective."	( Effect of taurine on antioxidant enzyme system in B16F10 melanoma cells. Kim, AK; Yu, J, 2009)	1.48
"Taurine is a naturally occurring free amino acid that has been shown to have neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties in the retina."	( Taurine protects transformed rat retinal ganglion cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. Chen, F; Chen, K; Liu, F; Mi, M; Wang, J; Xu, H; Zeng, K; Zhang, Q, 2009)	2.52
"Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid and is successful in preserving neutrophil bactericidal function in urine."	( Taurine modulates neutrophil function but potentiates uropathogenic E. coli infection in the murine bladder. Bouchier-Hayes, DJ; Casey, RG; Condron, C; Creagh, T; Kehoe, S; Toomey, D, 2010)	2.52
"Taurine is a potent free radical scavenger that attenuates a variety of renal diseases that are the consequence of excessive oxygen free radical damage."	( Taurine reduces FK506-induced generation of ROS and activation of JNK and Bax in Madin Darby canine kidney cells. Jeon, SH; Kang, HS; Kim, GB; Kim, IS; Kim, JS; Kim, SJ; Lee, MY; Park, HM; Rahman, MM; Woo, JN, 2010)	2.52
"Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid and has many biological properties. "	( Effects of dietary taurine on egg production, egg quality and cholesterol levels in Japanese quail. Dong, XF; Tong, JM; Wang, FR; Xie, ZG; Zhang, Q; Zhang, XM, 2010)	2.13
"Taurine is a free amino acid present in high concentrations in a variety of organs of mammalians. "	( Taurine protection of PC12 cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by oxidative stress. Giraldo, GS; Pan, C; Prentice, H; Wu, JY, 2010)	3.25
"Taurine is a chemically simple compound, but it has profound effects on cells."	( Physiological roles of taurine in heart and muscle. Azuma, J; Jong, CJ; Ramila, KC; Schaffer, SW, 2010)	1.39
"Taurine is a small water-soluble molecule which is notoriously difficult to analyze due to its polarity and functionality."	( Determination of the natural abundance δ15N of taurine by gas chromatography-isotope ratio measurement mass spectrometry. Antheaume, I; Besnard, J; Robins, RJ; Tea, I, 2010)	1.34
"Taurine is an organic acid, which has a very important function in the human body. "	( Effects of taurine on reperfusion injury. Akdemir, O; Arslan, Z; Hede, Y; Lineaweaver, WC; Songur, E; Zhang, F, 2011)	2.2
"Taurine is a sulfur-containing β-amino acid that is found in milimolar concentrations in most mammalian tissues and plasma. "	( Effect of taurine on brain 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and 3-nitrotyrosine levels in endotoxemia. Balabanli, B; Bircan, FS; Ozan, G; Turkozkan, N, 2012)	2.22
"Hypotaurine is an intermediate in taurine biosynthesis from cysteine in astrocytes. "	( Antinociceptive effect of intrathecal administration of hypotaurine in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Hara, K; Haranishi, Y; Kataoka, K; Nakamura, M; Sata, T; Terada, T, 2012)	1.18
"Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid in humans that may be a promising therapy for treating this disease."	( The effect of taurine on hepatic steatosis induced by thioacetamide in zebrafish (Danio rerio). da Rosa, DP; da Silveira, TR; Escobar, TD; Fracasso, LB; Hammes, TO; Hartmann, CR; Marroni, NP; Pedroso, GL; Porawski, M, 2012)	1.46
"Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid widely distributed in the body and we take in it from a wide range of nutritive-tonic drinks to improve health. "	( Intracerebroventricular administration of taurine impairs learning and memory in rats. Arko, M; Ito, K; Kawaguchi, T; Kikusui, T; Kuwahara, M; Tsubone, H, 2012)	2.09
"Taurine is a free β-amino acid and plays important physiological roles including protective effect of cardiovascular events."	( Taurine suppresses osteoblastic differentiation of aortic valve interstitial cells induced by beta-glycerophosphate disodium, dexamethasone and ascorbic acid via the ERK pathway. Feng, X; Gu, L; Hu, YR; Li, JM; Liao, XB; Shang, BP; Sheng, ZF; Tang, H; Xie, H; Yuan, LQ; Zhang, W; Zhang, ZY; Zhou, XM, 2012)	2.54
"Taurine is an agent for treating the heavy metal intoxication and presence of metals such as zinc, copper, and iron may have a role in heavy metal toxicity, a study was undertaken to investigate the effect of taurine on the toxicity of zinc in male Wistar rats. "	( Dietary taurine reduces zinc-induced toxicity in male Wistar rats. Hsieh, YL; Hwang, DF; Lee, YT; Yeh, YH, 2011)	2.25
"Taurine (TA) is an amino acid found in mammalian tissues that protects the cell against DNA damage."	( The effects of taurine on permethrininduced cytogenetic and oxidative damage in cultured human lymphocytes. Aydin, E; Turkez, H, 2012)	1.45
"Taurine acts as a partial agonist at the glycine receptor (GlyR) in some brain regions such as the hippocampus, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. "	( Positive allosteric modulators differentially affect full versus partial agonist activation of the glycine receptor. Kirson, D; Mihic, SJ; Todorovic, J, 2012)	1.82
"Taurine is a quite safe antioxidant and nutrient extensively used in food addition and clinical treatment."	( Taurine postponed the replicative senescence of rat bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells in vitro. Ji, H; Luo, J; Zhang, M; Zhao, G; Zhao, X, 2012)	2.54
"Taurine (TAU) is an amino sulfonic acid that plays protective roles against neurochemical impairments induced by ethanol (EtOH). "	( Behavioral effects of taurine pretreatment in zebrafish acutely exposed to ethanol. Blaser, RE; Braga, MM; Calcagnotto, ME; Campos, MM; Córdova, SD; de Oliveira, DL; Dias, RD; Leite, CE; Loss, CM; Mussulini, BH; Rico, EP; Rosemberg, DB; Souza, DO, 2012)	2.14
"Taurine is a direct LXR-α ligand, represses cholesterol accumulation, and modulates the expression of genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport in macrophages, without inducing hepatic lipogenesis. "	( Taurine is a liver X receptor-α ligand and activates transcription of key genes in the reverse cholesterol transport without inducing hepatic lipogenesis. Choi, DW; Hoang, MH; Hwang, KY; Jia, Y; Jun, HJ; Lee, BY; Lee, JH; Lee, SJ; Um, SJ; You, SG, 2012)	3.26
"Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid present in high concentrations in mammalian tissues. "	( Taurine induces proliferation of neural stem cells and synapse development in the developing mouse brain. Goh, EL; Low, G; Marcy, G; Rosales, FJ; Ryu, JR; Shivaraj, MC; Zhao, X, 2012)	3.26
"Taurine is an abundant β-amino acid that regulates several events that dramatically influence the development of ischemia-reperfusion injury. "	( Effect of taurine on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Azuma, J; Ito, T; Jong, CJ; Schaffer, SW, 2014)	2.25
"Taurine is an abundant, free amino acid found in mammalian cells that contributes to many physiologic functions from that of a simple cell osmolyte to a programmer of adult health and disease. "	( Perinatal taurine exposure affects adult arterial pressure control. Roysommuti, S; Wyss, JM, 2014)	2.25
"Taurine is an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, and provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts. "	( Review: taurine: a "very essential" amino acid. Ripps, H; Shen, W, 2012)	2.26
"Taurine is an abundant β-amino acid that concentrates in the mitochondria, where it participates in the conjugation of tRNAs for leucine, lysine, glutamate and glutamine. "	( Role of taurine in the pathologies of MELAS and MERRF. Azuma, J; Ito, T; Jong, CJ; Schaffer, SW, 2014)	2.28
"Taurine serves as a substrate in the formation of 5-taurinomethyluridine-tRNA(Leu(UUR)); therefore, taurine deficiency should mimic 5-taurinomethyluridine-tRNA(Leu(UUR)) deficiency."	( Taurine deficiency and MELAS are closely related syndromes. Azuma, J; Ito, T; Jong, CJ; Schaffer, SW; Warner, D, 2013)	2.55
"Taurine is a nonessential amino acid and has a variety of physiological and pharmacological effects. "	( Taurine enhances anticancer activity of cisplatin in human cervical cancer cells. Kim, AK; Kim, T, 2013)	3.28
"Taurine is an antioxidant."	( Protective effect of taurine on triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP)-induced cytotoxicity in C6 glioma cells. Li, Y; Liu, X; Piao, F, 2013)	1.43
"Taurine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and is one of the most abundant amino acids present in the mammalian nervous system. "	( The mechanism of taurine protection against endoplasmic reticulum stress in an animal stroke model of cerebral artery occlusion and stroke-related conditions in primary neuronal cell culture. Chen, PC; Gharibani, PM; Ma, Z; Menzie, J; Modi, J; Pan, C; Prentice, H; Tao, R; Wu, JY, 2013)	2.17
"Taurine is a free amino acid which is present at high concentrations in a range of organs including the brain, heart, and retina in mammalian systems."	( Taurine exerts robust protection against hypoxia and oxygen/glucose deprivation in human neuroblastoma cell culture. Chen, PC; Gharibani, PM; Pan, C; Prentice, H; Wu, JY, 2013)	2.55
"Taurine is a potent γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist and alters cellular events via GABA(A) receptors."	( Taurine's effects on the neuroendocrine functions of pancreatic β cells. Cuttitta, CM; Guariglia, SR; Idrissi, AE; L'amoreaux, WJ, 2013)	2.55
"Taurine is a nonessential amino acid that is of medical interest for the nutrition of infants. "	( Age-related changes in the antinociception induced by taurine in mice. Goicoechea, C; Martín, MI; Sánchez, E; Serrano, JS; Serrano, MI; Serrano-Martino, MC, 2002)	2.01
"Taurine is a unique amino acid with antioxidant and osmolytic properties. "	( Plasma taurine concentrations increase after enteral glutamine supplementation in trauma patients and stressed rats. Boelens, PG; de Thouars, HN; Haarman, HJ; Houdijk, AP; Teerlink, T; van Engeland, MI; van Leeuwen, PA, 2003)	2.22
"Taurine is an essential amino acid for preterm neonates and is assured by breast milk."	( Taurine: a conditionally essential amino acid in humans? An overview in health and disease. Camilo, ME; Lourenço, R, )	2.3
"Taurine is an amino acid. "	( Proton MR spectroscopy demonstration of taurine peaks in megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts. Sener, RN, 2003)	2.03
"Taurine (Tau) is an amino acid that is thought to mimic GABA function because of its agonistic properties towards GABA(A) receptors, and to contribute to neuroprotection and osmoregulation."	( The role of inhibitory amino acidergic neurotransmission in hepatic encephalopathy: a critical overview. Albrecht, J; Zielińska, M, 2002)	1.04
"Taurine is an inhibitory amino acid acting as an osmoregulator and neuroromodulator in the brain, with neuroprotective properties. "	( Characterization of N-methyl-D-aspartate-evoked taurine release in the developing and adult mouse hippocampus. Oja, SS; Saransaari, P, 2003)	2.02
"Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid and is not incorporated into proteins. "	( Taurine: new implications for an old amino acid. Park, E; Schuller-Levis, GB, 2003)	3.2
"Taurine (TAU) is a free amino acid that is particularly abundant in the olfactory bulb. "	( Taurine action on mitral cell activity in the frog olfactory bulb in vivo. Chaput, MA; Delaleu, JC; Duchamp-Viret, P; Palouzier-Paulignan, B, 2004)	3.21
"Taurine is a sulfur containing beta-amino acid rich in human body, and our previous experiments showed that it can inhibit the deposition of the extracellular matrix in the damaged liver."	( Effects of taurine on proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells in vitro. Chen, YX; Li, S; Xie, WF; Zhang, XR, 2004)	1.43
"Taurine is an important organic osmolyte in mammalian cells, and taurine release via a volume-sensitive taurine efflux pathway is increased and the active taurine uptake via the taurine specific taurine transporter TauT decreased following osmotic cell swelling."	( Regulation of the cellular content of the organic osmolyte taurine in mammalian cells. Lambert, IH, 2004)	1.29
"Taurine is a semiessential amino acid that is not incorporated into proteins. "	( Taurine and its chloramine: modulators of immunity. Park, E; Schuller-Levis, GB, 2004)	3.21
"Taurine is a semiessential amino acid, and its deficiency is involved in retinal and cardiac degenerations. "	( Is taurine beneficial in reducing risk factors for diabetes mellitus? Bennardini, F; Di Leo, MA; Franconi, F; Ghirlanda, G, 2004)	2.39
"Taurine is a free amino acid found in high millimolar concentrations in the retina, and age-related deficiency in retinal levels of taurine may contribute to the retinal degeneration associated with age."	( Age-related retinal degeneration in animal models of aging: possible involvement of taurine deficiency and oxidative stress. Lombardini, JB; Militante, J, 2004)	1.27
"Taurine is an abundant free amino acid that interacts with the potent oxidant hypochlorous acid to form the less toxic and more stable oxidant taurine monochloramine (TauNHCl). "	( Taurine monochloramine activates a cell death pathway involving Bax and Caspase-9. Emerson, DK; Knudson, CM; McCormick, ML; Schmidt, JA, 2005)	3.21
"Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid thought to be an osmoregulator, neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the brain. "	( Characteristics of basal taurine release in the rat striatum measured by microdialysis. Molchanova, S; Oja, SS; Saransaari, P, 2004)	2.07
"Taurine is an amino acid able to react with hypochlorous acid, produced endogenously by neutrophils, resulting in the more stable and less toxic taurine chloramine (Tau-Cl). "	( Inhibition of septic arthritis by local administration of taurine chloramine, a product of activated neutrophils. Tarkowski, A; Verdrengh, M, 2005)	2.02
"Taurine is a naturally occurring beta-amino acid present in the mammalian brain."	( Activation of GABA(A) receptors by taurine and muscimol blocks the neurotoxicity of beta-amyloid in rat hippocampal and cortical neurons. Brito-Moreira, J; De Felice, FG; Ferreira, ST; Paula-Lima, AC, 2005)	1.33
"Taurine is an abundant free amino acid in inflammatory cells that protects cells from inflammatory damages. "	( Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production by taurine chloramine in macrophages is mediated though Ras-ERK-NF-kappaB. Kim, C; Kim, JW, 2005)	2.03
"Taurine is a semi-essential beta-amino acid that was demonstrated to have both antioxidant and GABA-A agonistic activity."	( Neuroprotective effect of taurine in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced experimental animal model of Huntington's disease phenotype. Abdel-Naim, AB; Arafa, HM; Khalifa, AE; Tadros, MG, 2005)	1.35
"Taurine is a CEN of secondary importance caused by a limited human database."	( Supplemental conditionally essential nutrients in cardiovascular disease therapy. Kendler, BS, )	0.85
"Taurine is an abundant organic osmolyte with antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. "	( Chronic liver disease is triggered by taurine transporter knockout in the mouse. Amiry-Moghaddam, M; Beer, S; Borsch, E; Buchczyk, D; Dienes, HP; Donner, M; Flögel, U; Gabrielsen, M; Häussinger, D; Heller-Stilb, B; Kappert, G; Marschall, HU; Mönnighoff, I; Ottersen, OP; Pfeffer, K; Reinehr, R; Soboll, S; Warskulat, U, 2006)	2.05
"Taurine is a semi-essential sulphur amino acid derived from methionine and cysteine metabolism. "	( Taurine supplementation and diabetes mellitus. Franconi, F; Ghirlanda, G; Loizzo, A; Seghieri, G, 2006)	3.22
"Taurine is an inhibitory amino-acid which has been proposed as a nociceptive process neuromodulator. "	( Taurine in the anterior cingulate cortex diminishes neuropathic nociception: a possible interaction with the glycine(A) receptor. Angel, RD; Coffeen, U; López-Avila, A; Manuel Ortega-Legaspi, J; Pellicer, F, 2007)	3.23
"Taurine is a sulfur amino acid. "	( Role of taurine in spinal cord injury. Gupta, RC; Seki, Y; Yosida, J, 2006)	2.21
"Taurine is an important endogenous amino acid for neural development and for many physiological functions, but little is known about its functional role in the central auditory system. "	( Taurine acts as a glycine receptor agonist in slices of rat inferior colliculus. Chen, L; Tang, ZQ; Wang, W; Xu, H; Xu, TL, 2006)	3.22
"Taurine is an endogenous antioxidant and a membrane-stabilizing, intracellular, free beta-amino acid."	( The effect of taurine on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Demirogullari, B; Guz, G; Karasu, C; Lortlar, N; Nurlu, N; Omeroglu, S; Oz, E; Sert, S; Ulusu, NN, 2007)	1.42
"Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid that is endothelial protective and restrains excess leucocyte activity by the formation of less toxic inflammatory mediators."	( Taurine attenuates acute hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial cell apoptosis, leucocyte-endothelial cell interactions and cardiac dysfunction. Bouchier-Hayes, DJ; Casey, RG; Gang, C; Joyce, M, 2007)	2.5
"Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid that has previously been shown to have endothelial protective effects."	( Taurine protects against low-density lipoprotein-induced endothelial dysfunction by the DDAH/ADMA pathway. Hu, CP; Huang, H; Jia, SJ; Jiang, DJ; Jiang, JL; Li, YJ; Tan, B, 2007)	2.5
"Taurine is a sulphur-containing amino acid abundant in the nervous system. "	( Taurine reduces caspase-8 and caspase-9 expression induced by ischemia in the mouse hypothalamic nuclei. Djatchkova, IM; Oja, SS; Pelto-Huikko, M; Saransaari, P; Taranukhin, AG; Taranukhina, EY, 2008)	3.23
"Taurine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter or neuromodulator that reduces blood pressure when systemically or centrally administered. "	( [Central hypotensive effect involving neurotransmitters of long-term administration of taurine to stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat]. Koga, Y; Takasugi, Y; Yoshioka, M, 2007)	2.01
"Taurine is an abundant amino acid in the brain that shares pharmacological effects and similar potency with ethanol. "	( Taurine and ethanol interactions: behavioral effects in mice. Ginsburg, BC; Lamb, RJ, 2008)	3.23
"Taurine is an abundant aminoacid present in brain. "	( Taurine, an inducer for tau polymerization and a weak inhibitor for amyloid-beta-peptide aggregation. Avila, J; Hernández, F; Moreno, FJ; Santa-María, I, 2007)	3.23
"Taurine is an endogenous amino acid that can activate glycine and/or gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors in the central nervous system. "	( Developmental stability of taurine's activation on glycine receptors in cultured neurons of rat auditory cortex. Chen, L; Lu, YG; Tang, ZQ, 2008)	2.09
"Taurine is a free beta-amino acid and plays an important physiological role in mammals."	( Taurine inhibits osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells via the ERK pathway. Hu, ZW; Li, JM; Liao, XB; Liu, W; Lu, Y; Tan, ZP; Yang, JF; Yuan, LQ; Zhou, XM, 2008)	2.51
"Taurine is a sulfur amino acid (2-amino ethane sulfonic acid) and has been claimed for a number of beneficial actions ranging from anti-epilepsy to anti-hypertension. "	( Taurine-diabetes interaction: from involvement to protection. Gupta, H; Kim, SJ; Lee, W; Ramesh, C, 2007)	3.23
"Homotaurine is a powerful GABA agonist that exerts a central action upon parenteral administration."	( Activating effects of homotaurine and taurine on corticoreticular epilepsy. Black, JA; Fariello, RG; Golden, GT, 1981)	1.04
"Taurine is a useful model substrate because it is not catabolized in Myxicola and its net efflux is sensitive to Na."	( Amino acid transport in Myxicola giant axon: stability of the amino acid pool, taurine efflux, and trans effect of sodium. Horn, LW, 1981)	1.21
"Taurine (Tau) is an exceptionally abundant free amino acid in the cytosol of inflammatory cells and especially in neutrophils. "	( Taurine chloramine, a product of activated neutrophils, inhibits in vitro the generation of nitric oxide and other macrophage inflammatory mediators. Bereta, J; Grabowska, A; Marcinkiewicz, J; Stelmaszynska, T, 1995)	3.18
"Taurine acts as a trap for toxic hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and forms the less reactive metabolite, N-chlorotaurine (5-6)."	( Taurine protects against oxidant-induced lung injury: possible mechanism(s) of action. Park, E; Quinn, MR; Schuller-Levis, G; Wright, C, 1994)	2.45
"Taurine is a beta-sulfonic amino acid that serves as a nutrient important for developing brain and retina and as an osmolyte in the medullary collecting duct. "	( The relative roles of external taurine concentration and medium osmolality in the regulation of taurine transport in LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells. Chesney, RW; Jones, DP; Miller, LA, 1995)	2.02
"Taurine is an inhibitory amino acid that hyperpolarizes magnocellular neurosecretory neurons. "	( Taurine immunoreactivity in the rat supraoptic nucleus: prominent localization in glial cells. Decavel, C; Hatton, GI, 1995)	3.18
"1. Taurine is a ubiquitous, free amino acid found in mammalian systems. "	( The in vivo and in vitro protective properties of taurine. Seabra, V; Timbrell, JA; Waterfield, CJ, 1995)	1.17
"Taurine is an endogenous amino acid that can occur in nerve terminals in the central nervous system and that can produce inhibitory neuronal responses. "	( Extrasynaptic localization of taurine-like immunoreactivity in the lamprey spinal cord. Brodin, L; Cullheim, S; Grillner, S; Ottersen, OP; Shupliakov, O; Srinivasan, M; Storm-Mathisen, J, 1994)	2.02
"Taurine is an important modulator of neuronal activity in the immature brain. "	( Taurine in the developing cat: uptake and release in different brain areas. Oja, SS; Saransaari, P, 1994)	3.17
"Taurine is a non-protein sulfur amino acid widely distributed in mammalian tissues, with poorly understood functions. "	( Taurine-induced diuresis and natriuresis in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Angelico, M; Bologna, E; Gentile, S; Terracina, D, 1994)	3.17
"Taurine was found to be a component of the < 1 kDa fraction and to stimulate rod development when added to retinal cultures."	( Taurine promotes the differentiation of a vertebrate retinal cell type in vitro. Altshuler, D; Cepko, C; Lo Turco, JJ; Rush, J, 1993)	2.45
"Hypotaurine is a precursor of the synthesis of taurine and may act as an antioxidant."	( Metabolic analysis of the rabbit cornea by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Dybdahl, A; Gribbestad, IS; Midelfart, A, 1996)	0.77
"Taurine is a sulfonic beta-amino acid which occurs in the highest concentration in the brain, the retina and in the myocardium. "	( [Taurine as a regulator of fluid-electrolyte balance and arterial pressure]. Ciechanowska, B, 1997)	2.65
"Taurine is a conditionally-essential amino acid which is not utilized in protein synthesis, but rather is found free or in simple peptides. "	( Therapeutic applications of taurine. Birdsall, TC, 1998)	2.04
"Taurine is a nonessential amino acid that plays a critical role in development. "	( Influence of chronic alcohol intake on intestinal taurine and antipyrine transport in pregnant rats. Fernández-Villalba, E; Guerri, C; Martín-Algarra, RV; Plá Delfina, JM; Polache, A, 1998)	2
"Taurine is a sulfonated beta amino acid derived from methionine and cysteine metabolism. "	( Immunonutrition: the role of taurine. Bouchier-Hayes, D; Neary, P; Redmond, HP; Stapleton, PP, )	1.87
"Taurine is an essential amino acid during fetal life and appears to be vital for the growth of the fetus and for the development of the CNS. "	( Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with a reduced activity of placental taurine transporters. Jansson, T; Norberg, S; Powell, TL, 1998)	1.97
"Taurine is a beta-aminosulfonic acid and is a ubiquitous amino acid whose role in the cochlea is not well established. "	( Taurine entry into perilymph of the guinea pig. Angelini, E; Aran, JM; Ferrary, E; Teixeira, M, 1998)	3.19
"Taurine is an inhibitory amino acid in the CNS. "	( Dietary supplementation with the inhibitory amino acid taurine suppresses autotomy in HA rats. Beery, E; Belfer, I; Davidson, E; Ratner, A; Seltzer, Z; Shir, Y, 1998)	1.99
"Taurine is a very important organic osmolyte in most adult cells. "	( Shape and size changes induced by taurine depletion in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Azuma, J; Ballard-Croft, C; Jenkins, TE; Kakhniashvili, DG; Schaffer, SW; Takahashi, K, 1998)	2.02
"Taurine is a sulfur amino acid that is present in high concentration in mammalian tissues and previously has been reported to decline in a number of tissues with advancing age. "	( Effects of dietary taurine supplementation or deprivation in aged male Fischer 344 rats. Dawson, R; Eppler, B; Liu, S; Patterson, T, 1999)	2.07
"Taurine is a free sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in abundance in mammalian tissues and fluids. "	( Cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase and cysteine dioxygenase activities do not correlate with strain-specific changes in hepatic and cerebellar taurine content in aged rats. Dawson, R; Eppler, B, 1999)	1.95
"Taurine is a sulphur-containing beta-amino acid found in high (millimolar) concentrations in excitable tissues such as brain and heart. "	( Taurine-induced attenuation of MPP+ neurotoxicity in vitro: a possible role for the GABA(A) subclass of GABA receptors. O'Byrne, MB; Tipton, KF, 2000)	3.19
"Taurine is an amino acid mainly known for its involvement in cell volume regulation, as it is one of the major inorganic osmolytes used by cells to compensate for changes in extracellular osmolarity."	( Osmotic regulation of neuronal activity: a new role for taurine and glial cells in a hypothalamic neuroendocrine structure. Deleuze, C; Desarménien, MG; Hussy, N; Moos, FC, 2000)	1.27
"Taurine is a sulphonic aminoacid present in high amounts in various tissues including cardiac and skeletal muscles showing different properties such as antioxidative, antimyotonic and anti-schaemic effects. "	( Taurine blocks ATP-sensitive potassium channels of rat skeletal muscle fibres interfering with the sulphonylurea receptor. Barbieri, M; Camerino, DC; Tricarico, D, 2000)	3.19
"Taurine is an important osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation. "	( Swelling-induced taurine release without chloride channel activity in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing anion channels and transporters. Bröer, S; Lang, F; Matskevich, I; Paulmichl, M; Stegen, C; Wagner, CA, 2000)	2.09
"Taurine acts as an antioxidant able to protect neurons from free radical-mediated cellular damage. "	( The effects of taurine on hNT neurons transplanted in adult rat striatum. Cahill, DW; Rivas-Arancibia, S; Rodriguez, AI; Sanberg, PR; Willing, AE; Zigova, T, )	1.93
"Taurine acts as an antioxidant protecting neurons from free radical-mediated cellular damage. "	( Taurine increases rat survival and reduces striatal damage caused by 3-nitropropionic acid. Brown, WD; Cahill, DW; Rivas-Arancibia, S; Rodríguez, AI; Sanberg, PR; Willing, AE; Zigova, T, 2001)	3.2
"Taurine is thought to be an osmolyte in the kidney medulla. "	( Gene expression of the taurine transporter and taurine biosynthetic enzymes in rat kidney after antidiuresis and salt loading. Bitoun, M; Levillain, O; Tappaz, M, 2001)	2.06
"Taurine (TAU) is a ubiquitous sulfur-containing amino acid that has been proposed to be an antioxidant. "	( Dietary taurine manipulations in aged male Fischer 344 rat tissue: taurine concentration, taurine biosynthesis, and oxidative markers. Dawson, R; Eppler, B, 2001)	2.19
"Taurine chloramine is a long-lived molecule with immunomodulatory properties."	( Chlorite-hemoprotein interaction as key role for the pharmacological activity of the chlorite-based drug WF10. Dornisch, K; Elstner, EF; Reim, M; Schempp, H, 2001)	1.03
"Taurine is an amino acid known to possess trophic properties in the central nervous system. "	( Taurine as a micronutrient in development and regeneration of the central nervous system. Cubillos, S; Fazzino, F; Jaimes, I; Lima, L; Obregon, F, 2001)	3.2
"Taurine (TAU) is a sulfur-containing amino acid that has been shown to decrease during aging and is believed to be important for cytoprotection. "	( Cytoprotective role of taurine in a renal epithelial cell culture model. Dawson, R; Eppler, B, 2002)	2.07
"Taurine is an inhibitor of hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical. "	( [The role of taurine as hydroxyl radical inhibitor and its effect on lipid peroxidation in selenite cataract]. Chen, C; Chen, D; Dong, B; Lu, D; Zhang, W, 2002)	2.13
"Taurine is an osmolyte found in high concentration in the kidney. "	( Chronic taurine treatment ameliorates reduction in saline-induced diuresis and natriuresis. Mozaffari, MS; Schaffer, SW, 2002)	2.19
"Taurine is a free amino acid found in high millimolar concentrations in mammalian tissue and is particularly abundant in the retina. "	( Taurine: evidence of physiological function in the retina. Lombardini, JB; Militante, JD, 2002)	3.2
"Taurine is a free amino acid found in high concentrations in tissues containing catecholamines. "	( Effects of sulfur containing amino acids on iron and nitric oxide stimulated catecholamine oxidation. Biasetti, M; Dawson, R, 2002)	1.76
"Taurine is an amino acid that is widely distributed in the fluids and tissues of man. "	( Taurine in development and nutrition. Gaull, GE; Rassin, DK, 1979)	3.15
"Taurine is a modifier of calcium fluxes in the heart, as are beta-adrenergic agonists."	( Adrenergic stimulation of taurine transport by the heart. Chubb, J; Huxtable, R, 1977)	1.28
"Taurine is a ubiquitous amino sulfonic acid in mammals, present in high concentrations in tissues, including those exposed to elevated levels of oxidants. "	( "Activation" of alveolar leukocytes isolated from cats fed taurine-free diets. Schuller-Levis, GB; Sturman, JA, 1992)	1.97
"Taurine appears to be a key component of the brain cytosol system in the fetus."	( Brain pH and lactic acidosis: quantitative analysis of taurine effect. Hida, K; Kwee, IL; Nakada, T, 1992)	1.25
"Taurine is a structurally simple amino acid, and has been reported to have several putative roles, such as neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, neurogrowth factor and to function in membrane stabilization."	( [Immunohistochemical study of the human olfactory system]. Ashihara, M; Nagatsu, I; Nishimura, T; Sakai, M; Takuya, O, 1992)	1
"Taurine is a cerebral osmolyte whose intracellular content changes in parallel with plasma osmolality. "	( Cerebral taurine transport is increased during streptozocin-induced diabetes in rats. Futterweit, S; Sturman, JA; Trachtman, H, 1992)	2.14
"Taurine is an amino acid that is essential for retinal integrity and function. "	( In vitro stimulation of retinal pigment epithelium proliferation by taurine. Gabrielian, K; Ogden, TE; Ryan, SJ; Wang, HM, 1992)	1.96
"Taurine is an amino sulfonic acid maintained at relatively high concentrations in skate (Raja erinacea) hepatocytes (65 mmol/l intracellular water). "	( Taurine transport in skate hepatocytes. I. Uptake and efflux. Ballatori, N; Boyer, JL, 1992)	3.17
"Taurine is an organic osmolyte in brain cells. "	( Taurine and osmoregulation. IV. Cerebral taurine transport is increased in rats with hypernatremic dehydration. del Pizzo, R; Futterweit, S; Trachtman, H, 1992)	3.17
"Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid that possibly improves the micellar phase of fat digestion."	( Taurine decreases fecal fatty acid and sterol excretion in cystic fibrosis. A randomized double-blind trial. Lacaille, F; Lamarre, A; Lepage, G; Ronco, N; Roy, CC; Smith, LJ, 1991)	2.45
"Taurine is a cerebral osmoprotective molecule during chronic hypernatremic dehydration. "	( Taurine and osmoregulation. III. Taurine deficiency protects against cerebral edema during acute hyponatremia. del Pizzo, R; Sturman, JA; Trachtman, H, 1990)	3.16
"Taurine is a neuroinhibitory amino acid that is taken up, stored, and released from primary cultures of astrocytes and astroglial cells."	( Adenosine stimulates cAMP-mediated taurine release from LRM55 glial cells. Madelian, V; Shain, W; Silliman, S, 1988)	1.27
"Taurine is a sulfonic amino acid with inhibitory effects in the central nervous system. "	( Taurine treatment of dyskinesias: an attempt. Blom, H; Engelsen, BA; Nyland, H, 1989)	3.16
"Taurine is an amino acid that plays important roles in maintaining both the structural integrity and function of the retina. "	( Analogues of taurine as stimulators and inhibitors of ATP-dependent calcium ion uptake in rat retina: combination kinetics. Chou, TC; Liebowitz, SM; Lombardini, JB, 1989)	2.09
"Taurine is a ubiquitous dietary constituent of most mammals and is present in especially high concentrations in the tissues of developing mammals. "	( Taurine in development. Sturman, JA, 1988)	3.16
"Taurine is an important age- and compartment-specific part of the pool of free amino acids in all human tissues and fluids examined. "	( [Taurine--recent views and importance for artificial feeding]. Jürgens, P, 1988)	2.63

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Taurine has a certain protective effect against male reproductive toxicity caused by formaldehyde."	( [Protective effect of taurine against formaldehyde-induced male reproductive toxicity in adult male rats]. Geng, T; Liu, B; Sun, C; Sun, F; Tian, Y; Xiao, YH, 2020)	2.32
"Taurine has a potent protective effect against ischemic reperfusion injury."	( Indications and contraindications for infusing specific amino acids (leucine, glutamine, arginine, citrulline, and taurine) in critical illness. Cynober, L; De Bandt, JP; Ginguay, A, 2016)	1.37
"Taurine has a number of physiological functions, e.g., in cell volume regulation and inhibitory neuromodulation. "	( Pharmacology of taurine. Oja, SS; Saransaari, P, 2007)	2.13
"Taurine has a variety of biological actions, such as ion movement, calcium handling and cytoprotection in the cardiac and skeletal muscles."	( Cardiac and skeletal muscle abnormality in taurine transporter-knockout mice. Azuma, J; Fujio, Y; Ito, T; Kimura, Y; Oishi, S; Schaffer, SW; Takai, M; Uozumi, Y, 2010)	1.34
"Taurine has an important role in numerous physiological processes, including many aspects of fetal development such as development of the pancreas and brain, and requirements increase during pregnancy. "	( Effects of periconceptional undernutrition on maternal taurine concentrations in sheep. Bloomfield, FH; Derraik, JG; Harding, JE; Jaquiery, AL; Oliver, MH; Thorstensen, EB, 2012)	2.07
"Taurine (TAU) has a lot of the biological, physiological, and pharmocological functions including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress. "	( Additional effects of taurine on the benefits of BCAA intake for the delayed-onset muscle soreness and muscle damage induced by high-intensity eccentric exercise. Ishikura, K; Ito, M; Maeda, S; Matsuzaki, Y; Miyazaki, T; Nagayama, H; Ohmori, H; Ra, SG; Suzuki, T, 2013)	2.15
"Taurine has an ameliorating effect on atherosclerosis together with a decreasing effect on the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rabbits fed on an HC diet."	( Improving effect of dietary taurine supplementation on the oxidative stress and lipid levels in the plasma, liver and aorta of rabbits fed on a high-cholesterol diet. Aykaç-Toker, G; Balkan, J; Cevikbaş, U; Hatipoğlu, A; Kanbağli, O; Kücük, M; Uysal, M, 2002)	1.33
"Taurine has a unique chemical structure that implies important physiological functions: bile acid conjugation and cholestasis prevention, antiarrhythmic/inotropic/chronotropic effects, central nervous system neuromodulation, retinal development and function, endocrine/metabolic effects and antioxidant/antiinflammatory properties."	( Taurine: a conditionally essential amino acid in humans? An overview in health and disease. Camilo, ME; Lourenço, R, )	2.3
"Taurine has a variety of actions in the body such as cardiotonic, host-defensive, radioprotective and glucose-regulatory effects. "	( Taurine induces anti-anxiety by activating strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor in vivo. Kim, SJ; Zhang, CG, 2007)	3.23
"Taurine has an antioxidant capacity and its level in diabetic cataractous lens is markedly decreased."	( Taurine prevents oxidative damage of high glucose-induced cataractogenesis in isolated rat lenses. H Kwon, Y; Kim, H; Son, HY, 2007)	2.5
"Taurine in diabetes has an age old story; taurine is involved in the development and protection of insulin apparatus."	( Taurine-diabetes interaction: from involvement to protection. Gupta, RC; Kim, SJ; Lee, HW, 2007)	2.5
"Taurine in diabetes has an age old story; taurine is involved in the development and protection of insulin apparatus."	( Taurine-diabetes interaction: from involvement to protection. Gupta, H; Kim, SJ; Lee, W; Ramesh, C, 2007)	2.5
"Taurine efflux has a Q(10) of 1.8.10."	( Amino acid transport in Myxicola giant axon: stability of the amino acid pool, taurine efflux, and trans effect of sodium. Horn, LW, 1981)	1.21
"Hypotaurine has a protective role against peroxidative damage."	( Hypotaurine in spermatozoa and genital secretions and its production by oviduct epithelial cells in vitro. Guérin, P; Guillaud, J; Ménézo, Y, 1995)	1.33
"Taurine has an important role in fat absorption in pre-term and possibly term infants and in children with cystic fibrosis."	( The role of taurine in infant nutrition. Budreau, AM; Chesney, RW; Christensen, M; Han, X; Helms, RA; Sturman, JA, 1998)	1.4
"Taurine has an inhibitory role on H(2)O(2)-induced bovine lens epithelial cell apoptosis and can delay and ameliorate the occurrence and development of cataract."	( [An experimental research of taurine on H2O2-induced bovine lens epithelial cell apoptosis]. Chen, C; Chen, F, 2000)	2.04
"Thus taurine, which has an anticonvulsant action appears to partially correct the amino acid imbalance in epileptics."	( Levels of free amino acids in serum and cerebrospinal fluid after administration of taurine to epileptic and normal subjects. Delsedime, M; Durelli, L; Monaco, F; Mutani, R, 1975)	0.93
"Taurine (Tau) has modulatory effects on inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers; however, the results of clinical studies are not comprehensive enough to determine the effect of different durations and doses of Tau supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers. "	( Profiling inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers following taurine supplementation: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled trials. Faghfouri, AH; Faghfuri, E; Fathollahi, P; Ostadrahimi, A; Papi, S; Seyyed Shoura, SM; Shadbad, MA, 2022)	2.4
"Taurine (Tau) has many profound physiological functions, but its role and molecular mechanism in muscle cells are still not fully understood. "	( Taurine stimulates protein synthesis and proliferation of C2C12 myoblast cells through the PI3K-ARID4B-mTOR pathway. Gao, X; Hao, Q; Li, M; Wang, L; Wang, Z; Zhang, M, 2022)	3.61
"Taurine (TAU) has the potential to inhibit growth in various cancer cells."	( Synergistic Effects of Taurine and Temozolomide Via Cell Proliferation Inhibition and Apoptotic Induction on U-251 MG Human Glioblastoma Cells. Chantree, P; Sangpairoj, K; Surarak, T, 2021)	1.65
"Taurine (Tau) has been used against hepatotoxicity caused by different environmental toxins."	( Hepatoprotective Effects of Taurine Against Cadmium-Induced Liver Injury in Female Mice. Cui, S; Ma, K; Qiu, G; Zheng, J; Zhou, Y, 2023)	1.93
"Taurine has the function of immune regulation, relieving acute and chronic inflammation caused by various agents, and maintaining cell homeostasis. "	( Taurine Alleviates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Suppressing TLR-4/NF-κB Pathway. Bian, Y; Dai, J; Feng, Y; Fu, Y; Fu, Z; Hu, J; Li, C; Lin, S; Ma, Y; Wang, J; Wu, Y; Zhang, X; Zhao, D, 2022)	3.61
"Taurine has the advantages of being safe, highly efficient, chemically stabile, and biologically active, together with having versatile functions. "	( Intervention Effect of Taurine on LPS-Induced Intestinal Mechanical Barrier Injury in Piglets. Fu, Y; Hu, JM; Li, C; Lin, SM; Liu, M; Lv, QF; Ma, YD; Wang, JJ; Wu, GF; Yang, JC; Zhao, DD, 2022)	2.47
"Taurine has been reported to improve the action of insulin in normal, pre-, and diabetic conditions. "	( Potential Binding Sites for Taurine on the Insulin Receptor: A Molecular Docking Study. da Silva Junior, JA; Ribeiro, RA, 2022)	2.46
"Taurine has been investigated as a possible strategy for the treatment of obesity. "	( Taurine and Exercise: Synergistic Effects on Adipose Tissue Metabolism and Inflammatory Process in Obesity. Abud, GF; Batitucci, G; De Carvalho, FG; de Freitas, EC, 2022)	3.61
"Taurine has been reported to play an important role in the development of the brain in newborns and in reducing the damage caused by cerebral ischemia."	( Observation of Acupuncture Effects on the Expression of Taurine Transporter and Taurine in the Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Brain: A Pilot Study. Ishida, T; Kawanokuchi, J; Ma, N; Nagaoka, N; Takagi, K; Yamamoto, T, 2022)	1.69
"Taurine has been proved to be synthesized and abundant in male reproductive organs."	( The role of taurine in male reproduction: Physiology, pathology and toxicology. Chen, C; Dong, W; Guo, X; Li, Y; Peng, Q; Shang, J; Wu, S; Xie, Z, 2023)	2.01
"Taurine has been approved as a drug covered by public insurance for prevention of stroke-like episodes since 2019."	( [Therapeutics for Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy]. Sunada, Y, 2023)	1.63
"Taurine has pivotal roles in anti-oxidation, membrane stabilization, osmoregulation, anti-inflammation, and other process."	( Effect of Taurine on Cell Function via TXNIP Induction in Caco-2 Cells. Fukumura, M; Gondo, Y; Satsu, H; Shimanaka, H; Shimizu, M; Watari, K, 2019)	1.64
"Taurine has been reported to play a key role in the growth and development of children's brains and nerves. "	( Positive Changes in Blood Lipid Profiles, Nutrition Knowledge, and Dietary Taurine Intake After 8-Week Nutrition Education Program in Low-Income Korean Children. Chang, KJ; Kim, SH; Park, SH; Shin, JW, 2019)	2.19
"Taurine has been found to ameliorate the diabetic neuropathy and control apoptosis in various tissues."	( Protective Effect of Taurine on Apoptosis of Spinal Cord Cells in Diabetic Neuropathy Rats. Li, K; Piao, F; Shahbaz, M; Shi, X; Suleman, R; Taj, A; Wu, P; Zhang, M, 2019)	1.55
"Taurine intake has escalated over the last decade due to increased consumption of taurine-containing energy drinks and dietary supplements."	( Sub-chronic taurine administration induces behavioral sensitization but does not influence ethanol-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Adermark, L; Andrén, A; Ericson, M; Söderpalm, B; Ulenius, L, 2020)	1.66
"Taurine has been shown to attenuate apoptosis by inhibiting calpain activity."	( Taurine prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhibiting the calpain-1/cytochrome c pathway during RVH in broilers. Hu, J; Li, W; Lin, S; Lyu, Q; Wu, G; Yang, J; Yang, Q, 2020)	2.72
"Taurine has been shown to have positive effects on bone mass, which are thought to be due in part to its cytoprotective effects on osteoblasts and here we show that taurine also protects osteocytes against cell death due to reactive oxygen species. "	( Taurine, an osteocyte metabolite, protects against oxidative stress-induced cell death and decreases inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Bonewald, LF; Kimble, M; Kitase, Y; O'Connell, TM; Prideaux, M, 2020)	3.44
"Taurine has been found in only one macromolecular complex as a post-transcriptional modification to mitochondrial tRNA."	( Taurine Is Covalently Incorporated into Alpha-Tubulin. Bane, SL; Cologna, SM; Mukherjee, K; Olson, MT; Pergande, MR; Sackett, DL; Yergey, AL, 2020)	2.72
"Taurine has been reported to have neuroprotective properties against dementia, including AD."	( Evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of taurine in Alzheimer's disease using functional molecular imaging. Choi, JY; Han, SJ; Jeong, YJ; Kang, KJ; Lee, HJ; Lee, KC; Lee, YJ; Nam, KR; Oh, SJ, 2020)	1.54
"Taurine has a certain protective effect against male reproductive toxicity caused by formaldehyde."	( [Protective effect of taurine against formaldehyde-induced male reproductive toxicity in adult male rats]. Geng, T; Liu, B; Sun, C; Sun, F; Tian, Y; Xiao, YH, 2020)	2.32
"Taurine has been considered as an essential nutrient for many aquaculture species. "	( Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on metabolome variation in plasma of Nile tilapia. Dai, T; Ding, ZN; Dong, JY; Feng, JH; Shen, GP; Xia, F; Xu, JJ; Ye, JD, 2021)	2.4
"Taurine has become a popular supplement among athletes attempting to improve performance. "	( Taurine in sports and exercise. Doyle, JA; Kurtz, JA; Otis, JS; VanDusseldorp, TA, 2021)	3.51
"Taurine has been reported to have immune-modulatory effects."	( The effects of Taurine supplementation on inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Cheraghian, B; Hosseini, SA; Namjoonia, M; Soltani, F; Vahdat, M, 2021)	1.7
"Taurine has been chosen for the present study because of its positive known effects on cardiac injuries."	( On the mechanisms of taurine in alleviating electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, and biochemical parameters following aluminum phosphide cardiotoxicity. Abdollahi, M; Armandeh, M; Azarmi, Y; Baeeri, M; Bameri, B; Eghbal, MA; Gholami, M; Haghi-Aminjan, H; Hassani, S; Hooshangi Shayesteh, MR; Rahimifard, M; Samadi, M; Sattari, M, 2021)	1.66
"Taurine has been reported to influence osteogenic differentiation, but the role of taurine on cartilaginous differentiation using human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) remains unclear. "	( Taurine Promotes the Cartilaginous Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Vitro. Fan, W; Huang, H; Li, Z; Liu, X; Sun, X; Wang, X; Wei, H; Yao, X; Zhou, H; Zhu, J, 2017)	3.34
"Taurine has been widely evaluated as a potential therapeutic agent in chronic inflammatory disorders and various infections. "	( The potential protective role of taurine against experimental allergic inflammation. Jeong, HJ; Kim, HM; Nam, SY, 2017)	2.18
"Taurine has been demonstrated to exert protective effects on the brain development and can improve learning ability and memory."	( Antidepressant effect of taurine in chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive rats. Feng, Y; Hu, JM; Lin, SM; Ren, S; Tang, RY; Wu, GF; Xu, C; Yang, JC; Yang, QH; Zhou, JQ, 2017)	1.48
"Taurine has already been demonstrated to protect cells effectively from oxidant-induced injury."	( Supplemental effect of different levels of taurine in Modena on boar semen quality during liquid preservation at 17°C. Du, RR; Fang, Q; Hu, JH; Li, H; Liu, Q; Wang, LQ; Yang, GS; Zhang, XG, 2017)	1.44
"Taurine has been reported high amounts in marine animals to maintain osmotic balance between osmoformers and sea water. "	( Identification and expression of cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase, possible regulation of taurine biosynthesis in Crassostrea gigas in response to low salinity. Li, Q; Meng, Q; Xu, C; Yue, C; Zhao, X, 2017)	2.12
"Taurine and alcohol has been popularly ingested through energy drinks. "	( Acute ethanol and taurine intake affect absolute alpha power in frontal cortex before and after exercise. Alvarenga, RL; Cagy, M; da Costa, BM; Gongora, M; Paulucio, D; Pompeu, FAMS; Ribeiro, P; Santos, CG; Velasques, B, 2017)	2.23
"Taurine has been found to protect against inflammatory tissue damage in a variety of experimental models."	( Effect of Taurine on iNOS-Mediated DNA Damage in Drug-Induced Renal Injury. Kato, T; Ma, N; Tsunekawa, M; Wang, S; Yamashita, T, )	1.26
"Taurine has been reported to have a radioprotective effect in irradiated mice."	( Effect of Radiation on the Expression of Taurine Transporter in the Intestine of Mouse. Gu, Y; Kato, T; Ma, N; Tunekawa, M; Wang, S; Yamashita, T, )	1.12
"Taurine has been demonstrated to exert potent protections against oxidative stress as an efficient antioxidant."	( Protection of Taurine Against PFOS-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells. Hu, H; Li, C; Li, S; Li, Y; Liu, Q; Liu, X; Shao, J, )	1.21
"Taurine has had a positive effect on DS patients."	( Analysis of Taurine's Anti-Down Syndrome Potential in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chang, H; Ko, YJ; Lee, DH, )	1.23
"Taurine has been observed to be effective in treatments against diabetic hepatotoxicity, vascular problems and heart injury in diabetes."	( Ameliorative effects of taurine against diabetes: a review. Aadil, RM; Ahmed, Z; Li, K; Piao, F; Shahbaz, M; Suleman, R; Wu, P; Zhang, M, 2018)	1.51
"Taurine has been widely researched as a growth-promoting additive or as an antioxidant in aquatic animals because of its multiple functions, however, few studies have explored its effects on crustacean in spite of the occurrence of serious diseases. "	( Effects of dietary taurine on growth, non-specific immunity, anti-oxidative properties and gut immunity in the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Cheng, R; Dong, J; Li, L; Li, X; Wu, G; Yang, Y; Zhang, R; Zhao, Y; Zhu, X, 2018)	2.25
"Taurine has important physiological roles as well as a wide range of pharmacological effects. "	( Taurine Inhibits TRPV-Dependent Activity to Overcome Oxidative Stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Kai, H; Matsuyama, S; Moriuchi, M; Nakano, Y; Nohara, H; Piruzyan, M; Shuto, T; Suico, MA; Tsurekawa, Y, 2018)	3.37
"Taurine (TAU) has been shown to have neuroprotective properties, thus we examined anti-apoptotic effect of TAU against retinal damage after NMDA exposure."	( Antiapoptotic effect of taurine against NMDA-induced retinal excitotoxicity in rats. Agarwal, P; Agarwal, R; Bakar, NS; Iezhitsa, I; Ismail, NM; Lambuk, L, 2019)	1.54
"Taurine has also been shown to reduce lenticular oxidative stress."	( Effects of magnesium taurate on the onset and progression of galactose-induced experimental cataract: in vivo and in vitro evaluation. Abdul Rahman, TH; Agarwal, P; Agarwal, R; Ahmad Fisol, NF; Awaludin, NA; Bakar, NS; Iezhitsa, I; Mohamed Ahmed Salama, MS; Mohd Ismail, N; Ozerov, A; Spasov, A, 2013)	1.11
"Taurine has also attracted attention because it has beneficial actions in CHF, in part by its demonstrated inhibition of the harmful actions of the neurohumoral factors."	( The effect of taurine on chronic heart failure: actions of taurine against catecholamine and angiotensin II. Azuma, J; Ito, T; Schaffer, S, 2014)	1.48
"Taurine has been found to reduce oxidative stress during exercise and also act as an antihypertensive agent."	( Effects of amino acid derivatives on physical, mental, and physiological activities. Luckose, F; Pandey, MC; Radhakrishna, K, 2015)	1.14
"Taurine deficiency has been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis and complications of advanced hepatic diseases. "	( Branched-chain amino acids inhibit the TGF-beta-induced down-regulation of taurine biosynthetic enzyme cysteine dioxygenase in HepG2 cells. Fujitani, S; Hagiwara, A; Ishizaki, S; Satsu, H; Shimizu, M; Sonaka, I; Takehana, K, 2014)	2.08
"Taurine (Tau) has been shown to possess cancer therapeutic effect through induction of apoptosis, while the underlying molecular mechanism of its anti-cancer effect is not well understood. "	( Mechanism of taurine-induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Tu, S; Wan, F; Wang, Y; Xu, B; Zhang, X, 2014)	2.21
"Taurine has been reported to influence bone metabolism, but the role of taurine on osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) remains unclear. "	( Taurine promotes human mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into osteoblast through the ERK pathway. Cui, L; Wu, T; Xu, D; Xu, L; Zhang, X; Zhou, C, 2014)	3.29
"Taurine has little effect on stimulating the proliferation of intestinal crypt cells, except for 5 g/kg of taurine supplementation on d 14 (P < 0.05)."	( Dietary taurine impairs intestinal growth and mucosal structure of broiler chickens by increasing toxic bile acid concentrations in the intestine. Guo, Y; Huang, C; Yuan, J, 2014)	1.56
"Taurine has multiple physiological activities and it is decreased by chemotherapy. "	( Taurine attenuates chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Asvadi, I; Esfahani, A; Islambulchilar, M; Sanaat, Z; Sattari, M, 2015)	3.3
"Taurine has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. "	( Effect of taurine on rat Achilles tendon healing. Akdemir, O; Binboga, E; Cavusoglu, T; Lineaweaver, WC; Pekedis, M; Uyanikgil, Y; Yagci, T; Zhang, F, 2015)	2.26
"Taurine has a potent protective effect against ischemic reperfusion injury."	( Indications and contraindications for infusing specific amino acids (leucine, glutamine, arginine, citrulline, and taurine) in critical illness. Cynober, L; De Bandt, JP; Ginguay, A, 2016)	1.37
"Taurine has various physiological functions and hepatoprotective properties as well as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity."	( Taurine drinking ameliorates hepatic granuloma and fibrosis in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Huang, J; Ni, XQ; Qi, YF; Yu, YR; Zhu, YH, 2016)	2.6
"Taurine has anti-oxidant action, and taurine supplementation may be able to attenuate the increase in oxidative stress after exercise."	( Taurine supplementation attenuates delayed increase in exercise-induced arterial stiffness. Akazawa, N; Choi, Y; Maeda, S; Ohmori, H; Ra, SG, 2016)	2.6
"Taurine (TAU) has been shown to improve exercise time to exhaustion and 3-km running performance; however, no studies have considered the effect of acute TAU ingestion on short duration cycling time trial (TT) performance. "	( The effect of acute taurine ingestion on 4-km time trial performance in trained cyclists. Bridge, CA; McNaughton, LR; Sparks, SA; Ward, R, 2016)	2.2
"Taurine has been shown to be a potent antioxidant."	( Taurine inhibits 2,5-hexanedione-induced oxidative stress and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in PC12 cells. Gao, C; Guan, H; Hu, S; Li, G; Li, S; Piao, F; Qian, Z; Sun, Y; Yang, Y, 2017)	2.62
"Taurine has been reported to exert cardioprotective effects via various mechanisms."	( Taurine ameliorated homocysteine-induced H9C2 cardiomyocyte apoptosis by modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Li, W; Lu, X; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Zhang, Z; Zhao, L; Zhou, Y, 2017)	2.62
"Taurine has a number of physiological functions, e.g., in cell volume regulation and inhibitory neuromodulation. "	( Pharmacology of taurine. Oja, SS; Saransaari, P, 2007)	2.13
"Taurine has lately attracted attention due to its suggested strong contribution to the health-promoting effects of seafood."	( Impact of processing on the taurine content in processed seafood and their corresponding unprocessed raw materials. Dragnes, BT; Elvevoll, EO; Ernstsen, MH; Larsen, R; Mæhre, H, 2009)	1.37
"Taurine has been shown to prevent cardiomyocyte apoptosis. "	( Taurine prevents cardiomyocyte death by inhibiting NADPH oxidase-mediated calpain activation. Arnold, JM; Babwah, AV; Li, Y; Pampillo, M; Peng, T, 2009)	3.24
"Hypotaurine (HT) has been proposed to reduce sulfide toxicity in some deep-sea invertebrates by scavenging free radicals produced from sulfide oxidation or by scavenging sulfide via the reaction of HT with sulfide, forming thiotaurine (ThT). "	( Hypotaurine and sulfhydryl-containing antioxidants reduce H2S toxicity in erythrocytes from a marine invertebrate. Julian, D; Ortega, JA; Ortega, JM, 2008)	1.46
"Taurine has potent protective function against glutamate-induced neuronal injury presumably through its function in regulation of intracellular free calcium level, [Ca2+]i. "	( Mechanism of neuroprotective function of taurine. Jin, Y; Lee, HH; Lee, YH; Lin, CH; Prentice, H; Sha, D; Wei, J; Wu, H; Wu, JY; Yang, LL, 2009)	2.06
"Taurine has several biological processes such as hypoglycemic action, antioxidation, and detoxification."	( Taurine supplementation and pancreatic remodeling. Boukarrou, L; El Idrissi, A; L'Amoreaux, W, 2009)	2.52
"Taurine has been shown to protect organs from ischemia reperfusion or endotoxin by its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities."	( Protective effects of taurine against endotoxin-induced acute liver injury after hepatic ischemia reperfusion. Chen, X; Jiang, H; Mao, Y; Qiao, H; Sun, X; Tong, L; Zhang, F; Zhao, H, 2010)	1.4
"Taurine has been shown to protect against lung injury induced by various oxidants including ozone, nitrogen dioxide, amiodarone, and paraquat and to protect against bleomycin-induced lung injury in combination with niacin. "	( Protection of bleomycin-induced fibrosis and inflammation by taurine. Gordon, RE; Park, E; Park, SY; Schuller-Levis, G; Wang, C, 2009)	2.04
"Taurine has multiple functions in the central nervous system (CNS), serving as an osmoregulator, antioxidant, inhibitory neuromodulator, and regulator of intracellular Ca(2+) flux. "	( Taurine reduces inflammatory responses after spinal cord injury. Gupta, RC; Hara, M; Nakajima, Y; Osuka, K; Seki, Y; Takayasu, M; Wakabayashi, T, 2010)	3.25
"Taurine has been reported to have beneficial effects on endotoxemia."	( Inhibitory effects of taurine and oat fiber on intestinal endotoxin release in rats. He, P; Li, XD; Luo, M; Wan, XY; Wu, MC, 2010)	1.4
"Taurine has been documented to have protective effects on neuronal cells against ischemia in vivo and in vitro."	( Taurine protects against bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. Gao, X; Yang, X; Zhang, B, 2010)	2.52
"Taurine has a variety of biological actions, such as ion movement, calcium handling and cytoprotection in the cardiac and skeletal muscles."	( Cardiac and skeletal muscle abnormality in taurine transporter-knockout mice. Azuma, J; Fujio, Y; Ito, T; Kimura, Y; Oishi, S; Schaffer, SW; Takai, M; Uozumi, Y, 2010)	1.34
"Taurine has been shown to affect coronary artery disease, blood pressure, plasma cholesterol and myocardial function in animal models of human disease. "	( Taurine in cardiovascular disease. Zulli, A, 2011)	3.25
"Taurine has chemical structure similar to an inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). "	( Role of taurine on acid secretion in the rat stomach. Chang, CC; Ho, JD; Huang, KH; Lu, RH; Tsai, LH, 2011)	2.25
"Taurine has probed to be involved in a wide range of biological processes and to provide several different important health benefits. "	( Taurine and glucose metabolism: a review. Arrieta, FJ; Balsa, JA; Botella-Carretero, JI; De la Puerta, C; Vázquez, C; Zamarrón, I, )	3.02
"Taurine has positive effects on bone metabolism. "	( Taurine inhibits serum deprivation-induced osteoblast apoptosis via the taurine transporter/ERK signaling pathway. Chen, F; Deng, YW; Li, DZ; Li, J; Li, YW; Liu, WD; Lv, GH; Wang, B; Wang, ZG; Yin, BL; Zhang, LY; Zhou, YY, 2011)	3.25
"Taurine has been implicated in this process."	( Taurine supplementation restored the changes in pancreatic islet mitochondria in the fetal protein-malnourished rat. Jin, CJ; Koh, JS; Lee, HJ; Lee, HK; Lee, SS; Lee, YY; Park, KS; Park, SH; Yi, KH, 2011)	2.53
"Taurine has an important role in numerous physiological processes, including many aspects of fetal development such as development of the pancreas and brain, and requirements increase during pregnancy. "	( Effects of periconceptional undernutrition on maternal taurine concentrations in sheep. Bloomfield, FH; Derraik, JG; Harding, JE; Jaquiery, AL; Oliver, MH; Thorstensen, EB, 2012)	2.07
"Taurine has thus a neuroprotective antiapoptotic action in the external granular layer of the cerebellum, preserving a number of neurons from ethanol-induced apoptosis."	( Taurine protects cerebellar neurons of the external granular layer against ethanol-induced apoptosis in 7-day-old mice. Oja, SS; Pelto-Huikko, M; Podkletnova, IM; Saransaari, P; Taranukhin, AG; Taranukhina, EY, 2012)	2.54
"Taurine has been shown to be elevated in plasma and lymphocytes of depressed patients, but the level normalises after successful drug therapy. "	( Taurine and glutathione levels in plasma before and after ECT treatment. Gerdin, G; Ollinger, K; Samuelsson, M; Vrethem, M, 2012)	3.26
"Taurine has been shown to have potent anti-oxidant properties under various pathophysiological conditions. "	( Protective effects of taurine against oxidative stress in the heart of MsrA knockout mice. Chen, G; Huang, XP; Jean-Charles, P; Li, Y; Nan, C; Tian, J; Weissbach, H, 2012)	2.14
"Taurine has been thought to protect neural cells against cell-damaging conditions to which the hippocampus is particularly vulnerable. "	( Modulation of taurine release in glucose-free media by glutamate receptors in hippocampal slices from developing and adult mice. Oja, SS; Saransaari, P, 2013)	2.19
"Taurine has protective effects against xenobiotics-induced liver damages in the PC region, but not xenobiotics-induced PP region damages."	( Taurine and liver diseases: a focus on the heterogeneous protective properties of taurine. Matsuzaki, Y; Miyazaki, T, 2014)	2.57
"Taurine metabolism has attracted much attention in fish nutrition due to the fact that as plant ingredients replace fishmeal, dietary taurine has declined."	( Taurine attenuates apoptosis in primary liver cells isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Espe, M; Holen, E, 2013)	2.55
"Taurine has several biological processes such as osmoregulation and antioxidation in retina."	( The effects of bisphosphonates on taurine transport in retinal capillary endothelial cells under high glucose conditions. Kang, YS; Lee, NY, 2013)	1.39
"Taurine (TAU) has a lot of the biological, physiological, and pharmocological functions including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress. "	( Additional effects of taurine on the benefits of BCAA intake for the delayed-onset muscle soreness and muscle damage induced by high-intensity eccentric exercise. Ishikura, K; Ito, M; Maeda, S; Matsuzaki, Y; Miyazaki, T; Nagayama, H; Ohmori, H; Ra, SG; Suzuki, T, 2013)	2.15
"Taurine has been shown to provide protection against neurological diseases, such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke."	( The mechanism of taurine protection against endoplasmic reticulum stress in an animal stroke model of cerebral artery occlusion and stroke-related conditions in primary neuronal cell culture. Chen, PC; Gharibani, PM; Ma, Z; Menzie, J; Modi, J; Pan, C; Prentice, H; Tao, R; Wu, JY, 2013)	1.45
"Taurine has neuroprotective capabilities against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity through several identified mechanisms including opening of the Cl(-)channel associated with GABA(A)and glycine receptors, or a distinct Cl(-)channel. "	( Direct interaction of taurine with the NMDA glutamate receptor subtype via multiple mechanisms. Agovic, MS; Banerjee, SP; Chan, CY; Friedman, E; Ho, I; Shah, SM; Sun, HS, 2013)	2.15
"Taurine has been known to protect the cells against ER stress."	( Taurine may not alleviate hyperglycemia-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in human adipocytes. Ji, HI; Kim, KS; Yang, HI, 2013)	2.55
"Taurine has been found in the central nervous system of rodents and humans, and among its potential therapeutic uses, it is interesting to remark its analgesic actions."	( Age-related changes in the antinociception induced by taurine in mice. Goicoechea, C; Martín, MI; Sánchez, E; Serrano, JS; Serrano, MI; Serrano-Martino, MC, 2002)	1.28
"Taurine has an ameliorating effect on atherosclerosis together with a decreasing effect on the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rabbits fed on an HC diet."	( Improving effect of dietary taurine supplementation on the oxidative stress and lipid levels in the plasma, liver and aorta of rabbits fed on a high-cholesterol diet. Aykaç-Toker, G; Balkan, J; Cevikbaş, U; Hatipoğlu, A; Kanbağli, O; Kücük, M; Uysal, M, 2002)	1.33
"Oral taurine treatment has been studied extensively as a hypotensive agent. "	( Treatment of hypertension with oral taurine: experimental and clinical studies. Lombardini, JB; Militante, JD, 2002)	1.1
"Taurine has a unique chemical structure that implies important physiological functions: bile acid conjugation and cholestasis prevention, antiarrhythmic/inotropic/chronotropic effects, central nervous system neuromodulation, retinal development and function, endocrine/metabolic effects and antioxidant/antiinflammatory properties."	( Taurine: a conditionally essential amino acid in humans? An overview in health and disease. Camilo, ME; Lourenço, R, )	2.3
"Taurine has been known to be related to certain modifications of the immune system."	( Taurine concentration in human blood peripheral lymphocytes: major depression and treatment with the antidepressant mirtazapine. Baccichet, E; Carreira, I; Lima, L; Obregón, F; Peña, S; Urbina, M, 2003)	2.48
"Taurine has neuroinhibitory properties and may also have potential for neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia."	( The role of taurine in cerebral ischemia: studies in transient forebrain ischemia and embolic focal ischemia in rodents. Shuaib, A, 2003)	1.42
"Taurine has its own capacity to prevent the suppression of membrane-bound Na(+)/K(+)ATPase activity and prevent Ca(2+) overload."	( Inhibition of lipid peroxidation, protein glycation and elevation of membrane ion pump activity by taurine in RBC exposed to high glucose. Anuradha, CV; Nandhini, TA, 2003)	1.26
"Taurine has been shown to be tissue-protective in many models of oxidant-induced injury."	( Taurine: new implications for an old amino acid. Park, E; Schuller-Levis, GB, 2003)	2.48
"Taurine has multiple biological and metabolic functions: this particular B-amino acid is an antioxidant, it conjugates biliary acids, detoxifies some xenobiotics and modulates intracellular calcium levels. "	( [Taurine: a particular aminoacid with multiple functions]. Bidri, M; Choay, P, 2003)	2.67
"Taurine has been shown to be an effective scavenger of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). "	( Protective effect of taurine on hypochlorous acid toxicity to nuclear nucleoside triphosphatase in isolated nuclei from rat liver. Li, JX; Li, ZQ; Pang, YZ; Tang, CS, 2004)	2.09
"Taurine has been shown to be tissue-protective in many models of oxidant-induced injury."	( Taurine and its chloramine: modulators of immunity. Park, E; Schuller-Levis, GB, 2004)	2.49
"Taurine has been proposed as an inhibitory transmitter in the substantia nigra (SN), but the mechanisms involved in its release and uptake remain practically unexplored. "	( Extracellular taurine in the substantia nigra: taurine-glutamate interaction. Alonso, TJ; Castro Fuentes, R; García Dopico, J; González Hernández, T; Perdomo Díaz, J; Rodríguez Díaz, M, 2004)	2.13
"Taurine has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism in experimental animals fed with high-cholesterol or high fat diets. "	( Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects. Bi, LF; Da, GL; Fang, JH; Kagamimori, S; Kuwamori, T; Su, XL; Zhang, M, 2004)	2.08
"Taurine chloramine has less impact than HOCL on MMP activation, and does not impair the activity of TIMP-1."	( Supplementary taurine may stabilize atheromatous plaque by antagonizing the activation of metalloproteinases by hypochlorous acid. McCarty, MF, 2004)	1.41
"Taurine has anti-atherosclerotic activity in animal models, possibly reflecting a role for macrophage-derived myeloperoxidase in the atherogenic process."	( A taurine-supplemented vegan diet may blunt the contribution of neutrophil activation to acute coronary events. McCarty, MF, 2004)	1.77
"Taurine has been found to inhibit ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels in rat pancreatic beta-cells [Park et al., Biochem Pharmacol 2004;67:1089-1096] which could be due to its interaction with a benzamido-binding site on SUR1. "	( Taurine block of cloned ATP-sensitive K+ channels with different sulfonylurea receptor subunits expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Bae, JH; Cho, CH; Han, J; Jang, BC; Kim, SP; Kim, SS; Lee, HY; Lim, JG; Park, JW; Park, MJ; Song, DK; Suh, SI; Yun, JE, 2004)	3.21
"Taurine has several biological processes such as hypoglycemic action, antioxidation, detoxification, etc. "	( Effects of taurine in glucose and taurine administration. Duyar, I; Kaplan, B; Karabay, G; Ozer, C; Sayan, H; Zağyapan, RD, 2004)	2.16
"Taurine or betaine have been reported to have antioxidative potential and inhibit Kupffer cell activation. "	( The effect of taurine or betaine pretreatment on hepatotoxicity and prooxidant status induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment in the liver of rats. Aykaç-Toker, G; Balkan, J; Doğru-Abbasoğlu, S; Parldar, FH; Uysal, M, 2005)	2.13
"Taurine has been reported to enhance cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) mRNA expression in animal models. "	( Enhancing effect of taurine on CYP7A1 mRNA expression in Hep G2 cells. Chen, W; Goda, T; Lam, NV; Nishimura, N; Suruga, K; Yokogoshi, H, 2006)	2.1
"Taurine has been proposed to play a role in calcium modulation. "	( Taurine modulates calcium influx through L-type voltage-gated calcium channels in isolated cochlear outer hair cells in guinea pigs. Gao, WY; Liu, HY; Wen, W; Zhang, YM, 2006)	3.22
"Taurine has been thought to function as a regulator of neuronal activity, neuromodulator and osmoregulator. "	( Characteristics of taurine release in slices from adult and developing mouse brain stem. Oja, SS; Saransaari, P, 2006)	2.1
"Taurine has been thought to be essential for the development and survival of neural cells and to protect them under cell-damaging conditions. "	( Taurine release in mouse brain stem slices under cell-damaging conditions. Oja, SS; Saransaari, P, 2007)	3.23
"Taurine has demonstrated promising actions in vitro, and as a result clinical trials have begun to investigate its effects on various diseases."	( Is taurine a functional nutrient? Bouckenooghe, T; Remacle, C; Reusens, B, 2006)	1.68
"Taurine may have been released by the tissues as a protective mechanism against hypoxia-induced inflammation, or in an attempt to maintain osmotic balance."	( Taurine as a marker for foetal wellbeing? de Boo, HA; Harding, JE, 2007)	2.5
"Taurine has been shown to be tissue protective in many models of oxidant-induced injury. "	( Dietary taurine reduces retinal damage produced by photochemical stress via antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms in Sprague-Dawley rats. Chen, K; Liu, J; Mi, M; Wei, N; Yu, X; Zhang, Q, 2007)	2.22
"Taurine has a variety of actions in the body such as cardiotonic, host-defensive, radioprotective and glucose-regulatory effects. "	( Taurine induces anti-anxiety by activating strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor in vivo. Kim, SJ; Zhang, CG, 2007)	3.23
"Taurine has an antioxidant capacity and its level in diabetic cataractous lens is markedly decreased."	( Taurine prevents oxidative damage of high glucose-induced cataractogenesis in isolated rat lenses. H Kwon, Y; Kim, H; Son, HY, 2007)	2.5
"Taurine has been reported to influence bone metabolism, and its specific transport system, the taurine transporter, is expressed in osteoblasts. "	( Taurine increases cell proliferation and generates an increase in [Mg2+]i accompanied by ERK 1/2 activation in human osteoblast cells. Hong, CU; Jeon, SH; Joe, SG; Kang, HS; Kim, GB; Kim, IS; Kim, JS; Kim, NS; Kim, SJ; Kim, SZ; Lee, MY, 2007)	3.23
"Taurine has been shown to protect liver grafts from ischemia/reperfusion injury after Tx."	( Donor preconditioning with taurine protects kidney grafts from injury after experimental transplantation. Büchler, MW; Dei-Anane, G; Gross, ML; Guan, X; Kern, M; Liang, R; Ludwig, J; Nickkholgh, A; Schemmer, P; Schmidt, J; Zeier, M, 2008)	1.36
"Taurine in diabetes has an age old story; taurine is involved in the development and protection of insulin apparatus."	( Taurine-diabetes interaction: from involvement to protection. Gupta, RC; Kim, SJ; Lee, HW, 2007)	2.5
"Taurine in diabetes has an age old story; taurine is involved in the development and protection of insulin apparatus."	( Taurine-diabetes interaction: from involvement to protection. Gupta, H; Kim, SJ; Lee, W; Ramesh, C, 2007)	2.5
"Taurine has been suggested to modulate nociceptive information at the spinal cord level. "	( Taurine activates glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors in rat substantia gelatinosa neurons. Baba, H; Georgiev, SK; Ikoma, M; Ishii, H; Kohno, T; Petrenko, AB; Wu, J, 2008)	3.23
"Taurine also has little inhibitory effect (IC50 above 500 microM) on the binding of [3H]ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate."	( Taurine modulation of the benzodiazepine-gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor complex in brain membranes. De Robertis, E; Medina, JH, 1984)	2.43
"Taurine has been reported to be a component of the capsular polysaccharide of the encapsulated M strain of Staphylococcus aureus. "	( Survey of taurine uptake and metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus. Smiley, DW; Wilkinson, BJ, 1983)	2.11
"The taurine prepared has been identified by paper and thin-layer chromatography with a taurine pure sample."	( [Enzymatic synthesis of taurine]. De Simone, F; Morrica, P; Ramundo, E, 1983)	1.05
"Taurine efflux has a Q(10) of 1.8.10."	( Amino acid transport in Myxicola giant axon: stability of the amino acid pool, taurine efflux, and trans effect of sodium. Horn, LW, 1981)	1.21
"The taurine has been administered in the second group, intravenously, before and during anesthesia."	( [Free radicals in anesthesia and the role of exogenous antioxidants]. Bruno, CM; Mondati, E; Neri, S, )	0.61
"Taurine and niacin have been previously found to block the accumulation of collagen in lung in the multidose bleomycin hamster model of pulmonary fibrosis. "	( Dietary supplementation with taurine and niacin prevents the increase in lung collagen cross-links in the multidose bleomycin hamster model of pulmonary fibrosis. Blaisdell, RJ; Giri, SN; Schiedt, MJ, 1994)	2.02
"Hypotaurine has a protective role against peroxidative damage."	( Hypotaurine in spermatozoa and genital secretions and its production by oviduct epithelial cells in vitro. Guérin, P; Guillaud, J; Ménézo, Y, 1995)	1.33
"Hypotaurine has protective effects against peroxidative damage."	( Hypotaurine and taurine in gamete and embryo environments: de novo synthesis via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway in oviduct cells. Guérin, P; Ménézo, Y, 1995)	1.33
"Taurine has been assumed to function as an osmoregulator and neuromodulator in the brain. "	( Taurine as osmoregulator and neuromodulator in the brain. Oja, SS; Saransaari, P, 1996)	3.18
"Taurine appears to have been virtually eliminated from Purkinje and granule cells, and concentrated in Golgi II cells and glia."	( Dietary beta-alanine results in taurine depletion and cerebellar damage in adult cats. Lu, P; Sturman, JA; Xu, W, 1996)	1.3
"Taurine has been postulated to function as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. "	( Release of taurine and its effects on release of neurotransmitter amino acids in rat cerebral cortex. Itoh, T; Kamisaki, Y; Nakamoto, K; Wada, K, 1996)	2.13
"Taurine has been shown to exert many biological effects. "	( Effect of 2-methyltaurine and its enantiomers on arterial blood pressure. Baraldi, M; Braghiroli, D; Brandoli, C; Di Bella, M; Gamberini, G; Truzzi, C, )	1.91
"Taurine has been shown to act as an osmolyte during the regulatory volume decrease process in a variety of cell types. "	( Anion exchanger AE1 as a candidate pathway for taurine transport in rat erythrocytes. Conejero, C, 1997)	2
"Taurine has been shown to be essential for neuronal development and survival in the central nervous system. "	( Enhanced taurine release in cell-damaging conditions in the developing and ageing mouse hippocampus. Oja, SS; Saransaari, P, 1997)	2.16
"1. Taurine has recently been known to protect against ischemia and heart failure. "	( Review of some actions of taurine on ion channels of cardiac muscle cells and others. Satoh, H; Sperelakis, N, 1998)	1.22
"Taurine has the ability to resist the action of oxygen-free radicals by protecting cytomembranes. "	( The protective action of taurine and L-arginine in radiation pulmonary fibrosis. Cui, X; Hu, W; Song, L; Wang, D, 1998)	2.05
"Taurine has been shown to be essential in certain aspects of mammalian development, and in vitro studies in various species have demonstrated that low levels of taurine are associated with various pathological lesions, including cardiomyopathy, retinal degeneration, and growth retardation, especially if deficiency occurs during development."	( Therapeutic applications of taurine. Birdsall, TC, 1998)	1.32
"Taurine has been proposed to have radical scavenging properties under certain experimental conditions."	( No beneficial effects of taurine application on oxygen free radical production after hemorrhagic shock in rats. Isselhard, W; Minor, T; Niessen, F, 1998)	1.32
"Taurine has an important role in fat absorption in pre-term and possibly term infants and in children with cystic fibrosis."	( The role of taurine in infant nutrition. Budreau, AM; Chesney, RW; Christensen, M; Han, X; Helms, RA; Sturman, JA, 1998)	1.4
"Taurine has been proposed to have antiexcitotoxic and antihypoxic activity. "	( Taurine antagonizes calcium overload induced by glutamate or chemical hypoxia in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Cheng, JS; Huang, YL; Zhao, P, 1999)	3.19
"Taurine has previously been reported to decline in tissues during aging which could exacerbate an age-related increase in oxidative stress."	( Cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase and cysteine dioxygenase activities do not correlate with strain-specific changes in hepatic and cerebellar taurine content in aged rats. Dawson, R; Eppler, B, 1999)	1.23
"Taurine has also been reported to activate aldehyde dehydrogenase and to inhibit the elevation of plasma acetaldehyde concentration after ethanol intake."	( Oral taurine supplementation prevents the development of ethanol-induced hypertension in rats. Harada, H; Hayashi, T; Iwata, S; Kitazaki, K; Morimoto, K; Nonaka, H; Takeshita, T; Tsujino, T; Watari, Y; Yokoyama, M, 2000)	1.54
"Taurine has been shown to decrease this injury in vitro."	( Taurine prevents interleukin-2-induced acute lung injury in rats. Abdih, H; Barry, M; Bouchier-Hayes, D; Kearns, S; Kelly, CJ, 2000)	2.47
"Taurine has been implicated in the regulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion, and we have previously shown altered renal excretory function in the taurine-depleted rat. "	( Taurine modulates arginine vasopressin-mediated regulation of renal function. Mozaffari, MS; Schaffer, D, 2001)	3.2
"Taurine has little effect on the binding of [(3)H]glutamate to the agonist binding site and of [(3)H]MDL 105,519 to the glycine binding site of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors, suggesting that taurine inhibits (45)Ca(2+) influx through other mechanisms, including its inhibitory effect on the reverse mode of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers (Wu et al."	( Role of taurine in regulation of intracellular calcium level and neuroprotective function in cultured neurons. Carr, J; Chen, WQ; Faiman, MD; Hsu, CC; Jin, H; Lee, YJ; Nguyen, M; Schloss, JV; Wu, JY, 2001)	1.47
"Taurine has been suggested to have cytoprotective actions via a number of different mechanisms. "	( Attenuation of oxidative damage to DNA by taurine and taurine analogs. Dawson, R; Messina, SA, 2000)	2.01
"Taurine has been shown to be an effective scavenger of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). "	( Cytoprotective effect of taurine against hypochlorous acid toxicity to PC12 cells. Dawson, R; Kearns, S, 2000)	2.05
"Taurine has an inhibitory role on H(2)O(2)-induced bovine lens epithelial cell apoptosis and can delay and ameliorate the occurrence and development of cataract."	( [An experimental research of taurine on H2O2-induced bovine lens epithelial cell apoptosis]. Chen, C; Chen, F, 2000)	2.04
"1. Taurine levels have been determined in eight rat organs. "	( Taurine distribution in rat tissues during development. Di Giorgio, RM; Macaione, S; Tucci, G, )	2.2
"Thus taurine, which has an anticonvulsant action appears to partially correct the amino acid imbalance in epileptics."	( Levels of free amino acids in serum and cerebrospinal fluid after administration of taurine to epileptic and normal subjects. Delsedime, M; Durelli, L; Monaco, F; Mutani, R, 1975)	0.93
"Taurine has been identified as a nonperturbing osmolyte in the renal medulla and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells."	( Molecular cloning of the cDNA for an MDCK cell Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent taurine transporter that is regulated by hypertonicity. Handler, JS; Kwon, HM; Marumo, F; Preston, AS; Uchida, S; Yamauchi, A, 1992)	1.24
"Taurine has been proposed as an inhibitory neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the vertebrate central nervous system. "	( A quantitative light and electron microscopic analysis of taurine-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Beitz, AJ; Lee, IS; Renno, WM, 1992)	1.97
"Taurine has been suggested to possess antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties, and we suggest that this uptake system may contribute to the defence of pulmonary tissue against oxidative stress."	( The identification and characterization of an uptake system for taurine into rat lung slices. Cohen, GM; Lewis, CP; Smith, LL, 1990)	1.24
"Taurine deficiency has been implicated as a potential cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. "	( Dietary taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy in the fox. Gilmour, RF; Kallfelz, FA; King, JM; Moise, NS; Pacioretty, LM; Stipanuk, MH, 1991)	2.16
"Taurine has been shown to serve both as an osmoregulator and as an antioxidant."	( Nonosmotic diabetic cataracts. Cook, WR; Lowitt, S; Malone, JI, 1990)	1
"Taurine has been implicated as a possible cytosolic modulator of monovalent ion distribution, cytosolic "free" calcium activity, and neuronal excitability."	( Taurine stimulation of isolated hamster brain Na+,K+-ATPase: activation kinetics and chemical specificity. Hastings, DF; Rohani, F; Welty, JD, 1985)	2.43
"Taurine has no effect on retinal ATPase activities or on phosphatase activity, thus suggesting that it directly affects a kinase system."	( Effects of taurine on calcium ion uptake and protein phosphorylation in rat retinal membrane preparations. Lombardini, JB, 1985)	1.38
"Taurine has recently been added to infant formulas (about 50 mg/L)."	( Taurine: its biological role and clinical implications. Chesney, RW, 1985)	2.43

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Taurine plays a role in several essential biological processes, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and osmoregulation."	( Regulation of CXCR4 Expression by Taurine in Macrophage-Like Cells. Fukumura, M; Satsu, H; Watari, K, 2022)	1.72
"Taurine plays an important role in neural growth and function from early to adult life, particularly in learning and memory via BDNF action. "	( Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Potentiates Entorhinal-Dentate but not Hippocampus CA1 Pathway in Adult Male Rats: A Mechanism of Taurine-Modulated BDNF on Learning and Memory. Roysommuti, S; Wyss, JM, 2022)	2.37
"Taurine plays a considerable role in bone growth and development, and high-profile reports have demonstrated the importance of its metabolism for bone health."	( A Key Metabolic Regulator of Bone and Cartilage Health. Gómez-Chávez, F; Gupta, RC; Pastrana-Carballo, JJ; Pérez-Hernández, E; Pérez-Hernández, N, 2022)	1.44
"Taurine plays a role in the maintenance of skeletal muscle functions and is associated with exercise capacity."	( Taurine Stimulates AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Modulates the Skeletal Muscle Functions in Rats via the Induction of Intracellular Calcium Influx. Ma, Y; Maruta, H; Sun, B; Yamashita, H, 2023)	3.07
"Taurine plays an important role in the modulation of cardiovascular function by acting not only within the brain but also within peripheral tissues. "	( Taurine Regulation of Peripheral Hemodynamics. El Idrissi, A; Sidime, F, 2019)	3.4
"Taurine reportedly promotes the secretion of female reproductive hormones by stimulating hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis function."	( Taurine Promotes In-vitro Follicle Development, Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization and Cleavage of rats. Che, Y; Feng, Y; Hu, J; Lv, Q; Mu, T; Yang, J; Yang, Q, 2019)	2.68
"Taurine can suppress the creation of lipid hydroperoxide and decrease the level of total cholesterol and triglyceride in the blood. "	( Relationship Between Taurine Intake and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Korean Elderly. Choi, MJ; Jun, H, 2019)	2.28
"Taurine displays anti-tumor activity in some kinds of human cancers. "	( Anti-Cancer Mechanisms of Taurine in Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. He, F; Hiraku, Y; Ma, N; Midorikawa, K; Mo, Y; Murata, M; Oikawa, S; Takeuchi, K; Zhang, Z, 2019)	2.26
"Taurine plays an important role in improving immunity, regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis and so on. "	( Tau-TCHF Inhibits Spleenic Apoptosis via PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway in Chickens. Han, L; Ji, M; Jing, L; Li, G; Li, L; Wu, X; Yang, J; Zhang, C, 2019)	1.96
"Taurine plays an important role in modulating glutamate and GABA neurotransmission and prevents excitotoxicity in vitro primarily through modulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis."	( Taurine Regulation of Neuroendocrine Function. El Idrissi, A, 2019)	2.68
"Taurine could inhibit hippocampus neuron apoptosis via NGF-Akt/Bad pathway."	( Taurine inhibits neuron apoptosis in hippocampus of diabetic rats and high glucose exposed HT-22 cells via the NGF-Akt/Bad pathway. Che, X; Chen, X; Li, K; Li, Q; Li, S; Li, Y; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Luo, M; Ma, J; Piao, F; Shi, X; Wu, P; Zhang, C; Zhang, M, 2020)	2.72
"Taurine (TAU) plays important roles in the metabolism of bile acids, cholesterol and lipids. "	( Dietary taurine stimulates the hepatic biosynthesis of both bile acids and cholesterol in the marine teleost, tiger puffer ( Chi, S; Jia, L; Kim, SK; Liang, M; Liao, Z; Sun, B; Wei, Y; Xu, H; Zhang, Q, 2020)	2.44
"Taurine plays a pivotal role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, blood pressure homeostasis, and obesity largely due to its cytoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions. "	( The effects of taurine supplementation on obesity, blood pressure and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Guan, L; Miao, P, 2020)	2.35
"Taurine plays role in neural development and physiological functions such as endocrine regulation in the central nervous system (CNS), and it is one of the most abundant free amino acid there. "	( Inhibitory role of taurine in the caudal neurosecretory Dahlgren cells of the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Jiang, P; Lan, Z; Li, K; Liu, C; Lu, W; Zhang, W, 2020)	2.33
"Taurine promotes for the balance of energy metabolism and the repair of inflammatory injury, preventing chronic diseases and complications."	( Taurine Antagonizes Macrophages M1 Polarization by Mitophagy-Glycolysis Switch Blockage Chen, C; Lan, C; Lan, L; Li, X; Lu, C; Meng, L; Mo, L; Tang, S; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Wu, B; Zeng, X; Zhang, N, 2021)	2.79
"Taurine was found to inhibit the decrease of sucrose consumption and prevent the deficiency of spatial memory and anxiety in rats exposed to CUMS, suggesting a preventive effect of taurine on depression-like behavior."	( Antidepressant effect of taurine in chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive rats. Feng, Y; Hu, JM; Lin, SM; Ren, S; Tang, RY; Wu, GF; Xu, C; Yang, JC; Yang, QH; Zhou, JQ, 2017)	1.48
"Thiotaurine can produce hydrogen sulfide (H"	( A Proteomic Approach to Study the Effect of Thiotaurine on Human Neutrophil Activation. Baseggio Conrado, A; Canterini, S; Capuozzo, E; Fontana, M; Giarrusso, P; Giorgi, A; Schininà, ME, )	0.87
"The taurine-induced increase ranged from 57 to 188% in the 3 brains examined."	( Taurine enhances the growth of neural precursors derived from fetal human brain and promotes neuronal specification. Hernández-Benítez, R; Lyman, WD; Pasantes-Morales, H; Ramos-Mandujano, G; Vangipuram, SD, 2013)	2.31
"Taurine plays an important role in brain and retinal development, and has an antiinflammatory and antioxidant function. "	( Inflammatory mediators are inhibited by a taurine metabolite in CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and IFN-r activated macrophage cell line. Cho, IS; Kascsak, RJ; Kim, BS; Park, E; Park, SY; Schuller-Levis, G; Spinner, DS, 2013)	2.1
"Taurine plays an important role as an antioxidant and is consequently expected to protect tissues from damage caused by reactive oxygen metabolites.The animals were randomized into four groups (n=6/group)."	( The influence of taurine pretreatment on aluminum chloride induced nephrotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. Abdel-Moneim, AM; Al Kahtani, MA; El-Sayed, WM, 2014)	1.46
"Taurine plays an important role in maintaining myocardial function. "	( Determination of the prevalence of whole blood taurine in Irish wolfhound dogs with and without echocardiographic evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy. Biourge, V; Fox, PR; Servet, E; Vollmar, AC, 2013)	2.09
"Taurine plays an important role in brain development, including neuronal proliferation, stem cell proliferation, and differentiation, via several mechanisms. "	( The role of taurine in improving neural stem cells proliferation and differentiation. Gao, HY; Li, XW; Liu, J, 2017)	2.28
"Taurine could enhance CYP7A1 expression by inducing HNF4α and inhibiting MEK1/2 and p-c-Jun expressions to promote intracellular cholesterol metabolism."	( Cholesterol-lowing effect of taurine in HepG2 cell. Cao, X; Chen, W; Gao, Y; Guo, J; Zhang, J, 2017)	2.19
"Taurine plays a protective role against free radicals and toxins in various cells and tissues. "	( The protective effect of taurine against hepatic damage in a model of liver disease and hepatic stellate cells. Bouscarel, B; Honda, A; Ikegami, T; Matsuzaki, Y; Miyazaki, T, 2009)	2.1
"Taurine plays various important roles in a large number of physiological and pathological conditions in human body, such as the cytoprotective functions, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effects. "	( Copper-taurine (CT): a potential organic compound to facilitate infected wound healing. Diao, Y; Lv, D; Tian, X; Wang, S; Zhang, Z; Zhao, Z, 2009)	2.25
"Taurine can increase mRNA expression of PKA, CREB and GDNF in fetal rat brains of IUGR. "	( [Effects of prenatal taurine on mRNA expression of PKA CREB signal pathway and glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor in fetal rat brains of intrauterine growth restriction]. Chen, H; Li, J; Liu, J; Liu, L; Liu, N; Song, YZ, 2009)	2.11
"Taurine plays an important role in reducing physiological stress. "	( Characterization of taurine as anti-obesity agent in C. elegans. Do, CH; Kim, HM; Lee, DH, 2010)	2.13
"Taurine could lower blood glucose, TG, TC, BUN, Scr, NAG, U-PRO, the expression of laminin B1(LBN1) mRNA, and increase HDL-C of diabetic rats."	( Preventive effect of taurine on experimental type II diabetic nephropathy. Hu, J; Lin, S; Liu, M; Luan, X; Lv, Q; Wu, G; Yang, J; Zhao, H, 2010)	2.12
"Taurine could enhance the ability of oxidation resistance, improve blood rheology property in diabetic rats, at the same time it could be beneficial to prevent and cure the development of diabetic blood vessel complication."	( [Effects of taurine on hemorheology of rats with type 2 diabetes]. Dong, SY; Kong, XY; Men, XL; Zhang, FF; Zhang, YM; Zhao, LJ, 2010)	2.18
"Taurine plays multiple roles in the CNS including acting as a -neuro-modulator, an osmoregulator, a regulator of cytoplasmic calcium levels, a trophic factor in development, and a neuroprotectant. "	( Taurine and its neuroprotective role. Kumari, N; Prentice, H; Wu, JY, 2013)	3.28
"Taurine plays significant physiological roles, including those involved in neurotransmission. "	( Taurine's effects on the neuroendocrine functions of pancreatic β cells. Cuttitta, CM; Guariglia, SR; Idrissi, AE; L'amoreaux, WJ, 2013)	3.28
"Taurine plays an important role in the modulation of cardiovascular function by acting not only within the brain but also within peripheral tissues. "	( Taurine regulation of blood pressure and vasoactivity. El Idrissi, A; Neuwirth, LS; Okeke, E; Sidime, F; Yan, X, 2013)	3.28
"Oral taurine appears to increase the effectiveness of oral iron in the treatment of IDA, and has no significant side-effects."	( Possible ameliorative effect of taurine in the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia in female university students of Gaza, Palestine. Abu Shahla, AN; El-Agouza, IM; Sirdah, MM, 2002)	1.05
"Taurine did not increase intracellular uptake of RFP."	( Taurine modulates induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 mRNA by rifampicin in the HepG2 cell line. Azuma, J; Fukuda, T; Fukuen, S; Kinoshita, K; Matsuda, H; Sumida, A; Takahashi, K; Yamamoto, I, 2002)	2.48
"Taurine plays an important role in a variety of physiological functions, pharmacological actions and pathological conditions. "	( Separation methods for taurine analysis in biological samples. Ding, X; Liu, Y; Mou, S, 2002)	2.07
"Taurine may inhibit neurotransmitter release and may result in normal intracellular osmolality."	( The role of taurine in cerebral ischemia: studies in transient forebrain ischemia and embolic focal ischemia in rodents. Shuaib, A, 2003)	1.42
"Taurine did not inhibit Kir6.2DeltaC36 currents, a truncated form of Kir6.2, expressed in Xenopus oocytes without SUR."	( Inhibition of ATP-sensitive K+ channels by taurine through a benzamido-binding site on sulfonylurea receptor 1. Ashcroft, FM; Bae, JH; Baek, WK; Kim, SY; Kwon, TK; Lee, IK; Lim, JG; Park, EJ; Park, JW; Song, DK; Suh, SI, 2004)	1.31
"Taurine plays a role in neuronal development. "	( Taurine administration during lactation modifies hippocampal CA1 neurotransmission and behavioural programming in adult male mice. Diana, G; Fortuna, A; Franconi, F; Galietta, G; Loizzo, A; Seghieri, G; Trombetta, G; Valentini, G, 2004)	3.21
"Taurine did not cause any increase in enzyme activity."	( Peroxynitrite induced decrease in Na+, K+-ATPase activity is restored by taurine. Aykac-Toker, G; Giris, M; Kocak-Toker, N; Tülübas, F; Uysal, M, 2005)	1.28
"Taurine was 38% lower in bodybuilders, though the difference was not significant."	( The carnosine content of vastus lateralis is elevated in resistance-trained bodybuilders. Boobis, LH; Fallowfield, JL; Harris, RC; Tallon, MJ; Wise, JA, 2005)	1.05
"Taurine caused an increase in [Mg(2+)]i by 0.72+/-0.04 mM in human osteoblast (HOB) cells."	( Taurine increases cell proliferation and generates an increase in [Mg2+]i accompanied by ERK 1/2 activation in human osteoblast cells. Hong, CU; Jeon, SH; Joe, SG; Kang, HS; Kim, GB; Kim, IS; Kim, JS; Kim, NS; Kim, SJ; Kim, SZ; Lee, MY, 2007)	2.5
"Taurine plays a role in neurologic development and neuromuscular function. "	( Age influence on intestinal taurine transport in mice. Atallah, JB; Barada, KA; Nassar, CF, 1997)	2.03
"Taurine was found to cause an increase in the affinity of the ATP substrate for the ATPase enzyme, contradicting the aforementioned effect of taurine to decrease the potency of ATP to induce calcium uptake."	( Effect of taurine on chelerythrine inhibition of calcium uptake and ATPase activity in the rat retina. Lombardini, JB; Militante, JD, 1998)	1.42
"Taurine is known to increase ATP-dependent calcium ion (Ca2+) uptake in retinal membrane preparations and in isolated rod outer segments (ROS) under low calcium conditions (10 microM) (Pasantes-Morales and Ordóñez, 1982; Lombardini, 1991). "	( Pharmacological characterization of the effects of taurine on calcium uptake in the rat retina. Lombardini, JB; Militante, JD, 1998)	1.99
"Taurine can inhibit the hypoxia-induced expression of ET-1 mRNA of PAEC and reduce the release of ET-1, AT-II and EDF from PAEC."	( [Effects of hypoxia and taurine on vasoconstriction peptides from cultured bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells]. Li, J; Sun, B; Yu, Z, 1997)	1.33
"Taurine inhibited the increase of Ca2+ inflow through L-type VDCC and normalized the decreased Vp induced by CVB3 infection. "	( Effects of taurine on L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel in rat cardiomyocytes infected with coxsackievirus B3. Gu, QB; Guo, Q; Liu, GX; Liu, YH; Yang, YZ, 1998)	2.13
"Taurine may enhance the hepatic drug-metabolizing systems, leading to the stimulation of the ascorbic acid metabolism in rats fed diets containing PCB."	( Dietary taurine alters ascorbic acid metabolism in rats fed diets containing polychlorinated biphenyls. Mochizuki, H; Oda, H; Yokogoshi, H, 2000)	1.46
"Taurine is known to lower blood pressure in essential hypertension and some experimental hypertensive models. "	( Oral taurine supplementation prevents the development of ethanol-induced hypertension in rats. Harada, H; Hayashi, T; Iwata, S; Kitazaki, K; Morimoto, K; Nonaka, H; Takeshita, T; Tsujino, T; Watari, Y; Yokoyama, M, 2000)	2.26
"Taurine is known to inhibit the phosphorylation of PDH in vitro, and in taurine-depleted rats PDH phosphorylation is known to increase."	( The role of taurine in the pathogenesis of the cardiomyopathy of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lombardini, JB; Militante, JD; Schaffer, SW, 2000)	1.41
"Milk taurine plays a critical role in neonatal development. "	( Cellular uptake of taurine by lactating porcine mammary tissue. Bryson, JM; Hurley, WL; Jackson, SC; Wang, H, 2001)	1.15
"Hypotaurine could inhibit peroxynitrite formation from both SIN-1 (decrease 75%) and SNP (decrease 50%) at 10 mM."	( Taurine is a weak scavenger of peroxynitrite and does not attenuate sodium nitroprusside toxicity to cells in culture. Dawson, R; Mehta, TR, 2001)	2.23
"Taurine may increase the size of depolarisation-induced force responses by augmenting SR Ca(2+) accumulation and release."	( Effect of taurine on sarcoplasmic reticulum function and force in skinned fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibres of the rat. Bakker, AJ; Berg, HM, 2002)	1.44
"Both taurine and GABA produce an increased conductance of pre- and postsynaptic membranes through changes in the permeability of chloride ions."	( Pre- and postsynaptic effects of taurine and GABA in the cockroach central nervous system. Chanelet, J; Hue, B; Pelhate, M, 1979)	1
"Taurine was noted to increase from 1.1 mM in preterm infants to 2.3 mM in term infants and did not decrease significantly in adult brain."	( Magnetic resonance in preterm and term newborns: 1H-spectroscopy in developing human brain. Bossi, E; Burri, R; Herschkowitz, N; Hüppi, PS; Lazeyras, F; Posse, S, 1991)	1
"This taurine increase was highly reversible."	( The epileptogenic action of the taurine analogue guanidinoethane sulfonate may be caused by a blockade of GABA receptors. Ambrosio, E; Herranz, AS; Herreras, O; Martin del Rio, R; Menéndez, N; Orensanz, LM; Solis, JM, 1990)	1.02
"The taurine increase evoked by low Na+ is not caused by cellular swelling as it was unaffected by hyperosmolar medium."	( In vivo substitution of choline for sodium evokes a selective osmoinsensitive increase of extracellular taurine in the rat hippocampus. Lehmann, A; Sandberg, M, 1990)	0.97
"The taurine intake would increase serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol and biliary cholesterol levels when excessive cholesterol is administered simultaneously."	( Effect of taurine administration on serum lipid and biliary lipid composition in man. Fujii, Y; Hori, S; Koizumi, M; Kotake, H; Namai, K; Oikawa, S; Sakuma, E; Suzuki, N; Tanno, N; Toyota, T, 1989)	1.16
"Taurine was found to inhibit beta-alanine uptake into neurons and astrocytes in a competitive manner, with Ki values of 217 microM in neurons and 24 microM in astrocytes."	( Mutual inhibition kinetic analysis of gamma-aminobutyric acid, taurine, and beta-alanine high-affinity transport into neurons and astrocytes: evidence for similarity between the taurine and beta-alanine carriers in both cell types. Allen, IC; Griffiths, R; Larsson, OM; Schousboe, A, 1986)	1.23
"Taurine was able to inhibit spiperone binding to striatal membranes in a uncompetitive manner and thus interfere with the function of dopaminergic receptors."	( Interactions of taurine and dopamine in the striatum. Kontro, P, 1987)	1.34
"Taurine plays an important role in cell volume regulation in both vertebrates and invertebrates. "	( Volume-sensitive taurine transport in fish erythrocytes. Fincham, DA; Wolowyk, MW; Young, JD, 1987)	2.06
"Taurine plays an important metabolical role and has a specific transport system during fetal life."	( [Development of fetal organs and adaptation to extrauterine life]. Moriyama, IS, 1986)	0.99

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"In taurine-treated rats, superoxide dismutase activity was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in AD rats."	( Taurine and Camel Milk Modulate Neurobehavioral and Biochemical Changes in Aluminum Chloride-Induced Alzheimer's Disease in Rats. Abdulkadir, TS; Ayo, JO; Dawud, FA; Isa, AS, 2021)	2.58
"The taurine pretreatment group contained significantly reduced W/D, MPO activity, and the number of inflammatory cells in BALF induced by LPS."	( Taurine Alleviates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Suppressing TLR-4/NF-κB Pathway. Bian, Y; Dai, J; Feng, Y; Fu, Y; Fu, Z; Hu, J; Li, C; Lin, S; Ma, Y; Wang, J; Wu, Y; Zhang, X; Zhao, D, 2022)	2.64
"Taurine treatment significantly restored the HOT to WT levels of anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze."	( Taurine Partially Improves Abnormal Anxiety in Taurine-Deficient Mice. Chadman, KK; Elidrissi, A; Park, E; Schuller-Levis, G, 2019)	2.68
"When taurine treatment stopped before behavioral experiments began, male mice had significant impairments in spatial learning and memory."	( Supplemental taurine during adolescence and early adulthood has sex-specific effects on cognition, behavior and neurotransmitter levels in C57BL/6J mice dependent on exposure window. Brown, J; Curran, CP; Hays, BT; Ludwig, CP; Marczinski, CA; Massie, L; Villalona, Y; Weimer, J, )	0.96
"Taurine treatment led to dose-dependent increases in SOD3 at both protein and mRNA levels in HMC-1 cells."	( In vitro and in vivo Antiallergic Effects of Taurine on Allergic Rhinitis. Feng, Y; Li, F; Lu, Y; Wu, W; Xie, D; Zhou, J, 2020)	1.54
"Taurine (0.24 mM) treatment largely rescued the cell number decreased by gossypol, attenuated gossypol-induced cell apoptosis."	( Taurine attenuates gossypol-induced apoptosis of C2C12 mouse myoblasts via the GPR87-AMPK/AKT signaling. Gao, X; Li, M; Li, P; Wang, Y; Yu, M, 2020)	2.72
"All taurine pretreatments prevented MK-801-induced increase in shoal area, while 400 mg/L taurine prevented the MK-801-induced alterations in neuroendocrine responses."	( Taurine prevents MK-801-induced shoal dispersion and altered cortisol responses in zebrafish. Canzian, J; Franscescon, F; Michelotti, P; Müller, TE; Rosemberg, DB; Souza, TP; Stefanello, FV, 2021)	2.54
"Taurine treatment significantly reversed the effects of HBCDs."	( Effects of Taurine on Alterations of Neurobehavior and Neurodevelopment Key Proteins Expression in Infant Rats by Exposure to Hexabromocyclododecane. Jiang, J; Li, Y; Pan, X; Wang, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, )	1.24
"Taurine treatment alleviated hepatocyte damage and oxidative stress."	( Taurine and tea polyphenols combination ameliorate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. Chen, R; Chen, S; Peng, Z; Wan, J; Wu, B; Zhu, W, 2017)	2.62
"Taurine pretreatment significantly attenuated renal dysfunction and histologic damage, such as renal tubule dilation and loss of brush borders."	( Protective effects of taurine against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by inhibition of gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Akdogan, G; Arslan, S; Camsari, T; Cavdar, Z; Celik, A; Ergur, UB; Guneli, E; Ozbal, S; Terzioglu, G; Ural, C; Yildiz, S, 2017)	1.49
"Taurine pretreatment also reduced the elevated expression levels of LPS‑induced cyclooxygenase‑2, nuclear factor κB and extracellular regulated protein kinase."	( Taurine alleviates lipopolysaccharide‑induced liver injury by anti‑inflammation and antioxidants in rats. Li, F; Liu, Y; Wang, Y; Wu, J; Yu, H; Zhang, L, 2017)	2.62
"Taurine treatment normalized the expression levels of γ-glutamyl ligase C/M, GS, OPLAH, and glyoxalase-1, and reversed HCU-induced deficits in protein glutathionylation by acting to double GSH levels relative to controls."	( Taurine treatment prevents derangement of the hepatic γ-glutamyl cycle and methylglyoxal metabolism in a mouse model of classical homocystinuria: regulatory crosstalk between thiol and sulfinic acid metabolism. Aivazidis, S; Allen, RH; Harris, PS; Jiang, H; Kim, E; Maclean, KN; Petersen, DR; Roede, JR; Shearn, CT; Stabler, SP, 2018)	2.64
"Taurine treatment performed well against oxidative stress in brain, increased the secretion of required hormones and protected against neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy in diabetes compared with the control."	( Ameliorative effects of taurine against diabetes: a review. Aadil, RM; Ahmed, Z; Li, K; Piao, F; Shahbaz, M; Suleman, R; Wu, P; Zhang, M, 2018)	1.51
"Taurine treatment of mdx mice only altered ncRNA levels when administered from 18 days to 6 weeks of age, but a deficiency in tRNA levels was rectified earlier in mdx skeletal muscles treated from 14 days to 3 weeks."	( Expression patterns of regulatory RNAs, including lncRNAs and tRNAs, during postnatal growth of normal and dystrophic (mdx) mouse muscles, and their response to taurine treatment. Butchart, LC; Filipovska, A; Grounds, MD; Rossetti, G; Terrill, JR; White, R, 2018)	1.4
"taurine. Treatments were administered 20 min post-injury and daily for 7 days."	( Evaluation of taurine neuroprotection in aged rats with traumatic brain injury. Brooks, WM; Christian, S; Gupte, R; Habiger, J; Harris, JL; Keselman, P, 2019)	1.6
"Taurine treatment reverted all the above changes induced by DMBA and inhibited the development of rat breast carcinoma through its ability to induce apoptosis."	( Taurine abrogates mammary carcinogenesis through induction of apoptosis in Sprague-Dawley rats. Anandakumar, P; Sakthisekaran, D; Vanitha, MK, 2018)	2.64
"Taurine treatment led to increased milk protein and fat synthesis, mTOR phosphorylation, and SREBP-1c protein expression, in a dose-dependent manner, with an apparent maximum at 0.24 mM."	( Taurine Promotes Milk Synthesis via the GPR87-PI3K-SETD1A Signaling in BMECs. Gao, X; Liu, Y; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Yu, M; Yu, Y, 2019)	2.68
"Taurine treatment significantly improved LV systolic and diastolic function, and there were persistent increases in activities of Akt/PKB and SOD, and the level of HO-1 protein."	( Taurine attenuates oxidative stress and alleviates cardiac failure in type I diabetic rats. Li, W; Lu, XH; Wang, GG; Xu, L; Zhao, X, 2013)	2.55
"Taurine treatment ameliorates myocardial function and heart oxidant status, while increasing myocardial Akt/PKB phosphorylation, and HO-1 levels have beneficial effects on diabetic cardiomyopathy."	( Taurine attenuates oxidative stress and alleviates cardiac failure in type I diabetic rats. Li, W; Lu, XH; Wang, GG; Xu, L; Zhao, X, 2013)	3.28
"Taurine treatment improves NO-mediated relaxations of corpus cavernosum in diabetic rats probably by inhibiting NADPH oxidase/Rho kinase pathways."	( Chronic treatment with taurine ameliorates diabetes-induced dysfunction of nitric oxide-mediated neurogenic and endothelium-dependent corpus cavernosum relaxation in rats. Bayram, Z; Celik-Ozenci, C; Dalaklioglu, S; Kuscu, N; Nacitarhan, C; Ozdem, SS, 2014)	1.43
"Taurine post-treatment at i.p."	( Effects of taurine against histomorphological and ultrastructural changes in the testes of mice exposed to aluminium chloride. Abdel-Moneim, AM, 2013)	1.5
"Taurine treatment elevated NOx levels significantly (p<0.01) in taurine and LPS + taurine group compared to control group, while it reduced NOx levels compared to LPS group."	( The effect of taurine on the relationship between NO, ADMA and homocysteine in endotoxin-mediated inflammation in HUVEC cultures. Agilli, M; Ark, M; Pasaoglu, OT; Polat, B; Turkozkan, N; Yaman, H, 2014)	1.48
"Taurine treatment rescued cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice up to the age-matching wild-type mice in Y-maze and passive avoidance tests without modifying the behaviours of cognitively normal mice."	( Taurine in drinking water recovers learning and memory in the adult APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cho, SM; Cho, Y; Kang, BR; Kim, HV; Kim, HY; Kim, JW; Kim, JY; Kim, Y; Lee, S; Woo, J; Yoon, JH, 2014)	2.57
"Hypotaurine treatment of TR-TBT 18d-1 cells increased antioxidant capacity against hydroxyl radical and peroxyl radical."	( Protective effect of hypotaurine against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity in rat placental trophoblasts. Duereh, M; Higuchi, K; Nakashima, E; Nishimura, T; Sugita, Y; Tomi, M; Yoshida, Y, 2015)	1.2
"Taurine treatment produced a concentration-dependent reduction in rotenone-induced cell death."	( Attenuation of rotenone toxicity in SY5Y cells by taurine and N-acetyl cysteine alone or in combination. Albers, DS; Alkholifi, FK, 2015)	1.39
"Taurine treatment also reduced protein thiol oxidation and was overall more effective, as OTC treatment reduced body and muscle weight, suggesting some adverse effects of this drug."	( Increasing taurine intake and taurine synthesis improves skeletal muscle function in the mdx mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Arthur, PG; Graves, JA; Grounds, MD; Pinniger, GJ; Terrill, JR, 2016)	1.55
"Taurine treatment limited mitochondrial superoxide generation, supporting a role for taurine in maintaining complex I activity."	( Mitochondrial defects associated with β-alanine toxicity: relevance to hyper-beta-alaninemia. Alexeyev, M; Jong, CJ; Mehdi, AB; Schaffer, SW; Shetewy, A; Shimada-Takaura, K; Takahashi, K; Warner, D, 2016)	1.16
"Taurine treatment (100 mg/kg body weight) appreciably counteracted all the above changes induced by DMBA."	( Modulatory Effect of Taurine on 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)Anthracene-Induced Alterations in Detoxification Enzyme System, Membrane Bound Enzymes, Glycoprotein Profile and Proliferative Cell Nuclear Antigen in Rat Breast Tissue. Anandakumar, P; Baskaran, K; Ilakkia, A; Periyasamy, K; Revathi Mani, B; Sakthisekaran, D; Saravanan, D; Selvaraj, S; Vanitha, MK; Venkateswari, R, 2016)	1.47
"Taurine pre-treatment dampened upregulation to some extent."	( Variant innate immune responses of mammary epithelial cells to challenge by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and the regulating effect of taurine on these bioprocesses. Liu, M; Lu, J; Miao, J; Xu, Y; Yin, Y; Zheng, L, 2016)	1.36
"Taurine treatment markedly reduced laminectomy-induced epidural fibrosis in rat models. "	( Taurine Reduced Epidural Fibrosis in Rat Models after Laminectomy via Downregulating EGR1. Cao, X; Chen, H; Ge, D; Ge, Y; Que, J; Sui, T; Tang, J; Yang, L, 2016)	3.32
"Taurine pretreatment dose-dependently inhibited isoflurane-induced increase in expression of ER stress biomarkers except for P-EIF2α and ATF-4, and reversed isoflurane-induced changes in apoptosis-related proteins."	( Taurine Pretreatment Prevents Isoflurane-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Inhibiting ER Stress-Mediated Activation of Apoptosis Pathways in the Hippocampus in Aged Rats. Hou, D; Hou, J; Li, D; Li, H; Zhang, Y, 2016)	2.6
"Taurine treatment (250, 500, and 1000mg/kg) decreased mitochondrial swelling, ROS, and LPO."	( Taurine treatment preserves brain and liver mitochondrial function in a rat model of fulminant hepatic failure and hyperammonemia. Abasvali, M; Abdoli, N; Asadi, B; Azarpira, N; Heidari, R; Jafari, F; Jamshidzadeh, A; Khodaei, F; Latifpour, Z; Mardani, E; Najibi, A; Ommati, MM; Yeganeh, Y; Zarei, A; Zarei, M, 2017)	2.62
"Taurine treatment reduced fibrosis scores significantly as compared to placebo. "	( Ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes after taurine treatment in CCl4 induced liver injury. Comert, B; Mas, MR; Mas, N; Tasci, I; Tuncer, M, 2008)	2.05
"Taurine pretreatment at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 5 days, on the other hand, could prevent all the Cd-induced testicular pathophysiology and oxidative insult related studied parameters."	( Cadmium induced testicular pathophysiology: prophylactic role of taurine. Manna, P; Sil, PC; Sinha, M, )	1.09
"Taurine treatment resulted in significant increases in taurine levels, decreases in MDA and DC levels and increases in GSH levels in livers of old rats."	( Effect of taurine treatment on pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in livers and brains of old rats. Doğru-Abbasoğlu, S; Koçak-Toker, N; Mehmetçik, G; Ozdemirler-Erata, G; Parildar-Karpuzoğlu, H; Uysal, M, )	1.26
"Taurine treatment prevented SNP-mediated cellular apoptosis in a concentration dependent manner."	( Inhibition of apoptosis by taurine in macrophages treated with sodium nitroprusside. Kim, HW; Kim, SY; Park, T, 2009)	1.37
"Taurine treatment of RGC-5 cells suppressed the induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) by reducing intracellular calcium levels and inhibiting the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTPs)."	( Taurine protects transformed rat retinal ganglion cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. Chen, F; Chen, K; Liu, F; Mi, M; Wang, J; Xu, H; Zeng, K; Zhang, Q, 2009)	2.52
"Taurine treatment alleviated the oxidative injury of the kidney, improved SOD and GSH-Px activities, as well as the mitochondrial membrane injury, with lesser crystal depositions in the kidney."	( Taurine protected kidney from oxidative injury through mitochondrial-linked pathway in a rat model of nephrolithiasis. Deng, YL; Li, CY; Sun, BH, 2009)	2.52
"Taurine treatment suppressed these apoptotic actions, suggesting that its protective role in arsenic-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis is mediated by attenuation of p38 and JNK MAPK signaling pathways."	( Taurine prevents arsenic-induced cardiac oxidative stress and apoptotic damage: role of NF-kappa B, p38 and JNK MAPK pathway. Das, J; Ghosh, J; Manna, P; Sil, PC, 2009)	2.52
"Taurine treatment alters the presence of calbindin-D28k, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the brain, mainly in the hippocampus."	( Taurine treatment inhibits CaMKII activity and modulates the presence of calbindin D28k, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the brain. Auladell, C; Camins, A; de Lemos, L; Junyent, F; Pallàs, M; Romero, R; Utrera, J, 2010)	2.52
"Taurine treatment both pre and post (150 mg/kg body weight for 3 days, orally) to APAP exposure, however, significantly reduced APAP-induced nephrotoxicity through its antioxidant properties, urinary excretion of APAP and suppression of CYP2E1."	( Taurine protects acetaminophen-induced oxidative damage in mice kidney through APAP urinary excretion and CYP2E1 inactivation. Das, J; Ghosh, J; Manna, P; Sil, PC, 2010)	2.52
"Taurine pretreatment reduced UCB-mediated apoptotic cell death in primary cultured neurons in a concentration-dependent manner, which was associated with reversal of the increased intracellular free calcium ion levels caused by UCB."	( Taurine protects against bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. Gao, X; Yang, X; Zhang, B, 2010)	2.52
"Taurine treatment was effective in counteracting APAP-induced hepatic damages, oxidative stress and cellular necrosis."	( Acetaminophen induced acute liver failure via oxidative stress and JNK activation: protective role of taurine by the suppression of cytochrome P450 2E1. Das, J; Ghosh, J; Manna, P; Sil, PC, 2010)	1.3
"Taurine treatment increased the catalase, SOD and GSH-px activity in a dose-dependent manner."	( Effects of taurine on glutamate uptake and degradation in Müller cells under diabetic conditions via antioxidant mechanism. Chen, K; Mantian, M; Xu, H; Zeng, K; Zhang, Q; Zhou, Y; Zhu, J, 2010)	1.47
"Taurine-treated slices exposed to H2O2 showed no change in IOS; however, taurine efflux increased by 335+/-178%."	( Glutamate receptor-mediated taurine release from the hippocampus during oxidative stress. Olson, JE; Tucker, B, 2010)	1.38
"For taurine treatment, mice were either fed taurine in drinking water (0.05%) or injected (43 mg/kg) 15 min prior to picrotoxin injection."	( Pharmacological characterization of GABAA receptors in taurine-fed mice. El Idrissi, A; L'Amoreaux, WJ; Marsillo, A, 2010)	1.09
"Taurine treatment resulted in a significant increase in the number and size of islets. "	( Neuro-endocrine basis for altered plasma glucose homeostasis in the Fragile X mouse. El Idrissi, A; L'Amoreaux, W; Sidime, F; Yan, X, 2010)	1.8
"Taurine treatments also prevented the alterations promoted in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities by EtOH, suggesting a modulatory role in enzymatic antioxidant defenses."	( Taurine prevents enhancement of acetylcholinesterase activity induced by acute ethanol exposure and decreases the level of markers of oxidative stress in zebrafish brain. Bogo, MR; Bonan, CD; da Rocha, RF; Dias, RD; Klamt, F; Moreira, JC; Rico, EP; Rosemberg, DB; Souza, DO; Zanotto-Filho, A, 2010)	2.52
"Taurine and treatment groups were given a 200 mg/kg/day dose of Taurine by oral gavage besides rat feed."	( Is there any cardioprotective role of Taurine during cold ischemic period following global myocardial ischemia? Arslan, S; Cingoz, F; Demirkilic, U; Doganci, S; Gamsizkan, M; Guler, A; Jahollari, A; Sahin, MA; Yaman, H; Yucel, O, 2011)	1.36
"Taurine treatment reduced the BSO-induced increase in LOX-1 expression at both the protein and mRNA levels (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively)."	( Taurine suppresses oxidative stress-potentiated expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor and restenosis in balloon-injured rabbit iliac artery. Gokce, G; Kerry, Z; Oktay, G; Oran, I; Ozkal, S; Ozsarlak-Sozer, G, 2011)	2.53
"Taurine treatment increased angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, which was followed by activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, MEK/ERK, and Src/FAK signaling pathways."	( Extracellular taurine induces angiogenesis by activating ERK-, Akt-, and FAK-dependent signal pathways. Baek, YY; Cho, DH; Choe, J; Ha, KS; Jeoung, D; Kim, YM; Kwon, YG; Lee, H; Won, MH, 2012)	1.46
"Taurine treatment could, however, result to a decrease in the elevated blood glucose and proinflammatory cytokine levels, diabetes-evoked oxidative stress, lipid profiles and NFκB translocation."	( Taurine exerts hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, improves insulin-mediated glucose transport signaling pathway in heart and ameliorates cardiac oxidative stress and apoptosis. Das, J; Sil, PC; Vasan, V, 2012)	2.54
"Taurine treatment significantly reduced the number of activated caspase-3-immunoreactive and TUNEL-positive cells."	( Taurine protects cerebellar neurons of the external granular layer against ethanol-induced apoptosis in 7-day-old mice. Oja, SS; Pelto-Huikko, M; Podkletnova, IM; Saransaari, P; Taranukhin, AG; Taranukhina, EY, 2012)	2.54
"Taurine treatment inhibited pancreatic fibrosis and apoptosis of acinar cells induced by DBTC."	( Effect of taurine on acinar cell apoptosis and pancreatic fibrosis in dibutyltin dichloride-induced chronic pancreatitis. Koide, N; Matsushita, K; Mizushima, T; Ochi, K; Sawa, K; Shirahige, A; Tanimoto, M; Tanioka, H, 2012)	1.5
"Taurine treatment seems to be a useful agent for CYP2E1-related liver diseases with predominant damages in the PC region."	( Taurine and liver diseases: a focus on the heterogeneous protective properties of taurine. Matsuzaki, Y; Miyazaki, T, 2014)	2.57
"Taurine 100 mM treatment did not block the inhibition of differentiation of preadipcytes into adipocytes."	( Taurine may not alleviate hyperglycemia-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in human adipocytes. Ji, HI; Kim, KS; Yang, HI, 2013)	2.55
"Taurine treatment was performed by adding 1% taurine (w/v) to the drinking water plus injection (400 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally 3 times/week for 28 d after ethanol cessation in chronically ethanol-treatad rats."	( Taurine treatment reduces hepatic lipids and oxidative stress in chronically ethanol-treated rats. Aykaç-Toker, G; Balkan, J; Kanbağli, O; Uysal, M, 2002)	2.48
"Oral taurine treatment has been studied extensively as a hypotensive agent. "	( Treatment of hypertension with oral taurine: experimental and clinical studies. Lombardini, JB; Militante, JD, 2002)	1.1
"Taurine treatment had no effect on levels of several other amino acids but preserved slice potassium content."	( Taurine enhances volume regulation in hippocampal slices swollen osmotically. Kreisman, NR; Olson, JE, 2003)	2.48
"Taurine treatment significantly prevented the reduction in activities of Na(+)/K(+)- and Ca(2+)-ATPases activities in high glucose-treated RBC."	( Inhibition of lipid peroxidation, protein glycation and elevation of membrane ion pump activity by taurine in RBC exposed to high glucose. Anuradha, CV; Nandhini, TA, 2003)	1.26
"Taurine-treated groups received 2%, 4% and 8% taurine injections once daily for 12 weeks (5 ml/kg b.w.)."	( [Study on the intervening mechanism of taurine on streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataracts]. Chen, CZ; Dong, B; Luo, GA; Shi, YY; Song, XD; Yan, LS; Zhang, W, 2003)	1.31
"Taurine treatment also significantly decreased fat accumulation and blood levels of cholesterol and triglyceride, which might improve insulin resistance and utilization of fat and glucose."	( Decreased blood levels of lactic acid and urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine after exercise by chronic taurine treatment in rats. Harada, N; Kurroda, I; Manabe, S; Morishima, M; Nakaya, Y; Okada, K; Okamoto, M; Sakai, K; Takahashi, A, 2003)	1.25
"Taurine (20mM) treatment attenuated simulated ischemia-induced decline in the activity of Akt."	( Taurine prevents the ischemia-induced apoptosis in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes through Akt/caspase-9 pathway. Azuma, J; Fujio, Y; Ito, T; Matsuda, T; Schaffer, SW; Takahashi, K; Takatani, T; Uozumi, Y, 2004)	2.49
"Taurine treatment appeared to be more beneficial when the treatment was started earlier."	( Taurine prevents beta-glycerophosphate-induced calcification in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Du, J; Huang, Z; Li, J; Tang, C; Wang, S; Zhang, B, 2004)	2.49
"Taurine treatment had no effect on mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release; however, it inhibited ischemia-induced cleavage of caspase-9 and -3."	( Taurine inhibits apoptosis by preventing formation of the Apaf-1/caspase-9 apoptosome. Azuma, J; Fujio, Y; Ito, T; Matsuda, T; Schaffer, SW; Shikata, E; Takahashi, K; Takatani, T; Uozumi, Y; Yamamoto, Y, 2004)	2.49
"Taurine treatment delayed the mean onset time of diabetes from 18 to 30 weeks in females, and from 30 to 38 weeks in males, while 20% of treated females remained free of diabetes after one year."	( Taurine supplement in early life altered islet morphology, decreased insulitis and delayed the onset of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Arany, E; Hill, DJ; Remacle, C; Reusens, B; Romanus, P; Strutt, B, 2004)	2.49
"When taurine (3 mM) was pretreated for 24 h, the glucose responses of Ad-UCP2 cells were remarkably restored."	( Enhancing effect of taurine on glucose response in UCP2-overexpressing beta cells. Dae-Kyu, S; Hyun-Young, L; In-Kyu, L; Kim, SY; Lee, HY; Lee, IK; Lee, SH; Sang-Hoon, L; So-Yeon, K; Song, DK, 2004)	1.1
"Taurine treatment to fructose rats attenuated the increased lipid peroxidation, enhanced the levels of antioxidants and improved insulin sensitivity."	( Effect of taurine on biomarkers of oxidative stress in tissues of fructose-fed insulin-resistant rats. Anuradha, CV; Nandhini, AT; Ravichandran, MK; Thirunavukkarasu, V, 2005)	1.45
"In taurine-treated animals, at 2h reperfusion, the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were increased, by 6% and 10%."	( Taurine inhibits ischemia/reperfusion-induced compartment syndrome in rabbits. Li, Y; Pang, YZ; Tang, CS; Wang, JX; Zhang, J; Zhang, LK; Zhao, J, 2005)	2.29
"Taurine or betaine pretreatment in lipopolysaccharide-injected rats caused significant decreases in plasma transaminase activities and hepatic malondialdehyde and DC levels, and significant increases in glutathione and alpha-tocopherol (not betaine) levels without changing ascorbic acid levels and SOD and glutathione peroxidase activities in the liver."	( The effect of taurine or betaine pretreatment on hepatotoxicity and prooxidant status induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment in the liver of rats. Aykaç-Toker, G; Balkan, J; Doğru-Abbasoğlu, S; Parldar, FH; Uysal, M, 2005)	1.41
"Taurine pretreatment also caused about 2-fold increase in GABA concentration compared to 3-NP-treated animals."	( Neuroprotective effect of taurine in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced experimental animal model of Huntington's disease phenotype. Abdel-Naim, AB; Arafa, HM; Khalifa, AE; Tadros, MG, 2005)	1.35
"Taurine treatment also restored the glucose metabolizing enzyme activities in fructose-fed rats."	( Taurine modifies insulin signaling enzymes in the fructose-fed insulin resistant rats. Anuradha, CV; Nandhini, AT; Thirunavukkarasu, V, 2005)	2.49
"Taurine treatment improved the degree of oxidative stress and fibrosis in rat CP. "	( Antioxidant treatment with taurine ameliorates chronic pancreatitis in an experimental rat model. Akay, C; Comert, B; Deveci, S; Inal, V; Isik, AT; Mas, MR; Mas, N; Tasci, I; Yamanel, L, 2006)	2.07
"The taurine treatment significantly decreased elevation of silica type I collagen positive area percentage of lung by 2.39, 1.62, 7.13 at the 7th, 21st, 28th day respectively (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and type III collagen positive area percentage of lung by 2.62 at the 28th day (P < 0.05) compared with the silica treated group."	( [Effects of taurine on type I and III collagen expression in rats lung exposed to silica]. Chang, AH; Du, HK; Liu, DW; Wang, SX; Xu, ZR, 2006)	1.19
"Taurine treatment resulted in a significant decrease in liver weight, liver index, serum transaminase activities, serum triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose, and oxidative stress; the mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta(1), and type I procollagen decreased, but the expression of adiponectin increased significantly, compared with that in the model group."	( The restorative effect of taurine on experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Chen, SW; Chen, YX; Lin, Y; Shi, J; Xie, WF, 2006)	1.36
"Taurine post-treatment (67, 200 and 600mgkg(-1)) showed a dose-dependent neuroprotective effect."	( Neuroprotective effect of taurine against focal cerebral ischemia in rats possibly mediated by activation of both GABAA and glycine receptors. Fan, XJ; Jiang, ZL; Ke, KF; Li, X; Wang, GH; Zhang, L, 2007)	1.36
"In taurine treatment group, each patient took 2 g taurine 3 times a day for three months, and then stopped treatment for 1 month."	( Dietary amino acid taurine ameliorates liver injury in chronic hepatitis patients. Hu, YH; Huang, YW; Hwang, DF; Lin, CL; Liu, PE, 2008)	1.19
"Taurine treatment significantly decreased silica-elevated TNF-alpha positive area percent by 3.52 at 7 day (P < 0.05)."	( [Effects of taurine on tumor necrosis factor expression of lung in rats treated by silica]. Du, H; Liu, D; Wang, S; Xu, Z, 2007)	1.44
"Taurine treatment was associated with amelioration in macroscopic and microscopic colitis scores, decreased colonic MPO activity and MDA levels and increased GSH levels in TNBS-induced colitis."	( Effect of taurine on oxidative stress and apoptosis-related protein expression in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis. Aliş, H; Aykaç-Toker, G; Depboylu, B; Doğru-Abbasoğlu, S; Erbil, Y; Giriş, M; Olgaç, V; Uysal, M, 2008)	1.47
"Taurine treatment caused significant increases in heart taurine levels of old rats."	( Lipid peroxidation potential and antioxidants in the heart tissue of beta-alanine- or taurine-treated old rats. Dogru-Abbasoglu, S; Koçak-Toker, N; Mehmetçik, G; Ozdemirler, G; Parildar, H; Uysal, M, 2008)	1.29
"Taurine treatment normalized the slight increase in calcium binding associated with ischemia, but had no observable effect on recovery of mechanical function."	( Effect of taurine on calcium paradox and ischemic heart failure. Chovan, JP; Kramer, JH; Schaffer, SW, 1981)	1.39
"The taurine pretreatment had no effect on the metabolism of 14CCl4 in hepatic microsomes and antioxidant content in the liver, but significantly enhanced the CCl4-induced increase in hepatic Ca++ content."	( Pretreatment with taurine facilitates hepatic lipid peroxide formation associated with carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Kuriyama, K; Nakashima, T; Takino, T, 1983)	1.08
"Taurine pretreatment inhibited the induction of 'hyper'-locomotor activity."	( Effects of taurine on tolerance to [D-Ala2, Met5]enkephalinamide in rats. Barbeau, A; Fukuda, T; Izumi, K; Munekata, E; Nakanishi, T; Yamamoto, H; Yoshida, M, 1982)	1.38
"Taurine-treated rats did not exhibit attenuation of paw oedema using subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration but intracerebroventricular administration produced a significant reduction at a dosage of 4.0 mumol."	( Effects of in-vivo administration of taurine and HEPES on the inflammatory response in rats. Bloomfield, FJ; Mahon, TM; Nowlan, P; Stapleton, PP, 1994)	1.28
"Taurine treated rats showed levels of MDA not different from untreated rats after RS; also no differences were observed concerning enzyme concentrations and ammonia levels."	( No beneficial effects of taurine application on oxygen free radical production after hemorrhagic shock in rats. Isselhard, W; Minor, T; Niessen, F, 1998)	1.32
"The taurine-treated animals showed reduced MPO activity (35% lower) when compared with that of the vehicle-treated animals."	( Taurine can ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Kang, HK; Kim, BK; Kim, WB; Ko, JI; Son, M, 1998)	2.22
"The taurine-treated animals significantly reduced MPO activity (35% lower) when compared with that of the vehicle-treated animals."	( Protective effect of taurine on TNBS-induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Doh, HM; Kim, BK; Kim, WB; Ko, JI; Park, TS; Shim, MJ; Son, MW, 1998)	1.1
"Taurine treatment lowered serum LDL + VLDL cholesterol by 44% in mice fed a high-fat diet, while it elevated serum HDL cholesterol by 25%."	( Improvement in cholesterol metabolism in mice given chronic treatment of taurine and fed a high-fat diet. Kondo-Ohta, Y; Murakami, S; Tomisawa, K, 1999)	1.26
"In taurine-treated lenses LDH leakage was significantly decreased, and lens clarity was maintained, similarly to that found previously for vitamin C and lipoic acid."	( Modelling cortical cataractogenesis 22: is in vitro reduction of damage in model diabetic rat cataract by taurine due to its antioxidant activity? Bhardwaj, R; Caulfeild, J; Kilic, F; Trevithick, JR, 1999)	1.03
"Taurine treatment reduced gentamicin-induced increases in serum creatinine, 24 h urine volume, BUN and tissue lactate and TBARS levels (0.57+/-0.02 vs 1.06+/-0.08 mg/dl, P<0.001; 9.00+/-1.46 vs 20.9+/-2.73 ml, P<0.001; 25.3+/-1.87 vs 54.1+/-6.99 mg/dl, P<0. "	( The protective effect of taurine against gentamicin-induced acute tubular necrosis in rats. Bozkurt, A; Erdem, A; Erdem, SR; Gündoğan, NU; Kara, A; Kilinç, K; Usubütün, A, 2000)	2.05
"Taurine and niacin treatment significantly reduced the numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages in the BL + TN group and caused significant reductions in BL-induced increases in the lung hydroxyproline content at 14 and 21 days in the BL + TN group."	( Suppression of bleomycin-induced nitric oxide production in mice by taurine and niacin. Giri, SN; Gurujeyalakshmi, G; Wang, Y, 2000)	1.26
"Taurine treatment in the absence of ATP was effective in decreasing Ca2+ uptake at the higher levels of CaCl2 (2.0 and 2.5 mM)."	( Stabilization of calcium uptake in rat rod outer segments by taurine and ATP. Lombardini, JB; Militante, JD, 2000)	1.27
"Taurine-treated islets showed significant reduction in lipid peroxidation (0.905 and 0.848 nM MDA/microg protein for 0.3 and 3.0 mM taurine, respectively, p < 0.05) compared with control (1.307 nM MDA/microg protein) islets."	( Islet cryopreservation: improved recovery following taurine pretreatment. Bhonde, RR; Hardikar, AA; Hoet, JJ; Remacle, C; Reusens, B; Risbud, MV, 2001)	1.28
"Taurine treatment significantly decreased serum LDL and VLDL cholesterol, while it significantly increased serum HDL cholesterol."	( Effects of long-term treatment with taurine in mice fed a high-fat diet: improvement in cholesterol metabolism and vascular lipid accumulation by taurine. Kondo, Y; Murakami, S; Nagate, T, 2000)	1.3
"Taurine treatment decreased the area of Oil red-O positive lipid accumulation in the aortic valve by 31%."	( Taurine reduces atherosclerotic lesion development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Kondo, Y; Murakami, S; Nagate, T; Oda, H, 2000)	2.47
"Taurine treatment protects the kidney of the UNX rat against an age-dependent decline in excretory efficiency."	( Chronic taurine treatment ameliorates reduction in saline-induced diuresis and natriuresis. Mozaffari, MS; Schaffer, SW, 2002)	2.19
"Taurine-treated animals received 15 ml/kg/day of a 5% taurine solution by a gastric tube for 5 days before administering CCl(4) (2 ml/kg, intraperitoneally, in a single dose)."	( The protective effect of taurine pretreatment on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage--a light and electron microscopic study. Akyol, G; Dinçer, S; Oz, E; Ozenirler, S; Ozoğul, C, 2002)	1.34
"Taurine treatment increases the rate of production of these compounds 40- and 25-fold respectively by stimulating the activity of N-acetyltransferase."	( Taurine: stimulation of pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin production via a beta-adrenergic mechanism. Klein, DC; Weller, JL; Wheler, GH, 1979)	2.42
"Taurine treatment resulted in a decreased level of lipid peroxides in the rat tissues with hypoxia."	( [Some mechanisms of antihypoxic action of taurine]. Bratus, LV; Govorukha, TM; Mankovska, IM; Nazarenko, AI; Nosar, VI, )	1.12
"Taurine-treated mice displayed lower motor excitation with the 1.0 g/kg dose of ethanol than the saline group treated with the same dose of ethanol."	( Effect of taurine on ethanol-induced changes in open-field locomotor activity. Amit, Z; Aragon, CM; Trudeau, LE, 1992)	1.41
"Taurine-treated nephrotic rats had a reduction in albuminuria, as assessed by the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (26 +/- 4 vs."	( Taurine attenuates renal disease in chronic puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy. Del Pizzo, R; Futterweit, S; Levine, D; Rao, PS; Sturman, JA; Trachtman, H; Valderrama, E, 1992)	2.45
"Taurine treatment had a marked prophylactic effect on these maternal pathological changes during pregnancy, resulting in better growth in offsprings."	( Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats as a model for toxemia of pregnancy and aggravating and preventive effects of maternal modifications during pregnancy on offspring's growth. Horie, R; Kitao, M; Shibukawa, T; Yamori, Y, 1990)	1
"Taurine-treated cultures in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ or A23187 were characterized by surfaces with numerous microvillar, spine-like projections."	( Taurine-induced neuronal differentiation: the influence of calcium and the ganglioside GM1. Caple, CG; Roisen, FJ; Spoerri, PE, 1990)	2.44
"Taurine treatment caused a significant persistent reduction in blood pressure by 4 weeks that was maximal at 16 weeks (146 +/- 6 [exp.] v 182 +/- 5 [control] mm Hg, P less than .01)."	( Taurine lowers blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat by a catecholamine independent mechanism. Del Pizzo, R; Rao, P; Rujikarn, N; Sturman, JA; Trachtman, H, 1989)	2.44
"The taurine-treated group was divided into three subgroups."	( Membrane perturbations and mediation of gap junction formation in response to taurine treatment in normal and injured alveolar epithelia. Del Valle, JR; Gordon, RE; Heller, RF, 1989)	0.99
"Taurine pretreatment partially inhibited the excess accumulation of calcium in the myocardium that occurs upon calcium repletion, and microscopy revealed almost normal structure."	( Taurine prevention of calcium paradox-related damage in cardiac muscle. Its regulatory action on intracellular cation contents. Azuma, J; Kishimoto, S; Onishi, S; Sperelakis, N; Yamauchi-Takihara, K, 1988)	2.44
"taurine when the pretreatment interval was 4-5 days."	( Taurine and ethanol-induced sleeping time in mice: route and time course effects. Dlouha, H; Elkhawad, AO; McBroom, MJ, 1986)	2.44
"This taurine pretreatment produced a 4-fold increase in liver taurine content."	( Lowering of liver acetaldehyde but not ethanol concentrations by pretreatment with taurine in ethanol-loaded rats. Hobara, N; Nagashima, H; Watanabe, A, 1985)	0.95
"Treatment with taurine + CM increased (p < 0.05) acetylcholinesterase activity compared to controls."	( Taurine and Camel Milk Modulate Neurobehavioral and Biochemical Changes in Aluminum Chloride-Induced Alzheimer's Disease in Rats. Abdulkadir, TS; Ayo, JO; Dawud, FA; Isa, AS, 2021)	2.4
"Treatment with taurine, Tau-CS-PT-NPs, and CS-PT-NPs partly reversed these effects."	( Taurine loaded chitosan-pectin nanoparticle shows curative effect against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Abdel-Halim, M; Ahmed, O; Elamir, A; Farid, A, 2022)	2.5
"Cotreatment with taurine (100 mg/kg daily) or curcumin (100 mg/kg daily) alleviated the lipid peroxidation level and antioxidant enzyme activities and histological alterations brought about by BPA."	( Protective potential of curcumin or taurine on nephrotoxicity caused by bisphenol A. Aslanturk, A; Uzunhisarcikli, M, 2020)	1.16
"When treated with taurine, transgenic worms harboring an rcn-1 reporter (RCN-1::GFP) showed a reduced level of rcn-1 mRNA expression and improved behaviors that were comparable to those in the wild type."	( Analysis of Taurine's Anti-Down Syndrome Potential in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chang, H; Ko, YJ; Lee, DH, )	0.83
"Pretreatment with taurine increased the expression of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) as well as the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid 2-derived)-like 2 (Nrf2) in the CORT rich environment."	( Nrf2 Signaling Pathway Mediates the Antioxidative Effects of Taurine Against Corticosterone-Induced Cell Death in HUMAN SK-N-SH Cells. Chen, G; Jia, N; Sun, Q; Yang, J, 2018)	1.05
"Treatment with taurine significantly decreased the IgG (p<0.001) and IgE anti β-Lg levels (p<0.05)."	( Taurine administration prevents the intestine from the damage induced by beta-lactoglobulin sensitization in a murine model of food allergy. Aïnad-Tabet, S; Grar, H; Guermat, A; Haddi, A; Kheroua, O; Negaoui, H; Saïdi, D, )	1.91
"Pretreatment with taurine significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of p47phox and p22phox in mammary tissues."	( The role of NADPH oxidase in taurine attenuation of Streptococcus uberis-induced mastitis in rats. Ma, Z; Miao, J; Zhang, J; Zheng, L, 2013)	1
"Treatment with taurine, prior to administration of KBrO3, resulted in significant attenuation in all these parameters but the administration of taurine alone had no effect."	( Taurine ameliorates potassium bromate-induced kidney damage in rats. Ahmad, MK; Khan, AA; Mahmood, R, 2013)	2.17
"Pre-treatment with taurine (100 mg/kg/day) significantly reversed the decrease in testes weight, and the reduction in sperm count, motility, viability and daily sperm production in endosulfan (5 mg/kg/day)-treated rats."	( Taurine reverses endosulfan-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in adult rat testis. Aly, HA; Khafagy, RM, 2014)	2.16
"Pretreatment of taurine significantly attenuated Aβ1-42-induced neuronal death."	( Taurine attenuates amyloid β 1-42-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by activating of SIRT1 in SK-N-SH cells. Feng, G; Hu, H; Jia, N; Jin, H; Sun, Q; Wang, W, 2014)	2.18
"Pretreatment with taurine at 100 μM significantly attenuated the oxLDL-induced cytotoxicity."	( Taurine protects HK-2 cells from oxidized LDL-induced cytotoxicity via the ROS-mediated mitochondrial and p53-related apoptotic pathways. Chang, CC; Chang, CY; Kang, CK; Lee, TH; Shen, CY; Sher, YP; Sheu, WH, 2014)	2.17
"Treatment with taurine at 1 mM decreased the number of apoptotic RMPs and the activity of caspase-3 (P < 0.05)."	( Taurine prevents high glucose-induced angiopoietin-2/tie-2 system alterations and apoptosis in retinal microvascular pericytes. Ming, J; Song, Y; Wang, J; Yang, N; Yang, Y; Yu, X; Zeng, K, 2014)	2.18
"Treatment with taurine mediated a reduction in oxidative stress in iron‑overloaded mice, attenuated liver lipid peroxidation, elevated antioxidant enzyme activities and maintained reduced glutathione levels."	( Taurine supplementation reduces oxidative stress and protects the liver in an iron-overload murine model. He, M; Liao, Z; Liu, D; Tang, L; Yi, B; Yin, D; Zhang, Z, 2014)	2.18
"Treatment with taurine, prior to administration of KBrO3, resulted in significant attenuation in all these parameters but the administration of taurine alone had no effect."	( Chemoprotective effect of taurine on potassium bromate-induced DNA damage, DNA-protein cross-linking and oxidative stress in rat intestine. Ahmad, MK; Ali, SN; Khan, AA; Mahmood, R, 2015)	1.06
"Pretreatment with taurine zinc (50, 100 or 200mg/kg) SDs dose-dependently protected rat gastric mucosa against cold-restraint stress (CRS)-induced gastric injury, and significantly attenuated increases in gastric mucosal H(+)K(+)-ATPase activity and lipid peroxidation and enhanced SOD activity."	( Taurine zinc solid dispersions protect against cold-restraint stress-induced gastric ulceration by upregulating HSP70 and exerting an anxiolytic effect. Mei, XT; Xu, DH; Yu, C; Zheng, YP, 2015)	2.18
"Treatment with taurine prevents gut mucosal damage and inhibits intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis following intestinal IR in a rat."	( Effect of taurine on intestinal recovery following intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat. Aranovich, I; Ben Shahar, Y; Berkowitz, D; Bitterman, A; Bitterman, N; Chepurov, D; Coran, AG; Pollak, Y; Sukhotnik, I, 2016)	1.19
"Treatment with taurine before Cd intoxication prevented the toxin-induced oxidative impairments in the erythrocytes of the experimental animals."	( Taurine protects the antioxidant defense system in the erythrocytes of cadmium treated mice. Manna, P; Sil, PC; Sinha, M, 2008)	2.13
"Treatment with taurine prior to arsenic administration effectively ameliorated As-induced oxidative renal dysfunctions and apoptotic cell death."	( Prophylactic role of taurine on arsenic mediated oxidative renal dysfunction via MAPKs/ NF-kappaB and mitochondria dependent pathways. Manna, P; Roy, A; Sil, PC, 2009)	1.01
"The treatment of taurine (300mgkg(-1)d(-1)) and oat fiber (15gkg(-1)d(-1)) induced 21.5% and 18.4% reduction in endotoxin levels, respectively, when compared to the control group (P<0.05)."	( Inhibitory effects of taurine and oat fiber on intestinal endotoxin release in rats. He, P; Li, XD; Luo, M; Wan, XY; Wu, MC, 2010)	1
"Treatment with taurine restored the reduced expression of Bcl-2 close to the control level without any obvious effect on Bax."	( Taurine protection of PC12 cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by oxidative stress. Giraldo, GS; Pan, C; Prentice, H; Wu, JY, 2010)	2.14
"A treatment with taurine was found to significantly attenuate all these alterations, with the protection being, in all instances, greater when given before rather than after LPS."	( Protective action of taurine, given as a pretreatment or as a posttreatment, against endotoxin-induced acute lung inflammation in hamsters. Bhavsar, TM; Lau-Cam, CA; Patel, SN, 2010)	1.01
"Treatment with taurine markedly reduced neurological deficits, lessened brain swelling, attenuated cell death, and decreased the infarct volume 72 h after ischemia."	( Anti-inflammatory mechanism of taurine against ischemic stroke is related to down-regulation of PARP and NF-κB. Gu, Y; Sun, M; Xu, C; Zhao, Y, 2012)	1
"Pretreatment with taurine attenuated inflammatory changes and significantly decreased mRNA expression of TLR-2 (8 h post S."	( The effect of taurine on the toll-like receptors/nuclear factor kappa B (TLRs/NF-κB) signaling pathway in Streptococcus uberis-induced mastitis in rats. Ma, Z; Miao, J; Zhang, J; Zheng, L; Zhu, W; Zou, S, 2011)	1.05
"Treatment with taurine showed also significant reduction in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in both somatic and germ cells."	( Protective role of taurine against genotoxic damage in mice treated with methotrexate and tamoxfine. Abd El-Rahim, AH; Alam, SS; Hafiz, NA, 2011)	1.04
"Pretreatment with taurine (150, 300 mg/kg) significantly prevented bufadienolide-induced cardiotoxicity and reduced the mortality in vivo."	( Protective effect of taurine on cardiotoxicity of the bufadienolides derived from toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans Canto) venom in guinea-pigs in vivo and in vitro. Ding, A; Duan, J; Jiang, J; Lv, G; Ma, H; Xu, H; You, F; Zhan, Z; Zhang, J; Zhou, J, 2012)	1.02
"Treatment with taurine 4 h or 8 h after ischemia significantly improved the neurologic function, and decreased the infarct volumes 24 h after ischemia."	( Therapeutic window of taurine against experimental stroke in rats. Gu, Y; Sun, M; Xu, C; Zhao, YM, 2012)	1.03
"Co-treatment of taurine strongly reversed the decline of antioxidase activities induced by METH."	( Taurine attenuates methamphetamine-induced autophagy and apoptosis in PC12 cells through mTOR signaling pathway. Bu, Q; Cen, X; Chen, B; Deng, Y; Hou, J; Hu, Z; Huang, Y; Li, H; Li, Y; Lu, W; Lv, L; Shao, X; Zhang, B; Zhao, J; Zhao, Y; Zhu, R, 2012)	2.16
"Treatment with taurine (1% w/v for three weeks) post-hyperglycemia, however, could restore all the alteration caused by ALX."	( Taurine ameliorate alloxan induced oxidative stress and intrinsic apoptotic pathway in the hepatic tissue of diabetic rats. Das, J; Rashid, K; Sil, PC, 2013)	2.17
"Treatment with taurine did not significantly alter levels of SST (p > 0.05) or GAD67 (p > 0.05)."	( Taurine's effects on the neuroendocrine functions of pancreatic β cells. Cuttitta, CM; Guariglia, SR; Idrissi, AE; L'amoreaux, WJ, 2013)	2.17
"Treatment with taurine prior to stimulation down-regulated FasL protein expression and partially inhibited apoptosis."	( Taurine attenuates CD3/interleukin-2-induced T cell apoptosis in an in vitro model of activation-induced cell death (AICD). Bouchier-Hayes, DJ; Condron, CE; Maher, SG; Toomey, DM, 2005)	2.11
"Treatment with taurine inhibited I/R-induced compartment syndrome by at least in part attenuating oxidative stress injury induced by I/R, suggesting clinical application of taurine might be a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of compartment syndrome."	( Taurine inhibits ischemia/reperfusion-induced compartment syndrome in rabbits. Li, Y; Pang, YZ; Tang, CS; Wang, JX; Zhang, J; Zhang, LK; Zhao, J, 2005)	2.12
"Treatment with taurine hardly influences on the increase in expression of nitric oxide synthase in rat lung induced by silica dust."	( [Effects of taurine on the expression of nitric oxide synthase in lung of rats exposed to silica]. Du, HK; Liu, DW; Wang, J; Wang, SX; Xu, ZR, 2005)	1.06
"Treatment with taurine can effectively attenuate type I and III collagen expression in the rat lung induced by silica particles at different time points in our study."	( [Effects of taurine on type I and III collagen expression in rats lung exposed to silica]. Chang, AH; Du, HK; Liu, DW; Wang, SX; Xu, ZR, 2006)	1.07
"Treatment with taurine in vivo (60 or 180 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the inhibition of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and the reduced level of NO, and decreased the elevated levels of ADMA, MDA, and TNF-alpha."	( Taurine protects against low-density lipoprotein-induced endothelial dysfunction by the DDAH/ADMA pathway. Hu, CP; Huang, H; Jia, SJ; Jiang, DJ; Jiang, JL; Li, YJ; Tan, B, 2007)	2.12
"Pre-treatment with taurine and vitamins E and C revealed that taurine prevents the effects of intrastriatal administration of GAA on the inhibition of complex II, complex II-III, and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activities."	( Evidence that the inhibitory effects of guanidinoacetate on the activities of the respiratory chain, Na+,K+-ATPase and creatine kinase can be differentially prevented by taurine and vitamins E and C administration in rat striatum in vivo. Mattos, C; Ribeiro, CA; Scherer, EB; Wajner, M; Wannmacher, CM; Wyse, AT; Zugno, AI, 2007)	0.85
"Treatment with taurine can effectively attenuate the pathological expression of TNF-alpha protein of lung in rats induced by silica."	( [Effects of taurine on tumor necrosis factor expression of lung in rats treated by silica]. Du, H; Liu, D; Wang, S; Xu, Z, 2007)	1.07
"Treatment with taurine (at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 5 days) before cadmium intoxication prevented the toxin-induced oxidative impairments in renal tissues."	( Taurine plays a beneficial role against cadmium-induced oxidative renal dysfunction. Manna, P; Sil, PC; Sinha, M, 2009)	2.14
"Pre-treatment with taurine (1.6 micromol/g of body weight), or alpha-tocopherol plus ascorbic acid (40 and 100 microg/g body weight, respectively) prevented those effects of tryptophan, reinforcing the hypothesis that tryptophan induces oxidative stress in brain cortex of the rats."	( Tryptophan administration induces oxidative stress in brain cortex of rats. Amaral, MF; Dutra-Filho, CS; Feksa, LR; Feksa, PB; Koch, GD; Latini, A; Leipnitz, G; Rech, VC; Wajner, M; Wannmacher, CM, 2008)	0.66
"Pretreatment with taurine (200 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated the rise in serum glucose levels at 0.5 hr after glucose administration."	( Hypoglycemic properties of taurine: not mediated by enhanced insulin release. Kulakowski, EC; Maturo, J, 1984)	0.89
"Pretreatment with taurine (3% aqueous solution, p.o., for 3 days) facilitated lipid peroxide formation in the rat liver associated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4:2 ml/kg, b.w., i.p.) administration. "	( Pretreatment with taurine facilitates hepatic lipid peroxide formation associated with carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Kuriyama, K; Nakashima, T; Takino, T, 1983)	0.93
"Pretreatment with taurine that had been injected IVT 10 min prior to every administration of DAME suppressed the development of tolerance to both the akinetic and analgetic effects of the peptide."	( Taurine and tolerance to opioid peptides. Barbeau, A; Fukuda, T; Izumi, K; Koja, T; Shimizu, T; Yoshida, M, 1983)	2.03
"Pretreatment with taurine (9.5 X 10(-2) M) which was injected in a volume of 10 microliter intraventricularly 10 min prior to every administration of DAME suppressed the development of tolerance to both analgesia and akinesia effects of this peptide, whereas pretreatment with L-leucine at the same concentration did not."	( Effects of taurine on tolerance to [D-Ala2, Met5]enkephalinamide in rats. Barbeau, A; Fukuda, T; Izumi, K; Munekata, E; Nakanishi, T; Yamamoto, H; Yoshida, M, 1982)	0.98
"Pretreatment with taurine (scavenger of hypochlorous acid) or antineutrophil serum significantly attenuated gastric mucosal lesions induced by the above test agents."	( Products of neutrophil metabolism increase ammonia-induced gastric mucosal damage. Asagoe, K; Dekigai, H; Kita, T; Kusaka, S; Murakami, M; Saita, H, 1995)	0.61
"Oral treatment with taurine (CAS 107-35-7) of rabbits with congestive heart failure (CHF) caused by impairment of aortic valve dose-dependently improved hemodynamic and contractile indices of the heart and prolonged the animals' life. "	( Effects on heart membranes after taurine treatment in rabbits with congestive heart failure. Elizarova, EP; Medvedeva, NV; Orlova, TR, 1993)	0.89
"Treatment with taurine was followed by a significant increase in serum prealbumin levels (P = .053), a trend toward a reduction in fat malabsorption, and no effect on the biochemical profile."	( Ursodeoxycholic acid for liver disease associated with cystic fibrosis: a double-blind multicenter trial. The Italian Group for the Study of Ursodeoxycholic Acid in Cystic Fibrosis. Battezzati, PM; Bettinardi, N; Colombo, C; Giunta, A; Podda, M, 1996)	0.63
"Treatment with taurine significantly suppressed adriamycin-induced proteinuria, albuminuria, and urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase."	( Protection by taurine against adriamycin-induced proteinuria and hyperlipidemia in rats. Arumugam, V; Karthikeyan, J; Venkatesan, N; Venkatesan, P, 1997)	1
"Rats treated with taurine and exposed to ozone exhibited these alterations focally at 2 hours exposure and no changes were noted at 6 hours post ozone exposure."	( Taurine protects rat bronchioles from acute ozone exposure: a freeze fracture and electron microscopic study. Gordon, RE; Laskin, D; Park, E; Schuller-Levis, GB, )	1.9
"Treating with taurine reversed these depletions."	( Thiols and polyamines in the cytoprotective effect of taurine on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. Kennedy, DO; Matsui-Yuasa, I; Otani, S; Wu, C; Yano, Y, 1999)	0.9
"Treatment with taurine and niacin attenuated the BL-induced increases in proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and TGF-beta in BALF and lung hydroxyproline content of the mice in BL + TN groups."	( Taurine and niacin block lung injury and fibrosis by down-regulating bleomycin-induced activation of transcription nuclear factor-kappaB in mice. Giri, SN; Gurujeyalakshmi, G; Wang, Y, 2000)	2.09
"Treatment with taurine alone did not change either SDL or EL."	( Improvement of impaired memory in mice by taurine. Hui, X; Vohra, BP, 2000)	0.91
"Treatment of taurine and niacin began 2 days before the first intratracheal instillation of saline or BL and thereafter daily throughout the study for taurine + niacin + saline and taurine + niacin + BL groups."	( Abatement of bleomycin-induced increases in vascular permeability, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrotic lesions in hamster lungs by combined treatment with taurine and niacin. Giri, SN; Hyde, DM; Wang, Q, 1992)	0.83
"Pretreatment with taurine inhibited the nociceptive-related writhing behavior produced by an intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid in mice but failed to alter the latency of response in the hot plate or tail flick assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"	( Interactions between substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, taurine and excitatory amino acids in the spinal cord. Larson, AA; Skilling, SR; Smullin, DH, 1990)	0.84
"Treatment with taurine seems to reduce lipoperoxidation and decrease cell damage at the time of reperfusion."	( Reduction of reperfusion injury with preoperative rapid intravenous infusion of taurine during myocardial revascularization. Boveris, A; Covarrubias, J; Ferreira, R; Forcada, P; Llesuy, S; Milei, J, 1992)	0.85
"Pretreatment with taurine (0.5% in drinking water for 3 days) prevented both the drop in bile flow and the histological changes in the liver, suggesting that conjugation with taurine removed the cholestatic potential of sulfated lithocholate."	( The effect of taurine on the cholestatic potential of sulfated lithocholate and its conjugates. Belli, DC; Fournier, LA; Giguère, R; Roy, CC; Tuchweber, B; Yousef, IM, 1991)	0.97
"Treatment with taurine (470 mg/kg/day, p.o.) strengthened the bactericidal capacity of neutrophils which was decreased by cholesterol diet feeding, as the capacity was stronger on the 40th day than that in animals fed laboratory chow."	( Effects of taurine on neutrophil function in hyperlipidemic rats. Horisaka, K; Koeda, T; Masuda, M, 1986)	1

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"05% taurine in addition to an excess of cystine, four cats died after showing minimal symptoms of lethargy and unsteadiness and the remainder showed no adverse effects."	( Cystine neurotoxicity is increased by taurine deficiency. Gargano, AD; Imaki, H; Messing, JM; Rerecich, M; Rudelli, R; Sturman, JA, 1989)	1.11
" In comparison with control cells that were transfected with the parent vector, the ATase-expressing clones were considerably more resistant to the toxic effects of the methylating agents N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and methylmethanesulphonate or the chloroethylating agents Mz or taurine chloroethylnitrosourea, but unchanged in their susceptibility to the bis-chloroethylating agent nitrogen mustard."	( Transfection of murine multi-potent haemopoietic stem cells with an E. coli DNA alkyltransferase gene confers resistance to the toxic effects of alkylating agents. Dexter, TM; Jelinek, J; Kleibl, K; Margison, GP, 1988)	0.45
"Hypertransaminasemia is a frequent side effect during chenodeoxycholic administration for gallstone dissolution."	( Bile acid-induced liver toxicity: relation to the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of bile acids. Alvaro, D; Angelico, M; Attili, AF; Cantafora, A; Capocaccia, L, 1986)	0.27
" C57/BL6 mice (n = 140) received toxic doses (12 micrograms/mouse IV) of TNF."	( Taurolidine inhibits tumour necrosis factor (TNF) toxicity--new evidence of TNF and endotoxin synergy. Donohue, JH; Monson, JR; Ramsey, PS, 1993)	0.29
" Cysteine was also toxic but higher concentrations were required."	( Neurotoxicity of cysteine: interaction with glutamate. Eriksson, P; Lehmann, A; Nilsson, M; Puka-Sundvall, M; Sandberg, M, 1995)	0.29
" It indicated that taurine might play a role in reducing the toxic effect of copper in rats."	( Effect of taurine on toxicity of copper in rats. Cheng, HM; Hwang, DF; Wang, LC, 1998)	1.03
" Judging from these data, this indicates that taurine may play an important role in reducing the toxic effect of oxidized fish oil in rats."	( Effect of taurine on toxicity of oxidized fish oil in rats. Cheng, HM; Hour, JL; Hwang, DF, 2000)	0.97
" In consequence of these acute processes delayed cell death in the MBN and persistent loss of cholinergic fibre projections to the neocortex appear as early as 3 days following the Abeta-induced toxic insult."	( beta-amyloid neurotoxicity is mediated by a glutamate-triggered excitotoxic cascade in rat nucleus basalis. Abrahám, I; Harkany, T; Kónya, C; Korf, J; Laskay, G; Luiten, PG; Nyakas, C; Penke, B; Sasvári, M; Sebens, JB; Soós, K; Timmerman, W; Tóth, B; Zarándi, M, 2000)	0.31
" However, these toxic effects of cadmium were significantly reduced when the rats fed diet with supplement of taurine."	( Effect of taurine on toxicity of cadmium in rats. Hwang, DF; Wang, LC, 2001)	0.93
" According to these observations, NR2B SSNAs are potent inhibitors of ethanol-withdrawal-induced neurotoxicity and considering that these agents have acceptable side effect profiles, they could be promising therapeutic candidates in the pharmacotherapy for physical signs of acute alcohol-withdrawal and associated neuronal damage."	( NR2B subunit selective NMDA antagonists inhibit neurotoxic effect of alcohol-withdrawal in primary cultures of rat cortical neurones. Farkas, S; Horváth, C; Kolok, S; Nagy, J; Szombathelyi, Z, 2004)	0.32
" Both drugs are safe and acceptably tolerated but issues of compliance need to be addressed adequately to assure their usefulness in clinical practice."	( Efficacy and safety of naltrexone and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a systematic review. Amate, JM; Angeles, M; Bouza, C; Magro, A; Muñoz, A, 2004)	0.32
"To develop the safe formulation that can safely improve bioavailability of poorly absorbable drugs and that is practically available, we prepared the suppositories of rebamipide, a poorly soluble and poorly absorbable antiulcer drug, by employing the combinatorial use of sodium laurate (C12), an absorption enhancer, with taurine (Tau) or L-glutamine (L-Gln), an adjuvant exerting the cytoprotective action."	( Development of suppository formulation safely improving rectal absorption of rebamipide, a poorly absorbable drug, by utilizing sodium laurate and taurine. Higaki, K; Kamada, N; Kimura, T; Minami, T; Miyake, M; Mukai, T; Odomi, M; Ogawara, K; Oka, Y; Toguchi, H, 2004)	0.7
" Agonists of the glycine recognition site of NMDA receptors (D-serine and D-alanine) did not have any toxic effect in hippocampal cultures, whereas competitive blockade of the glycine site by 7-chlorokynurenic acid was neuroprotective."	( Glycine-induced neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Barth, A; Barth, L; Newell, DW; Nguyen, LB, 2005)	0.33
"The efficacy of methotrexate (MTX), a widely used cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent, is often limited by severe side effects and toxic sequelae."	( Taurine protects against methotrexate-induced toxicity and inhibits leukocyte death. Akpulat, S; Cetiner, M; Ekşioğlu-Demiralp, E; Ercan, F; Gedik, N; Sehirli, AO; Sener, G; Sirvanci, S; Tecimer, T; Yeğen, BC, 2005)	1.77
"In the many clinical studies conducted in the alcoholism field with psychotropic drugs--and throughout the drug development field in medicine, where evaluation of adverse events can be incomplete, arbitrary or misleading--few standardized methods have been developed for assessing adverse events, whereas defining standardized methods for evaluating clinical efficacy is typical."	( The COMBINE SAFTEE: a structured instrument for collecting adverse events adapted for clinical studies in the alcoholism field. Ait-Daoud, N; Johnson, BA; Roache, JD, 2005)	0.33
"We standardized use of the SAFTEE with training, supervision and clear guidelines for its implementation, including development of a nomenclature for the typical adverse events associated with these medications and a format for examining symptom severity."	( The COMBINE SAFTEE: a structured instrument for collecting adverse events adapted for clinical studies in the alcoholism field. Ait-Daoud, N; Johnson, BA; Roache, JD, 2005)	0.33
"The COMBINE SAFTEE was incorporated into the Medical Management therapy and showed high fidelity with its utility, consistency of deliverability and flexibility in measuring adverse events in both the human laboratory and clinical trial settings using intervals that varied from daily to weekly use."	( The COMBINE SAFTEE: a structured instrument for collecting adverse events adapted for clinical studies in the alcoholism field. Ait-Daoud, N; Johnson, BA; Roache, JD, 2005)	0.33
"One of the most attractive approaches to disease prevention involves the use of natural antioxidants to protect tissue against toxic injury."	( Attenuation of tamoxifen-induced hepatotoxicity by taurine in mice. Banerjee, BD; Parvez, S; Raisuddin, S; Rehman, H; Tabassum, H, 2006)	0.59
"To describe benefits and adverse effects associated with the consumption of energy drinks."	( Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks. Clauson, KA; McQueen, CE; Persad, N; Shields, KM, )	0.13
" Commonly reported adverse effects seen with caffeine in the quantities present in most energy drinks are insomnia, nervousness, headache, and tachycardia."	( Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks. Clauson, KA; McQueen, CE; Persad, N; Shields, KM, )	0.13
"The amounts of guarana, taurine, and ginseng found in popular energy drinks are far below the amounts expected to deliver either therapeutic benefits or adverse events."	( Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks. Clauson, KA; McQueen, CE; Persad, N; Shields, KM, )	0.44
" Since S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is the primary source of the sulfur atom in glutathione, UPLC/MS and NMR were used to evaluate metabolites involved with the transulfuration pathway in urine samples collected during studies of eight liver toxic compounds in Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Evaluations of the trans-sulfuration pathway in multiple liver toxicity studies. Beger, RD; Chen, M; Dragan, Y; Holland, RD; Schnackenberg, LK; Sun, J; Tong, W; Welsh, W, 2009)	0.35
" Oral administration of taurine (3% w/v in tap water) dramatically reduced the mortality rate in both the acute or sub-acute toxic models of DOX toxicity."	( Beneficial effect of taurine treatment against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Azuma, J; Fujio, Y; Ito, T; Muraoka, S; Schaffer, SW; Takahashi, K, 2009)	0.98
" Caffeine, the most physiologically active ingredient in energy drinks, is generally considered safe by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), although adverse effects can occur at varying amounts."	( Energy drinks: a review of use and safety for athletes. Duchan, E; Feucht, C; Patel, ND, 2010)	0.36
" ACE, MDA, GSH, TSH and histopathological changes showed that tau-MWNTs were less toxic than the raw MWNTs."	( Pulmonary toxicity in mice exposed to low and medium doses of water-soluble multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Deng, XY; Gu, YQ; Jia, G; Liu, ZH; Nie, H; Wang, H; Wang, TC; Wang, X; Zang, JJ, 2010)	0.36
"Thallium (Tl) is a toxic heavy metal and its exposure to the human body causes physiological and biochemical changes due to its interference with potassium-dependent biological reactions."	( Study of acute biochemical effects of thallium toxicity in mouse urine by NMR spectroscopy. Bhatnagar, D; Chaturvedi, S; Devi, MM; Khan, AR; Khushu, S; Rana, P; Tripathi, RP; Tyagi, R, 2011)	0.37
" Our hypothesis was that antiseptics and supplemental irrigation with sodium chloride lavage are less toxic on human chondrocytes than treatment with antiseptics only."	( Toxicity of antiseptics against chondrocytes: what is best for the cartilage in septic joint surgery? Arnholdt, J; Kolar, P; Matziolis, G; Perka, C; Röhner, E; Seeger, JB; Thiele, K, 2011)	0.37
" Their ability to hinder the toxic effect of Aβ(25-35) in vivo was studied by monitoring the viability of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and the prevention of superoxide anion radical release from BV2 microglial cells."	( Inhibition of amyloid peptide fragment Aβ25-35 fibrillogenesis and toxicity by N-terminal β-amino acid-containing esapeptides: is taurine moiety essential for in vivo effects? Chiaraluce, R; Consalvi, V; Giordano, C; Masci, A; Masi, A; Mosca, L; Pasquo, A; Sansone, A, 2012)	0.58
" Moreover, currently used chemotherapeutics have severe toxic side effects."	( The antineoplastic antibiotic taurolidine promotes lung and liver metastasis in two syngeneic osteosarcoma mouse models and exhibits severe liver toxicity. Arlt, MJ; Banke, IJ; Bertz, J; Born, W; Ehrensperger, F; Fuchs, B; Puskas, GJ; Rentsch, KM; Steinmann, P; Walters, DK, 2012)	0.38
" However, these toxic effects of zinc were significantly reduced when the rats fed diet with supplement of taurine."	( Dietary taurine reduces zinc-induced toxicity in male Wistar rats. Hsieh, YL; Hwang, DF; Lee, YT; Yeh, YH, 2011)	1.02
" The aim of this study was to show that these compounds are safe in an EpiOcular model and effective in corneas infected ex vivo."	( N-chlorotaurine and its analogues N,N-dichloro-2,2-dimethyltaurine and N-monochloro-2,2-dimethyltaurine are safe and effective bactericidal agents in ex vivo corneal infection models. Anderson, M; Bechrakis, NE; Debabov, D; Eitzinger, C; Hager, T; Jekle, A; Lutz, M; Nagl, M; Schmid, E; Teuchner, B; Zuck, M, 2012)	0.81
" The aim of this study was to establish the protective effects of taurine against cytotoxicity induced by isoniazid and its suspected toxic metabolite hydrazine in isolated rat hepatocytes by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial depolarisation, reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidised glutathione (GSSG)."	( Cytoprotective effects of taurine against toxicity induced by isoniazid and hydrazine in isolated rat hepatocytes. Babaei, H; Eghbal, MA; Heidari, R, 2013)	0.93
" Administration of melatonin reduced the toxic effects of trazodone in isolated rat hepatocytes."	( Mechanisms of trazodone-induced cytotoxicity and the protective effects of melatonin and/or taurine toward freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Eghbal, MA; Sattari, MR; Taziki, S, 2013)	0.61
"Taurolidine infusion was safe in 6 healthy dogs and there were no significant side effects."	( Pharmacokinetic study and evaluation of the safety of taurolidine for dogs with osteosarcoma. Bracha, S; Brownlee, L; Helfand, SC; Marley, K; Mata, JE; Séguin, B; Simpson, J; Tracewell, WG, 2013)	0.39
" However, hepatotoxicity is one of its adverse effects reported in some patients."	( Mechanisms of phenytoin-induced toxicity in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes and the protective effects of taurine and/or melatonin. Eghbal, MA; Sattari, MR; Taziki, S, 2014)	0.62
" This review details the adverse effects of IUGR on fetal brain development and discusses intervention strategies."	( Neurodevelopment in children with intrauterine growth restriction: adverse effects and interventions. Fu, W; Liu, J; Wang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" The adverse event frequency in the therapy groups was similar to that in the placebo group."	( Efficacy and Safety of "URSA Complex" in Subjects with Physical Fatigue: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. Cho, DY; Kim, KM; Kim, KS; Kim, MJ; Kim, YS; Park, KC; Song, SW; Yang, SW, 2016)	0.43
" This study indicates that ammonia exerts its toxic effects by interfering with amino acid transport, inducing ROS generation, leading to malondialdehyde accumulation and immunosuppression of crucian carp."	( Acute ammonia toxicity in crucian carp Carassius auratus and effects of taurine on hyperammonemia. Li, M; Meng, F; Ren, Q; Shi, G; Song, M; Wang, R; Xing, X; Yuan, L, 2016)	0.67
" This study indicates that ammonia exerts its toxic effects by interfering with amino acid transport, inducing reactive oxygen species generation and malondialdehyde accumulation, leading to blood deterioration and over-activation of immune response."	( The protective effects of taurine on acute ammonia toxicity in grass carp Ctenopharynodon idellus. Li, M; Meng, F; Ren, Q; Shi, G; Song, M; Wang, R; Xing, X; Yuan, L, 2016)	0.73
" The toxic effects of glutamate on RGCs are mediated by the overstimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors."	( Neuroprotective Effect of Magnesium Acetyltaurate Against NMDA-Induced Excitotoxicity in Rat Retina. Agarwal, P; Agarwal, R; Arfuzir, NN; Bakar, NS; Iezhitsa, I; Ismail, NM; Jafri, AJ; Krasilnikova, A; Kutty, MK; Lambuk, L; Ozerov, A; Rozali, KN; Spasov, A; Yusof, AP, 2017)	0.46
"Retinal toxicity is one of the most commonly discussed and concerning adverse effects of vigabatrin (VGB)."	( The Vigabatrin Induced Retinal Toxicity is Associated with Photopic Exposure and Taurine Deficiency: An In Vivo Study. Huang, YF; Liu, C; Ma, J; Ma, Z; Tao, Y; Wang, Y; Yan, Z; Yang, J; Yang, Z, 2016)	0.66
" Its adverse effects on brain had been observed."	( Taurine Alleviate Hexabromocyclododecane-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC12 Cells via Inhibiting Oxidative Stress. Fan, N; Guo, L; Li, Y; Liu, L; Xie, X; Zhang, X, )	1.57
" Its primary side effect is nephrotoxicity."	( Taurine Administration Mitigates Cisplatin Induced Acute Nephrotoxicity by Decreasing DNA Damage and Inflammation: An Immunocytochemical Study. Kato, T; Ma, N; Tsunekawa, M; Wang, S; Yamashita, T, )	1.57
" This study tests the hypothesis that taurine supplementation ameliorates this adverse effect."	( Taurine Supplementation Ameliorates the Adverse Effects of Perinatal Taurine Depletion and High Sugar Intake on Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury of Adult Female Rats. Kulthinee, S; Michael Wyss, J; Rakmanee, S; Roysommuti, S, )	1.85
" However, the clinical application of doxorubicin is compromised by its severe adverse effects, including cardiotoxicity."	( Taurine Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Toxicity on B16F10 Cells. Hwang, JW; Jeon, BT; Kim, EK; Kim, WS; Kim, YS; Moon, SH; Natarajan, SB; Park, PJ; Shin, WB, )	1.57
"ALZ-801 was well tolerated and there were no severe or serious adverse events (AEs) or laboratory findings."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Safety of ALZ-801, a Novel Prodrug of Tramiprosate in Development for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Abushakra, S; Amedio, J; Hey, JA; Kaplan, PL; Kocis, P; Power, A; Tolar, M; Versavel, M; Yu, JY, 2018)	0.48
" Episodes of acute catheter thrombosis, requirement of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and incidence of catheter-related blood stream infection (CRBSI) were recorded, along with dialysis adequacy (Kt/V), blood flow rates (BFRs) and adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of taurolidine/urokinase versus taurolidine/heparin as a tunneled catheter lock solution in hemodialysis patients: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Al-Ali, F; Buanan, H; Elsayed, A; Elsayed, M; Fawzy, A; Hamad, A; Hamdy, AF; Ibrahim, R; Tolba, H; Zafar Iqbal, Z, 2018)	0.48
"Taurolock/U is a safe and effective tunneled dialysis catheter lock solution, with a low rate of catheter exchange."	( Safety and efficacy of taurolidine/urokinase versus taurolidine/heparin as a tunneled catheter lock solution in hemodialysis patients: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Al-Ali, F; Buanan, H; Elsayed, A; Elsayed, M; Fawzy, A; Hamad, A; Hamdy, AF; Ibrahim, R; Tolba, H; Zafar Iqbal, Z, 2018)	0.48
" The results showed that ammonia poisoning could induce ammonia, glutamine, glutamate and malondialdehyde accumulation, and subsequently lead to blood deterioration (red blood cell, hemoglobin and serum biochemical index reduced), oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase and catalase activities declined) and immunosuppression (lysozyme, 50% hemolytic complement, total immunoglobulin, phagocytic index and respiratory burst reduced), but the exogenous taurine could mitigate the adverse effect of ammonia poisoning."	( Effects of acute ammonia toxicity on oxidative stress, immune response and apoptosis of juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and the mitigation of exogenous taurine. Li, M; Qian, Y; Wang, R; Zhang, M, 2018)	0.84
" The formation of toxic amyloid oligomers, extracellular amyloid plaques and amyloid angiopathy in brain by amyloid beta peptides are considered a part of the identified mechanism involved in disease pathogenesis."	( Contributions of Mass Spectrometry to the Identification of Low Molecular Weight Molecules Able to Reduce the Toxicity of Amyloid-β Peptide to Cell Cultures and Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Caba, IC; Luca, A; Mihai, CT; Stanciu, GD; Ştefănescu, R; Tamba, BI, 2019)	0.51
" The present study was aimed to investigate the adverse effects of BPA and its protection by taurine and curcumin."	( Testicular toxicity of orally administrated bisphenol A in rats and protective role of taurine and curcumin. Apaydin, FG; Kalender, S; Kalender, Y, 2019)	0.96
" This study tests the hypothesis that perinatal taurine supplementation prevents the adverse effects of maternal dyslipidemia on growth and cardiovascular function in adult rat offspring."	( Perinatal Taurine Supplementation Prevents the Adverse Effects of Maternal Dyslipidemia on Growth and Cardiovascular Control in Adult Rat Offspring. Roysommuti, S; Seanthaweesuk, S; Somparn, N; Tangnoi, C; Thaeomor, A, 2019)	1.17
" At week 4, no significant differences were found in the treatment effect and the total occurrence of adverse drug reactions between the taurine and placebo groups."	( Safety and efficacy of taurine as an add-on treatment for tics in youngsters. Cheng, H; Ding, L; Ji, X; Li, H; Liu, G; Liu, S; Ran, N; Tang, L; Yang, Z; Yi, M; Zhang, Y; Zhao, H; Zhao, J, 2020)	1.07
"Taurine is safe and effective for tics."	( Safety and efficacy of taurine as an add-on treatment for tics in youngsters. Cheng, H; Ding, L; Ji, X; Li, H; Liu, G; Liu, S; Ran, N; Tang, L; Yang, Z; Yi, M; Zhang, Y; Zhao, H; Zhao, J, 2020)	2.31
" In this study, curcumin and taurine application provided protection against renal toxicity caused by BPA but did not prevent toxic effect completely."	( Protective potential of curcumin or taurine on nephrotoxicity caused by bisphenol A. Aslanturk, A; Uzunhisarcikli, M, 2020)	1.12
" This study aimed to investigate whether combined exposure to paraquat (PQ) and maneb (MB) during puberty could cause permanent toxic effects in the neural system of rats."	( The protective function of taurine on pesticide-induced permanent neurodevelopmental toxicity in juvenile rats. Guan, X; Li, B; Li, C; Liu, F; Yuan, M, 2021)	0.92
"The present study was conducted to investigate the potential adverse effect of Pb on pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats and their fetuses after maternal exposure, on gestational days (GD) 7-16."	( Developmental toxicity of lead in rats after gestational exposure and the protective role of taurine. Aglan, HS; Ain-Shoka, AA; Gebremedhn, S; Kandil, AM; Safar, MM; Salilew-Wondim, D; Schellander, K; Tesfaye, D, 2021)	0.84
"To evaluate AlP-induced cardiotoxicity, the animals were divided into seven groups, including the control group, the taurine group (500 mg/kg), AlP with LD50 dose, AlP + taurine 20, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg group."	( On the mechanisms of taurine in alleviating electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, and biochemical parameters following aluminum phosphide cardiotoxicity. Abdollahi, M; Armandeh, M; Azarmi, Y; Baeeri, M; Bameri, B; Eghbal, MA; Gholami, M; Haghi-Aminjan, H; Hassani, S; Hooshangi Shayesteh, MR; Rahimifard, M; Samadi, M; Sattari, M, 2021)	1.15
"It has been revealed that di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) has toxic impacts on the male reproductive system."	( Taurine ameliorates cytotoxic effects of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on Leydig cells. Khorsandi, L; Saki, G; Valizadeh, A; Yahyavy, S, 2021)	2.06
" Despite taurolidine's frequent use as catheter lock solution (CLS) to prevent CRBSIs and its presumed favourable safety profile, data on taurolidine-related adverse events (AEs) and the clinical implications thereof remain merely anecdotal."	( Taurolidine-related adverse events in patients on home parenteral nutrition frequently indicate catheter-related problems. Gillis, VELM; Korzilius, JW; Wanten, GJA; Wouters, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Combining the results of biochemical indexes and metabolomics analysis, both raw BR and VPBR showed toxic effect on rats, whereas vinegar processing reduced its toxicity."	( [Toxicity comparison of raw and vinegar-processed Bupleuri Radix based on ~1H-NMR metabolomics]. Li, ZY; Qin, XM; Sun, HM; Zhang, T, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The pharmacokinetic properties of tauromustine (TCNU) were studied in 31 cancer patients who participated in phase I trials."	( Pharmacokinetics of tauromustine in cancer patients. Phase I studies. Ellman, M; Gunnarsson, PO; Hansen, HH; Macpherson, JS; Polacek, J; Smyth, JF; Vibe-Petersen, J; Warrington, PS, 1989)	0.28
" The present study was, therefore, planned to confirm blood-barrier crossing by Ca AOTA and to study the drug's physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics."	( Physicochemical, pharmacological and pharmacokinetic study of a new GABAergic compound, calcium acetylhomotaurinate. Andre, D; Boismare, F; Boucly, P; Chabenat, C; Chretien, P; Daoust, M; Lhuintre, JP; Moore, N; Saligaut, C, 1988)	0.27
"The pharmacokinetic profiles of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and tauromustine (TCNU) were investigated in NMRI mice following their administration either alone or as part of simultaneous or sequential combinations."	( 5-Fluorouracil causes alterations in the pharmacokinetic profile of tauromustine in NMRI mice. Bibby, MC; Hill, SR, 1994)	0.29
" The administration of the enteric-coated tablets showed a flip-flop mechanism with a terminal elimination half-life 10-fold higher than the 3-hour half-life reported after intravenous infusion."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of acamprosate. Chabac, S; Durbin, P; Houin, G; Hulot, T; Potgieter, A; Saivin, S, 1998)	0.3
"A pharmacokinetic study based on the distribution of radioactivity from the double labelled S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) has been carried out by oral administration of the liposoluble stable salt [methyl-(14)C, 8-(3)H]SAM N-ole-1-oyltaurate to rats."	( S-adenosyl-L-methionine N-ole-1-oyltaurate: pharmacokinetic of the orally administered salt in rats. Cartenì, M; De Rosa, A; De Rosa, M; Morana, A; Parlato, M, 2001)	0.31
" Thus, this is the first human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interaction study of acamprosate and naltrexone."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interaction study of acamprosate and naltrexone. Boyeson, MG; Dixon, RM; Goodman, AM; Hameed, MH; Hulot, T; Hunter, JA; Mason, BJ; Wesnes, K, 2002)	0.31
" Continuous collection of bile resulted in an 11-fold decrease in the terminal half-life of MRL-I in plasma (1."	( Differences in the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of two structurally similar PPAR agonists in dogs: involvement of taurine conjugation. Brunner, J; Franklin, RB; Hora, D; Kim, MS; Kochansky, C; Lynn, K; Shen, Z; Vincent, SH; Wang, S; Wang, Z, 2004)	0.53
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of these metabolites are not well established."	( The pharmacokinetics of taurolidine metabolites in healthy volunteers. Gong, L; Greenberg, HE; Kraft, WK; Perhach, JL; Waldman, SA, 2007)	0.34
" Although commonly used in the treatment of alcohol dependence, there are still unanswered questions concerning the pharmacokinetic properties of acamprosate."	( Acamprosate determinations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid after multiple dosing measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy: a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers. Andersson, M; Beck, O; Brundin, L; Eksborg, S; Franck, J; Hammarberg, A; Jayaram-Lindström, N; Lindefeldt, A; Reid, MS, 2010)	0.36
" This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of acamprosate 333 mg tablet in Indian healthy male volunteers."	( A LC-MS analysis of acamprosate from human plasma: pharmacokinetic application. Chakraborty, BS; Ghosh, C; Jha, V; Shinde, CP, 2011)	0.37
" The validated methods were successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetic interaction of taurine and edaravone in rats after independent intravenous administration and co-administration with a single dose."	( LC-MS/MS methods for the determination of edaravone and/or taurine in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Bian, TT; Du, Q; Jiang, SS; Li, Y; Li, YJ; Tang, DQ; Wu, XW; Zheng, XX, 2014)	0.87
" Reduction in sAPP (total) and sAPPα may be a novel pharmacodynamic property of acamprosate."	( Impact of acamprosate on plasma amyloid-β precursor protein in youth: a pilot analysis in fragile X syndrome-associated and idiopathic autism spectrum disorder suggests a pharmacodynamic protein marker. Bowers, K; Erickson, CA; Lahiri, DK; Maloney, B; McDougle, CJ; Ray, B; Schaefer, TL; Sokol, DK; Wink, LK, 2014)	0.4
"Few pharmacokinetic data of acamprosate were available in Chinese population and no medication is approved for alcohol dependence in China."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of acamprosate calcium tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers. Liang, M; Luo, Z; Mei, Y; Miao, J; Qin, Y; Shen, Y; Wang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of acamprosate calcium in healthy Chinese male volunteers on single- and multiple-dose administration."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of acamprosate calcium tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers. Liang, M; Luo, Z; Mei, Y; Miao, J; Qin, Y; Shen, Y; Wang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" In each stage, a 2-way crossover bioequivalence study was conducted to study the pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of acamprosate calcium tablets on multiple dosing after standardized meals, single dosing under fasting conditions and fed conditions, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of acamprosate calcium tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers. Liang, M; Luo, Z; Mei, Y; Miao, J; Qin, Y; Shen, Y; Wang, Y, 2015)	0.42
"Similar pharmacokinetic results of acamprosate calcium tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers were found as those in Caucasic population."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of acamprosate calcium tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers. Liang, M; Luo, Z; Mei, Y; Miao, J; Qin, Y; Shen, Y; Wang, Y, 2015)	0.42
"The two main objectives of this research were to (1) elucidate and characterize the MOA of tramiprosate via an integrated application of three independent molecular methodologies and (2) present an integrated translational analysis that links the MOA, conformation of the target, stoichiometry, and pharmacokinetic dose exposure to the observed clinical outcome in APOE4/4 homozygote subjects."	( Elucidating the Aβ42 Anti-Aggregation Mechanism of Action of Tramiprosate in Alzheimer's Disease: Integrating Molecular Analytical Methods, Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Data. Blennow, K; Fillit, H; Hey, JA; Kocis, P; Ray, S; Sinko, W; Tolar, M; Yu, J, 2017)	0.46
" The molecular stoichiometry of the tramiprosate versus Aβ42 interaction was further analyzed in the context of clinical pharmacokinetic dose exposure and central nervous system Aβ42 levels (i."	( Elucidating the Aβ42 Anti-Aggregation Mechanism of Action of Tramiprosate in Alzheimer's Disease: Integrating Molecular Analytical Methods, Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Data. Blennow, K; Fillit, H; Hey, JA; Kocis, P; Ray, S; Sinko, W; Tolar, M; Yu, J, 2017)	0.46
" Although promising as an AD treatment, tramiprosate exhibited two limiting deficiencies: high intersubject pharmacokinetic (PK) variability likely due to extensive gastrointestinal metabolism, and mild-to-moderate incidence of nausea and vomiting."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Safety of ALZ-801, a Novel Prodrug of Tramiprosate in Development for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Abushakra, S; Amedio, J; Hey, JA; Kaplan, PL; Kocis, P; Power, A; Tolar, M; Versavel, M; Yu, JY, 2018)	0.48
" Two methods were successfully applied to a drug-drug interaction study and a pharmacokinetic study of edaravone and taurine in healthy Chinese volunteers after intravenous infusion of single or compound injection."	( Two high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for determination of edaravone and taurine in human plasma: Application to drug-drug interaction and pharmacokinetic studies. Ding, L; Li, L; Su, Y; Xu, L; Zhao, S, 2020)	0.98

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The purpose of this study was to investigate metabolic changes in the rabbit lens after long-term dexamethasone treatment in combination with UVB exposure, using high-resolution magic angle spinning proton nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS (1)H NMR) spectroscopy to analyse intact lens tissues."	( High-resolution magic angle spinning 1H NMR spectroscopy of metabolic changes in rabbit lens after treatment with dexamethasone combined with UVB exposure. Cejková, J; Krane, J; Midelfart, A; Risa, O; Saether, O, 2004)	0.32
" Long-term treatment with dexamethasone combined with UVB exposure induced substantial metabolic changes, dominated by osmolytic regulation processes and loss of glutathione."	( High-resolution magic angle spinning 1H NMR spectroscopy of metabolic changes in rabbit lens after treatment with dexamethasone combined with UVB exposure. Cejková, J; Krane, J; Midelfart, A; Risa, O; Saether, O, 2004)	0.32
"In vitro activity of interferon-alpha-2b in combination with various antioxidants against the influenza virus and Herpes simplex was studied."	( [Antiviral activity of recombinant interferon-alpha-2b in combination with certain antioxidant]. Deriabin, PG; Galegov, GA; Vasil'ev, AN, 2011)	0.37
" Diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction and increases in plasma triglycerides can be prevented, but not reversed, by dietary cysteine alone or in combination with taurine."	( Cardioprotective effects of cysteine alone or in combination with taurine in diabetes. Aroutiounova, N; Dhalla, NS; Rodriguez-Leyva, D; Tappia, PS; Xu, YJ, 2013)	0.82
" Taurolidine combined with doxorubicin or carboplatin can increase the toxicity of these chemotherapy drugs and warrants further investigation in dogs with osteosarcoma."	( The effects of taurolidine alone and in combination with doxorubicin or carboplatin in canine osteosarcoma in vitro. Edris, WA; Gitelman, AI; Helfand, SC; Marley, K; Mata, JE; Medlock, J; Séguin, B, 2013)	0.39
" The first two groups were administered with distilled water and soya oil (1 ml/kg) respectively."	( Taurine ameliorated thyroid function in rats co-administered with chlorpyrifos and lead. Akande, MG; Shittu, M; Uchendu, C; Yaqub, LS, 2016)	1.88
" To understand whether taurine-ethanol combined toxicity is exclusively connected to taurine or whether other inhibitory amino acids may have similar effects when combined with ethanol, we tested different doses of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in combination with ethanol in 7-day-old mice."	( Comparison of Toxicity of Taurine and GABA in Combination with Alcohol in 7-Day-Old Mice. Gunnar, T; Kiianmaa, K; Oja, SS; Saransaari, P; Taranukhin, AG, )	0.74
" Two methods were successfully applied to a drug-drug interaction study and a pharmacokinetic study of edaravone and taurine in healthy Chinese volunteers after intravenous infusion of single or compound injection."	( Two high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for determination of edaravone and taurine in human plasma: Application to drug-drug interaction and pharmacokinetic studies. Ding, L; Li, L; Su, Y; Xu, L; Zhao, S, 2020)	0.98
"We aimed to investigate the effects of an 8-week total-body resistance exercise (TRX) suspension training intervention combined with taurine supplementation on body composition, blood glucose, and lipid markers in T2D females."	( The Effects of TRX Suspension Training Combined with Taurine Supplementation on Body Composition, Glycemic and Lipid Markers in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Ashtary-Larky, D; Bagheri, R; Cheraghloo, N; Samadpour Masouleh, S; Siahkouhian, M; Suzuki, K; Wong, A; Yousefi Bilesvar, O, 2021)	1.07

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Experiments were designed to characterize this response in an attempt to develop an assay system for taurine bioavailability in common cat foods using an adult cat model."	( Urinary excretion of taurine as a function of taurine intake: potential for estimating taurine bioavailability in the adult cat. Baker, DH; Czarnecki-Maulden, GL; Glass, EN; Odle, J, 1992)	0.82
" We suggest that urinary taurine excretion by cats fed taurine at levels above the break point has potential for estimating taurine bioavailability in intact meat-source proteins."	( Urinary taurine excretion as a function of taurine intake in adult cats. Baker, DH; Glass, EN; Odle, J, 1992)	1.02
"E) bioavailability is reduced in CF patients especially in case of malnourishment."	( [Taurine supplementation in cystic fibrosis (CF): effect on vitamin E absorption kinetics]. Bergt, U; Döhmen, H; Friedrichs, F; Heimann, G; Kusenbach, G; Skopnik, H; Stuhlsatz, H, )	1.04
" The results show that the route of administration influences plasma concentrations, bioavailability and tissue and tumour concentrations."	( Effects of routes of administration of TCNU on its plasma, tissue and tumour concentrations. Bibby, MC; Bloomer, JC; Double, JA; Loadman, PM, 1988)	0.27
" Progress in companion animal nutrition requires more precise information on requirements for various life stages (especially reproduction and maintenance), along with values for the bioavailability of nutrients in dietary ingredients."	( Assessment of the nutritional adequacy of pet foods through the life cycle. Morris, JG; Rogers, QR, 1994)	0.29
" Amino acids thus increased bioavailability by displacing zinc bound to albumin."	( Effect of taurine, L-glutamine and L-histidine addition in an amino acid glucose solution on the cellular bioavailability of zinc. Faure, H; Favier, A; Fussellier, M; Guiraud, P; Harraki, B; Richard, MJ; Rochat, MH, 1994)	0.69
"0, the absorption rate of glycine (but not taurine) conjugates increased, indicating passive absorption of the protonated species of glycine-conjugated bile acids."	( Carrier-mediated jejunal absorption of conjugated bile acids in the guinea pig. Amelsberg, A; Hofmann, AF; Schteingart, CD; Ton-Nu, HT, 1996)	0.56
" When administered orally as enteric-coated tablets at relatively high doses, this drug has a bioavailability of about 11%; however, the intestinal absorption mechanism has not been studied in depth."	( Kinetic study of acamprosate absorption in rat small intestine. Granero, L; Guerri, C; Martín-Algarra, RV; Más-Serrano, P; Polache, A, )	0.13
", 1996), as well as on the basis of data from the literature, we now suggest a hypothesis that taurine promotes the bioavailability of the lipid soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, and F, probably by forming different types of water soluble, easily hydrolyzable complexes."	( Taurine as a universal carrier of lipid soluble vitamins: a hypothesis. Haroutounian, JE; Petrosian, AM, 2000)	1.97
" In conclusion, the combinatorial use of C12 with Tau or L-Gln could lead to a novel formulation improving the bioavailability of poorly absorbable drugs without any serious local damages."	( Combinatorial use of sodium laurate with taurine or L-glutamine enhances colonic absorption of rebamipide, poorly absorbable antiulcer drug, without any serious histopathological mucosal damages. Higaki, K; Kimura, T; Minami, T; Miyake, M; Odomi, M; Ogawara, K; Oka, Y; Toguchi, H, 2003)	0.58
"The purpose of this study was to explore the intestinal absorption mechanism of acamprosate and to attempt to improve the bioavailability (BA) of the drug through modulation of its intestinal absorption using two enhancers (polysorbate 80 and sodium caprate) based on in situ, in vitro and in vivo models and comparing the results obtained."	( Assessment and modulation of acamprosate intestinal absorption: comparative studies using in situ, in vitro (CACO-2 cell monolayers) and in vivo models. Cano-Cebrián, MJ; Granero, L; Guerri, C; Nalda-Molina, R; Polache, A; Zornoza, T, 2004)	0.32
"To develop the safe formulation that can safely improve bioavailability of poorly absorbable drugs and that is practically available, we prepared the suppositories of rebamipide, a poorly soluble and poorly absorbable antiulcer drug, by employing the combinatorial use of sodium laurate (C12), an absorption enhancer, with taurine (Tau) or L-glutamine (L-Gln), an adjuvant exerting the cytoprotective action."	( Development of suppository formulation safely improving rectal absorption of rebamipide, a poorly absorbable drug, by utilizing sodium laurate and taurine. Higaki, K; Kamada, N; Kimura, T; Minami, T; Miyake, M; Mukai, T; Odomi, M; Ogawara, K; Oka, Y; Toguchi, H, 2004)	0.7
" Although Tau tended to attenuate the absorption-enhancing effect of C12, several C12-Tau suppositories kept high bioavailability values, which were much higher than control."	( Optimization of suppository preparation containing sodium laurate and taurine that can safely improve rectal absorption of rebamipide. Higaki, K; Kamada, N; Kato, Y; Kimura, T; Minami, T; Miyake, M; Mukai, T; Odomi, M; Ogawara, K; Oka, Y; Toguchi, H; Yamazaki, H, 2006)	0.57
" Relative oral bioavailability (RBV) values, with the L-isomer of Met and Cys set at 100% (isosulfurous basis), are near 100% for D-Met for animals but only about 30% for humans."	( Comparative species utilization and toxicity of sulfur amino acids. Baker, DH, 2006)	0.33
" The acamprosate bioavailability was close to 20%, the amount recovered in the faeces being around 80% of the administered dose."	( Evidence of a flip-flop phenomenon in acamprosate pharmacokinetics: an in vivo study in rats. Cano-Cebrián, MJ; Granero, L; Hipólito, L; Polache, A; Zornoza, T, 2006)	0.33
" In conclusion, it is suggested that retarded drug release from the tablets and the low drug permeability may result in poor absorption and erratic bioavailability of this drug in humans."	( Investigation of the relationship between in vitro and in vivo release behaviors of acamprosate from enteric-coated tablets. Jeon, JW; Lee, DS; Lee, TW; Nam, TY; Oh, TO; Park, CW; Park, ES; Park, S; Rhee, YS, 2008)	0.35
" Generally speaking, to human body, organic compound could provide a better bioavailability than the inorganic ones."	( Copper-taurine (CT): a potential organic compound to facilitate infected wound healing. Diao, Y; Lv, D; Tian, X; Wang, S; Zhang, Z; Zhao, Z, 2009)	0.81
" Cometabolism of vitamin E with other pharmaceutical products could affect the bioavailability of the drug."	( Novel metabolites and roles for α-tocopherol in humans and mice discovered by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Gonzalez, FJ; Idle, JR; Johnson, CH; Kang, DW; Kim, JH; Krausz, KW; Luecke, H; Patterson, AD; Slanař, O, 2012)	0.38
" bioavailability yet retaining its potency."	( Systemic bile acid sensing by G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) promotes PYY and GLP-1 release. Alvarez Sanchez, R; Beauchamp, J; Conde-Knape, K; Dehmlow, H; Iglesias, A; Mattei, P; Raab, S; Sewing, S; Sprecher, U; Ullmer, C, 2013)	0.39
" In contrast to the orally bioavailable agonist RO5527239, we show that tauro-RO5527239 triggers PYY release only when applied intravenously."	( Systemic bile acid sensing by G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) promotes PYY and GLP-1 release. Alvarez Sanchez, R; Beauchamp, J; Conde-Knape, K; Dehmlow, H; Iglesias, A; Mattei, P; Raab, S; Sewing, S; Sprecher, U; Ullmer, C, 2013)	0.39
" However, therapeutic proteins have poor bioavailability upon oral administration due to the impermeable barrier from intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ)."	( FRET-based dual-emission and pH-responsive nanocarriers for enhanced delivery of protein across intestinal epithelial cell barrier. Chuang, EY; Ho, YC; Hsu, CH; Lin, CW; Lu, KY; Mi, FL; Sung, HW, 2014)	0.4
" This formulation could improve the bioavailability of macromolecule drugs without any serious local damage to the lungs."	( Arachidonic acid with taurine enhances pulmonary absorption of macromolecules without any serious histopathological damages. Emoto, C; Minami, T; Miyake, M; Mukai, T; Toguchi, H; Yamazaki, H, 2017)	0.77
"In this study, the effects of N-acyl taurates (NATs) on the intestinal absorption of curcumin (CUR), a water-insoluble and poorly absorbed compound, were examined in rats."	( Improvement of the Solubility and Intestinal Absorption of Curcumin by N-Acyl Taurates and Elucidation of the Absorption-Enhancing Mechanisms. Katsumi, H; Kawamura, A; Kusamori, K; Li, X; Morishita, M; Sakane, T; Sato, Y; Yamamoto, A, 2017)	0.46
" Furthermore, in rat preclinical studies, 3-SPA displayed 100% oral bioavailability and 25% brain penetration, indicating that the metabolite is well absorbed and crosses the blood-brain barrier."	( Discovery and Identification of an Endogenous Metabolite of Tramiprosate and Its Prodrug ALZ-801 that Inhibits Beta Amyloid Oligomer Formation in the Human Brain. Abushakra, S; Hey, JA; Hort, J; Kocis, P; Power, A; Tolar, M; Vyhnálek, M; Yu, JY, 2018)	0.48
" However, requirements of amino acids in dogs are not well investigated and are presented in total dietary content basis which does not account for bioavailability or digestibility."	( Special topic: The association between pulse ingredients and canine dilated cardiomyopathy: addressing the knowledge gaps before establishing causation. Abood, SK; Aldrich, G; Columbus, DA; Ekenstedt, KJ; Larsen, JA; Mansilla, WD; Marinangeli, CPF; Shoveller, AK; Weber, L, 2019)	0.51
" Fluctuation of taurine bioavailability lead to changes in the expression levels of taurine transporters in neuronal plasma membranes, endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier and proximal cells of the kidneys."	( Taurine Regulation of Neuroendocrine Function. El Idrissi, A, 2019)	2.3
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" Coadministration of RES and LUT could significantly improve the bioavailability of LUT and increase the systemic exposure to RES, and the combined treatment could also benefit from their multi-component and multi-target characteristics."	( Combination of resveratrol and luteolin ameliorates α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestasis by regulating the bile acid homeostasis and suppressing oxidative stress. Li, K; Ran, X; Wang, W; Wei, X; Wu, W; Xu, X; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" The occurrence of diabetes has been linked to the low bioavailability of taurine, which plays critical roles in normal β-cell function, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation."	( The Impact of Taurine on Obesity-Induced Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms Underlying Its Effect. Ahmed, K; Choi, HN; Yim, JE, 2023)	1.5

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The effects on the amino acids are not due to a change in the food intake caused by dosing with arsenate."	( The effects of sodium arsenate on the free amino acid levels in erythrocytes and plasma in rats. Kilroe-Smith, TA; McLoughlin, JL, 1979)	0.26
" However, by increasing the dosage of taurolin, survival is prolonged and mortality reduced."	( The in vitro and in vivo activity of taurolin against anaerobic pathogenic organisms. Brodhage, H; Browne, MK; Leslie, GB; Pfirrman, RW, 1977)	0.26
" This has been correlated with the effect of repeated oral dosing on the manifestations of cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat."	( Uptake studies of taurine in vivo and its effects on the course of experimental focal epilepsy in rats. Bradford, HF; Davison, AN; Osborne, RH; Wheler, GH, 1977)	0.59
" In 5 control cases, the daily dosage wascontinued up to the 30th day; in 5 more, up to the 45th day and finally, in 5 up to the 60th day."	( [Therapeutic effects of taurine in epilepsy: a clinical and polyphysiographic study (author's transl)]. Dellantonio, R; Marchesi, GF; Quattrini, A; Scarpino, O, )	0.44
"Both chenodeoxycholic acid, in the dosage administered for dissolution of gallstones, and cholic acid are completely conjugated during one passage through the liver."	( [Conjugation of chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid during passage through liver]. Paumgartner, G; Preisig, R; Schultheiss, HR; v Bergmann, K, 1975)	0.25
" Neither bicuculline nor strychnine antagonized the taurine effect, as revealed by absence of a shift to right, a change in slope or in the taurine IC50 value in the dose-response curve."	( Taurine induces bicuculline/strychnine-insensitive dose-dependent inhibition of cortical visual evoked responses. Cañas, P; Hernández, A; Pérez, H, )	1.82
" The peak elevation in urinary taurine occurred within the first 48 h after dosing but there was still significant taurinuria 72 and 96 h after the intermediate dose (1 ml."	( Taurine, a possible urinary marker of liver damage: a study of taurine excretion in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats. Scales, MD; Timbrell, JA; Turton, JA; Waterfield, CJ, 1991)	2.01
" The two current components have different dose-response characteristics, with the nondesensitizing component being activated more effectively at lower concentrations than the desensitizing component and also reaching its peak at lower concentrations."	( A characterization of glycinergic receptors present in cultured rat medullary neurons. Ahmed, Z; Faber, DS; Lewis, CA, 1991)	0.28
" The pentanoic acid derivative of lovastatin, formed by beta-oxidation of the heptanoic acid moiety, was a major metabolite in livers of mice dosed with the hydroxy acid form of lovastatin."	( Biotransformation of lovastatin. I. Structure elucidation of in vitro and in vivo metabolites in the rat and mouse. Arison, B; Halpin, RA; Hoffman, WF; Kari, PH; Murphy, JS; Pitzenberger, SM; Ramjit, HG; Schwartz, MS; Ulm, EH; Vyas, KP, )	0.13
" In addition, there is a close relationship between the dose-response curves for 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid inhibition of VA taurine efflux and sulfate efflux."	( Volume-activated taurine efflux from skate erythrocytes: possible band 3 involvement. Brill, SR; Goldstein, L, 1991)	0.82
"The prolonged noradrenaline treatment of rats (total dosage from 1 week--25 mg/kg), results in greatly reduced cardiac pump function and heart rate with a pronounced increase in left ventricular diastolic stiffness."	( [Norepinephrine-induced heart failure and the protective effect of taurine]. Kapel'ko, VI; Kobets, VA; Popovich, MI, )	0.37
" The dose-response curve with the dissociation constant 2 x 10(-3) mol/l was obtained."	( [Taurine-activated currents in isolated neurons of the rat cerebellum]. Dashkin, AN; Garashchuk, OA; Valeev, AE, 1990)	1.19
" The dose-response curve of R-(--)-baclofen for its inhibitory effect on the electrically-induced vasopressor response was shifted to the right by the GABAB-receptor antagonist 2-hydroxysaclofen, but was not affected by the GABAA-receptor antagonist bicuculline."	( GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition of the neurogenic vasopressor response in the pithed rat. Kohlenbach, A; Schlicker, E, 1990)	0.28
"The urinary excretion of taurine by rats after dosing with various hepatotoxins has been investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy."	( Hepatotoxin-induced hypertaurinuria: a proton NMR study. Elcombe, C; Nicholson, JK; Sanins, SM; Timbrell, JA, 1990)	0.58
" Taurine administration at relatively low dosage ameliorated only kidney taurine concentration."	( Supplemental taurine in diabetic rats: effects on plasma glucose and triglycerides. Goodman, HO; Shihabi, ZK, 1990)	1.56
" Their respective dose-response curves had a similar maximum but the slope of the curve for AMPA was consistently steeper than that for quisqualate."	( The pharmacology of quisqualate and AMPA in the cerebral cortex of the rat in vitro. Horne, AL; Simmonds, MA, 1989)	0.28
" TCNU was given orally at a dosage of 130 mg/m2 every fifth week."	( Phase II study of tauromustine in disseminated malignant melanoma. Bergh, J; Blomquist, E; Gjedde, SB; Lindegaard-Madsen, E; Mouridsen, HT; Nolte, H, 1989)	0.28
" Taurine dosage was carried out by gas chromatography."	( Taurine in developing brain, liver and muscle in infants. Ghisolfi, J; Lapalu-Traon, C; Nguyen, VB; Putet, G; Rolland, M; Thouvenot, JP, 1989)	2.63
" There was a sinistral shift of the GABA dose-response curve in the presence of 10 pM cortisol, with a significant potentiation of the GABA-induced contractions over the lower dose range of GABA (3-30 microM), whereas 100 nM cortisol caused a non-parallel dextral shift of the GABA dose-response curve, with a depression of the maximum GABA response indicative of non-competitive antagonism."	( Cortisol: a potent biphasic modulator at GABAA-receptor complexes in the guinea pig isolated ileum. Johnston, GA; Kerr, DI; Ong, J, 1987)	0.27
"Eleven children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency were given supplementation with taurine (30-40 mg/kg/day) for 2 months, while taking their usual dosage of enzymatic therapy."	( Effect of taurine supplementation on fat and bile acid absorption in patients with cystic fibrosis. Arlati, S; Colombo, C; Corbetta, C; Curcio, L; Garatti, M; Giunta, A; Maiavacca, R; Ronchi, M, 1988)	0.89
" The absolute levels of TCNU obtained with a dose of 100 mg TCNU/kg bodyweight were at most time points, three to four times those obtained with dosage of 25 mg TCNU/kg."	( Experimental cerebral and plasma pharmacokinetic studies of TCNU: implications for brain tumour chemotherapy. Macpherson, JS; Miller, JD; Smyth, J; Whittle, IR, 1987)	0.27
" The log dose-response curve for depolarization was sigmoid with a mean ED(50) of 12."	( Depolarizing actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid and related compounds on rat superior cervical ganglia in vitro. Bowery, NG; Brown, DA, 1974)	0.25
"A significant dose-response correlation was found between taurolithocholate and the degree of cholestasis."	( Cholestasis induced by sodium taurolithocholate in isolated hamster liver. King, JE; Schoenfield, LJ, 1971)	0.25
" TAG shifted the log dose-response curve of the taurine action to the right in parallel, indicating a competitive antagonism."	( Evidence for taurine as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in cerebellar stellate interneurons: selective antagonism by TAG (6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H,1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide). Kimura, H; Okamoto, K; Sakai, Y, 1983)	0.89
" The selectivity of this antagonism is discussed since TAG also shifted to the right the blood pressure dose-response curve obtained with muscimol."	( TAG antagonises the central cardiovascular effects of taurine. Bloch, R; Bousquet, P; Feldman, J; Schwartz, J, 1984)	0.52
" Serum taurine concentrations rose significantly over 7 d, relative to control values, in both groups 2 and 3, but even with the highest dosage (group 3) only recovered about one-half of the deficit to the normal value."	( Taurine supplementation at three different dosages and its effect on trauma patients. Davis, AT; Paauw, JD, 1994)	2.19
" Dose-response curves for the effect of NPPB on swelling-activated choline transport and the swelling-activated transport of taurine, a sulfonic amino acid, were superimposable."	( Two pathways for choline transport in eel erythrocytes: a saturable carrier and a volume-activated channel. Joyner, SE; Kirk, K, 1994)	0.49
" Reducing the ET to 4 degrees C during dosing decreased the peak and average DA levels attained during the 4 x 5 mg/kg METH administration to about 50% of that observed at a 23 degrees C ET."	( Effects of a cold environment or age on methamphetamine-induced dopamine release in the caudate putamen of female rats. Bowyer, JF; Gough, B; Holson, RR; Lipe, GW; Newport, GD; Slikker, W, 1993)	0.29
" Furthermore, urinary taurine levels measured before dosing with various hepatotoxic agents are significantly correlated with serum AST and ALT values measured after dosing with hepatotoxicants."	( The correlation between urinary and liver taurine levels and between pre-dose urinary taurine and liver damage. Scales, MD; Timbrell, JA; Turton, JA; Waterfield, CJ, 1993)	0.86
" Dosing with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) during treatment with beta-alanine results in a marked decrease in urinary taurine concomitant with a decrease in food intake."	( Reduction of liver taurine in rats by beta-alanine treatment increases carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Scales, MD; Timbrell, JA; Turton, JA; Waterfield, CJ, 1993)	0.82
" Dose-response curves did not demonstrate differences in TNF production in aztreonam or imipenem-treated cultures."	( The release of endotoxin from antibiotic-treated Escherichia coli and the production of tumour necrosis factor by human monocytes. Bom, VJ; de Vries-Hospers, HG; Dofferhoff, AS; Esselink, MT; van Zanten, A; Vellenga, E; Weits, J, 1993)	0.29
" There was no abnormal locomotor activity in the L-CPA rats treated with MK-801 except for the first 4 hr following dosing when animals were severely sedated."	( L-2-chloropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity is prevented by MK-801: possible role of NMDA receptors in the neuropathology. Gyte, A; Lock, EA; Simpson, MG; Widdowson, PS; Wyatt, I, 1996)	0.29
" Dose-response curves of NPPB, DDF, and dipyridamole showed 20-100% inhibition of RVD and osmolyte fluxes."	( Cl channel blockers inhibit the volume-activated efflux of Cl and taurine in cultured neurons. García, O; Morales, M; Pasantes-Morales, H; Sánchez-Olea, R, 1996)	0.53
" Once rats had acquired the discrimination, the criterion for stimulus control was set as at least 90% ethanol- or vehicle appropriate responding during ten consecutive sessions, an ethanol dose-response test (0."	( Acamprosate and alcohol: III. Effects on alcohol discrimination in the rat. Hundt, W; Spanagel, R; Zieglgänsberger, W, 1996)	0.29
" Light microscopic examination of sections of the liver taken 5 weeks after dosing of CCl4 showed hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes around the central veins and lipid vacuolation in mid-zonal and some periportal hepatocytes."	( Abnormal expressions of hepatocellular proteins and extracellular matrix in CCL4-induced liver injury in rats. Chen, L; Yang, X; Zhong, X; Zhou, J, 1996)	0.29
" CGP 35348 (50-200 mg/kg IP), a highly selective GABA(B) antagonist, was administered prior to carrying out a dose-response curve of homotaurine (22."	( GABA(B) receptors and opioid mechanisms involved in homotaurine-induced analgesia. Asadi, I; Fernández, A; Serrano, JS; Serrano, MI; Serrano-Martino, MC, 1998)	0.75
" In particular, issues addressed include alternative dosage regimens, necessary duration of treatment, employment of medications in combination, integration of pharmacologic agents with behavioral interventions, enhancement of patient compliance, and concurrent treatment of psychiatric comorbidity."	( Advances in development of medications for alcoholism treatment. Allen, JP; Litten, RZ, 1998)	0.3
" In contrast, the R- and S-enantiomers were both detected after the dosing of R-MTPPA."	( In vivo studies on chiral inversion and amino acid conjugation of 2-[4-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)phenyl]propionic acid in rats and dogs. Kitamura, S; Konishi, T; Nishikawa, H; Tatsumi, K, 1999)	0.3
" Pretreatment with extracellular GSH caused a right shift of the dose-response curve for NH2Cl, whereas pretreatment with diethyl maleate (a depletor of cellular GSH) rendered cells less resistant to NH2Cl."	( Monochloramine-induced cytolysis to cultured rat gastric mucosal cells: role of glutathione and iron in protection and injury. Hiraishi, H; Ishida, M; Shimada, T; Terano, A; Yajima, N; Yamaguchi, N, 1999)	0.3
" We conclude that intracerebral taurine in the dosage administered during peri-ischemic period, does not result in PIGSS or histologically evident neuroprotection."	( The role of taurine in neuronal protection following transient global forebrain ischemia. Banigesh, A; Baziani, A; Eweida, M; Khan, SH; Miyashita, H; Shuaib, A; Todd, KG, 2000)	0.97
" Competition experiments showed that taurine shifted the dose-response inhibition curve of glybenclamide to the left on the log-dose axis without significantly affecting those of ATP or Ca(2+) ion."	( Taurine blocks ATP-sensitive potassium channels of rat skeletal muscle fibres interfering with the sulphonylurea receptor. Barbieri, M; Camerino, DC; Tricarico, D, 2000)	2.02
" The relative paucity of dose-response studies on naltrexone's effects in treating alcoholics is an important gap in the literature."	( Neuropharmacological treatments for alcoholism: scientific basis and clinical findings. Ait-Daoud, N; Johnson, BA, 2000)	0.31
" In a separate series of in vivo electrophysiological experiments, administration of the same dosage of the taurine antagonist into the supraoptic nucleus via microdialysis resulted in an increased electrical activity of identified vasopressinergic, but not oxytocinergic, neurons."	( Taurine selectively modulates the secretory activity of vasopressin neurons in conscious rats. Ebner, K; Engelmann, M; Landgraf, R; Lubec, G; Ludwig, M; Sabatier, N; Singewald, N; Wotjak, CT, 2001)	1.97
" The increased values of aluminum were significantly related to the dosage of aluminum."	( [Effects of aluminum on amino acid neurotransmitters in hippocampus of rats]. Jia, Y; Wang, Y; Zhong, C, 2001)	0.31
"High dosage of fructose induces insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and alterations in plasma lipid profile in normal rats."	( Taurine modulates antioxidant potential and controls lipid peroxidation in the aorta of high fructose-fed rats. Anitha Nandhini, AT; Anuradha, CV; Balakrishnan, SD, 2002)	1.76
" Glycine dose-response curves were shifted to the right by GES (0."	( Guanidinoethyl sulphonate is a glycine receptor antagonist in striatum. Chepkova, AN; Haas, HL; Sergeeva, OA, 2002)	0.31
"As part of a wider metabonomic investigation into the early detection and discrimination of site-specific hepatotoxicity, male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with the model hepatotoxins allyl formate, ethionine and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)."	( An hypothesis for a mechanism underlying hepatotoxin-induced hypercreatinuria. Charuel, C; Clayton, TA; Everett, JR; Hanton, G; Le Net, JL; Lindon, JC; Nicholson, JK; Provost, JP, 2003)	0.32
" COMBINE incorporates a number of innovative design aspects, including a no-pill psychotherapy-alone condition, behavioral interventions that are both manual-guided and individualized, and pharmacotherapy dosing that is greater than in some previous trials."	( Testing combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions in alcohol dependence: rationale and methods. , 2003)	0.32
" The contributions of the metabolites to the separation of control from dosed liver tissues varied depending on the type of spectral editing method used."	( Spectral editing and pattern recognition methods applied to high-resolution magic-angle spinning 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of liver tissues. Antti, H; Beckonert, O; Bollard, ME; Ebbels, TM; Holmes, E; Keun, H; Lindon, JC; Nicholson, JK; Tang, H; Wang, Y, 2003)	0.32
" Physiological, subjective, and psychomotor measures were collected daily during each dosing cycle."	( Alcohol effects during acamprosate treatment: a dose-response study in humans. Brasser, SM; Houtsmuller, EJ; McCaul, ME, 2004)	0.32
" Ethanol was administered to rats at a dosage of 3 g/kg body weight twice daily and taurine was provided in the diet (10 g/kg diet)."	( Taurine restores ethanol-induced depletion of antioxidants and attenuates oxidative stress in rat tissues. Anuradha, CV; Mahalakshmi, K; Pushpakiran, G, 2004)	1.99
" In addition, taurine pretreatments failed to modify the dose-response curve for ethanol discrimination."	( Discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol: lack of interaction with taurine. Grant, KA; Quertemont, E, 2004)	0.92
" In vivo, there were significant tumor reductions (62 to >99% reduction) for all dosage regimens compared with untreated controls (P <0."	( The effects of taurolidine, a novel antineoplastic agent, on human malignant mesothelioma. Calabresi, P; Monfils, B; Nici, L, 2004)	0.32
" Compared with the model group, the concentration of Glu in the middle and large dosage groups of TGF, during the 120 min of ischemia, reduced by 38."	( [Effects of tianma gouteng fang on transmitter amino acids in the hippocampus extracellular liquids in freely moving rats subjected to brain ischemia]. Du, GY; Sun, XF; Wang, DQ; Wang, W; Ye, ZG; Zhang, CY; Zhao, DZ, 2004)	0.32
" The acyl glucuronide (AG) conjugate was the only radioactive component detected in bile from dogs dosed with [14C]MRL-I, whereas bile from dogs dosed with [14C]MRL-II contained varying amounts of both the AG and taurine conjugates."	( Differences in the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of two structurally similar PPAR agonists in dogs: involvement of taurine conjugation. Brunner, J; Franklin, RB; Hora, D; Kim, MS; Kochansky, C; Lynn, K; Shen, Z; Vincent, SH; Wang, S; Wang, Z, 2004)	0.72
" The percentage of the cells in the G0/G1 phase and the S phase at the dosage of 40 mmol/L were 68."	( [Inhibition of proliferation of hepatic stellate cells by taurine is mediated via regulating cell cycle proteins]. Chen, SW; Chen, YX; Li, S; Liu, S; Xie, WF; Zhang, XR, 2005)	0.57
" Our data revealed that taurine showed time- and dose-response effects on CYP7A1 mRNA levels in Hep G2 cells."	( Enhancing effect of taurine on CYP7A1 mRNA expression in Hep G2 cells. Chen, W; Goda, T; Lam, NV; Nishimura, N; Suruga, K; Yokogoshi, H, 2006)	0.96
" Data from dose-response studies for acamprosate alone suggest that the augmentation of acamprosate plasma levels by co-administration of naltrexone may have clinical benefits."	( Rationale for combining acamprosate and naltrexone for treating alcohol dependence. Mason, BJ, 2005)	0.33
" We featured the dose-response relationship between taurine-treated epilepsy and epilepsy-only subjects, detected the effect of exogenous taurine on epilepsy and acupuncture treatment, and investigated taurine transporter immuno-activity in hippocampus using immunohistochemistry."	( Involvement of taurine in penicillin-induced epilepsy and anti-convulsion of acupuncture: a preliminary report. Cheng, JS; Guo, JC; Jin, HB; Li, Q; Yang, R, 2005)	0.93
" Potentiating Zn(2+) concentrations shifted the dose-response curves for the three agonists to the left and decreased the Hill coefficient for glycine and beta-alanine but not taurine."	( Modulation of inhibitory glycine receptors in cultured embryonic mouse hippocampal neurons by zinc, thiol containing redox agents and carnosine. Thio, LL; Zhang, HX, 2006)	0.53
" Even though Cys and its oxidized product (cystine) are equally efficacious at levels at or below their dietary requirements for maximal growth, Cys is far more toxic than cystine when administered orally in the pharmacologic dosing range."	( Comparative species utilization and toxicity of sulfur amino acids. Baker, DH, 2006)	0.33
" Nine subjects had new symptomatic or asymptomatic hemorrhages during treatment; all occurred in subjects with advanced baseline disease, with no apparent effect of drug dosing assignment."	( A phase 2 study of tramiprosate for cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Creed Pettigrew, L; Edip Gurol, M; Fitzsimmons, BF; Gandy, SE; Garceau, D; Greenberg, SM; Laurin, J; Rosand, J; Rovner, B; Schneider, AT; Schwab, K; Smith, EE, )	0.13
" However, in selected cases, depending on the effectiveness of the interventions, dosage reductions or discontinuation of medications may be possible."	( Natural approaches to epilepsy. Gaby, AR, 2007)	0.34
" In addition, the benefit of metabonomics as an open approach as compared to targeted methods was demonstrated by the identification of an unknown molecule in the urine of rats dosed with zoledronate."	( Application of metabonomics in a comparative profiling study reveals N-acetylfelinine excretion as a biomarker for inhibition of the farnesyl pathway by bisphosphonates. Binder, M; Dieterle, F; Ross, A; Schlotterbeck, G; Senn, H; Suter, L, 2007)	0.34
" Results of this study thus show that the mathematical ASL model combined with the lung deposition model can be an effective tool for helping decide the optimum dosage of inhaled antibiotic drugs delivered during human clinical trials."	( Estimating in vivo airway surface liquid concentration in trials of inhaled antibiotics. Hasan, MA; Lange, CF, 2007)	0.34
" One day after the end of dosing the number decreased significantly and reached the baseline (<1 x 10(6)/ml) on day 10."	( Tolerability of N-chlorotaurine in the bovine mammary gland. Gottardi, W; Huber, J; Nagl, M; Prokop, W; Scholl-Bürgi, S; Winter, P, 2008)	0.65
"Hepatotoxicity was revealed by traditional toxicity evaluation in rats treated with higher dosage and longer treatment of INH."	( [Metabonomics profile of urine from rats administrated with different treatment period of isoniazid]. Liao, Y; Peng, SQ; Yan, XZ; Zhang, LS, 2007)	0.34
" Sprague-Dawley rat dams were dosed from the first day of gestation until weaning with methylmercury (MeHg), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or organochlorines pesticides (OCs) administered either separately or together in the NCM."	( Contribution of methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides to the toxicity of a contaminant mixture based on Canadian Arctic population blood profiles. Alwis, R; Black, P; Bowers, WJ; Chu, I; Kumarathasan, P; Masson, S; Mohottalage, S; Nakai, J; Pelletier, G; Vincent, R; Wade, MJ, 2009)	0.35
" injection of aggregated Abeta25-35 in dosage 30nmol/rat resulted in impairment in spatial alternation behavior."	( Effects of beta-amyloid on behavioral and amino acids spectrum in rats' brain and their modulation by embryonic proteins. Aghajanov, M; Mkrtchyan, L; Navasardyan, G; Safaryan, K; Yenkoyan, K, )	0.13
" A single dosage of EtOH (3."	( Exogenous folate ameliorates ethanol-induced brain hyperhomocysteinemia and exogenous ethanol reduces taurine levels in chick embryos. Barnett, RK; Booms, SL; Gura, T; Gushrowski, M; Miller, RR, 2009)	0.57
" Our results showed the increased level of As concentration in cerebellar tissue of the exposed mice in a dose-response manner, longer escape latency in the experimental group than controls and the down-regulated expression of Ca(2+)/calmodulin dependent protein kinase IV (Camk4), a very important regulator in the LTD pathway."	( Arsenic down-regulates the expression of Camk4, an important gene related to cerebellar LTD in mice. Hong, Y; Li, S; Liu, P; Piao, F; Wang, Y; Zhao, Y, )	0.13
"Large dosage of Tau can increase ATPase activity on cardiocyte membrane, improve [Ca2+]i in cardiocyte and antagonise calcium overload of DHF rats."	( [Antagonism for different doses of taurine on calcium overload in myocardial cells of diastole heart failure rat model]. Qu, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhang, T; Zhang, X, 2009)	0.63
" While there were no statistically significant group differences in hippocampus volume using the First modeling approach, a significant dose-response reduction in hippocampus volume change was found in the Final models."	( Effect of tramiprosate in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: exploratory analyses of the MRI sub-group of the Alphase study. Aisen, PS; Duong, A; Ferris, SH; Garceau, D; Gauthier, S; Haine, D; Lau, W; Oh, J; Sampalis, J; Saumier, D; Suhy, J, 2009)	0.35
"To study the pharmacokinetics of acamprosate calcium (CAS 77337-73-6) in healthy Chinese subjects after oral administration of three dosage levels, 12 healthy subjects were divided into three groups and given a single oral dose of 333 or 666 or 1332 mg acamprosate calcium (enteric coated tablet)."	( Pharmacokinetics of acamprosate calcium in healthy Chinese subjects after oral administration of three dosage levels. Liang, M; Qing, Y; Shang, B; Xu, F; Xu, G; Zou, Y, 2009)	0.35
" Plasma glucose levels of the OHH rats decreased significantly with daily dosing with the plant-extract [from baseline 12."	( Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of an aqueous extract of Chamaerops humilis leaves in obese, hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic Meriones shawi rats. Gaamoussi, F; Israili, ZH; Lyoussi, B, 2010)	0.36
" Changes were sharp in respect of concentration and showed little dose-response characteristics."	( The role of small molecular weight compounds to increase vacuolation induced by VacA toxin in vitro. Bian, J; Chen, J; Chi, B; Eshita, Y; Fang, X; Hao, W; Liu, W; Liu, Z; Ouyang, X; Su, B; Su, Z; Sun, J; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Zhao, H; Zhao, L, 2010)	0.36
" Hence, dosing will play a critical role in clinical studies assessing the merits of NIC and TAU as diabetes-preventing agents."	( Comparative study of the binding characteristics to and inhibitory potencies towards PARP and in vivo antidiabetogenic potencies of taurine, 3-aminobenzamide and nicotinamide. Lau-Cam, CA; Pandya, KG; Patel, MR, 2010)	0.56
" Acamprosate was dosed at 1998 mg/day."	( Acamprosate calcium as augmentation therapy for anxiety disorders. Costello, A; Raza, S; Schwartz, TL; Siddiqui, UA, 2010)	0.36
" Treating mice with taurine at either dosing regimens, pre- or post-aluminum administration alleviated aluminum oxidative damaging effects."	( Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of taurine against aluminum-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice. Abdel-Moneim, AM; Al-Kahtani, MA; El-Sayed, WM, 2011)	0.96
" Rats in group I were given corn oil, while those in group III were dosed with vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight (b."	( Acute effects of methiocarb on oxidative damage and the protective effects of vitamin E and taurine in the liver and kidney of Wistar rats. Alpertunga, B; Bolkent, S; Catalgol, B; Gezginci-Oktayoglu, S; Karatug, A; Ozden, S, 2013)	0.61
" The hormetic dose-response of TAU on vertical exploration suggests a complex interaction between TAU and EtOH in the central nervous system."	( Behavioral effects of taurine pretreatment in zebrafish acutely exposed to ethanol. Blaser, RE; Braga, MM; Calcagnotto, ME; Campos, MM; Córdova, SD; de Oliveira, DL; Dias, RD; Leite, CE; Loss, CM; Mussulini, BH; Rico, EP; Rosemberg, DB; Souza, DO, 2012)	0.69
" Based on initial dose-response experiment, DBAN (60 mg/kg) was administrated orally for 7 days."	( Potential protective effect of taurine against dibromoacetonitrile-induced neurotoxicity in rats. El-Sayeh, BM; Salem, HA; Sayed, RH, 2012)	0.66
" However, some patients encounter hepatotoxicity after repeated APAP dosing at therapeutic doses."	( Enhancement of acetaminophen-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in restricted fed rats: a nonclinical approach to acetaminophen-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in susceptible patients. Hashimoto, T; Kobayashi, A; Kondo, K; Kuno, H; Shoda, T; Sugai, S; Suzuki, Y; Takahashi, A; Toyoda, K; Yamada, N, 2012)	0.38
" Dosing solutions were adjusted by maternal body weight to provide 30, 70, or 100 mg/kg RA."	( Metabolic characterization of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced craniofacial development of murine embryos using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Hu, X; Peng, L; Qin, F; Shen, Z; Tang, S; Wu, R; Zhang, G, 2014)	0.4
" Factors such as dosing frequency, potential adverse events, and availability of treatments may guide medication choice."	( Pharmacotherapy for adults with alcohol use disorders in outpatient settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Amick, HR; Bobashev, G; Feltner, C; Garbutt, JC; Gass, CE; Jonas, DE; Kim, MM; Rowe, CJ; Shanahan, E; Thomas, K; Wines, R, 2014)	0.4
" Interestingly, plasma taurine levels negatively correlated with cumulative levodopa dosage in tPD."	( Reduced plasma taurine level in Parkinson's disease: association with motor severity and levodopa treatment. Ding, J; Jiang, S; Tong, Q; Xu, Q; Yuan, Y; Zhang, K; Zhang, L; Zhang, R, 2016)	1.1
" Acamprosate is generally well tolerated, has a low propensity for drug interactions and may be used without dosage adjustment in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment, although dosage adjustments or contraindications are recommended in patients with renal impairment."	( Acamprosate: A Review of Its Use in Alcohol Dependence. Plosker, GL, 2015)	0.42
" In each stage, a 2-way crossover bioequivalence study was conducted to study the pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of acamprosate calcium tablets on multiple dosing after standardized meals, single dosing under fasting conditions and fed conditions, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of acamprosate calcium tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers. Liang, M; Luo, Z; Mei, Y; Miao, J; Qin, Y; Shen, Y; Wang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" The results showed that high dosage of taurine administration in the early postnatal period attenuated impairment of spatial learning and memory induced by PS."	( Taurine promotes cognitive function in prenatally stressed juvenile rats via activating the Akt-CREB-PGC1α pathway. Chen, G; Dang, S; Jia, N; Su, Q; Sun, Q, 2016)	2.14
" However, Aβ plaques and oligomeric Aβ levels are not affected after administration of taurine and the oral dosage of taurine was relatively high."	( Taurine Directly Binds to Oligomeric Amyloid-β and Recovers Cognitive Deficits in Alzheimer Model Mice. Baek, S; Choi, SL; Jang, H; Kim, HY; Kim, Y; Lee, S, )	1.8
" The rats were sacrificed at 24 h after a dosing with STZ under general anesthesia, and their brains and spinal cords collected by the freeze clamp technique."	( The Effect of Taurine and Its Immediate Homologs on Diabetes-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Brain and Spinal Cord of Rats. Lau-Cam, CA; Patel, SN, )	0.49
" Finally, for the purpose of topical application of these compounds we have developed a carbomer-based bioadhesive solid dosage form of BAT and Br-612, featuring sustained release of the active substance."	( Comparative Analysis of Microbicidal and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Novel Taurine Bromamine Derivatives and Bromamine T. Białecka, A; Dorożyński, P; Gottardi, W; Jachowicz, R; Jamróz, W; Kulinowski, P; Marcinkiewicz, J; Nagl, M; Peruń, A; Śróttek, M; Walczewska, M, )	0.36
" Therefore, monitoring of taurine dosage needs to be considered in future pre-clinical trials, in anticipation of using taurine as a clinical therapy for growing DMD boys (and other conditions)."	( Beneficial effects of high dose taurine treatment in juvenile dystrophic mdx mice are offset by growth restriction. Arthur, PG; Grounds, MD; Nair, KV; Pinniger, GJ; Terrill, JR, 2017)	1.04
" This dual nature of acamprosate suggests multiple molecular mechanisms may be involved in acamprosate function depending on the dosage used."	( Acamprosate rescues neuronal defects in the Drosophila model of Fragile X Syndrome. Bantel, AP; Hutson, RL; Tessier, CR; Thompson, RL, 2018)	0.48
" Moreover, the cytotoxicity results against L929 fibroblast cell line revealed that p(ML) based particle are biocompatible up to 100 μg/mL with 85% cell viability regardless of their nature, and at 200 μg/mL dosage of p(ML), m-p(ML)/TA and m-p(ML)/DETA particles, the cell viabilities were determined as 83."	( One step preparation of polymeric maltitol particles, from a sugar molecule, maltitol for biomedical applications. Sahiner, N, 2018)	0.48
" In this study, a comprehensive multi-omics analysis is performed to investigate the cellular response to the level of dosing of the amino acid cysteine (Cys) in the production of a monoclonal antibody (mAb)."	( Multi-Omics Study on the Impact of Cysteine Feed Level on Cell Viability and mAb Production in a CHO Bioprocess. Ali, AS; Gilbert, A; Ivanov, AR; Karger, BL; Kshirsagar, R; Raju, R; Zang, L, 2019)	0.51
" Only the highest doses of aducanumab and BAN2401 show modest efficacy, and higher dosing is limited by increased risk of vasogenic edema, especially in APOE4 carriers."	( Aducanumab, gantenerumab, BAN2401, and ALZ-801-the first wave of amyloid-targeting drugs for Alzheimer's disease with potential for near term approval. Abushakra, S; Hey, JA; Porsteinsson, A; Sabbagh, M; Tolar, M, 2020)	0.56
" 3xTg-AD mice (10-month-old) were dosed intraperitoneally with 9R (daily 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg) for a month."	( 9R, the cholinesterase and amyloid beta aggregation dual inhibitor, as a multifunctional agent to improve cognitive deficit and neuropathology in the triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Ju, Y; Tam, KY, 2020)	0.56
" The experiments using 3T3-L1 cells highlighted that the taurine dosage has an essential function in taurine synthesis, insulin, and mitochondrial markers."	( Taurine upregulates insulin signaling and mitochondrial metabolism in vitro but not in adipocytes of obese women. Brandao, CFC; da Silva, ASR; De Carvalho, FG; de Freitas, EC; De Moura, LP; Marchini, JS; Muñoz, VR; Nakandakari, SCBR; Pauli, JR; Pavan, ICB; Ropelle, ER; Simabuco, FM, 2022)	2.41
" Non-linear relationship between variables and effect size was performed using dose-response and time-response analyses."	( Profiling inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers following taurine supplementation: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled trials. Faghfouri, AH; Faghfuri, E; Fathollahi, P; Ostadrahimi, A; Papi, S; Seyyed Shoura, SM; Shadbad, MA, 2022)	0.96
" Morphological changes with respect to increasing taurolidine dosage were visualized and monitored using electron microscopy."	( Exploring the potential of taurolidine in inducing mobilization and detachment of colon cancer cells: a preliminary in-vitro study. Khosrawipour, T; Khosrawipour, V; Kielan, W; Labbé, MK; Lau, H; Li, S; Migdal, P; Mikolajczyk, A; Nicpon, J; Stieglitz, S, 2022)	0.72

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Gewurtzraminer, Gewürztraminer	1
Plant-based foods and beverages, Plant-based foods, Fruits and vegetables based foods, Canned foods, Vegetables based foods, Canned plant-based foods, Vegetables, Canned vegetables, Vegetable rods, Asparagus, Canned asparagus	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Matières grasses, Matières grasses végétales, Produits de l'olivier, Huiles, Huiles d'olive, Huiles d'olive vierges extra, Huiles d'olive vierges	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Boissons, Boissons à base de végétaux, Boissons aux fruits, Jus et nectars, Jus de fruits, Jus d'orange	1
Boissons, Produits laitiers, Produits fermentés, Produits laitiers fermentés, Boissons lactées, Boissons fermentées, Boissons lactées fermentées, Kéfir	1
Snacks, Snacks sucrés, Biscuits et gâteaux, Pâtisseries, Galettes des rois	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Boissons, Boissons à base de végétaux, Boissons aux fruits, Jus et nectars, Jus de fruits, Jus de citron	1
Dairies, Milks	1
Botanas, Snacks dulces, Galletas y pasteles, Pasteles, Magdalenas	1
Condiments, Sauces, Mayonnaises, en:groceries	1
Productos del mar, Conservas, Molusco, Mejillones, Mejillones enlatados, Mejillones en escabeche	1
Petit-déjeuners, Produits à tartiner, Produits à tartiner sucrés, Produits de la ruche, Produits d'élevages, Édulcorants, Miels	1
Petit-déjeuners, Produits à tartiner, Produits à tartiner sucrés, Produits de la ruche, Produits d'élevages, Édulcorants, Miels, Miels d'acacia	3
Petit-déjeuners, Produits à tartiner, Produits à tartiner sucrés, Produits de la ruche, Produits d'élevages, Édulcorants, Miels, Miels de lavande	1
Galletas rosquillas	1
Plant-based foods and beverages, Plant-based foods, Nuts and their products, Nuts, Macadamia nuts	1
Dairies, Fermented foods, Fermented milk products, Cheeses	1
Snacks	2
Snacks, Snacks sucrés, Confiseries, Confiseries de France, Nougats, Nougats de Montélimar	2
Snacks, Snacks sucrés, Confiseries, Nougats	1
Beverages, Alcoholic beverages, Beers	1
Plant-based foods and beverages, Beverages, Hot beverages, Plant-based beverages, Teas, Tea bags	1
Snack, Snack dolci, Pasta sfoglia, Brioche, Pandoro	1
Aides culinaires, Aides à la pâtisserie, Pâtes à sucre	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal, Alimentos de origen vegetal	1
Plant-based foods and beverages, Plant-based foods, Canned foods, Fruits and vegetables based foods, Canned plant-based foods, Fruits based foods, Canned fruits	1
Frozen foods	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Boissons, Boissons à base de végétaux, Boissons aux fruits, Jus et nectars, Jus de fruits, Boissons sans sucre ajouté, Jus de pomme, Jus de fruits pur jus, Jus de pommes pur jus	2
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Céréales et pommes de terre, Céréales et dérivés, Galettes de céréales soufflées, Galettes de riz soufflé	1
Viandes et dérivés, Produits à tartiner, Viandes, Charcuteries, Produits à tartiner salés, Rillettes, Rillettes de viande	1
en:Cambodia	1
Meals	2
Produits de la mer, Poissons et dérivés, Poissons, Poissons gras, Harengs, Harengs marinés, Rollmops	1
Meats and their products, Prepared meats, Cured sausages, Salami	1
Productos del mar, Pescados, en:Fatty fishes, Salmóns	1
Condiments, Sauces, Sauces au yaourt, en:groceries	1
Viandes et dérivés, Viandes, Charcuteries, Saucisses, Saucisses françaises, Saucisses de Toulouse	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Aliments à base de fruits et de légumes, Plats préparés, Soupes, Soupes à réchauffer, Soupes de légumes, en:Reheatable vegetable soups, Soupes de lentilles	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Céréales et pommes de terre, Céréales et dérivés, Produits déshydratés, Pâtes alimentaires, Produits lyophilisés à reconstituer, Nouilles, Nouilles instantanées	2
en:candies	1
Snacks, Snacks sucrés, Biscuits et gâteaux, Biscuits	3
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal, Alimentos de origen vegetal, Cereales y patatas, Panes, Panes especiales	1
Prodotti a base di carne, Carni, Preparazioni a base di carne	1
Meals, Pasta dishes	1
Plant-based foods and beverages, Plant-based foods, Fruits and vegetables based foods, Fruits based foods, Fruits, Melons	1
Productos agrícolas, Huevos	1
Produits laitiers, Produits fermentés, Produits laitiers fermentés, Fromages, Fromages de France, Fromages au lait cru, Neufchâtel	1
Milchprodukte, Fermentierte Lebensmittel, Fermentierte Milch, Brotaufstriche, Käse, Gesalzene Aufstriche, Streichkäse	1
Dietary supplements, Bodybuilding supplements, Protein powders	1
Doplněk stravy, en:Bodybuilding supplements, es:Proteinas-de-suero	1
Suplementos dietéticos, Suplementos de culturismo, Barritas de proteínas	2
Doplněk stravy, en:Bodybuilding supplements, en:Protein powders	2
Suplementos dietéticos, Suplementos de culturismo, Polvos de proteína	1
Compléments alimentaires	1
Snacks, Salty snacks, Appetizers, Crackers	1
Snacks, Salty snacks, Meals, Puff pastry meals, Puff pastries with ham and cheese	1
Snacks, Sweet snacks, Biscuits and cakes	1
Plant-based foods and beverages, Plant-based foods, Condiments, Spices, Spice Mix, Groceries	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Petit-déjeuners, Produits à tartiner, Pâtes à tartiner végétales, Produits à tartiner sucrés, Confitures et marmelades, Confitures, Confitures de prunes, Confitures-de-quetsches	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Aliments à base de fruits et de légumes, Petit-déjeuners, Produits à tartiner, Fruits et produits dérivés, Pâtes à tartiner végétales, Produits à tartiner sucrés, Confitures et marmelad	2
Pflanzliche Lebensmittel und Getränke, Pflanzliche Lebensmittel, Getreide und Kartoffeln, Samen, Getreideprodukte, Getreidekörner, Reise	1
Riz	2
Riz-aromatise,riz aromatisé	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Céréales et pommes de terre, Graines, Céréales et dérivés, Céréales en grains, Riz, Riz parfumés, Riz de variété indica, Riz long grain, Riz Basmati	1
Imbiss, Süßer Snack, Kekse und Kuchen, Kekse, Spritzgebäck	1
Beverages, Artificially sweetened beverages, en:diet-cola-soft-drink	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux,Aliments d'origine végétale,Aliments à base de fruits et de légumes,Desserts,Fruits et produits dérivés,Compotes,Compotes de pomme	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Boissons, Boissons chaudes, Boissons à base de végétaux, Thés, Infusions, Thés noirs	1
Plantaardige levensmiddelen en dranken, Plantaardige levensmiddelen, Koffies, Arabica koffies	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Cafés, Café Arabica, Grains de café, Grains de café arabica	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal, Alimentos de origen vegetal, Botanas, Snacks dulces, Dulces, Alimentos festivos, Gastronomía navideña, Productos deshidratados, Dulces de Navidad, Alimentos de origen vegetal deshidratados, Panes de higos	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Surgelés, Plats préparés, Légumes préparés, Purées, Purées de légumes	1
Produits de la mer, Poissons et dérivés, Conserves, Poissons, Poissons gras, Poissons en conserve, Thons, Thons en conserve, Thons à l'huile, Thons à l'huile d'olive, Thons blancs, Ventrèches de thon	1
Snacks, Sweet snacks, Biscuits and cakes, Biscuits	2
Plant-based foods and beverages, Beverages, Plant-based foods, Fruits and vegetables based foods, Plant-based beverages, Vegetable-based foods and beverages, Vegetables based foods, Juices and nectars, Vegetable-based beverages, Tomatoes and their product	1
Produits de la mer, Poissons et dérivés, Poissons, Plats préparés, Plats préparés au poisson, Préparations de poisson	1
Boissons, Boissons alcoolisées, Vins, Vins français, Vins rouges, Cahors	1
Snacks, Sweet snacks, Biscuits and cakes, Biscuits, en:breads	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Légumineuses et dérivés, Légumineuses, Graines, Graines de légumineuses, Légumineuses sèches, Lentilles, Lentilles vertes, Lentilles vertes du Berry	1
Poissons panés	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal, Alimentos de origen vegetal, Cereales y patatas, Semillas, Cereales y derivados, Cereales en grano, Quinoa	1
Cibi e bevande a base vegetale, Cibi a base vegetale	2
Cibi e bevande a base vegetale, Cibi a base vegetale, Zuppa di farro	1
Non food products	1
Produits d'élevages, Œufs, Œufs de poules, Œufs de poules élevées en plein air	1
Condiments, Sauces, Sauces tomate, Ketchup	1
Cibi e bevande a base vegetale, Cibi a base vegetale, Grassi, Grassi vegetali, Prodotti dell'ulivo, Olio vegetale, Olio di oliva, Olio extra vergine di oliva, Olio vergine di oliva	1
Panini	1
Pasti	1
Sweeteners, Syrups, Simple syrups	1
Dietary supplements	1
Plats préparés	1
en:smoked-salmons	1
Conserves, Viandes et dérivés, Plats préparés, Viandes, Plats préparés à la viande, Plats au bœuf, Viandes en conserve, Corned-beef	1
Viandes et dérivés, Produits à tartiner, Viandes, Charcuteries, Produits à tartiner salés, Rillettes, Rillettes de viande, Rillettes de viande blanche, Rillettes de volaille, Rillettes de canard	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Céréales et pommes de terre, Graines, Céréales et dérivés, Céréales en grains, Blés, Blés durs, Bles-durs-precuits	1
Productos a base de carne, Carnes, Aves	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal, Bebidas, Alimentos de origen vegetal, Cereales y patatas, en:Dairy substitutes, Cereales y derivados, Sustitutos de la leche, Bebidas de origen vegetal, Bebidas vegetales, Bebidas de cereales, Bebidas de arroz, Bebid	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal, Alimentos de origen vegetal, Leguminosas y derivados, Leguminosas, Frutos de cáscara y derivados, Frutos de cáscara, Cacahuetes	1
Botanas, Snacks dulces, Dulces, Alimentos festivos, Gastronomía navideña, Dulces de Navidad, Turrones, Turrones de chocolate, Turrones de chocolate con almendras	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal, Bebidas, Bebidas de origen vegetal, Bebidas a base de frutas, Zumos y néctares, Zumos de frutas, Zumos de pomelo	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal, Bebidas, Bebidas de origen vegetal, Bebidas a base de frutas, Zumos y néctares, Zumos de frutas, Zumos de granada	1
Plant-based foods and beverages, Dairy substitutes, Creamer	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal, Alimentos de origen vegetal, Cereales y patatas, Panes	1
Snacks, Snacks sucrés, Cacao et dérivés, Chocolats, Chocolats au lait, Chocolats fourrés, Chocolats fourrés au praliné, Chocolats aux noisettes, Chocolats au lait fourrés, Chocolats au lait aux noisettes	1
Nápoje, Mléčné výrobky, Kvašené potraviny, en:Fermented milk products, en:Dairy drinks, Mléko, en:Fermented drinks, en:Fermented milk drinks, en:Kefir	1
Snacks, Snacks salés, Amuse-gueules, Biscuits apéritifs, Biscuits apéritifs soufflés, Biscuits apéritifs soufflés à base de maïs, Biscuits-aperitif-souffles-a-la-cacahuete	1
Botanas, Snacks dulces, Dulces	1
Suplementos dietéticos	2
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Aliments à base de fruits et de légumes, Snacks, Snacks sucrés, Confiseries, Fruits et produits dérivés, Pâtes de fruits	1
Przekąski, Słodkie przekąski, en:Confectioneries, Cukierki, Żelki	1
Snacks, Snacks sucrés, Confiseries, Confiseries de France	1
Pflanzliche Lebensmittel und Getränke, Pflanzliche Lebensmittel, Frucht- und gemüsebasierte Lebensmittel, Gemüsebasierte Lebensmittel, Frische Nahrungsmittel, Frische pflanzliche Lebensmittel, Frisches Gemüse, Paprika, Spitzpaprika	1
Botanas, Snacks dulces, Galletas y pasteles, Galletas	1
Desserts,Frozen foods,Frozen desserts,Ice creams and sorbets,Sorbets,Pear sorbets	1
en:Plant-based foods and beverages, en:Plant-based foods, Tuky, Rostlinné tuky, Rostlinné oleje	1
Tamarinde pasta	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Aliments à base de fruits et de légumes, Snacks, Snacks sucrés, Confiseries, Fruits et produits dérivés, Pâtes de fruits, Pâtes de coings	1
Auf Fleisch basierende Lebensmittel, Fleisch, Zubereitetes Fleisch, Würste, Würstchen, Bockwurst, Bockwürstchen	1
Dairies, Fermented foods, Fermented milk products	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal, Bebidas, Bebidas de origen vegetal, Bebidas a base de frutas, Zumos y néctares, Zumos de frutas, Bebidas no alcohólicas, Bebidas no azucaradas, Zumos de manzana, Zumos procedentes de concentrado, Zumos de manzana pro	1
Bread baguette	1
Växtbaserad mat och dryck, Växtbaserad mat, Matvaror baserade på frukt och grönsaker, en:Fruits based foods, Frukter, en:Berries, en:Blueberries	1
Zuivelproducten, Melk, Gehomogeniseerde melken, Halfvolle melken, UHT-melken	1
Kant-en-klaar maaltijden, Opgemaakte salades	1
Bonbóny	1
Oat milks	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal, Bebidas, Bebidas de origen vegetal, Bebidas a base de frutas, Zumos y néctares, Zumos de frutas, Zumos de piña	1
Snacks, Snacks sucrés, Biscuits et gâteaux, Gâteaux, Madeleines	1
Snacks, Snacks sucrés, Cacao et dérivés, Confiseries, Barres, Confiseries chocolatées, Barres chocolatées, Barres chocolatées biscuitées aux noisettes	1
Condiments, Sauces, Pâtes de curry, Pâtes de curry rouges, en:groceries	1
en:greek-style-yogurts	1
Viandes et dérivés, Viandes, Charcuteries, Saucisses	1
Snacks, Snacks sucrés, Biscuits et gâteaux, Biscuits, Galettes au caramel, Galettes au rhum, Galettes bretonnes Pur beurre	1
Snacks, Snacks sucrés, Biscuits et gâteaux, Crêpes et galettes, Biscuits, Biscuits secs, Biscuits sablés, Galettes	1
Snacks, Sweet snacks, Biscuits and cakes, Biscuits, Shortbread cookies, Shortbread cookies from Brittany, fr:Galettes aux pépites de chocolat, fr:Galettes bretonnes Pur beurre, en:chocolate-biscuits	1
Snacks, Sweet snacks, Biscuits and cakes, Biscuits, Cakes, Chocolate cakes, Petit-Beurre, Shortbread biscuit with butter, fr:Trinibeurres, en:chocolate-biscuits	1
Boissons, Boissons alcoolisées, Bières, Lagers	1
Boissons, Boissons alcoolisées, Liqueurs, Crèmes de cassis	1
Snack, Snack dolci, Biscotti e torte, Biscotti, Canestrelli	1
Petit-déjeuners, Produits à tartiner, Produits à tartiner sucrés, Produits de la ruche, Produits d'élevages, Édulcorants, Miels, Miels de lavande, Miels crémeux	1
Caillettes	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Matières grasses, Matières grasses végétales, Huiles, Graines de tournesol et dérivés, Huiles de tournesol	1
Desserts, Surgelés, Desserts glacés, Glaces et sorbets, Sorbets, Sorbets au citron	1
Viandes et dérivés, Viandes, Charcuteries, Jambons, Jambons crus, Jambons secs, en:raw-cured-ham	1
Viandes et dérivés, Viandes, Porc et dérivés, Porc, Poitrine de porc	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Petit-déjeuners, Produits à tartiner, Pâtes à tartiner végétales, Produits à tartiner sucrés, Confitures et marmelades, Confitures, Confitures de fruits rouges, Confitures de framboises	1
Endulzantes, Siropes, Siropes simples, Sirope de frutas	1
Fisch und Meeresfrüchte, en:Fishes and their products, Fisch, Tiefkühlprodukte, Gefrorene Meeresfrüchte, Tiefkühlfisch	1
Cacao et dérivés, Cacaos et chocolats en poudre, Poudre maltée cacaotée	1
en:Galletas y pasteles, en:Pasteles	1
Botanas, Snacks salados, Aperitivos, Crackers	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Aliments à base de fruits et de légumes	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Légumineuses et dérivés, Snacks, Légumineuses, Snacks salés, Fruits à coques et dérivés, Fruits à coques, Cacahuètes, Fruits à coque salés, Cacahuètes salées	1
en:dried-tomatoes	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Boissons, Boissons chaudes, Boissons à base de végétaux, Infusions, Infusions aux fruits, Infusions aux fruits rouges	1
Viandes et dérivés, Viandes, Charcuteries, Jambons, Jambons crus, Jambons secs	1
Tomato passata	1
Dietary supplements, Bodybuilding supplements	1
Endulzantes, Azúcar, Azúcar moreno, Azúcar de caña, Panela, Panela en polvo	1
Cibi e bevande a base vegetale, Cibi fermentati, en:Dairy substitutes, Dessert, Dolci senza latte, Alimenti fermentati non caseari, Yogurt vegetali	1
Cibi e bevande a base vegetale, Cibi fermentati, en:Dairy substitutes, Dessert, Dolci senza latte, Alimenti fermentati non caseari, Yogurt vegetali, en:Oat milk yogurts	1
Dessert riz Vegas	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal, Alimentos de origen vegetal, Germinados	1
Édulcorants, Sirops, Sirops simples, Sirops d'agave	1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal, Alimentos de origen vegetal, Untables, Untables vegetales, Untables salados, en:Cheese spreads substitutes	1
Plant-based foods and beverages, Plant-based foods, Cereals and potatoes, Breads, Breadsticks, es:Picos de pan	1
Aliments pour bébé, Plats principaux pour bébé, Petits pots pour bébé	1
Produits laitiers,Matières grasses,Produits à tartiner,Matières grasses à tartiner,Matières grasses animales,Matière grasse laitière,Produits laitiers à tartiner,Beurres,Beurre doux tendre à 82% MG	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Céréales et pommes de terre, Pains, Pains de mie	1
Biscuit whole	1
Energy drink with sugar	1
Seafood, Canned foods, Fishes, Fatty fishes, Canned fishes, Tunas, Canned tunas	1
Viandes et dérivés, Charcuteries, Saucissons, Rosettes	1
Petit-déjeuners, Produits à tartiner, Produits à tartiner sucrés, Produits de la ruche, Produits d'élevages, Édulcorants, Miels, Miels de tilleul	1
Petit-déjeuners, Produits à tartiner, Produits à tartiner sucrés, Produits de la ruche, Produits d'élevages, Édulcorants, Miels, Produits de montagne, Miels de fleurs, Miels de montagne	2
Getränke	1
Boissons, Boissons gazeuses, Sodas, Limonades	1
Boissons, Boissons sans alcool	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Surgelés, Plats préparés, Produits panés, Plats préparés surgelés, Plats préparés d'origine végétale	1
en:Plant-based foods and beverages, en:Plant-based foods, en:Legumes and their products, en:Meat alternatives, en:Meat analogues, en:Tempeh	1
Getränke, Alkoholische Getränke, Biere	1
Getränke, Alkoholische Getränke, Weine, Schaumweine, Sekt, Cocktail, Weinhaltiger-cocktail	1
Plant-based foods and beverages, Plant-based foods, Cereals and potatoes, Seeds, Cereals and their products, Cereal grains, Rices, Aromatic rices, Indica rices, Long grain rices, Jasmine rice	1
en:Snacks, en:Sweet snacks, en:Confectioneries, en:Candies	1
bread,wheat,fibre	1
Produits de la mer, Poissons et dérivés, Poissons, Surgelés, Plats préparés, Préparations de poisson, Fruits de mer surgelés, Produits panés, Poissons surgelés, Poissons panés, Poissons panés de cabillaud, Poisson pané surgelé, Batonnets de poisson	1
Snacks, Snacks sucrés, Biscuits et gâteaux, Biscuits, Crêpes dentelle, Crêpes dentelle natures	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Céréales et pommes de terre, Graines, Céréales et dérivés, Plats préparés, Céréales en grains, Riz, Céréales préparées, Riz préparés	1
Surgelés, Plats préparés, Céréales préparées, Riz préparés, Riz Cuisinés	1
Mayonnaises	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Boissons, Boissons à base de végétaux, Boissons aux fruits	1
Boissons, Boissons alcoolisées, Vins, Vins blancs	1
Condiments, Sauces, Soy sauces	1
Boissons	1
Boissons à base de végétaux,Boissons aux légumes,Jus de légumes,Boissons sans sucre ajouté	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Boissons, Boissons à base de végétaux, Boissons aux fruits, Jus et nectars, Jus de fruits, Boissons sans alcool, Jus de citron	1
Przekąski,Słodkie przekąski,Kakao i produkty na bazie kakao,Czekolada,Czekolada deserowa	1
Condiments, Sauces, Groceries	1
Plant-based foods and beverages, Plant-based foods, Breakfasts, Spreads, Plant-based spreads, Sweet spreads, Fruit and vegetable preserves	1
Active Lifestyle & Fitness	110
Pet Supplies	128
Professional Supplements	8
Vitamins & Supplements	21
Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy	1
Weight Management	8
Baby & Kids Products	1

Product	Brand	Category	Compounds Matched from Ingredients	Date Retrieved
		Other	sodium benzoate	2024-02-11
Canadian honey wheat premium bread		Plant-based foods and beverages, Plant-based foods, Cereals and potatoes, Breads	niacin,riboflavin	2024-08-22
Pepperoni lovers lasagna with marinara sauce		Frozen foods	niacin,riboflavin	2024-02-11
Roasted cooked ham with natural juice		Meals	sodium nitrite	2024-02-12
Pan de higo con chocolate	Capo	Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal, Alimentos de origen vegetal, Botanas, Snacks dulces, Dulces, Alimentos festivos, Gastronomía navideña, Productos deshidratados, Dulces de Navidad, Alimentos de origen vegetal deshidratados, Panes de higos	sorbitol	2024-02-10
Bubbles	Messaris	Other	lactose	2024-07-19
Sting energy (Blue Charge)	PepsiCo Inc.	Energy drink with sugar	caffeine,potassium permanganate	2024-04-22
Rosett	Prix Mini	Viandes et dérivés, Charcuteries, Saucissons, Rosettes	lactose	2024-09-02
ABE Performance Energy RTD Baddy Berry -- 4 Cans	ABE	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Betaine Anhydrous, Caffeine Anhydrous, Niacin, Taurine, Tyrosine, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ABE PUMP Stim Free Pre-Workout - 20/40 Servings Blue Razz -- 17.63 oz	ABE	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Choline, Niacin, Taurine, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ABE Ultimate Pre-Workout - 30 Servings Baddy Berry -- 13.75 oz	ABE	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Caffeine Anhydrous, Choline, Huperzine A, Niacin, Taurine, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ABE Ultimate Pre-Workout - 30 Servings Blue Razz -- 13.75 oz	ABE	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Caffeine Anhydrous, Choline, Huperzine A, Niacin, Taurine, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ABE Ultimate Pre-Workout - 30 Servings Red Hawaiian -- 13.75 oz	ABE	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Caffeine Anhydrous, Choline, Huperzine A, Niacin, Taurine, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ABE Ultimate Pre-Workout - 30 Servings Sour Gummy Bear -- 13.75 oz	ABE	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Caffeine Anhydrous, Choline, Huperzine A, Niacin, Taurine, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Dry Dog Food Wild Beginnings Beef Venison & Lamb -- 4 lbs	Abound	Pet Supplies	Vitamin E, Docosahexaenoic Acid, Vitamin E, L-Carnitine, Phosphorus, Vitamin A, Selenium, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Dry Dog Food Wild Beginnings Salmon Whitefish & Trout -- 4 lbs	Abound	Pet Supplies	Vitamin E, Docosahexaenoic Acid, Vitamin E, L-Carnitine, Phosphorus, Vitamin A, Selenium, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Grain Free Pate Wet Kitten Food Chicken Recipe -- 3 oz	Abound	Pet Supplies	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Grain Free Wet Cat Food Pate Chicken Dinner -- 2.6 oz	Abound	Pet Supplies	D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium sulfate, taurine, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Grain Free Wet Cat Food Pate Roast Turkey Dinner -- 2.6 oz	Abound	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Grain Free Wet Cat Food Pate Salmon Dinner -- 2.6 oz	Abound	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Natural Cat Dry Food Chicken & Brown Rice -- 3.5 lb	Abound	Pet Supplies	Linoleic Acid, Phosphorus, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Natural Cat Dry Food Salmon & Brown Rice Recipe -- 3.5 lb	Abound	Pet Supplies	Linoleic Acid, Phosphorus, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Pro Dry Dog Food Vet Formulated Sensitive Stomach Lamb Brown Rice -- 8 lbs	Abound	Pet Supplies	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Phosphorus, Selenium, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Pro Dry Puppy Food Vet Formulated Chicken Brown Rice -- 8 lbs	Abound	Pet Supplies	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, EPA, Vitamin E, Phosphorus, Vitamin A, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Pro+ Dry Cat Food Indoor Weight Hairball Care Chicken & Turkey -- 7 lbs	Abound	Pet Supplies	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, L-Carnitine, Phosphorus, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Pro+ Dry Cat Food Sensitive Skin & Stomach Salmon & Brown Rice -- 7 lbs	Abound	Pet Supplies	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Phosphorus, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Wild Beginnings Dry Cat Food Salmon -- 7 lbs	Abound	Pet Supplies	Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Phosphorus, Vitamin A, Selenium, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Allergy Research Group Taurine -- 500 mg - 100 Capsules	Allergy Research Group	Professional Supplements	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition A-Cuts Amino-Charged Energy Drink Goji Berry Martini -- 30 Servings	ALLMAX Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Alanine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition A-Cuts™ Amino-Charged Energy Drink Arctic Orange -- 30 Servings	ALLMAX Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Alanine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition A-Cuts™ Amino-Charged Energy Drink Blue Raspberry -- 30 Servings	ALLMAX Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Alanine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition A-Cuts™ Amino-Charged Energy Drink Piña Colada -- 30 Servings	ALLMAX Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Alanine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition A-Cuts™ Amino-Charged Energy Drink Watermelon -- 30 Servings	ALLMAX Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Alanine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition A:Cuts Amino Charged Energy Drink Peach Mango -- 7.4 oz	ALLMAX Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Alanine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition Impact Igniter Sport Blue Raspberry -- 50 Servings	ALLMAX Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Caffeine, Folate, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Taurine, Tyrosine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition Taurine -- 133 Servings	ALLMAX Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amazing Muscle Pre Boost Extreme- Pre-Workout with Caffeine Watermelon -- 20 Servings	Amazing Muscle	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, Caffeine Anhydrous, L-Citrulline Malate, Huperzine A, L-Arginine Alpha Ketoglutarate, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
AnabolNaturals Amino Balance -- 3.53 oz	AnabolNaturals	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-5-Hydroxy-Tryptophan, L-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cystine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glutamine, Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, Vitamin B6, Serine, Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Advanced Cuts Powder Orange Mango -- 9.4 oz	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Acetyl L-Carnitine, Caffeine Anhydrous, Choline, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine, L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Advanced Cuts Powder Strawberry Watermelon -- 8.4 oz	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Acetyl L-Carnitine, Caffeine Anhydrous, Choline, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine, L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Cuts Powder Blue Ice Pop -- 42 Servings	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Acetyl L-Carnitine, Caffeine Anhydrous, Choline, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine, L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Energy Performance Chews Mango -- 120 Chewable Tablets	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Caffeine Anhydrous, L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Energy Performance Chews Pomberry Flavor -- 120 Chewables	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Caffeine Anhydrous, L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Juiced Aminos Grape -- 30 Servings	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Betaine Anhydrous, L-Glutamine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, Calcium Carbonate, L-Phenylalanine, Sodium Bicarbonate, L-Taurine, L-Valine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Non-Hormonal M-Stak Accelerator Pill Packs -- 21 Packs	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Acetyl L-Carnitine, Caffeine Anhydrous, L-Isoleucine, Phytosterols, L-Taurine, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, L-Valine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal PAK - The Ultimate Training Pack -- 30 Packs	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Lipase, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Carnitine, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Cystine, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxyproline, Inositol, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lutein, Lycopene, Lysine, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Methionine, Niacin, Ornithine, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Serine, L-Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, phytonadione, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal PAK - The Ultimate Training Pack -- 44 Packs	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Lipase, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Carnitine, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Cystine, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxyproline, Inositol, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lutein, Lycopene, Lysine, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Methionine, Niacin, Ornithine, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Serine, L-Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, phytonadione, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Pak Ultimate Foundation Powder Cherry Bomb -- 30 Servings	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Lipase, Vitamin C, Betaine Anhydrous, Biotin, dicalcium phosphate, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, L-Histidine, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, L-Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, L-Taurine, Thiamin, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Pak Ultimate Foundation Powder Fruit Punch -- 14.7 oz	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Lipase, Vitamin C, Betaine Anhydrous, Biotin, dicalcium phosphate, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, L-Histidine, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, L-Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, L-Taurine, Thiamin, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Pak Ultimate Foundation Powder Orange Crushed -- 14.5 oz	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Lipase, Vitamin C, Betaine Anhydrous, Biotin, dicalcium phosphate, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, L-Histidine, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, L-Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, L-Taurine, Thiamin, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Pre Workout Primal Powder Fruit Punch -- 17.9 oz	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Theacrine, Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, Caffeine Anhydrous, Choline, Calcium Carbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate, L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Pre Workout Primal Powder Strawberry Watermelon -- 17.9 oz	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Theacrine, Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, Caffeine Anhydrous, Choline, Calcium Carbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate, L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Recover & Restore Performance Chews Tropical Mango -- 120 Chewable Tablets	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Glutamine, L-lsoleucine, L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Balanced Breed Dog All-in-1 Canine Multivitamin Vet Pharmacist Approved Peanut & Butter Banana -- 60 Soft Chews	Balanced Breed	Pet Supplies	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B2, Taurine, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bark & Whiskers Detox Liver & Kidney Support Powder for Cats & Dogs -- 1.7 oz	Bark & Whiskers	Pet Supplies	N-Acetyl L-Cysteine, Glycine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bark & Whiskers Heart Health For Cats & Dogs -- 3.17 oz	Bark & Whiskers	Pet Supplies	Trimethylglycine, Trimethylglycine, Epigallocatechin Gallate, Glycine, L-Carnitine, Niacin, D-Ribose, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
BIOptimizers Sleep Breakthrough Extended Sleep Powder Formula Tropical Dreams -- 7.7 oz	BIOptimizers	Vitamins & Supplements	Glycine, Vitamin B6, Taurine, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
BIOptimizers Sleep Breakthrough Melatonin-Free Sleep Support -- 60 Veggie Capsules	BIOptimizers	Vitamins & Supplements	Glycine, Vitamin B6, Taurine, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Birdie & Louie Wet Cat Food Seafood Sunday -- 3 oz	Birdie & Louie	Pet Supplies	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Birdie & Louie Wet Cat Food Tuna & Olives -- 3 oz	Birdie & Louie	Pet Supplies	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Birdie & Louie Wet Cat Food Tuna & Papaya -- 3 oz	Birdie & Louie	Pet Supplies	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Birdie & Louie Wet Cat Food Tuna & Pineapple -- 3 oz	Birdie & Louie	Pet Supplies	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Birdie & Louie Wet Cat Food Tuna Tuesday -- 3 oz	Birdie & Louie	Pet Supplies	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Birdie & Louie Wet Cat Food Variety Pack -- 12 Cans	Birdie & Louie	Pet Supplies	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
BlackLabel Supplements PreHustle Blue Razz -- 30 Servings	BlackLabel Supplements	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Caffeine Anhydrous, L-Isoleucine, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B6, L-Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
BlackLabel Supplements PreHustle Tigers Blood -- 30 Servings	BlackLabel Supplements	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Caffeine Anhydrous, L-Isoleucine, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B6, L-Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
BlackLabel Supplements PreHustle - Informed Sport Certified Orange Mango -- 30 Servings	BlackLabel Supplements	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Caffeine Anhydrous, L-Isoleucine, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B6, L-Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cellucor C4 Sport - Pre-Workout - NSF Certified for Sport Hawaiian Punch Fruit Juicy Red -- 20 Servings	Cellucor	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Caffeine Anhydrous, Chloride, Folate, Phosphorus, Potassium Citrate, Vitamin B6, Taurine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cellucor C4 Sport - Pre-Workout - NSF Certified for Sport Icy Blue Razz -- 20 Servings	Cellucor	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Caffeine Anhydrous, Chloride, Folate, Phosphorus, Potassium Citrate, Vitamin B6, Taurine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cellucor C4 Sport - Pre-Workout - NSF Certified for Sport Watermelon -- 20 Servings	Cellucor	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Caffeine Anhydrous, Chloride, Folate, Phosphorus, Potassium Citrate, Vitamin B6, Taurine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cellucor C4 Sport Ripped - Pre-Workout - NSF Certified for Sport Artic Snow Cone -- 20 Servings	Cellucor	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Caffeine Anhydrous, Chloride, Folate, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Taurine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Celsius Energy Drink Non-Carbonated Peach Mango Green Tea -- 12 fl oz Each / Pack of 12	Celsius	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Vitamin C, Biotin, Caffeine, Chromium, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Taurine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Celsius Energy Drink Non-Carbonated Raspberry Acai Green Tea -- 12 fl oz Each / Pack of 12	Celsius	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Vitamin C, Biotin, Caffeine, Chromium, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Taurine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Celsius Energy Drink Sparkling Fuji Apple Pear -- 12 fl oz Each / Pack of 12	Celsius	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Vitamin C, Biotin, Caffeine, Chromium, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Taurine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Celsius Energy Drink Sparkling Kiwi Guava -- 12 fl oz Each / Pack of 12	Celsius	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Vitamin C, Biotin, Caffeine, Chromium, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Taurine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Celsius Energy Drink Sparkling Orange -- 12 fl oz Each / Pack of 12	Celsius	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Vitamin C, Biotin, Caffeine, Chromium, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Taurine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Celsius Energy Drink Sparkling Tropical Vibe -- 12 fl oz Each / Pack of 12	Celsius	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Vitamin C, Biotin, Caffeine, Chromium, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Taurine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Celsius Energy Drink Sparkling Watermelon -- 12 fl oz Each / Pack of 12	Celsius	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Vitamin C, Biotin, Caffeine, Chromium, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Taurine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Celsius Energy Drink Sparkling Wild Berry -- 12 fl oz Each / Pack of 12	Celsius	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Vitamin C, Biotin, Caffeine, Chromium, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Taurine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Codeage GLP-Advantage+ Chromium Berberine Gymnema Resveratrol GLP-1 Activity Support -- 60 Capsules	Codeage	Professional Supplements	Berberine HCl, Boron, Chromium, Curcumin, Trans-Resveratrol, L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cutler Nutrition Generate EAAs and BCAAs Intra and Post Workout - 30 Servings Blackberry Lemonade -- 11.64 oz	Cutler Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Histidine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cutler Nutrition Generate EAAs and BCAAs Intra and Post Workout - 30 Servings Sour Lemonade -- 12.91 oz	Cutler Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Histidine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cutler Nutrition Generate EAAs and BCAAs Intra and Post Workout - 30 Servings Sour Rainbow Candy -- 12.95 oz	Cutler Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Histidine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cutler Nutrition Generate EAAs and BCAAs Intra and Post Workout - 30 Servings Watermelon -- 11.3 oz	Cutler Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Histidine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cutler Nutrition Prevail Pre Workout Primer Energy & Focus Blend - 40 Servings Cotton Candy Grape -- 8.46 oz	Cutler Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Caffeine Anhydrous, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cutler Nutrition Prevail Pre Workout Primer Energy & Focus Blend - 40 Servings Peach Mango -- 7.9 oz	Cutler Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Caffeine Anhydrous, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cutler Nutrition Prevail Pre Workout Primer Energy & Focus Blend - 40 Servings Rainbow Freeze -- 8.05 oz	Cutler Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Caffeine Anhydrous, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cutler Nutrition Prevail Pre Workout Primer Energy & Focus Blend - 40 Servings Sour Blue Straws -- 10.7 oz	Cutler Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Caffeine Anhydrous, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cutler Nutrition Prevail Pre Workout Primer Energy & Focus Blend - 40 Servings Sour Lime Gummy Worm -- 9.8 oz	Cutler Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Caffeine Anhydrous, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cutler Nutrition Prevail Pre Workout Primer Energy & Focus Blend - 40 Servings Sour Rainbow Candy -- 9.87 oz	Cutler Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Caffeine Anhydrous, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
DaVinci Laboratories Amino 21™ -- 90 Capsules	DaVinci Laboratories	Professional Supplements	L-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cystine, Glutamic Acid, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Isoleucine, DL-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Taurine, Tyrosine, L-Valine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
DaVinci Laboratories Disc-Discovery® -- 180 Capsules	DaVinci Laboratories	Professional Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin D3, Pepsin, Manganese, Vitamin B6, Serine, Taurine, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
DaVinci Laboratories Healthy Eyes -- 90 Capsules	DaVinci Laboratories	Professional Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Quercetin, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Taurine, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Designs for Sport Hydration Complex - NSF Certified for Sport Lemon-Orange -- 30 Servings	Designs for Sport	Professional Supplements	Vitamin C, Calcium Ascorbate, Chloride, Potassium Bicarbonate, Quercetin, D-Ribose, Rutin, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Designs for Sport Zinc + - NSF Certified for Sport -- 90 Vegetarian Capsules	Designs for Sport	Professional Supplements	Malic Acid, Molybdenum, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Taurine, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Earthborn Holistic Wet Cat Food Grain Free Fin and Fowl Tuna Chicken -- 3 oz	Earthborn Holistic	Pet Supplies	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Earthborn Holistic Wet Cat Food Grain Free Key West Zest Tuna Mackerel -- 3 oz	Earthborn Holistic	Pet Supplies	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Earthborn Holistic Wet Cat Food Grain Free Lowcountry Fare Tuna Shrimp -- 3 oz	Earthborn Holistic	Pet Supplies	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Emerald Labs Liver Health -- 60 Vegetable Capsules	Emerald Labs	Vitamins & Supplements	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition BCAA Energy Fruit Punch -- 10.16 oz	Evlution Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Alanine, Vitamin C, L-Isoleucine, Vitamin B6, Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition BCAA Energy Rocket Pop -- 30 Servings	Evlution Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Alanine, Vitamin C, Beta-Alanine, L-Isoleucine, Vitamin B6, Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition BCAA Energy + Electrolytes Grape Splash -- 30 Servings	Evlution Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Alanine, Vitamin C, Beta-Alanine, Chloride, L-Isoleucine, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition BCAA Energy + Electrolytes Orange Mango -- 30 Servings	Evlution Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Alanine, Vitamin C, Beta-Alanine, Chloride, L-Isoleucine, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition BCAA Energy® Blue Raz -- 30 Servings	Evlution Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Alanine, Vitamin C, L-Isoleucine, Vitamin B6, Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition BCAA Energy® Watermelon -- 30 Servings	Evlution Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Alanine, Vitamin C, L-Isoleucine, Vitamin B6, Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition BCAA Lean Energy Cherry Limeade -- 10.9 oz	Evlution Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Acetyl L-Carnitine, L-Alanine, Vitamin C, Beta-Alanine, L-Isoleucine, Vitamin B6, Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition BCAA Lean Energy Furious Grape -- 10.9 oz	Evlution Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Acetyl L-Carnitine, L-Alanine, Vitamin C, Beta-Alanine, L-Isoleucine, Vitamin B6, Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition Hydramino Hydration Plus Amino Acids Fruit Punch -- 8.4 oz	Evlution Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Alanine, Vitamin C, Chloride, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, L-Taurine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition Hydramino Hydration Plus Amino Acids Orange Mango -- 8.4 oz	Evlution Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Alanine, Vitamin C, Chloride, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, L-Taurine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Futurebiotics Pressur-Lo® -- 270 Tablets	Futurebiotics	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Betaine HCl, Chloride, Chromium, CoQ10, calcium carbonate, Manganese, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, potassium chloride, Vitamin B6, Resveratrol, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, citrate, citrate, L-Taurine, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Futurebiotics Pressur-Lo™ -- 90 Tablets	Futurebiotics	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Betaine HCl, Chloride, Chromium, CoQ10, calcium carbonate, Manganese, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, potassium chloride, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, citrate, citrate, L-Taurine, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Get Naked Cat Crunchy Treats Digestive Health Chicken -- 2.5 oz	Get Naked	Pet Supplies	l-lysine, sorbic acid, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Holistic Dry Cat Food Wild-Caught Salmon & Whitefish Recipe -- 3 lbs	Halo	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, folic acid, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Holistic Dry Cat Food Wild-Caught Salmon & Whitefish Recipe -- 6 lbs	Halo	Pet Supplies	biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, folic acid, Max, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Holistic Dry Cat Food Sensitive Stomach Support Wild-Caught Whitefish Recipe -- 6 lb	Halo	Pet Supplies	d-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, Max, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Holistic Dry Cat Food Healthy Weight Support Cage-Free Chicken Recipe -- 3 lbs	Halo	Pet Supplies	biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, folic acid, L-carnitine, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Holistic Dry Cat Food Healthy Weight Support Cage-Free Chicken Recipe -- 6 lbs	Halo	Pet Supplies	biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, folic acid, Max, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Holistic Dry Dog Food Cage-Free Chicken & Brown Rice -- 3.5 lbs	Halo	Pet Supplies	d-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, folic acid, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Holistic Dry Dog Food Vegan Superfoods Plant-Based Recipe -- 3.5 lbs	Halo	Pet Supplies	biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, copper sulfate, iron sulfate, folic acid, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin A acetate, taurine, ergocalciferol, zinc sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Holistic Dry Puppy Food Cage-Free Chicken & Brown Rice -- 3.5 lbs	Halo	Pet Supplies	d-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Holistic Senior Dog Dry Food Cage-Free Chicken and Sweet Potato Recipe -- 3.5 lbs	Halo	Pet Supplies	d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Wet Cat Food Grain-Free Chicken Shrimp & Crab Stew -- 5.5 oz Each / Pack of 12	Halo	Pet Supplies	biotin, calcium citrate, d-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, choline chloride, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Wet Cat Food Grain-Free Salmon Stew -- 5.5 oz Each / Pack of 12	Halo	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Wet Cat Food Pate Turkey Recipe -- 5.5 oz Each / Pack of 12	Halo	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Wet Cat Food Pate Turkey Salmon Chicken Variety Pack -- 5.5 oz Each / Pack of 12	Halo	Pet Supplies	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Wet Cat Food Pate Grain-Free Chicken Recipe -- 5.5 oz Each / Pack of 12	Halo	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Wet Cat Food Pate Grain-Free Salmon Recipe -- 5.5 oz Each / Pack of 12	Halo	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Wet Cat Food Pate Grain-Free Turkey & Duck Recipe -- 5.5 oz Each / Pack of 12	Halo	Pet Supplies	biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Wet Cat Food Pate Grain-Free Turkey Recipe -- 5.5 oz Each / Pack of 12	Halo	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Wet Kitten Food Grain-Free Chicken Recipe -- 3 oz Each / Pack of 12	Halo	Pet Supplies	biotin, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, Docosahexaenoic Acid, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Wet Kitten Food Grain-Free Whitefish Recipe -- 3 oz Each / Pack of 12	Halo	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, Docosahexaenoic Acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Healths Harmony Blood Sugar Capsules with Cinnamon Bitter Melon and Chromium -- 120 Capsules	Healths Harmony	Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy	Vitamin C, Biotin, Chromium, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, microcrystalline cellulose, Manganese, Taurine, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vanadium	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Hydroxycut Hardcore Ultra Shred Drink Sticks Lime Mojito -- 20 Servings	Hydroxycut	Weight Management	Citric acid, Biotin, Choline, Citric acid, malic acid, Niacin, niacinamide, Potassium Chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Vitamin B6, Sodium Citrate, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Hydroxycut Hardcore Ultra Shred Drink Sticks Tangerine Mimosa -- 20 Servings	Hydroxycut	Weight Management	Citric acid, Biotin, Choline, Citric acid, malic acid, Niacin, niacinamide, Potassium Chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Vitamin B6, Sodium Citrate, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Baked & Saucy Dry Dog Food Beef + Sweet Potato -- 10.25 lbs	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	citric acid, D-calcium pantothenate, citric acid, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Baked & Saucy Dry Dog Food Beef + Sweet Potato -- 4 lbs	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	citric acid, D-calcium pantothenate, citric acid, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Baked & Saucy Dry Dog Food Chicken + Sweet Potato -- 10.25 lbs	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	citric acid, D-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, citric acid, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Baked & Saucy Dry Dog Food Chicken + Sweet Potato -- 4 lbs	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	citric acid, D-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, citric acid, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Beef Right Meow Wet Cat Food Beef Recipe -- 3 oz Can / Pack of 24	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Chicken Me Out Pate Wet Cat Food Chicken Recipe -- 3 oz Can / Pack of 24	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, potassium,chloride, potassium iodide, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Chicky Da Lish Stew Wet Cat Food Chicken Recipe in Gravy -- 3 oz Can / Pack of 24	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Farm to Sea Feast Pate Wet Cat Food Variety Pack Beef Salmon Turkey -- 3 oz Can / Pack of 12	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, chloride, choline, folic acid, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Feed Meow Shreds Wet Cat Food Variety Pack Chicken Salmon Tuna -- 12 Pouches	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, fructooligosaccharide, magnesium sulfate, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, tricalcium phosphate, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Naked Essentials Dry Cat Food Chicken + Duck -- 11 lbs	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	citric acid, biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, citric acid, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, Linoleic Acid, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Naked Essentials Dry Cat Food Chicken + Duck -- 3.4 lbs	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, copper sulfate, Vitamin E, ferrous sulfate, Vitamin E, calcium carbonate, Linoleic, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Vitamin A, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Naked Essentials Dry Cat Food Salmon + Trout -- 11 lbs	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	citric acid, biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, citric acid, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, Linoleic Acid, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Naked Essentials Dry Cat Food Salmon + Trout -- 3.4 lbs	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	Biotin, Calcium Pantothenate, Dicalcium Phosphate, Choline Chloride, Copper Sulfate, Vitamin E, Ferrous Sulfate, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Calcium Carbonate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Sodium Selenite, Taurine, Zinc Sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Naked Essentials Dry Cat Food Hairball Care Salmon + Whitefish -- 3.4 lbs	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	citric acid, biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, citric acid, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, powdered cellulose, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Naked Essentials Dry Dog Food Chicken + Duck -- 4 lbs	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	citric acid, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, citric acid, copper sulfate, Vitamin E, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, Vitamin E, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Naked Essentials Dry Dog Food Lamb + Bison -- 4 lbs	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	citric acid, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, citric acid, copper sulfate, Vitamin E, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, Vitamin E, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Naked Essentials Puppy Dry Dog Food Chicken + Lentils -- 4 lbs	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, copper sulfate, Vitamin E, Docosahexaenoic Acid, iron sulfate, folic acid, Vitamin E, niacin, Phosphorus, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Vitamin A, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Ninja Cat Jiu Jit Stew Wet Cat Food Variety Pack Chicken Salmon Tuna -- 3 oz Can / Pack of 12	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Nude Super Food Dry Cat Food Poultry a Plenty -- 5 lb	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	biotin, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, copper sulfate, Vitamin E, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, Vitamin E, calcium carbonate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Nude Super Food Dry Dog Food Poultry Palooza -- 5 lbs	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	citric acid, d-calcium pantothenate, citric acid, copper sulfate, Docosahexaenoic Acid, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Nude Super Food Dry Dog Food Simply Sea -- 5 lbs	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	citric acid, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, citric acid, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Oh My Cod! Pate Wet Cat Food Cod -- 3 oz Can / Pack of 24	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Pate All Day Wet Cat Food Variety Pack Chicken Cod Turkey -- 3 oz Can / Pack of 12	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, chloride, choline chloride, folic acid, potassium iodide, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You XOXOs Mix Pâté Wet Cat Food Variety Pack Chicken and Beef -- 12 Cans	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, tricalcium phosphate, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You XOXOs Mix Pâté Wet Cat Food Variety Pack Salmon and Whitefish -- 12 Cans	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, tricalcium phosphate, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You XOXOs Mix Wet Cat Food Variety Pack Chicken & Tuna Stew -- 12 Cans	I and Love and You	Pet Supplies	biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, tricalcium phosphate, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Icelandic+ Capelin Whole Fish & Pieces Cat Treat -- 1.5 oz	Icelandic+	Pet Supplies	Fat, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Icelandic+ Herring Whole Fish Cat Treat -- 1.5 oz	Icelandic+	Pet Supplies	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Icelandic+ Herring Whole Fish Dog Treat -- 3 oz	Icelandic+	Pet Supplies	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Icelandic+ Herring Whole Fish Dog Treat -- 9 oz	Icelandic+	Pet Supplies	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jarrow Formulas Neuro Optimizer -- 120 Capsules	Jarrow Formulas	Vitamins & Supplements	Acetyl L-Carnitine, Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine, L-Glutamine, microcrystallinecellulose, Pantothenic Acid, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kabrita Goat Milk Toddler Formula 12-24 Months -- 14 oz	Kabrita	Baby & Kids Products	vitamin E acetate, Vitamin C, Biotin, tri calcium citrate, calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, vitamin D3, choline chloride, copper sulfate, Vitamin E, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, Vitamin E, inositol, Iodine, Lactose, L-carnitine, calcium carbonate, Niacin, niacinamide, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, vitamin B6 hydrochloride, Vitamin B6, retinyl acetate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, sodium selenite, taurine, thiamine hydrochloride, Thiamin, tri calcium phosphate, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, vitamin K1, zinc sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kaged Hydra-Charge - Informed Sport Certified Orange Mango -- 60 Servings	Kaged	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, beta-carotene, tricalcium citrate tetrahydrate, Citric acid, magnesium citrate, Phosphorus, sodium citrate, tartaric acid, Taurine, sucralose	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kaged Hydra-Charge - Informed Sport Certified Fruit Punch -- 60 Servings	Kaged	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, calcium citrate, Citric acid, Phosphorus, sodium citrate, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kaged Hydra-Charge - Informed Sport Certified Glacier Grape -- 60 Servings	Kaged	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, calcium citrate, Citric acid, Phosphorus, sodium citrate, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kaged Hydra-Charge - Informed Sport Certified Strawberry Yuzu -- 60 Servings	Kaged	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, calcium citrate, Citric acid, Phosphorus, sodium citrate, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kaged Pre-Kaged Pre-Workout - Informed Sport Certified Orange Crush -- 20 Servings	Kaged	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, citric acid, L-Isoleucine, Malic acid, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Niacin, Vitamin B6, tartaric acid, Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kaged Pre-Kaged Pre-Workout - Informed Sport Certified Berry Blast -- 20 Servings	Kaged	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, citric acid, L-Isoleucine, Malic acid, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Niacin, Vitamin B6, tartaric acid, Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kaged Pre-Kaged Pre-Workout - Informed Sport Certified Krisp Apple -- 20 Servings	Kaged	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, citric acid, L-Isoleucine, Malic acid, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine, Niacin, Vitamin B6, quercetin, stevia, Taurine, sucralose, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kaged Pre-Kaged Sport Pre-Workout - Informed Sport Certified Mango Lime -- 20 Servings	Kaged	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, Caffeine, Citric acid, malic acid, Vitamin B6, tartaric acid, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kaged Pre-Kaged Sport Pre-Workout - Informed Sport Certified Blue Raspberry -- 20 Servings	Kaged	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, Caffeine, Citric acid, malic acid, Vitamin B6, tartaric acid, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kaged Pre-Kaged Sport Pre-Workout - Informed Sport Certified Fruit Punch -- 20 Servings	Kaged	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, Caffeine, Citric acid, malic acid, Vitamin B6, tartaric acid, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim-Free Pre-Workout - Informed Sport Certified Cherry Bomb -- 20 Servings	Kaged	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, citric acid, L-Isoleucine, Malic acid, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Taurine, sucralose, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim-Free Pre-Workout - Informed Sport Certified Fruit Punch -- 20 Servings	Kaged	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Citric acid, L-Isoleucine, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine, Niacin, Vitamin B6, tartaric acid, Taurine, sucralose, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lean1 Nutrition 53 Fat Burning Meal Replacement Chocolate -- 2 lbs	Lean1	Weight Management	D-alpha-tocopherol acetate, Vitamin C, Biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, Chloride, vitamin D3, Chromium, copper gluconate, Vitamin E, beta glucans, ferrous fumarate, Folate, Vitamin E, L-glutamine, Iodine, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, niacinamide, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, phytosterols, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Vitamin B6, vitamin A palmitate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, sodium molybdate, sodium selenate, taurine, thiamine hydrochloride, Thiamin, alpha lipoic acid, calcium phosphate, cyanocobalamin, Vitamin B6, phytonadione, Vitamin K, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lean1 Nutrition 53 Fat Burning Meal Replacement Vanilla -- 1.72 lbs	Lean1	Weight Management	Lipase, Vitamin C, Biotin, Chloride, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, Iodine, Maltodextrin, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Potassium Chloride, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Taurine, Thiamin, Sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lean1 Nutrition 53 Original Fat Burning Protein Shake Chocolate Peanut Butter -- 2 lbs	Lean1	Weight Management	lipase, DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate, Vitamin C, Biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, cholecalciferol, Chromium, copper gluconate, Vitamin E, ferrous fumarate, Folate, Vitamin E, glutamine, Iodine, calcium carbonate, maltodextrin, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Vitamin B6, vitamin A palmitate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, sodium molybdate, sodium selenate, cane sugar, taurine, Thiamin, sucralose, cyanocobalamin, Vitamin B6, phytonadione, Vitamin K, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lean1 Plant-Based Fat Burning Protein Shake Powder Chocolate -- 31.7 oz	Lean1	Weight Management	Biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, Chromium, copper gluconate, ferrous fumarate, Folate, Iodine, maltodextrin, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, niacinamide, Pantothenic Acid, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Vitamin B6, vitamin A palmitate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, sodium bicarbonate, sodium molybdate, sodium selenate, cane sugar, taurine, thiamine hydrochloride, Thiamin, titanium dioxide, sucralose, cyanocobalamin, Vitamin B6, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Life Extension Taurine -- 1000 mg - 90 Vegetarian Capsules	Life Extension	Vitamins & Supplements	L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Liquid Health Naturals Joint Purr-Fection for Cats -- 2 fl oz	Liquid Health	Pet Supplies	citric acid, Ascorbic Acid, citric acid, Manganese, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MRM Driven Pre-Workout Boost Mixed Berries -- 12.3 oz	MRM	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, Vitamin C, Betaine Anhydrous, Acetyl L-Carnitine Hydrochloride, citric acid, N-Acetyl Tyrosine, N-Acetyl Tyrosine, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Taurine, Trehalose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech Burn iQ Smart Thermo - 50 servings Mango Chili Lime -- 7.58 oz	MuscleTech	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, acesulfame-potassium, acesulfame-potassium, beta-carotene, Citric acid, Huperzine A, Vitamin B6, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech Burn iQ Smart Thermo - 50 servings Sweet Heat -- 7.58 oz	MuscleTech	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, citric acid, Huperzine A, Malic acid, Vitamin B6, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech Cell-Tech Creatine Formula Fruit Punch -- 3 lbs	MuscleTech	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	acesulfame-potassium, acesulfame-potassium, L-Alanine, amaranth, Vitamin C, L-Isoleucine, Vitamin B6, Sugar, Taurine, Alpha lipoic acid, sucralose, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech EuphoriQ Pre-Workout - 20 Servings Boogieman Punch -- 12.06 oz	MuscleTech	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, acesulfame-potassium, acesulfame-potassium, Beta-alanine, Betaine anhydrous, Choline, Citric acid, Huperzine A, malic acid, Vitamin B6, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech EuphoriQ Pre-Workout - 20 Servings Icy Snow Cone -- 11.99 oz	MuscleTech	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Beta-alanine, beta-carotene, Betaine anhydrous, Choline, Citric acid, Huperzine A, malic acid, Vitamin B6, rebaudioside A, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech EuphoriQ Pre-Workout - 20 Servings Watermelon Candy -- 12.06 oz	MuscleTech	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, acesulfame-potassium, acesulfame-potassium, Beta-alanine, Betaine anhydrous, Choline, Citric acid, Huperzine A, malic acid, Vitamin B6, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech EuphoriQ Pre-Workout - 20 Servings Yuzu Lemonade -- 11.99 oz	MuscleTech	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, acesulfame-potassium, acesulfame-potassium, Beta-alanine, beta-carotene, Betaine anhydrous, Choline, Citric acid, Huperzine A, malic acid, Vitamin B6, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech Nitro-Tech™ Performance Series Vanilla -- 4 lbs	MuscleTech	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	acesulfame-potassium, acesulfame-potassium, L-alanine, L-glutamine, Glycine, L-isoleucine, Sugar, Taurine, L-valine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutraBio Intra Blast Blueberry Lemonade -- 24.1 oz	NutraBio	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Betaine Anhydrous, L-Isoleucine, DL-Phenylalanine, sodium phosphate, Phosphorus, Taurine, L-Valine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutraBio Intra Blast New York Punch -- 25.8 oz	NutraBio	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Betaine Anhydrous, L-Isoleucine, DL-Phenylalanine, sodium phosphate, Phosphorus, Taurine, L-Valine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutrex Research EAA + Hydration - 30 Servings Apple Pear -- 13.8 oz	Nutrex Research	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Citric acid, L-Isoleucine, maltodextrin, L-Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Taurine, sucralose, L-Valine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutrex Research EAA + Hydration - 30 Servings Blood Orange -- 13.8 oz	Nutrex Research	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Citric acid, L-Isoleucine, maltodextrin, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine, sucralose, L-Valine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutrex Research EAA + Hydration - 30 Servings Blueberry Lemonade -- 13.8 oz	Nutrex Research	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, acesulfame potassium, acesulfame potassium, Citric acid, L-Isoleucine, L-Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, sodium bicarbonate, Taurine, sucralose, L-Valine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutrex Research EAA + Hydration - 30 Servings Fruit Punch -- 13.8 oz	Nutrex Research	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Citric acid, L-Isoleucine, maltodextrin, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine, L-Valine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutrex Research EAA + Hydration - 30 Servings Maui Twist -- 13.8 oz	Nutrex Research	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Citric acid, L-Isoleucine, maltodextrin, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine, sucralose, L-Valine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutrex Research EAA + Hydration - 30 Servings Strawberry Watermelon -- 13.8 oz	Nutrex Research	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Citric acid, L-Isoleucine, maltodextrin, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine, L-Valine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutrex Research Hemo-Rage Unleashed Fruit Punch -- 30 Servings	Nutrex Research	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Theacrine, citric acid, acesulfame potassium, acesulfame potassium, Betaine Anhydrous, Caffeine Anhydrous, citric acid, Alpha GPC, malic acid, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine, Taurine, sucralose	2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutriCology Free Aminos -- 100 Capsules	NutriCology	Vitamins & Supplements	L-Alanine, cellulose, L-Cystine, L-Glutamine, Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, Taurine, L-Valine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutriCology Ocudyne II -- 200 Capsules	NutriCology	Vitamins & Supplements	N-Acetyl L-Cysteine, Vitamin C, Boron, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, microcrystalline cellulose, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Quercetin, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutricost Taurine -- 1000 mg - 400 Capsules	Nutricost	Vitamins & Supplements	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Olympian Labs Sea Nourishment Cran-Raspberry -- 32 fl oz	Olympian Labs	Vitamins & Supplements	Lipase, citric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Barium, Beta Carotene, Bismuth, Boron, Bromine, Cadmium, Cellulase, Cesium, Chloride, Chromium, citric acid, Citrulline, Cobalt, Cysteine, Cystine, Vitamin E, fructose, Germanium, Vitamin E, Glutamine, Glycine, Gold, Histidine, Hydrogen, Indium, Iodine, Iridium, Lanthanum, Lithium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Vitamin B, Nickel, Niobium, Ornithine, Osmium, Palladium, Phosphorus, Platinum, Proline, Rhodium, Rubidium, Selenium, Serine, Silver, Strontium, Sulfur, Taurine, Tellurium, Thallium, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, CoQ7, CoQ8, CoQ9, Uranium, Vanadium	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Snap Supplements Nitric Oxide Booster -- 60 Capsules	Snap Supplements	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Arginine Alpha Ketoglutarate, L-Norvaline, L-Taurine, Tribulus, Vanadyl Sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Snap Supplements Nitric Oxide Booster -- 90 Capsules	Snap Supplements	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	L-Arginine Alpha Ketoglutarate, L-Norvaline, L-Taurine, Tribulus, Vanadyl Sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals NightRest with Melatonin -- 100 Tablets	Source Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	dibasic calcium phosphate, GABA, Glycine, Melatonin, Stearic acid, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals Serene Science™ GABA Calm™ Orange -- 120 Lozenges	Source Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	GABA, Glycine, mannitol, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Sorbitol, stearic acid, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals Serene Science™ Theanine Serene™ with Relora® -- 120 Tablets	Source Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	GABA, Sorbitol, stearic acid, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals Taurine 1000™ -- 1000 mg - 240 Capsules	Source Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Swolverine INTRA Tropical Blast -- 30 Servings	Swolverine	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, citric acid, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, malic acid, L-Phenylalanine, Vitamin B6, L-Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Swolverine Pre-Workout Formula Mango Lemonade -- 25 Servings	Swolverine	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, citric acid, Citrulline Malate, L-Carnitine, malic acid, stevia, L-Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Tartar Shield Cat Treats Wholesome Natural Dental Care Chicken Flavor -- 4.5 oz	Tartar Shield	Pet Supplies	biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, vitamin D3, choline chloride, copper sulfate, tocopherol, ethylenediamine dihydroiodide, iron sulfate, folic acid, tocopherol, calcium carbonate, malic acid, niacin, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin A acetate, riboflavin, sodium selenite, taurine, thiamine, vitamin B12, menadione, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Tender & True Wet Cat Food Chicken & Brown Rice -- 5.5 oz	Tender & True	Pet Supplies	biotin, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, calcium carbonate, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Tender & True Wet Cat Food Salmon & Sweet Potato -- 5.5 oz	Tender & True	Pet Supplies	biotin, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Tender & True Wet Cat Food Whitefish & Potato -- 5.5 oz	Tender & True	Pet Supplies	biotin, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, calcium carbonate, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Tender & True Wet Dog Food Salmon & Sweet Potato -- 13.2 oz	Tender & True	Pet Supplies	biotin, choline chloride, calcium carbonate, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Tender & True Wet Dog Food Turkey & Brown Rice -- 13.2 oz	Tender & True	Pet Supplies	biotin, choline chloride, calcium carbonate, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Tender & True Wet Dog Food Whitefish & Potato -- 13.2 oz	Tender & True	Pet Supplies	biotin, choline chloride, calcium carbonate, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Cate Grain Free Wet Cat Food Pate Variety Pack -- 8 Packs	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	kelp, vitamin B7, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, vitamin B5, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1, vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Cate Wet Cat Food Pate Grain Free Beef & Chicken -- 5.5 oz	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	kelp, vitamin B7, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, vitamin B5, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1, vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Cate Wet Cat Food Pate Grain Free Chicken -- 5.5 oz	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	kelp, vitamin B7, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, vitamin B5, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1, vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Cate Wet Cat Food Pate Grain Free Salmon & Cod -- 5.5 oz	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	kelp, vitamin B7, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, vitamin B5, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1, vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Dry Cat Food Whole Food Clusters Grain Free Chicken & Fish -- 4 lbs	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	biotin, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, L-carnitine, vitamin B5, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1, tricalcium phosphate, vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Dry Cat Food Whole Food Clusters Grain Free Turkey & Chicken -- 4 lbs	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	biotin, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, L-carnitine, vitamin B5, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1, tricalcium phosphate, vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Dry Dog Food Whole Food Clusters Grain Free Beef -- 5 lbs	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	calcium pantothenate, folic acid, vitamin B5, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1, vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Dry Dog Food Whole Food Clusters Grain Free Chicken -- 5 lbs	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	calcium pantothenate, folic acid, vitamin B5, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1, vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Grain Free Dehydrated Dog Food Beef Recipe -- 2 lbs	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	d- calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, EPA, vitamin B5, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Grain Free Dehydrated Dog Food Chicken Recipe -- 2 lbs	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, vitamin B5, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Grain Free Dehydrated Dog Food Turkey Recipe -- 2 lbs	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, vitamin B5, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Grain Free Dehydrated Dog Food Turkey Recipe -- 4 lbs	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, EPA, vitamin B5, potassium chloride, riboflavin, taurine, vitamin B1	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Grain-Free Dehydrated Cat Food Chicken & Fish -- 2 lbs	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	choline chloride, pantothenic acid, potassium iodide, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1, tricalcium phosphate, vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Grain-Free Dehydrated Cat Food Turkey -- 2 lbs	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	choline chloride, pantothenic acid, potassium iodide, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1, tricalcium phosphate, vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Wet Cat Food Grain Free Minced Chicken in Bone Broth Gravy -- 5.5 oz	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	vitamin B7, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, vitamin B5, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1, tricalcium phosphate, vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Wet Cat Food Grain Free Minced Salmon & Cod in Fish Broth Gravy -- 5.5 oz	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	vitamin B7, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, vitamin B5, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1, tricalcium phosphate, vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Wet Cat Food Grain Free Minced Turkey Chicken & Duck in Bone Broth Gravy -- 5.5 oz	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	vitamin B7, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, vitamin B5, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1, tricalcium phosphate, vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Kitchen Whole Grain Dehydrated Dog Food Beef Recipe -- 2 lbs	The Honest Kitchen	Pet Supplies	D- calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, vitamin B5, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, vitamin B2, taurine, vitamin B1	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Titan Nutrition Enlite Mai Tai -- 30 Servings	Titan Nutrition	Weight Management	Vitamin C, Chromium, DMAE, Huperzine A, malic acid, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Niacin, Vitamin B6, L-Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Titan Nutrition Enlite Peach Sangria -- 30 Servings	Titan Nutrition	Weight Management	Vitamin C, Chromium, DMAE, Huperzine A, malic acid, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Niacin, Vitamin B6, L-Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Titan Nutrition Kickin Pineapple Mango -- 25 Servings	Titan Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, citric acid, Dimethylethanolamine, Huperzine A, malic acid, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Titan Nutrition Kickin Pink Lemonade -- 25 Servings	Titan Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, citric acid, Dimethylethanolamine, Huperzine A, malic acid, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Trace Minerals Research Electrolyte Stamina -- 300 Tablets	Trace Minerals Research	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Kelp, Boron, Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Potassium Citrate, Vitamin B6, stearic acid, Taurine, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
TransformHQ Perform Pre-Workout - 28 Servings Blue Raspberry -- 13.3 oz	TransformHQ	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Chloride, Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Citrate, Phosphorus, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twinlab OcuGuard Plus -- 120 Veggie Capsules	Twinlab	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Chromium, Vitamin E, eriocitrin, Vitamin E, hesperidin, Lutein, Quercetin Dihydrate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twinlab OcuGuard® Plus -- 60 Veggie Caps	Twinlab	Vitamins & Supplements	N-Acetyl L-Cysteine, Vitamin C, Chromium, Vitamin E, eriocitrin, Vitamin E, Lutein, naringin, Quercetin Dihydrate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Taurine, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vibrant Health Metabolic Vibrance -- 90 Capsules	Vibrant Health	Vitamins & Supplements	Ascorbyl Palmitate, Acetyl L-Carnitine, N-Acetyl Cysteine, Vitamin C, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Iodine, Manganese, Taurine, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vanadium, Vanadyl sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitacost-Synergy Eye Defense Formula† -- 120 Capsules	Vitacost-Synergy	Vitamins & Supplements	N-Acetyl L-Cysteine, Vitamin C, Chromium, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Lutein, Quercetin Dihydrate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Taurine, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Nutrients Taurine - Supports Cardiovascular Health and Detoxification -- 1000 mg - 120 Capsules	Vital Nutrients	Professional Supplements	Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Viteyes Complete Eye & Total Body Health Multivitamin -- 180 Capsules	Viteyes	Vitamins & Supplements	N-Acetyl Cysteine, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Nickel, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Viteyes Optic Nerve Support -- 90 Tablets	Viteyes	Vitamins & Supplements	N-Acetyl Cysteine, Vitamin C, Dicalcium phosphate, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, microcrystalline cellulose, Quercetin Dihydrate, stearic acid, Taurine, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
VMI Sports Aminogex Ultra Gummy Bear -- 30 Servings	VMI Sports	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Betaine Anhydrous, Chloride, Citric acid, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, malic acid, L-Phenylalanine, L-Taurine, sucralose, L-Valine, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
VMI Sports KXR Pre Workout Blue Shark Gummy -- 30 Servings	VMI Sports	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Beta-Alanine, Choline, Citric acid, Vitamin B3, Taurine, Theobromine, sucralose, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
VMI Sports KXR Pre Workout Gummy Bear -- 30 Servings	VMI Sports	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Beta-Alanine, Choline, Citric acid, Vitamin B3, Taurine, Theobromine, sucralose, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
VMI Sports KXR Pre Workout Miami Vice -- 30 Servings	VMI Sports	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Beta-Alanine, Choline, Citric acid, Vitamin B3, Taurine, Theobromine, sucralose, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
VMI Sports KXR Sport Pre-Workout Blue Shark Gummy -- 30 Servings	VMI Sports	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Beta-Alanine, Chloride, Citric acid, Niacin, L-Taurine, Theobromine, sucralose, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
VMI Sports KXR Sport Pre-Workout Gummy Bear -- 30 Servings	VMI Sports	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Beta-Alanine, Chloride, Citric acid, Niacin, L-Taurine, Theobromine, sucralose, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Canned Cat Food Grain Free Beef and Chicken -- 5.5 oz	Wellness	Pet Supplies	beta-carotene, biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, calcium carbonate, niacin, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Canned Cat Food Grain Free Chicken -- 3 oz	Wellness	Pet Supplies	beta-carotene, biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, niacin, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Canned Cat Food Grain Free Chicken -- 5.5 oz	Wellness	Pet Supplies	beta-carotene, D-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, niacin, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Canned Cat Food Grain Free Minced Chicken Dinner -- 3 oz	Wellness	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, folic acid, niacin, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Canned Cat Food Grain Free Sliced Chicken -- 3 oz	Wellness	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, folic acid, niacin, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Canned Cat Food Grain Free Sliced Turkey Salmon -- 5.5 oz	Wellness	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, niacin, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Complete Health Dry Dog Food Small Breed Deboned Turkey and Oatmeal Recipe -- 4 lbs	Wellness	Pet Supplies	Ascorbic Acid, biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, calcium carbonate, niacin, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin, sodium selenite, taurine, zinc sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Complete Health Pate Cat Food Chicken and Herring -- 5.5 oz	Wellness	Pet Supplies	beta-carotene, biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, niacin, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Core Canine Original Formula Dry Dog Food -- 4 lbs	Wellness	Pet Supplies	ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, calcium carbonate, niacin, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin, sodium selenite, taurine, zinc sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness CORE Healthy Food For Cats Salmon-Whitefish and Herring Recipe -- 5.5 oz	Wellness	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, max, niacin, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness CORE Healthy Food for Cats and Kittens Formula Chicken-Turkey and Chicken Liver -- 5.5 oz	Wellness	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, magnesium sulfate, max, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Core Wet Cat Food Tiny Tasters Pate Chicken -- 1.75 oz	Wellness	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, niacin, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium carbonate, sodium selenite, Taurine, thiamine hydrochloride, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Dry Cat Food Complete Health Grain Free Indoor Recipe -- 5.5 lbs	Wellness	Pet Supplies	ascorbic acid, biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, copper sulfate, Vitamin E, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, Vitamin E, Glucosamine, L-carnitine, calcium carbonate, max, niacin, Phosphorus, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Vitamin A, riboflavin, sodium selenite, Taurine, vitamin K, zinc sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Natural Dry Dog Food Complete Health Super 5 Mix Deboned Chicken & Oatmeal Recipe -- 5 lbs	Wellness	Pet Supplies	ascorbic acid, biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, calcium carbonate, niacin, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin, sodium selenite, taurine, zinc sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Pate Cat Food Grain Free Turkey -- 5.5 oz	Wellness	Pet Supplies	beta-carotene, biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, calcium carbonate, niacin, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Paté Smooth Loaf Canned Cat Food Turkey and Salmon Entrée -- 5.5 oz	Wellness	Pet Supplies	beta-carotene, biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, calcium carbonate, niacin, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Wet Cat Food Shreds Healthy Indulgence Chicken & Turkey -- 3 oz Each / Pack of 24	Wellness	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, max, niacin, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Taurine, thiamine hydrochloride, tricalcium phosphate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wild Harvest Dry Cat Food Chicken Brown Rice & Egg -- 3 lbs	Wild Harvest	Pet Supplies	biotin, calcium pantothenate, calcium sulfate, choline chloride, copper sulfate, folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, zinc sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wild Harvest Dry Cat Food Chicken Recipe -- 3 lbs	Wild Harvest	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, copper sulfate, iron sulfate, folic acid, niacin, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, zinc sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wild Harvest Dry Cat Food Salmon & Brown Rice Recipe -- 3 lbs	Wild Harvest	Pet Supplies	beta carotene, biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, Vitamin E, iron sulfate, folic acid, Vitamin E, powdered cellulose, Linoleic Acid, L-lysine, niacin, Phosphorus, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Vitamin A, sodium selenite, Taurine, zinc sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wild Harvest Grain Free Salmon & Vegetable Dry Dog Food -- 3.5 lbs	Wild Harvest	Pet Supplies	biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, copper sulfate, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, niacin, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, zinc sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wild Harvest Grain Free Shredded Chicken in Gravy Recipe Wet Cat Food Chicken -- 5.5 oz	Wild Harvest	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, folic acid, calcium carbonate, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wild Harvest Grain Free Shredded Salmon in Gravy Recipe Wet Cat Food Salmon -- 5.5 oz	Wild Harvest	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, folic acid, calcium carbonate, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wild Harvest Pate Cat Food Chicken & Whitefish Recipe -- 5.5 oz	Wild Harvest	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wild Harvest Pate Cat Food Grain Free Turkey & Giblets Recipe -- 5.5 oz	Wild Harvest	Pet Supplies	biotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zesty Paws Hemp Elements Calming Orastix Dental Chews for Dogs Peppermint -- 12 oz	Zesty Paws	Pet Supplies	citric acid, Chamomile, Kelp, citric acid, lactic acid, Magnesium Citrate, Melatonin, sorbic acid, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zesty Paws Hemp Elements Calming Orastix Dental Chews for Dogs Peppermint -- 25 oz	Zesty Paws	Pet Supplies	citric acid, Chamomile, Kelp, citric acid, lactic acid, Magnesium Citrate, Melatonin, sorbic acid, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42

Role	Description
human metabolite	Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
antioxidant	A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
mouse metabolite	Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite	Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Escherichia coli metabolite	Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
glycine receptor agonist	An agonist that binds to and activates glycine receptors
nutrient	A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow.
radical scavenger	A role played by a substance that can react readily with, and thereby eliminate, radicals.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
amino sulfonic acid	An organosulfonic acid containing one or more amino groups.
zwitterion	A neutral compound having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer).
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Taurine and Hypotaurine Metabolism	5	9
Bile Acid Biosynthesis	17	61
Congenital Bile Acid Synthesis Defect Type II	17	61
Congenital Bile Acid Synthesis Defect Type III	17	61
Familial Hypercholanemia (FHCA)	17	61
Zellweger Syndrome	17	61
Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis (CTX)	17	61
27-Hydroxylase Deficiency	17	61
Taurine Metabolism	4	12
Inner Membrane Transport	78	62
Sulfur Metabolism	28	33
Sulfur Metabolism (Butanesulfonate)	28	34
Sulfur Metabolism (Propanesulfonate)	28	34
Sulfur Metabolism (Ethanesulfonate)	28	34
Sulfur Metabolism (Isethionate)	28	34
Sulfur Metabolism (Methanesulfonate)	28	34
Taurine Metabolism I	4	12
Taurine and Hypotaurine Biosynthesis	1	5
Methionine and Cysteine metabolism ( Methionine and Cysteine metabolism )	23	42
Choloyl-CoA + Taurine = CoA + Taurocholic acid ( Methionine and Cysteine metabolism )	1	4
One-carbon donor	0	22
Differentiation pathway	0	12
Trans-sulfuration pathway	0	14
Trans-sulfuration, one-carbon metabolism and related pathways	0	53
Pluripotent stem cell differentiation pathway	0	11
Biochemical pathways: part I	0	466
One-carbon metabolism and related pathways	0	38
Methionine metabolism leading to sulfur amino acids and related disorders	9	19
Cysteine and methionine catabolism	14	36
Amino acid conjugation	0	5

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	7.0795	0.0032	45.4673	12,589.2998	AID2517
Chain A, Cruzipain	Trypanosoma cruzi	Potency	39.8107	0.0020	14.6779	39.8107	AID1476
Luciferase	Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)	Potency	41.4924	0.0072	15.7588	89.3584	AID1224835
pregnane X receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	25.1189	0.0251	27.9203	501.1870	AID651751
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	3.7578	0.0060	38.0041	19,952.5996	AID1159521
GALC protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.5623	28.1838	28.1838	28.1838	AID1159614
GLI family zinc finger 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.8030	0.0007	14.5928	83.7951	AID1259369; AID1259392
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.2920	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID743035; AID743063
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	17.3107	0.0010	22.6508	76.6163	AID1224838; AID1224839; AID1224893
regulator of G-protein signaling 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.1865	0.5318	15.4358	37.6858	AID504845
EWS/FLI fusion protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.9350	0.0013	10.1577	42.8575	AID1259256
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	15.0890	0.0002	14.3764	60.0339	AID720691
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	28.3716	0.0030	41.6115	22,387.1992	AID1159553
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	26.2127	0.0015	30.6073	15,848.9004	AID1224821; AID1224841; AID1224842; AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259401; AID1259403
pregnane X nuclear receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.8334	0.0054	28.0263	1,258.9301	AID1346982
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	35.7177	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID743079
glucocerebrosidase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	35.4813	0.0126	8.1569	44.6684	AID2101
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	44.6684	0.0010	24.5048	61.6448	AID588535
arylsulfatase A	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0107	1.0691	13.9551	37.9330	AID720538
IDH1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	20.5962	0.0052	10.8652	35.4813	AID686970
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.0355	20.9770	89.1251	AID504332
aryl hydrocarbon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	30.1025	0.0007	23.0674	1,258.9301	AID743085; AID743122
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	33.7756	0.0016	28.0151	77.1139	AID1224843; AID1259385
activating transcription factor 6	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0007	0.1434	27.6121	59.8106	AID1159516
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	13.2849	0.0578	21.1097	61.2679	AID1159528
Histone H2A.x	Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)	Potency	31.7236	0.0391	47.5451	146.8240	AID1224845; AID1224896
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0126	0.5406	17.6392	96.1227	AID2364; AID2528
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.0025	5.8400	31.6228	AID899
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	11.8566	0.0006	27.2152	1,122.0200	AID651741; AID743202; AID743219
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.8913	0.0316	22.3146	100.0000	AID588579
lamin isoform A-delta10	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	22.3872	0.8913	12.0676	28.1838	AID1487
Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	28.3716	0.0023	19.5956	74.0614	AID651631
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	10.0000	10.0000	182.0000	354.0000	AID1794824
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transduction	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replication	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespan	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substance	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-ray	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
viral process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibiotic	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behavior	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-C	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin D	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processing	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell differentiation	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
nitrogen compound transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine transmembrane transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
alanine transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid import	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
import across plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine transmembrane transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
proline transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
alanine transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membrane	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
glycine transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
proline transmembrane transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
proton transmembrane transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-alanine transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protease binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
p53 binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid:sodium symporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid:sodium:chloride symporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine:sodium symporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
alanine transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid:proton symporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
proline:proton symporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine transmembrane transporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transmembrane transporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
alanine transmembrane transporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-alanine transmembrane transporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-proline transmembrane transporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
glycine transmembrane transporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nuclear body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replication fork	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
centrosome	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
PML body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand break	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane protein complex	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
cell projection	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosomal membrane	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
vacuolar membrane	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID588378	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347050	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347045	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347151	Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID504836	Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation	2002	The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16	Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347410	qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library	2019	Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60	A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID1347057	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347059	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347049	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347405	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347058	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID588349	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347424	RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347425	Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID309303	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21	Marine natural products from the Turkish sponge Agelas oroides that inhibit the enoyl reductases from Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Escherichia coli.
AID309301	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi after 72 hrs	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21	Marine natural products from the Turkish sponge Agelas oroides that inhibit the enoyl reductases from Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Escherichia coli.
AID521220	Inhibition of neurosphere proliferation of mouse neural precursor cells by MTT assay	2007	Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 3, Issue:5	Chemical genetics reveals a complex functional ground state of neural stem cells.
AID630741	Inhibition of human PAT1-mediated L-[3H]proline uptake in human Caco2 cells after 10 mins by liquid scintillation counting	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21	Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of substrates of the human proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 (hPAT1).
AID1174113	Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 89	Antimycobacterial activity of natural products and synthetic agents: pyrrolodiquinolines and vermelhotin as anti-tubercular leads against clinical multidrug resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID500816	Inhibition of nitrogen-starved wild type sigma1278b yeast Gap1-mediated amino acid uptake at 5 mM after 60 secs relative to L-citrulline	2009	Nature chemical biology, Jan, Volume: 5, Issue:1	Transport and signaling via the amino acid binding site of the yeast Gap1 amino acid transceptor.
AID309299	Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant, pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 after 48 hrs	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21	Marine natural products from the Turkish sponge Agelas oroides that inhibit the enoyl reductases from Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Escherichia coli.
AID309302	Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21	Marine natural products from the Turkish sponge Agelas oroides that inhibit the enoyl reductases from Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Escherichia coli.
AID402367	In vivo antitumor activity against mouse P388 cells at 4 to 800 mg/ kg	2005	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 68, Issue:7	Antineoplastic agents. 545. Isolation and structure of turbostatins 1-4 from the Asian marine mollusk Turbo stenogyrus.
AID309300	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21	Marine natural products from the Turkish sponge Agelas oroides that inhibit the enoyl reductases from Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Escherichia coli.
AID355114	Antineoplastic activity against mouse P388 cells at 100 mg/kg relative to control	1996	Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 59, Issue:8	Progress in the discovery of biosynthetic anticancer drugs.
AID309298	Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum FabI	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21	Marine natural products from the Turkish sponge Agelas oroides that inhibit the enoyl reductases from Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Escherichia coli.
AID1347411	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).	2014	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	2910 (29.98)	18.7374
1990's	1955 (20.14)	18.2507
2000's	2175 (22.40)	29.6817
2010's	2024 (20.85)	24.3611
2020's	644 (6.63)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	430 (4.17%)	5.53%
Reviews	761 (7.39%)	6.00%
Case Studies	77 (0.75%)	4.05%
Observational	11 (0.11%)	0.25%
Other	9,022 (87.58%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	3.7	3	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	2.02	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-ketobutyric acid alpha-ketobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid.	2	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; short-chain fatty acid
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	2.46	2	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
dihydro-3-coumaric acid dihydro-3-coumaric acid: intermediate in biosynthesis of dihydrophenanthrenes from phenylalanine. 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid carrying a 3-hydroxyphenyl substituent at C-3.	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	2.05	1	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
3-mercaptopyruvic acid 3-mercaptopyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3-mercaptopyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid substituted by a sulfanyl group at position 3.	1.98	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; thiol	antidote to cyanide poisoning; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	6.95	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
cysteine sulfinic acid cysteine sulfinic acid: metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids	6.5	45	1
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	16.16	848	3	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.98	4	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-aminovaleric acid 5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.	3.47	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	human metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	3.46	8	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.39	2	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	9.78	7	1	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	5.8	29	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.03	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetoin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	methyl ketone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	metabolite
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.65	3	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
acetyl phosphate acetyl dihydrogen phosphate : An acyl monophosphate in which the acyl group specified is acetyl.	7.01	1	0	acyl monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
adenine [no description available]	3.76	10	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.	2.02	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	food acidity regulator; human xenobiotic metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	7.43	2	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	9.63	3	2	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	7.3	58	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2.93	4	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	11.5	244	1	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzene [no description available]	2.35	2	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	1.96	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	11.43	106	2	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	aryl phosphate
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	3.69	10	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.39	2	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	3.16	3	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	2.9	4	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	4.58	8	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	3.11	5	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	3.57	9	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	13.64	70	3	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	3.55	8	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	10.79	109	4	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	12.4	39	6	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	10.3	218	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.21	6	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.05	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.48	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
aminoethylphosphonic acid Aminoethylphosphonic Acid: An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.. (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.	4.34	6	0	phosphonic acids; primary amino compound; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	3.78	3	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.21	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	7.57	31	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	2.1	1	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	4.57	5	1	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.82	3	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.64	3	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	5.29	12	0	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	3.98	4	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
2,4-diaminobutyric acid 2,4-diaminobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid : A diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups.	4.05	3	1	diamino acid; gamma-amino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
taxifolin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroflavonols; pentahydroxyflavanone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from L-methionine via the action of methionine transaminase.	1.96	1	0	omega-(methylthio)-2-oxocarboxylic acid
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	3.47	2	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
phosphonoacetaldehyde phosphonoacetaldehyde : A phosphonic acid consisting of acetaldehyde with the phospho group at the 2-position.	2.02	1	0	phosphonic acids	mouse metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	2.77	3	0	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.21	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	4.31	19	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	2.67	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
creatine [no description available]	13.27	104	5	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alanylalanine alanylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	2	1	0	dipeptide
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	10.19	76	4	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	2.03	1	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylglycine dimethylglycine: metabolic product of calcium pangamate; mutagen when mixed with nitrite; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethylglycine : An N-methylglycine that is glycine carrying two N-methyl substituents.	11.34	6	2	amino acid zwitterion; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	3.31	6	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	8.93	13	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	3.47	8	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	8.37	7	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	17.44	929	6	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceric acid glyceric acid: found in urine of patient with D-glyceric acidemia & hyperglycinaemia; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. glycerol ether : Any ether having glyceryl as at least one of the O-substituents.. glyceric acid : A trionic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted at positions 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.	2.45	2	0	trionic acid	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	11.2	18	2	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.73	3	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2.25	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	2.17	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycocyamine glycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine.	3.77	11	0	guanidinoacetic acids; zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	5.68	26	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.19	1	0
histamine [no description available]	6.28	20	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
homogentisic acid Homogentisic Acid: Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with hydroxyls at the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring.. homogentisic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 5-positions.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; hydroquinones	human metabolite; plant metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	10.16	18	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.95	4	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	7.74	3	0	imidazole
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.1	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	8.76	11	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	1.95	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	3.97	4	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	9.88	8	1	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
pipecolic acid pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.	3.36	7	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	8.12	17	2	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.05	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
racemethionine Racemethionine: A preparation of METHIONINE that includes a mixture of D-methionine and L-methionine isomers.	3.46	4	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; sulfur-containing amino acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	4.87	6	1	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	8.1	5	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	2.47	2	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	12.09	143	3	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	7.63	32	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
n-acetylserotonin N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.	2.4	2	0	acetamides; N-acylserotonin; phenols	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	9.03	4	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	4.92	13	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	5.53	22	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	3.88	12	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.05	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.16	16	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	2.65	3	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	3.8	2	1	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.	2	1	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid	geroprotector; metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	1.92	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.95	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	7.15	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenylpyruvic acid phenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenylpyruvate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from deprotonation of the carboxy group of either keto- or enol-phenylpyruvic acid.. keto-phenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in the phenylalanine pathway.	1.98	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	chromogenic compound; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	3.82	11	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.	6.51	36	0	phosphoethanolamine; primary amino compound	algal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.31	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.42	2	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.98	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.44	2	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	2.68	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	2.38	2	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	3.7	10	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyridoxal [no description available]	3.1	5	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	5.5	22	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	9.18	3	1	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine phosphate pyridoxamine phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate : A vitamin B6 phosphate that is the phosphoric ester derivative of pyridoxamine.	2.13	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	6.63	42	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	6.85	20	1	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	8.37	7	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	3.87	12	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	12.34	19	2	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	2.03	1	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	4.58	26	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	3.27	6	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	3.51	8	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	4.35	19	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.07	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	11.48	14	1	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	7.89	4	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	5.27	16	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
trimethylamine [no description available]	4.18	3	1	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	2.42	2	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	8.32	22	5	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	7.17	72	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2.4	2	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isocitric acid isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.	2.11	1	0	secondary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	4.13	16	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0	tetralins
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	4.01	14	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	2.68	3	0
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone 1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	3.37	7	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	2.65	3	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
n(8)-bromoacetyl-n(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane N(8)-bromoacetyl-N(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	2.46	2	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	2.03	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	1.99	1	0	quinolone
1,10-diaminodecane [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	7.43	2	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine 1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2.75	3	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine 1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline 1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.03	1	0	isoquinolinol	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.03	1	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	3.45	1	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse	2.03	1	0	imidazoles
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	5.08	14	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	7.44	2	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	2.03	1	0	imidazoles
edelfosine edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.	2.03	1	0	glycerophosphocholine
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2.03	1	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.03	1	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.	1.95	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; trichlorobenzene	defoliant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	7.88	4	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.9	4	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-aminofluorene [no description available]	1.97	1	0
2-hydroxysaclofen 2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source	2.69	3	0	organochlorine compound
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	3.36	7	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
pyrithione pyrithione: split from cephalosporin molecule; some metal complexes of this have fumarate reductase inhibitory activity and may be useful against trypanosomes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyrithione : A pyridinethione that is pyridine-2(1H)-thione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a Zn(2+) ionophore; the zinc salt is used as an antifungal and antibacterial agent.	1.98	1	0	monohydroxypyridine; pyridinethione	ionophore
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	isocoumarins; organochlorine compound	geroprotector; serine protease inhibitor
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.	1.98	1	0	benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	1.98	1	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.39	2	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
phaclofen phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source	2.91	4	0	organophosphate oxoanion; zwitterion
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	7.45	2	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
tramiprosate tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.	19.85	155	11	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; GABA agonist; nootropic agent
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	1.95	1	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
3-bromo-7-nitroindazole [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3-methoxytyramine 3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.	2.45	2	0	monomethoxybenzene; phenols; phenylethylamine; primary amino compound	biomarker; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
enprofylline enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.	2.03	1	0	oxopurine	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	3.42	7	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	2.11	1	0
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;	2.03	1	0	benzoisoquinoline; dicarboximide
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	3.93	13	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	1.96	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	4.29	19	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide 4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide. 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine.	2.42	2	0	carbohydrazide; phenols
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile: structure given in first source. 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile : A 1,2,5-oxadiazole substituted by an oxido, cyano and phenyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation.	2.03	1	0	1,2,5-oxadiazole; benzenes; N-oxide; nitrile	geroprotector; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	2.03	1	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	4.94	12	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site	2.41	2	0	quinolines
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; azepanes; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; odorant receptor antagonist; sodium channel blocker
ethylisopropylamiloride ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.	2.47	2	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid 5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	5.49	21	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenanthridone phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.	2.03	1	0	lactam; phenanthridines	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mutagen
6-chloromelatonin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetamides
6-hydroxymelatonin 6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.	2.03	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-methoxytryptoline 6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0
6-nitroso-1,2-benzopyrone [no description available]	2.03	1	0
7-chlorokynurenic acid 7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.	2.92	4	0	organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	2.42	2	0
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist	2.03	1	0
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats	2.03	1	0	oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	1.99	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	3.25	6	0	monoazo compound
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	3.96	13	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.67	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.	2.03	1	0	acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.	1.94	1	0
ag 127 tyrphostin AG 126: inhibits development of postoperative ileus induced by surgical manipulation of murine colon	2.03	1	0	nitrophenol
rtki cpd [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; geroprotector
tyrphostin a23 tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	catechols
tyrphostin 25 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzenetriol
tyrphostin a1 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	methoxybenzenes	geroprotector
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid 1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.93	4	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	2.73	3	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	2.37	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.	2.03	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	3.13	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
amfonelic acid amfonelic acid: CNS-stimulant	2.03	1	0
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.01	1	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	2.4	2	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.88	4	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	3.06	5	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	7.69	3	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	3.5	2	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	2.03	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
anethole trithione Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.	1.98	1	0	methoxybenzenes
aniracetam [no description available]	2.03	1	0	N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	8.75	10	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version	2.44	2	0
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.85	3	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
arcaine arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.	2.01	1	0	guanidines
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	4.04	15	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	4.08	1	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.71	3	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate: a glutamate agonist	2.03	1	0	alpha-amino acid
aurintricarboxylic acid Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.	2.03	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid	fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	7.48	2	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	7.45	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
baclofen [no description available]	10.03	66	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.4	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.03	1	0	benzamides
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.38	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.07	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	2.4	2	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	7.1	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	7.31	1	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.02	1	0
bml 190 indomethacin morpholinylamide: an inverse agonist of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor	2.03	1	0	N-acylindole
brimonidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	imidazoles; quinoxaline derivative; secondary amine	adrenergic agonist; alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent
bumetanide [no description available]	3.38	7	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	7.82	2	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	4.3	3	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	1.93	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	16.17	110	29	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	5.63	25	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	2.75	3	0	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	1.98	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	6.72	7	1	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbetapentane carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	benzenes
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	2.03	1	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	3.08	5	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.01	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	1.98	1	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	1.97	1	0	pyridinium ion
cgs 12066 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline : A pyrroloquinoxaline that is pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline bearing additional 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 4 and 7 respectively. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.03	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; pyrroloquinoxaline	serotonergic agonist
cgs 15943 9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; furans; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; quinazolines; triazoloquinazoline	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; antineoplastic agent; central nervous system stimulant
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	3.61	9	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.35	2	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	7.65	3	0	benzodiazepine
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.67	3	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	2.03	1	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.66	10	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.81	3	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.03	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cilostamide cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure	2.03	1	0	quinolines
cilostazol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	9.47	5	1	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.	2.03	1	0	cinnolines; oxacycle; oxo carboxylic acid	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	3.89	4	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	5.43	5	1	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.9	4	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	4.04	3	1	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	2.9	4	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	1.96	1	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	2.37	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	7.68	3	0	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.03	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cx546 1-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	2.41	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclothiazide cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.	2.44	2	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cystamine [no description available]	5.6	18	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.9	4	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	3.82	2	1	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	2.39	2	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	7.6	1	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	9.22	5	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
dephostatin dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	3.47	2	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nonivamide nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.	2.03	1	0	capsaicinoid; phenols	lachrymator
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	8.49	8	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.42	2	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	5.68	26	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.03	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dichlobanil 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile : A nitrile that is benzonitrile which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 6. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor, it is used as a pre-emergent and early post-emergent herbicide.	1.98	1	0	dichlorobenzene; nitrile	agrochemical; cellulose synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	7.46	2	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.35	2	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	2	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.03	1	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	3.47	2	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihexadecanoyl phosphatidic acid : A phosphatidic acid in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).	2.9	1	0	phosphatidic acid
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.53	2	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.73	3	0	organic cation
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	3.38	7	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram [no description available]	15.24	91	2	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	10.72	11	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.4	2	0
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	1.98	1	0
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	2.03	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
n(6),n(6)-dimethyladenine N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenine : A tertiary amine that is adenine substituted at N-6 by geminal methyl groups.	2.04	1	0	tertiary amine
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.	2.03	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	2.03	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.73	3	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	1.96	1	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.03	1	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.03	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	8.86	3	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	7.1	1	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
eperisone eperisone : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.. 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is N-propylpiperidine in which a hydrogen at positon 2 of the propyl group is replaced by a p-ethylbenzoyl group.	4.11	1	0	aromatic ketone; piperidines
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.14	5	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.36	2	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	2.39	2	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	1.96	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	2.03	1	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	3.98	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fenthion Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.	2.31	1	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	7.21	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.06	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	3.1	5	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	8.48	8	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	5.9	13	2	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	9.49	5	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	3.47	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	3.53	2	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	2.04	1	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
formoterol fumarate N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide : A phenylethanoloamine having 4-hydroxy and 3-formamido substituents on the phenyl ring and an N-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl substituent.	2.03	1	0	formamides; phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
fpl 64176 FPL 64176: an activator of L-type calcium channels; structure given in first source. FPL 64176 : 1H-Pyrrole substituted at C-2 and -5 by methyl groups, at C-3 by methoxycarbonyl and at C-4 by a 2-benzylbenzoyl group.	2.03	1	0	carboxylic ester; pyrroles	calcium channel agonist
furafylline [no description available]	2.03	1	0	oxopurine
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	2.65	3	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	4.3	19	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	2.03	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	3.87	3	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gaboxadol gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure	3.48	8	0	oxazole
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid 4-amino-5-hexynoic acid: structure	2.89	4	0
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	14.15	15	4
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	2.02	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	2.02	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	3.07	1	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	3.72	10	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
go 6976 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	7.25	1	0
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.21	6	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
guvacine guvacine: RN given refers to parent cpd. guvacine : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which has been hydrogenated at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions of the pyridine ring.	2.13	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; beta-amino acid; pyridine alkaloid; secondary amino compound; tetrahydropyridine	GABA reuptake inhibitor; plant metabolite
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.4	2	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	3.84	12	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	2.36	2	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hemicholinium 3 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	morpholines
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	2.03	1	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol [no description available]	2.03	1	0
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	3.48	8	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	1.95	1	0	barbiturates
homarine homarine: structure	7.87	4	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.07	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.38	2	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.03	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.41	2	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
mk 473 MK 473: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
ibudilast [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	3.43	7	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
ic 261 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	1.95	1	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	6.99	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	2.92	4	0	piperidines
ifosfamide [no description available]	6.99	1	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	4.17	5	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	6.95	1	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	2.31	1	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indirubin-3'-monoxime indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.	2.03	1	0
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	4.12	16	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	1.97	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iodipamide Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.	1.94	1	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound; secondary carboxamide	radioopaque medium
iproniazid [no description available]	2.34	2	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	3.38	7	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	3.32	6	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoguvacine isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.48	8	0	tetrahydropyridine
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	3.93	13	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid 4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.98	4	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	5.1	45	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline WHI P131: a quinazoline derivative, inhibitor of glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration	2.03	1	0
jl 18 JL 18: a pyridobenzodiazepine derivative bioisoster of clozapine	2.03	1	0
nsc 664704 kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).	2.03	1	0	indolobenzazepine; lactam; organobromine compound	cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	4.9	11	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	8.82	3	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.68	3	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
kojic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	5.28	17	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-phenyllactic acid 3-phenyllactic acid: alpha-hydroxy analog of phenylalanine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-phenyllactic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.06	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.	2.03	1	0	alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phosphonic acids	human metabolite; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor	2.69	3	0
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	7.05	1	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lamotrigine [no description available]	10.6	5	1	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.03	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.03	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	3.12	5	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
linopirdine linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug	2.03	1	0	indoles
lomustine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	7.21	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.03	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	2.04	1	0	benzodiazepine
loxoprofen loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.	2.03	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.46	2	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.	2.4	2	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic amine; p-quinones; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	7.15	1	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
edaravone [no description available]	3.72	9	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.03	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	1.97	1	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclofenamate sodium anhydrous [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt
memantine [no description available]	5.77	11	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.05	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	6.97	1	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	2.94	4	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	3.27	5	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	9.55	4	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	1.97	1	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methiothepin Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).	2.03	1	0	aryl sulfide; dibenzothiepine; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
methoctramine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; tetramine	muscarinic antagonist
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	7.41	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	1.95	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
nocodazole [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyl-DL-tyrosine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	1.97	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	1.97	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.	2.03	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.4	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2.39	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	2.13	1	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.03	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	7.39	2	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.42	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
ml 7 ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).	2.03	1	0	N-sulfonyldiazepane; organoiodine compound	EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	3.62	9	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	7.05	63	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	2.03	1	0	naphthalenes; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; sulfonamide
n-(8-aminooctyl)-5-iodonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide N-(8-aminooctyl)-5-iodonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide: shows an increase in tyrosinase activity & melanin production in B16 cells; calmodulin antagonist	2	1	0
n-bromoacetamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	3.59	9	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142 FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist	2.03	1	0	beta-carbolines
deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.	1.98	1	0	catecholamine
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.7	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	1.94	1	0	purine nucleoside
n 0840 N(6)-cyclopentyl-9-methyladenine: selective, orally active A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
nalidixic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.1	1	0
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	2.03	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.03	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	3.94	13	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	4.56	25	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nilutamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	3.09	5	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	9.01	14	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.41	2	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	2.92	4	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	2.41	2	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)	2.03	1	0	catechols; lignan; tetrol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; plant metabolite
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	1.98	1	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	4.6	26	0	nitrobenzoic acid
ns 2028 NS 2028: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ns 1619 NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzimidazoles; phenols	potassium channel opener
o(6)-benzylguanine O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity	2.03	1	0
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	2.9	4	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.74	3	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines; ethanolamines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	7.69	7	0	carbazoles
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.03	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.	2.03	1	0	benzimidazoles; diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	1.97	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.41	7	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxiracetam oxiracetam: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
oxolinic acid quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.	2.03	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; enzyme inhibitor
oxotremorine m oxotremorine M: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	2.7	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	2.08	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	2.03	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	4.18	5	0	phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	3.89	3	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
pamidronate [no description available]	1.97	1	0	phosphonoacetic acid
1,7-dimethylxanthine 1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.	2.03	1	0	dimethylxanthine	central nervous system stimulant; human blood serum metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.89	4	0	aromatic amine
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.28	6	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	4.46	23	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	2.73	3	0	oxopurine
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	2.03	1	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	1.94	1	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	5.98	21	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	2.38	2	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenyl biguanide phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.03	1	0	guanidines	central nervous system drug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	2.38	2	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin [no description available]	2.69	3	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	4	14	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
picotamide picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure	2.03	1	0	benzamides
pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source	7.49	2	0	benzimidazoles; pyridazinone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.03	1	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	3.8	2	1	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	7.13	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid piperidine-4-sulfonic acid: specific GABA agonist	2.69	3	0
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	8.83	4	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenperone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	6.79	60	1	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.41	2	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	1.92	1	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.43	2	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	2.41	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.9	4	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	2.03	1	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	1.99	1	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	3.1	5	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.49	2	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	1.94	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	4.3	4	1	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	1.97	1	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	2.03	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	1.96	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	2.01	1	0	xanthenes
propentofylline [no description available]	2.4	2	0	oxopurine
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.41	2	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	3.12	5	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propoxur Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	4.41	22	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1h-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid ((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1H-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid: an anion channel blocker	1.98	1	0
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	3.11	5	0	secondary carboxamide
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.07	1	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
pf 5901 alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist	2.42	2	0	quinolines
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	4.21	5	0	benzothiazoles
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.52	2	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	4.33	3	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ro 15-4513 Ro 15-4513: a partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors	1.98	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	2.7	3	0	methoxybenzenes
rolipram [no description available]	2.43	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
s-methylisothiopseudouronium S-methylisothiopseudouronium: inhibits nitric oxide synthase; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.02	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	1.96	1	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.	2.03	1	0	ether; phenols; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	1.99	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.42	2	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.51	8	0	morpholines
sobuzoxane sobuzoxane: used in treatment of leukemia L1210	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium fluoride [no description available]	8.14	5	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	3.98	4	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	7.67	3	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
spiroxatrine spiroxatrine: structure	2.03	1	0	imidazolidines
sq 22536 9-(tetrahydrofuryl)adenine : A nucleoside analogue that is adenine in which the nitrogen at position 9 has been substituted by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group. It is an adenylate cyclase inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	nucleoside analogue; oxolanes	EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	1.97	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
succinylacetone succinylacetone: inhibitor of heme biosynthesis. 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is heptanoic acid in which oxo groups replace the hydrogens at positions 4 and 6. It is an abnormal metabolite of the tyrosine metabolic pathway and a marker for type 1 tyrosinaemia.	1.98	1	0	beta-diketone; dioxo monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
sulfaguanidine Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine	1.95	1	0	sulfonamide antibiotic	antiinfective agent
sulfanilamide [no description available]	1.92	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	2.03	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	3.79	2	1
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	1.94	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	9.95	9	1	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.9	4	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	3.1	5	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
t0156 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	naphthyridine derivative
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene 1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
tegafur [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temozolomide [no description available]	7.31	1	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.95	1	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	8.38	7	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.	2.03	1	0	phosphoramide
3-hydroxyaspartic acid 3-hydroxyaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyaspartic acid : A hydroxy-amino acid that is aspartic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.97	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; hydroxy-amino acid
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	2.42	2	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	2.03	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	2.65	3	0	aziridines
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	2.41	1	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	3.12	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.03	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	1.94	1	0	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.71	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.	2.77	3	0	N-substituted diamine; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	apoptosis inducer; chelator; copper chelator
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.74	3	0
ici 136,753 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	10.44	4	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	2.03	1	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
triclosan [no description available]	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	3.78	11	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	1.97	1	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	2.36	2	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.03	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tropicamide Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.	2.03	1	0	acetamides
tyramine [no description available]	9.18	5	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	alkylbenzene	geroprotector
urethane [no description available]	2.87	4	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vesamicol vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	piperidines
vigabatrin [no description available]	7.78	21	1	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	3.38	7	0
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine 8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
xanthurenic acid xanthurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-8.	2.43	2	0	dihydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	animal metabolite; iron chelator; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; vesicular glutamate transport inhibitor
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2.03	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.08	1	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
zardaverine zardaverine: structure given in first source. zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.	2.03	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyridazinone	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; peripheral nervous system drug
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	2.08	1	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zomepirac zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; pyrroles	cardiovascular drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	3.53	2	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
cortisone acetate Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.	2.03	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	3.27	6	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	5.48	15	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.89	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	6.96	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	3.47	8	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.36	7	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	12.8	34	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	3.3	6	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	8.09	5	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
procaine hydrochloride Gerovital H3: Contains mainly procaine & small amounts of benzoic acid, potassium metabisulfite & disodium phosphate	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	2.11	1	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
isoproterenol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	catechols
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	10.83	30	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.	2.03	1	0
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	9.67	9	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	2.67	3	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	8.49	8	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.44	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	5.49	21	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
cysteine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	cysteine zwitterion; cysteine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flour treatment agent; human metabolite
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	1.94	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.45	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties.	1.94	1	0	fluorinated steroid
androsterone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	2.31	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.46	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
promazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	1.97	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	3.58	9	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pilocarpine hydrochloride pilocarpine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of (+)-pilocarpine, a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	3.15	5	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	3.23	6	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	5.24	20	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	5.2	16	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	3.1	5	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
racepinephrine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride (4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.	2.38	2	0
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.13	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
hexamethonium bromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	4.48	5	1	guanidines
cystamine dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	5.62	24	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.03	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
tetraethylammonium chloride tetraethylammonium chloride : A quarternary ammonium chloride salt in which the cation has four ethyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	potassium channel blocker
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	12.96	332	4	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	11.71	135	2	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.48	2	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	15.09	478	4	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	15.16	309	5	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	9.17	76	2	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	4.31	20	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
vincristine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.87	4	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	2.42	2	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	6.93	27	1	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.49	2	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
chlordan Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.95	1	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.37	2	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.83	3	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.92	4	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	7.64	3	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
promethazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	4.01	4	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	5.52	16	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	1.98	1	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	5.89	12	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	2.41	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	1.97	1	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.29	6	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	4.19	17	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.11	5	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	9.13	16	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	8.51	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	5.02	16	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	3.06	5	0	azobenzenes
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	10.52	83	2	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	5.92	25	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.66	3	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	2	1	0	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	2.36	2	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	4.18	17	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
papaverine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	3.4	7	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	2.03	1	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	1.94	1	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	10.53	95	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
berlition berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.	2.03	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; lipoic acid; thia fatty acid	cofactor; nutraceutical; prosthetic group
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	1.95	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	2.03	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	3.38	7	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.03	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.65	3	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	14.83	253	10	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	8.31	51	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diethyl sulfate diethyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. diethyl sulfate : The diethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	2.41	1	0	alkyl sulfate	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mutagen
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	3.92	13	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	5.66	15	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
yohimbine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	2.66	3	0
cytidine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
strophanthidin Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.	1.97	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 19-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolides; steroid aldehyde
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	2.92	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	4.22	18	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	4.47	23	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	7.17	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	7.88	4	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	7.48	2	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	2.01	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	4.06	4	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	2.03	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
quinacrine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
chlorpromazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	4.04	3	1	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	4.34	20	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.07	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	8.67	32	1	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.36	2	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	8.1	32	2	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-thiomalic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid
4-hydroxypropiophenone [no description available]	1.93	1	0	acetophenones
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	8.88	66	1	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	16.43	52	3	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	6.64	53	1	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	9.34	59	2	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	6.83	34	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lidocaine hydrochloride lidocaine hydrochloride : The anhydrous form of the hydrochloride salt of lidocaine.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	12.3	118	2	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	7.06	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.04	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	7.46	2	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	3.53	2	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.69	3	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
ethanethiol ethanethiol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ethanethiol : An alkanethiol that is ethane substituted by a thiol group at position 1. It is added to odorless gaseous products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to provide a garlic scent which helps warn of gas leaks.	7.21	1	0	alkanethiol	rodenticide
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	2.68	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tert-butylthiol tert-butylthiol: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.41	2	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	1.94	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
bromcresol green Bromcresol Green: An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.	2	1	0	benzofurans
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	1.97	1	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	3.61	9	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.21	1	0
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.66	3	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
tri-o-cresyl phosphate tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140	2.08	1	0
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	3.89	13	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	4.59	6	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	2.42	2	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	2.66	3	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	8.35	98	1	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
pyridoxic acid Pyridoxic Acid: The catabolic product of most of VITAMIN B 6; (PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; and PYRIDOXAMINE) which is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxic acid : A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxate : A pyridoxate that is the conjugate base of 4-pyridoxic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.02	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	4.06	4	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	7.73	3	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	2.6	1	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
1-naphthaleneacetic acid 1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.	1.97	1	0	naphthylacetic acid	synthetic auxin
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.92	4	0
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	4.98	9	1	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-sulfanilic acid 2-aminobenzenesulfonic acid : An aminobenzenesulfonic acid carrying an amino group at position 2.	2.68	3	0	aminobenzenesulfonic acid
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	7.47	2	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.	1.99	1	0	aldono-1,5-lactone; gluconolactone	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	3.49	8	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	2.31	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	1.98	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.01	1	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	3.15	5	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	2.06	1	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
quinaldic acid [no description available]	1.94	1	0	quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
synephrine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	2.1	1	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
sulfosalicylic acid 5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.	1.96	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; benzoic acids; phenols	metabolite
butyl methacrylate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	enoate ester
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	5.05	13	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
3-aminobenzoic acid 3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.	2.4	2	0	aminobenzoic acid
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	3.99	13	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride [no description available]	6.98	1	0
4-bromophenacyl bromide 4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure	2.69	3	0
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	2.45	2	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	2.05	1	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	7.67	3	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.71	3	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	2.03	1	0	pyridinium salt
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.	1.99	1	0	aromatic amine	allergen; carcinogenic agent
phenylisothiocyanate phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.	6.97	1	0	isothiocyanate	allergen; reagent
4-bromoaniline 4-bromoaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1403	1.95	1	0
acrolein [no description available]	2.13	1	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
acrylonitrile [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
isethionic acid Isethionic Acid: A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.. isethionic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly linked to a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	6.32	30	0	alkanesulfonic acid	human metabolite
cyanuric acid cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.	2.08	1	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; 1,3,5-triazines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound	xenobiotic
chlorobenzene [no description available]	7.37	2	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.05	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
3-hydroxypyridine 3-hydroxypyridine: RN given refeirs to parent cpd. 3-pyridinol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It has been detected as a thermal degradation product from the smoke of the burning leaves of Salvia divinorum, a Mexican psychoactive plant.	1.98	1	0	monohydroxypyridine
n-pentanoic acid n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.	2.6	1	0	short-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	3.12	5	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.1	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.69	3	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
2,5-hexanedione 2,5-hexanedione: metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone. 2,5-hexanedione : A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone	7.15	1	0	diketone; methyl ketone	human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2	1	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
diethylenetriamine diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.57	2	0	polyazaalkane; triamine
dodecyltrimethylammonium dodecyltrimethylammonium: used to determine thermal stability of DNA; RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one dodecyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	1.98	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
imipramine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant
neostigmine bromide neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.	2.03	1	0	bromide salt
edrophonium chloride edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	2.03	1	0	chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.66	2	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	4.96	9	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
suramin sodium suramin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the hexasodium salt of suramin. It is an FDA approved drug for African sleeping sickness and river blindness.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.44	2	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
1,4-naphthoquinone naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.	7.4	2	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.9	4	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
3,5-diiodosalicylic acid 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	0
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.64	3	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
methapyrilene hydrochloride methapyrilene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of methapyrilene.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
tetrracaine hydrochloride leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride	2.03	1	0	benzoate ester
chelidamic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0
hexanoic acid hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.72	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	2.37	2	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
pregnenolone [no description available]	8.07	5	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	3.81	2	1	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	2.38	2	0	D-aldohexose derivative
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	2.43	2	0	purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.44	2	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
D-proline [no description available]	2.06	1	0	D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; D-alpha-amino acid; proline	mouse metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	8.22	6	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	3.39	1	1	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	5.25	11	1	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	2.36	2	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
phenetidine Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.	1.94	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	drug metabolite
cysteamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
diazooxonorleucine Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.	2.04	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; diazo compound; ketone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	analgesic; antibacterial agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; glutamine antagonist
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.04	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	2.44	2	0	indazole
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	3.88	12	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	3.85	12	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	3.84	12	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	4.3	19	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.54	2	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
propantheline bromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	xanthenes
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	2.02	1	0	organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.7	3	0	organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.	2.01	1	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	2.39	2	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	3.67	10	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	2.39	2	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
hydralazine hydrochloride hydralazine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of hydralazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
ethamivan ethamivan: minor descriptor (65-72); major descriptor (73-86); on-line search BENZAMIDES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search BENZAMIDES (65-72); ETHAMIVAN (73-86). etamivan : Phenol substituted at C-2 and C-4 by a methoxy group and an N,N-diethylaminocarbonyl group respectively. A respiratory stimulant drug related to nikethamide, it has now fallen largely into disuse.	2.03	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
pargyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
paraoxon [no description available]	7.03	1	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	1.98	1	0
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	3.09	5	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	2.03	1	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.03	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
nornitrogen mustard nornitrogen mustard: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	nitrogen mustard
orphenadrine hydrochloride orphenadrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of ophenadrine and hydrogen chloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
3-acetylpyridine 3-acetylpyridine: inhibits tremors	3.21	6	0	aromatic ketone
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.08	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	8.04	4	0	steroid ester
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	1.96	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
kynuramine Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.	2.44	2	0	kynurenamines; primary amino compound	metabolite
methyl-4-tyramine methyl-4-tyramine: found in barley malt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	tyramines	mouse metabolite
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	8.43	24	1	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.	2.03	1	0
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	3.98	1	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	8.91	41	1	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	7.8	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
xanthinol niacinate Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension.	1.95	1	0
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfur-containing amino acid; thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antidote; antioxidant; hepatoprotective agent
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	3.76	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
homocystine [no description available]	4.59	6	1	amino acid zwitterion; homocystines	human metabolite
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.03	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	9.06	85	1	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4.79	33	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.47	2	0
phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate: 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.. 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine bisphosphate having monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions and a sulfo group attached to the phosphate at position 5'.	1.96	1	0	acyl sulfate; adenosine bisphosphate; purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	11.9	91	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	7.22	74	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
melarsoprol Melarsoprol: Arsenical used in trypanosomiases. It may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects.	2.03	1	0	triazines
benzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	2	1	0
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	3.39	1	1	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.55	2	0	4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative
isovaleric acid isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.02	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methylbutyric acid; short-chain fatty acid	mammalian metabolite; plant metabolite
phorone phorone: an industrial solvent; structure	1.99	1	0	dialkenyl ketone
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	3.35	7	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	3.61	9	0	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.66	3	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2.36	2	0
thioacetic acid ethanethioic S-acid : A thioacetic acid that is acetic acid in which the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfur atom.	2.03	1	0	thioacetic acid
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
tetranitromethane [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organonitrogen compound
methadyl acetate Methadyl Acetate: A narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action.	3.1	1	0	diarylmethane
cadmium carbonate cadmium carbonate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-CO3	1.98	1	0
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.44	2	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.06	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	3.36	7	0
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of tetryzoline. It is used as a nasal decongestant.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
dequalinium chloride dequalinium chloride : An organic chloride salt that is the dichloride salt of dequalinium.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
pyridoxamine dihydrochloride pyridoxamine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining pyridoxamine with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diabetic nephropathy.	8.8	1	1	hydrochloride; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.7	3	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	3.09	5	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	3.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	1.98	1	0	cellobiose	epitope
thiamine monophosphate Thiamine Monophosphate: Thiamine dihydrogen phosphate ester. The monophosphate ester of thiamine. Synonyms: monophosphothiamine; vitamin B1 monophosphate.. thiamine(1+) monophosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) monophosphate.	1.95	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	2.04	1	0	thiazoles
pyrithiamine Pyrithiamine: A thiamine antagonist due to its inhibition of thiamine pyrophosphorylation. It is used to produce thiamine deficiency.. pyrithiamine : A pyridinium ion that is 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridine substituted at position 1 by a (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.	1.95	1	0
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	2.38	2	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	3.1	5	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
decamethonium dibromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3-aminobutyric acid 3-aminobutyric acid: GABA uptake inhibitor. 3-aminobutanoic acid : A beta-amino acid that is butyric acid which is substituted by an amino group at position 3.	2.58	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	11.03	133	5	dialdehyde	biomarker
triethylenephosphoramide Triethylenephosphoramide: An insect chemosterilant and an antineoplastic agent.	6.97	1	0	phosphoramide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	4.19	6	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
amitriptyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic tricyclic compound
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.07	1	0	phenoxazine
naphazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	3.1	5	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	2.66	3	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
glycyl-glycyl-glycine glycyl-glycyl-glycine : A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.	2.05	1	0	tripeptide zwitterion; tripeptide
glycylglycine [no description available]	2.92	4	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite
doxylamine succinate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	9.26	23	2	glycerophosphocholine
carbamylhydrazine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
formestane [no description available]	2.03	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enol; hydroxy steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	2.02	1	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.74	3	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
debrisoquin sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic sulfate salt
2-naphthylacetic acid 2-naphthylacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthylacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 2.	2.66	3	0	naphthylacetic acid
alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.08	3	1	thia fatty acid
betaine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
bethanechol chloride bethanechol chloride : The chloride salt of bethanechol. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	2.03	1	0	carbamate ester; chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscarinic agonist
ethane sulfonate [no description available]	2	1	0	alkanesulfonic acid
2-chloropropionic acid 2-chloropropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified chlorine locant; structure	2.39	2	0
ethylmalonic acid ethylmalonic acid: don't confuse with diethyl malonate, which is a diester. ethylmalonate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of ethylmalonic acid.. ethylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid obtained by substitution of one of the methylene hydrogens of malonic acid by an ethyl group.	7.17	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.41	2	0	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
5-nitroquinoline [no description available]	2.11	1	0
galactitol [no description available]	2.68	3	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	9.6	54	3	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
ethyl pyruvate [no description available]	7.41	1	0	oxo carboxylic acid
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	1.94	1	0
diethylurea [no description available]	2	1	0
glycochenodeoxycholic acid Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.	2.88	4	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
isocaproic acid isocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocaproic acid : A methyl-branched fatty acid that is pentanoic acid with a methyl group substituent at position 4. It is a metabolite of 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol	2.25	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; medium-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid	human metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	2.21	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
docosanol Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.	2.07	1	0	docosanol; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	antiviral drug; plant metabolite
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	2.66	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
dibutyldichlorotin [no description available]	2.46	2	0
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.91	4	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide [no description available]	2.4	2	0
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.38	2	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
calcium citrate Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.	2.17	1	0	organic calcium salt	flavouring agent; food additive; food preservative; nutraceutical
calcium lactate [no description available]	2	1	0
Mecamylamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	monoterpenoid
4-nitrophenyl acetate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenyl acetates
naphthyl acetate naphthyl acetate: do not confuse with naphthaleneacetic acid; acetic acid ester of naphthol	1.94	1	0
vinblastine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine: metabolite of HCFU & 5-fluorouracil; structure in first source	1.97	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
n-nitrosobutylurea N-nitrosobutylurea: structure	1.98	1	0
diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.	2.41	1	0	ethyl ester; nitrile; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amine	antidiarrhoeal drug
lithium citrate lithium citrate: RN given refers to the trilithium salt. lithium citrate (anhydrous) : A lithium salt that is the anhydrous form of the trilithium salt of citric acid. The tetrahydrate form is used as a source of lithium for the treatment of anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and depression.	2	1	0	lithium salt
deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.48	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	5.74	5	1	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	2.17	1	0
allylglycine Allylglycine: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.	3.75	3	0
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	2.53	2	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	3.54	2	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
decabromobiphenyl ether decabromobiphenyl ether: a flame retardant. decabromodiphenyl ether : A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by bromines.	2.9	3	0	polybromodiphenyl ether	neurotoxin
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	1.98	1	0
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	3.44	1	1	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.25	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	8.5	7	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	3.89	4	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	1.94	1	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	9.65	68	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.71	3	0
pseudouridine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	pseudouridines	fundamental metabolite
dodecylcyclohexane [no description available]	6.97	1	0
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.	2.03	1	0	androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	1.98	1	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	3.84	11	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.92	2	1	tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.03	1	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	2.37	2	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	7.91	4	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	9.12	16	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
methiocarb Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.	2.47	2	0	aryl sulfide; carbamate ester; methyl sulfide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; molluscicide; xenobiotic
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	2.9	4	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	2.45	2	0	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	1.98	1	0	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
octachloronaphthalene Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.	2.17	1	0
troclosene [no description available]	2.02	1	0
muscarine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
fast green fcf Fast Green FCF: structure. Fast green FCF : An organic sodium salt having 2-{(4-{ethyl[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]amino}phenyl)[4-{ethyl[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]iminio}cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl}-5-hydroxybenzene-1-sulfonate as the counterion. Used as a substitute for Light green SF yellowish in Masson's trichrome as it is less likely to fade, and is more brilliant in colour. Also used as a food colouring agent.	2.06	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; food colouring; histological dye
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.07	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	1.97	1	0	thioxanthenes
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.4	2	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylimidazole [no description available]	1.97	1	0	N-acylimidazole
butyrylcholine butyrylcholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.14	1	0	acylcholine
antazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	2.05	1	0	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
sulfuryl fluoride sulfuryl fluoride: fumigant	2.06	1	0	sulfuryl halide	fumigant insecticide
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	2.03	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
dibromoacetonitrile dibromoacetonitrile: by-product of water chlorination; structure given in first source	7.07	1	0	aliphatic nitrile
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.52	2	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
n-acetylbenzidine [no description available]	2	1	0
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	3.01	2	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	3.76	11	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
meclofenoxate hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3-phenoxybenzoic acid 3-phenoxybenzoic acid: metabolite associated with exposure to pyrethroid insecticides. 3-phenoxybenzoic acid : A phenoxybenzoic acid in which the phenoxy group is meta to the carboxy group. It is a metabolite of pyrethroid insecticides.	6.95	1	0	phenoxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
streptomycin [no description available]	2.38	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	4.31	4	1	carbon oxoanion
clonidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene
beclomethasone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; corticosteroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	2.74	3	0
vantocil polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.72	3	0
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	8.44	1	1	aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	3.55	8	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	7.37	2	0	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
carboxin Carboxin: A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. carboxin : An anilide obtained by formal condensation of the amino group of aniline with the carboxy group of 2-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine-3-carboxylic acid. A fungicide for control of bunts and smuts that is normally used as a seed treatment.	2.01	1	0	anilide fungicide; anilide; enamide; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; secondary carboxamide	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
4-aminobenzhydrazide 4-aminobenzhydrazide: a Russian synthetic drug of acylhydrazide group; decreased uterus wt in rats; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for amino group	2.41	2	0
mexiletine hydrochloride mexiletine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride composed of equimolar amounts of mexiletine and hydrogen chloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	1.94	1	0	dioxolane
furoylglycine furoylglycine: structure given in first source. N-(2-furoyl)glycine : A glycine derivative that is the carboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of glycine with 2-furoic acid.	2.07	1	0	furans; N-acylglycine	human metabolite
cyclophosphamide cyclophosphamide hydrate : The monohydrate of cyclophosphamide.	2.03	1	0	hydrate	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; immunosuppressive agent
suxamethonium chloride succinylcholine chloride (anhydrous) : A chloride salt in which the negative charge of the chloride ions is balanced by succinylcholine dications.	2.03	1	0	chloride salt	muscle relaxant
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cyclobenzaprine. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; muscle relaxant
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	12.55	73	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
3-deazaadenosine 3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.03	1	0
helenalin helenalin: toxic principle of Helenium microcephalum (smallhead sneezeweed); structure. helenalin : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3 (the 3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR stereoisomer).. NF-kappaB inhibitor : An inhibitor of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), a protein complex involved in the transcription of DNA.	3.09	1	0	cyclic ketone; gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpene lactone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; plant metabolite
metoclopramide hydrochloride metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.	2.03	1	0
isoetharine mesylate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
hepes [no description available]	3.78	11	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
lanthanum [no description available]	4.47	7	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	6.71	17	1	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	3.25	6	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	3.99	4	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	1.94	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.37	2	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
plutonium Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.	2.63	3	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.53	2	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	3.18	5	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	9.11	3	1	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	1.99	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.02	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	5.51	21	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	6.55	14	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.05	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	7.41	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	3.77	10	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	1.95	1	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.05	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.08	1	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	3.32	6	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.03	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.7	3	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	8.38	7	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	7.42	2	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	7.44	2	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	2.42	2	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	8.32	84	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
propionylpromazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.41	2	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.46	2	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	1.96	1	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.38	2	0	diatomic bromine
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	1.94	1	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	2.93	4	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2.41	2	0	inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite [no description available]	2.05	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	food preservative; reducing agent
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	2.66	3	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	2.66	3	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.66	3	0	calcium phosphate
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	1.99	1	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.04	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
sodium chromate(vi) sodium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with (MF) CR-H2-O4.Na. sodium chromate : An inorganic sodium salt consisting of sodium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	1.99	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	carcinogenic agent; diagnostic agent; oxidising agent; poison
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	2.02	1	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	8.08	5	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	2.38	2	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	5.71	26	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
chlorosulfonic acid [no description available]	2	1	0
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.4	2	0
vasotocin Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.	3.05	1	0
sulfur monochloride [no description available]	2	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	3.38	7	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
thallium sulfate thallium sulfate: RN given refers to unspecified Tl salt. thallium sulfate : A metal sulfate in which the counterion is thallium and the ratio of thallium to sulfate is 2:1. It is a rodenticide used to control rats, squirrels, mice, moles, prairie dogs, ants and cockroaches. It is no longer registered for pesticide use in the United States.	2.06	1	0	metal sulfate; thallium molecular entity	insecticide; rodenticide
ammonium ferric sulfate ammonium ferrous sulfate: supplies nutritional iron. ferrous ammonium sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of ammonium, iron and sulfate in which the ratio of ammonium to iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 2:1:2.	1.98	1	0	ammonium salt; iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	ferroptosis inducer
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.71	3	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	4.1	15	0	cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.93	4	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
nsc-145,668 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	1.96	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.03	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
chloramine [no description available]	4.64	27	0	halide
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	5.94	25	1	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	3.05	5	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
cysteic acid Cysteic Acid: Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.. cysteic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the sulfonic acid analogue of cysteine.	6.22	46	0	alanine derivative; amino sulfonic acid; carboxyalkanesulfonic acid; cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	animal metabolite
benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0	pyrenes
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.4	2	0
urobilinogen Urobilinogen: A colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin. Some is excreted in the feces where it is oxidized to urobilin. Some is reabsorbed and re-excreted in the bile as bilirubin. At times, it is re-excreted in the urine, where it may be later oxidized to urobilin.. urobilinogen : A member of the class of bilanes that is a colourless product formed in the intestine by the reduction of bilirubin.	2.07	1	0	bilanes	human metabolite
phytanic acid Phytanic Acid: A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.. phytanic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.	8.06	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	7.17	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
benserazide hydrochloride benserazide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of benserazide. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide hydrochloride has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
pancuronium bromide pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.	2.03	1	0	bromide salt	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
4-nitrobenzofurazan 4-nitrobenzofurazan: structure	1.97	1	0
eedq EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent	2.36	2	0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	5.98	35	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
sodium bisulfide sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S)	3.16	5	0
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	7.21	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
fluorides [no description available]	5.84	7	1	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	2.03	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	2.03	1	0	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
fenclozic acid fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	7.4	2	0
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	2.43	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	3	4	0	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
taurolidine [no description available]	19.41	272	48	thiadiazinane
iodine [no description available]	4.13	16	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2.39	2	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
aluminum phosphide [no description available]	2.76	2	0
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.69	3	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
disopyramide phosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organoammonium phosphate
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	4.69	3	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
ergocristine ergocristine: an ergot alkaloid; one of the three components of ergotoxine; has alpha blocking action, stimulates smooth muscles & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral disorders; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search EROLINES (77-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocristine : Ergotaman bearing benzyl, hydroxy, and isopropyl groups at the 5', 12' and 2' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.	2.03	1	0	ergot alkaloid
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	5.08	44	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	4.13	3	1	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
pyrrolidine [no description available]	2.53	2	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
carbamide peroxide Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.	2.25	1	0	mixture	disinfectant; oxidising agent; reagent
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	2.37	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	2	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	1.94	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	11.97	62	8	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	2.85	3	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.17	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
isothiuronium Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.	2.01	1	0
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.91	4	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.37	2	0
tridemorph tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.	4.37	1	1	morpholines; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical
n-nitrosoiminodiacetic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
alkenes [no description available]	7.43	2	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	16.39	519	8	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	2.44	2	0
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.86	2	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
allura red ac dye Allura Red AC Dye: new monoazo dye proposed as color additive in various food products; RN given refers to di-Na salt; structure	2.17	1	0
bis(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide Bis(4-Methyl-1-Homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide: An inhibitor of the last step of noradrenaline biosynthesis.	1.96	1	0
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	6.97	1	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	3.49	8	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	4.05	15	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	2.96	4	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
2-bromoethanesulfonic acid 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a methanogenic inhibitor	2.1	1	0
vanadyl sulfate [no description available]	7.03	1	0	metal sulfate; vanadium coordination entity
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.38	2	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.41	1	1	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
s-adenosylmethionine acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.58	2	0	sulfonium betaine	human metabolite
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.44	2	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	2.41	1	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	3.42	1	1	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.93	4	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
buspirone hydrochloride buspirone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of buspirone and hydrogen chloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
etoposide [no description available]	2.74	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	10.66	15	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	2.1	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
propafenone hydrochloride propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	2.93	4	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
etazolate hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
butaclamol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	amino alcohol; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	2.52	2	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	7.31	1	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	3.38	7	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	3.22	6	0
carbidopa [no description available]	2.03	1	0	catechols; hydrate; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	2.03	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.37	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate [no description available]	3.48	1	1	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	4.62	6	1	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	7.4	2	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
lonidamine lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene; indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; antispermatogenic agent; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	3.82	11	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
4-isopropylbicyclophosphate 4-isopropylbicyclophosphate: highly toxic cpd used in spectroscopic studies, potential flame retardants, vinyl resin stabilizers, & antioxidants; are not cholinesterase inhibitors; structure	1.98	1	0
dexibuprofen dexibuprofen: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	ibuprofen	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.	7.02	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	7.6	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	7.07	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	4.23	18	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	3.52	2	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.48	2	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
vindesine Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).	2.38	2	0	methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
flecainide acetate flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	2.03	1	0	acetate salt	anti-arrhythmia drug
nicardipine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dihydropyridine	geroprotector
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	7.93	4	0
meglitinide meglitinide: structure given in first source & in Negwer, 5th ed, #6436	1.99	1	0
indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.9	4	0
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	4.85	11	0
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	2.03	1	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	1.95	1	0
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).	2.01	1	0	ketone; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	1.96	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	8.41	7	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
progabide progabide: GABA agonist; structure	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
terazosin hydrochloride anhydrous [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ethylcholine aziridinium ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits	1.98	1	0
pergolide mesylate pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	2.03	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; geroprotector
ranitidine hydrochloride label : A role played by a part of a molecular entity distinguishable by the observer but not by the system and used to identify a tracer.	2.03	1	0
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	8.32	21	1	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
buserelin Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.	1.99	1	0	oligopeptide
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.03	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
octenidine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	dihydropyridine
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	4.97	9	1	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
alo 2145 apraclonidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of apraclonidine.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	8.65	2	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
milacemide milacemide: ampakine activity at AMPA Receptors; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	4.69	3	2	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	2.05	1	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	2.01	1	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
atomoxetine atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; toluenes	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.75	3	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
quinpirole hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2-(dimethylaminosulfonyl)ethyl)-1-nitrosourea [no description available]	9.5	55	7
imazodan imazodan: RN & structure given in first source;	2.03	1	0
ractopamine ractopamine: veterinary growth stimulant. ractopamine : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible diastereoisomers of 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol. A beta-adrenergic agonist, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) as a feed additive for use in pigs and other livestock to promote protein deposition, resulting in leaner meat. The R,R diastereoisomer, butopamine, is responsible for most of the leanness-enhancing effects. While use of ractopamine has been banned in over 120 countries including throughout the EU, in the US it used in an estimated 80% of all beef, pork and turkey production.. 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl group.	7.08	1	0	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	3.38	7	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	2.08	1	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.6	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
fadrozole Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.	2.1	1	0	imidazopyridine
bidisomide bidisomide: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	acetamides
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	2.03	1	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	1.97	1	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	2	1	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	2.48	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
aptiganel hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.53	2	0
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	6.28	28	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
phenelzine sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
allyl formate [no description available]	2.42	2	0
pyranine pyranine: structure	2.02	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	2	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
monoammonium molybdate ammonium molybdate: RN given refers to unspecified ammonium molybdate salt. ammonium molybdate : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and molybdate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	1.96	1	0	ammonium salt	poison
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.94	4	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.53	2	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.38	2	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
fluoxetine hydrochloride fluoxetine hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride; N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
propranolol hydrochloride Inderex: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of hypertension	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
bupropion hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone
diltiazem hydrochloride Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	4.51	5	1	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
verapamil hydrochloride verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.	2.03	1	0
doxazosin mesylate Cardura: Trade name in United States.	2.03	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	geroprotector
terfenadine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
amantadine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; dopamine agonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.95	13	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	3.1	1	0
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2.03	1	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.68	3	0
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
n-methylnicotinamide N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.89	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide	metabolite
3-aminoisobutyric acid 3-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-aminoisobutyric acid : A beta-amino-acid that is isobutyric acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by an amino group.	4.03	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.	2.31	1	0	anhydro sugar	human metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.11	5	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
3-methylhistidine 3-methylhistidine: marker for myofibrillar-protein breakdown; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 3-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-3.. N(pros)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted by a methyl group at position 3 on the imidazole ring.	9.3	4	1	L-histidine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
diacetylfluorescein [no description available]	2.07	1	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	4.97	8	1	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	8.35	55	1	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
protolichesterinic acid protolichesterinic acid: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; isolated from the lichen Cetraria islandica; RN given refers to (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
norvaline norvaline: differs from valine in being 1 carbon longer instead of branched; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure. L-2-aminopentanoic acid : A 2-aminopentanoic acid that has S-configuration.	2.06	1	0	2-aminopentanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	1.97	1	0	iodine oxoacid
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name	3.25	6	0
dobutamine hydrochloride dobutamine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dobutamine. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
desipramine hydrochloride desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	drug allergen
dopamine hydrochloride P 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498	2.03	1	0	catecholamine
proadifen hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	2.68	3	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	4.43	21	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1	2.7	3	0	purine nucleoside
5-dihydrocortisone 5-dihydrocortisone: RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 9/85. 17,21-dihydroxy-5beta-pregnane-3,11,20-trione : A 4,5-dihydrocortisone that has beta- configuration at position 5.	1.99	1	0	3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 4,5-dihydrocortisone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
5-methylnicotinamide 5-methylnicotinamide: potentiates cytotoxicity of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea	1.98	1	0
metapramine metapramine: structure	1.97	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
metrifudil [no description available]	2.03	1	0
lathosterol lathosterol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol : A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholest-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.11	1	0	3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid; Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	2.03	1	0	beta-carbolines
anpirtoline anpirtoline: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	aryl sulfide
repaglinide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	piperidines
lubeluzole lubeluzole: a benzothiazole compound; used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke; R-91154 is the inactive isomer	2.69	3	0	benzothiazoles
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aralkylamine
methacycline [no description available]	2.07	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
peroxyformic acid peroxyformic acid: structure	1.98	1	0
thioridazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	first generation antipsychotic; geroprotector
procainamide hydrochloride procainamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride which has procainamide as the amino component.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
siquil [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent
sotalol hydrochloride sotalol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is the monohydrochloride of sotalol. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
oxymetazoline hydrochloride oxymetazoline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar quantities of oxymetazoline and hydrogen chloride. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used to relieve nasal congestion.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
alprenolol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.03	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-naphthyl isocyanate alpha-naphthyl isocyanate: used to separate enantiomers of beta-blockers; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
salicylhydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.39	2	0	hydroxamic acid; phenols	antibacterial drug; EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor; trypanocidal drug
2-(n-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid that is cyclohexanamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 2-sulfoethyl group. It is used as a buffer (pH range of 8.6-10.0) for studying pH-dependent processes in enzymology.	4.38	20	0	alkanesulfonic acid; secondary aliphatic amine	Good's buffer substance
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	1.96	1	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
chromotropic acid chromotropic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. chromotropic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 5.	1.99	1	0	naphthalenediols; naphthalenesulfonic acid	indicator
fluphenazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.91	4	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	2.78	3	0	1,2,3-triazole
diazobenzenesulfonic acid diazobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.95	1	0
tryptamine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
guanidinopropionic acid guanidinopropionic acid: alters creatine metabolism; structure. 3-guanidinopropanoic acid : A guanidine compound bearing an N-(2-carboxyethyl) substituent. It is a creatine analogue that has been found to decreases plasma glucose levels	2.96	4	0	guanidines; zwitterion	hypoglycemic agent
phenylacetylglycine phenylacetylglycine : A N-acylglycine that is glycine substituted on nitrogen with a phenylacetyl group.	2.77	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanidinoethane sulfonate [no description available]	8.19	111	0	guanidines; organosulfonic acid; zwitterion
clomipramine hydrochloride clomipramine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of clomipramine and hydrogen chloride. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug
amiloride hydrochloride amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrate	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
prazosin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride mianserin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mianserin, a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	geroprotector
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	1.98	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	3.21	1	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
lomefloxacin hydrochloride lomefloxacin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of lomefloxacin. It is administered by mouth to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used topically as eye drops for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, and as ear drops for the treatment of otitis externa and otitis media.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
fenspiride hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nilverm [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
sanguinarine chloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ropinirole hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.03	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
glutaurine glutaurine: recently deteccted hormone of parathyroid gland; structure; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. glutaurine : A dipeptide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of taurine with the gamma-carboxy group of L-glutamic acid. It was initially found in the parathyroid in 1980 and later in the brain of mammals.	6.34	52	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; L-glutamine derivative; sulfonic acid	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; hormone; human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; mouse metabolite
plasmenylserine plasmenylserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. O-phospho-L-serine : The L-enantiomer of O-phosphoserine.. O-phosphoserine : A serine derivative that is serine substituted at the oxygen atom by a phosphono group.	2.03	1	0	O-phosphoserine	EC 1.4.7.1 [glutamate synthase (ferredoxin)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.49 (O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine amide glycine amide: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	amino acid amide; glycine derivative
3-amino-3-phenylpropionic acid 3-amino-3-phenylpropionic acid: structure given in first source. 3-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid : A beta-amino acid that is beta-alanine substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid
beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isovaleric acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. Used as indicator of biotin deficiency.	4.49	3	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
5-aminovaleric acid hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ethanolamine o-sulfate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
3-chloroperbenzoic acid 3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent	1.97	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; peroxy acid
leucyltyrosine leucyltyrosine: RN given refers to L-Tyr,L-Leu-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 4/93	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
n-acetyltryptamine N-acetyltryptamine: antagonizes the melatonin-induced inhibition of dopamine release from retina; RN given refers to parent cpd. N-acetyltryptamine : A tryptamine compound having an acetyl substituent attached to the side-chain amino function.	2.43	2	0	acetamides; indoles
morpholinopropane sulfonic acid 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.2 at 20 degreeC.	2.39	2	0	MOPS; morpholines; organosulfonic acid
leucyl-glycyl-glycine leucyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to (L-Leu)-isomer. Leu-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-leucine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.	2.05	1	0	tripeptide	metabolite
D-serine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	D-alpha-amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
D-alanine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; D-alpha-amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.	23.5	523	111	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic
dihydroergotamine mesylate dihydroergotamine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergotamine, a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine. Both the mesylate and the tartrate salts are used for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	2.03	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate 6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia	3.83	2	1	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
taltrimide [no description available]	8.07	5	0
ranolazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
camphorated parachlorophenol camphorated parachlorophenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; Walkhoff solution is a 3% solution of camphorated parachlorophenol	1.98	1	0
epicillin epicillin: semisynthetic penicillin type antibiotic; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search AMPICILLIN/AA (75-85); RN given refers to (2s(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer. epicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-amino-2-(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)acetamido group.	3.34	1	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	3.09	5	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
loxapine succinate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	succinate salt	geroprotector
guanfacine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetamides	geroprotector
pirenzepine dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
labetalol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	salicylamides
acecainide hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
loperamide hydrochloride loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
maprotiline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	anthracenes
protoporphyrin ix, disodium salt [no description available]	2.03	1	0
D-valine D-valine : The D-enantiomer of valine.	2.06	1	0	D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; D-alpha-amino acid; valine
mitozolomide mitozolomide: RN & structure given in first source	3.76	2	1
nitrefazole [no description available]	3.98	1	0	imidazoles
siguazodan [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pyridazinone
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine 3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine: anti-HIV agent; RN & structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
hesperetin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
phorbol-12,13-diacetate phorbol-12,13-diacetate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	2.05	1	0
chelerythrine chloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
leupeptin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
5-bromosalicylaldehyde 5-bromosalicylaldehyde: structure in first source	2.54	2	0
indole-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	3.1	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone [no description available]	2.03	1	0
5-hydroxyuracil 5-hydroxyuracil: used in treatment of colonic adenocarcinoma	2	1	0	hydroxypyrimidine
5-(n-methyl-n-isobutyl)amiloride 5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)amiloride: inhibitor of the Na+-H+ antiporter	2.4	2	0
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from anileridine and two molar equivalents of hydrogen chloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
amperozide hydrochloride amperozide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of amperozide.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anxiolytic drug; dopamine uptake inhibitor; geroprotector; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0
agroclavine agroclavine: structure. agroclavine : An ergot alkaloid that is ergoline which contains a double bond between positions 8 and 9, and which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 6 and 8.	2.03	1	0	ergot alkaloid
panaxadiol panaxadiol: a protopanaxadiol with the side chain cyclized into a pyran which is an artifact of acidic hydrolysis; RN refers to (3 beta,12 beta,20R)-isomer	3.1	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid: precursor of mutagenic nitroso cpd in soy sauce; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	harmala alkaloid
bilobalide [no description available]	2.01	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
glutamic acid diethyl ester glutamic acid diethyl ester: glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.37	2	0
s-methylisothiourea sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-acetylhistidine N-acetylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetylhistidine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens of the alpha-amino group is substituted by an acetyl group.. N-acetyl-L-histidine : A histidine derivative that is L-histidine having an acetyl substituent on the alpha-nitrogen.	2.15	1	0	L-histidine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acetylhistidine	animal metabolite
p-Aminobenzamidine dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group.	2.71	3	0	alanine derivative; alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	human urinary metabolite
c.i. direct red 80 Solophenyl red 3BL: structure in first source. Sirius red F3B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Sirius red F3B (acid form) with six equivalents of sodium hydroxide. A polyazo dye used principally in staining methods for collagen and amyloid.	1.99	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
4-methoxymethylpyridoxine 4-methoxymethylpyridoxine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.36	2	0	pyridines
leucylleucine Leu-Leu : A dipeptide formed from two L-leucine residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide; L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
rivastigmine [no description available]	2	1	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
2-(n-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.15 at 20 degreeC.	2.04	1	0	MES; organosulfonic acid; zwitterion
tricine N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.15 at 20 degreeC.	2.43	2	0	tricine
benzamidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
leucyl-alanine Leu-Ala : A dipeptide composed of L-leucine and L-alanine joined by a peptide linkage.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
n-(2-acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid N-(2-acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.9 at 20 degreeC.	5.33	17	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; ACES; amino sulfonic acid
bexarotene [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
leucyl-leucyl-leucine leucyl-leucyl-leucine: RN given refers to (L-Leu-L-Leu-L-Leu)-isomer. Leu-Leu-Leu : A tripeptide formed from three L-leucine residues.	2.05	1	0	tripeptide	metabolite
hypobromous acid [no description available]	3.45	7	0	bromine oxoacid
aminomethanesulfonic acid [no description available]	7.42	2	0
d-aspartic acid [no description available]	2.74	3	0	aspartic acid; D-alpha-amino acid	mouse metabolite
acetaminophen sulfate ester acetaminophen sulfate ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. paracetamol sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is paracetamol in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfooxy group.	2.02	1	0	acetamides; aryl sulfate	drug metabolite
acetaminophen glucuronide acetaminophen glucuronide: acetaminophen metabolite in rats. acetaminophen O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the O-glucuronide of paracetamol (acetaminophen).	2.02	1	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid	drug metabolite
tetramethrin tetramethrin: structure	1.97	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; maleimides; phthalimide insecticide	pyrethroid ester insecticide
3-(glutathion-s-yl)acetaminophen 3-(glutathion-S-yl)acetaminophen: biliary metabolite of acetaminophen; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	glutathione derivative
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	2.46	2	0	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	3.78	10	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
methanesulfinic acid methanesulfinic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. methanesulfinic acid : An organosulfinic acid that is methane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a sulfino group.	1.98	1	0	organosulfinic acid
coenzyme a [no description available]	10.08	14	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylalanine N-acetylalanine: immunodominant determinant of acidic surface antigen from culture filtrate of human strain of Staph aureus. N-acetyl-L-alanine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.21	1	0	L-alanine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methionine sulfoximine L-methionine sulfoximine : A methionine sulfoximine in which the amino group has S-stereochemistry.	2.03	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine derivative; methionine sulfoximine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretazicar tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)	2.03	1	0
n-acetyltyrosine, (dl)-isomer N-acetyltyrosine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetyltyrosine : An N-acetyl-amino acid that is tyrosine with an amine hydrogen substituted by an acetyl group.	2.35	2	0	N-acetyl-amino acid; phenols; tyrosine derivative	human urinary metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	5.25	9	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
carbetapentane citrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	carbonyl compound
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.11	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
phentolamine mesylate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
mephentermine sphinganine : A 2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.	2.03	1	0	2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxybutynin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	2	1	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile): free radical initiator in liposome systems	1.97	1	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	10.62	68	2	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
nimustine nimustine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining nimustine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antineoplastic agent
4-n,n-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride 4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride: chromophoric labelling reagent for amino acids, peptides, proteins; structure	2.89	4	0
cordium bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate : The hydrochloride monohydrate of bepridril.	2.03	1	0	hydrate; hydrochloride
L-2-aminoadipic acid L-2-aminoadipic acid : The L-enantiomer of 2-aminoadipic acid.	2.03	1	0	2-aminoadipic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
prilocaine hydrochloride prilocaine hydrochloride : The monohydrochloride salt of prilocaine.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	local anaesthetic
glycyltryptophan glycyltryptophan: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-Trp : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-tryptophan residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
tarenflurbil tarenflurbil: R-enantiomer of flurbiprofen but not a COX inhibitor; modulates NF-kB, gamma-secretase, amyloid beta-protein;	3.15	1	0	flurbiprofen
mor-14 N-methyldeoxynojirimycin: glucosidase inhibitor	2.03	1	0	hydroxypiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
n-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid N-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0	diarylmethane
brexanolone brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.	2.03	1	0	3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one	antidepressant; GABA modulator; human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
glycylleucine Gly-Leu : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-leucine joined by a peptide linkage.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
indole-3-lactic acid indole-3-lactic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-(indol-3-yl)lactic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.06	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	human metabolite
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	1.98	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
glycyl-l-phenylalanine glycylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. Gly-Phe : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-phenylalanine residues.	2.37	2	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite; metabolite
aspartyl-phenylalanine aspartyl-phenylalanine: metabolite of aspartame; may inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	human blood serum metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2.72	3	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, (r)-isomer l-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source. L-thioproline : An optically active version of thioproline having L-configuration.. thioproline : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is proline in which the methylene group at position 4 is replaced by a sulfur atom.	2.06	1	0	thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid; thioproline	geroprotector; metabolite
phenylisopropyladenosine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; benzenes; hydrocarbyladenosine; purine nucleoside; secondary amino compound	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
hexamethonium chloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
arabitol arabitol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. arabinitol : A pentitol that is the sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of arabinose or lyxose. It is found in serum or urine of human infected with Candida albicans.. D-arabinitol : The D-enantiomer of arabinitol.	2.25	1	0	arabinitol
3,7-dihydroxy-12-oxocholanoic acid 3,7-dihydroxy-12-oxocholanoic acid: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,7alpha)-isomer	1.95	1	0	oxo-5beta-cholanic acid
leucylleucine leucylleucine: RN given refers to (DL-Leu-DL-Leu)-isomer	2.05	1	0	peptide
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	2.03	1	0
dansyl hydrazine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	8.1	5	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
pantoyltaurine pantoyltaurine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.43	8	0
2-phenylsuccinate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
2,2-dimethyl-beta-alanine [no description available]	3.11	5	0
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine 6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport	2.03	1	0
imidazoleacetic acid imidazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without specific location of acetic acid attachment identified; structure. imidazol-5-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-5-yl group.. imidazol-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.	2.9	4	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde: used in colorimetric determination of cholesterol; RN from CA Form Index Vol 90; N1 same as NM	2.91	4	0
glycyl-leucyl-tyrosine glycyl-leucyl-tyrosine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	oligopeptide
glycyl-glycyl-proline Gly-Gly-Pro : A tripeptide composed of glycine, glycine and L-proline amino acids joined in sequence by peptide linkages.	2.05	1	0	tripeptide zwitterion; tripeptide
glycylaspartic acid glycylaspartic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
glycyl-histidyl-glycine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	oligopeptide
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.	2.41	2	0	phosphonic acids; primary amino compound; zwitterion	GABAB receptor agonist
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine 5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2.03	1	0
n-glycylglutamic acid N-glycylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-Glu : A dipeptide formed from glycyl and L-glutamic acid residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
s-2-aminoethyl cysteine S-2-aminoethyl cysteine: inhibits protein synthesis in mammalian cells; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. L-thialysine : A cysteine derivative that is the S-(2-aminoethyl) analogue of L-cysteine; reported to have cytotoxic effects.	1.98	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitor; metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs	2.03	1	0
zpck ZPCK: alkylates histidine residue at active center of bovine chymotrypsin	2.03	1	0
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	1.97	1	0
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)- enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;	3.21	6	0
clomesone clomesone: structure & RN given in first source	1.98	1	0
aminomalonic acid aminomalonic acid: aspartase-ammonia ligase inhibitor. aminomalonic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens has been replaced by an amino group.	2.07	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
histidylglycine histidylglycine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. His-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and glycine residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
taurineamide taurineamide: structure in first source	2.93	4	0
n(6)-phenyladenosine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	purine nucleoside
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer	2.93	4	0	21-hydroxy steroid
quillaic acid quillaic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 16, an oxo group at position 23 and a carboxy group at position 28 (the 3beta,16alpha stereoisomer).	2	1	0	aldehyde; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; metabolite
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	2.03	1	0	methyladenosine
n,n'-(1,2-dihydroxyethylene)bisacrylamide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
lanthionine lanthionine: a thioether analogue of cystine; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer; structure; a component of lantibiotics (BACTERIOCINS). lanthionine : An alanine derivative in which two alanine residues are linked on their beta-carbons by a thioether linkage.	2.46	2	0	alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	bacterial metabolite
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	4.03	15	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.43	2	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
mafosfamide mafosfamide: RN given refers to cis-(+-)-isomer	2.07	1	0
uftoral UFT(R) drug: a drug containing tegafur and uracil; a biochemical modulator of 5-fluorouracil; used for postoperative chemotherapy of colon cancer; reported to cause severe liver injury; do not confuse with 1-UFT protocol	2.03	1	0
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	3.37	7	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
mizoribine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer	2.71	3	0
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	2.46	2	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source	2.67	3	0	organic thiophosphate
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	4.21	5	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	2.89	4	0
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	2.06	1	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.4	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
cremophor el cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A	2.08	1	0
alphaxalone alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure	2.92	4	0	corticosteroid hormone
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	2.43	2	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bicuculline methiodide [no description available]	2.69	3	0
cp-55,940 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.41	2	0
vanoxerine vanoxerine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of vanoxerine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	dopamine uptake inhibitor
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.71	3	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	beta-carbolines
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.02	1	0
dihydrorhodamine 123 dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes	2.42	2	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.01	1	0
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	2.49	2	0
pregnenolone sulfate pregnenolone sulfate: RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer	2.4	2	0	steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite
beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine: glutamate agonist. L-BMAA : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.	2.15	1	0	diamino acid; L-alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	bacterial metabolite; neurotoxin
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	1.99	1	0
u 69593 U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; organic heterobicyclic compound; oxaspiro compound	anti-inflammatory agent; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
valylvaline valylvaline: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Val-Val : A dipeptide formed from two L-valine residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
fluorocitrate fluorocitrate: competitve inhibitor of aconitase; effects morphology of kidney tubules in fluorocitrate poisoning; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.39	2	0	carbonyl compound
cv 3988 CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
cgp 35348 CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors	2.68	3	0
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	beta-carbolines
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
propionylcarnitine propionylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	6.97	1	0	O-acylcarnitine	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cardiotonic drug; human metabolite; peripheral nervous system drug
methoctramine methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	muscarinic antagonist
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	2.31	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine [no description available]	12.15	259	1	aminosulfinic acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
phorbol-12-myristate [no description available]	2	1	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.49	2	0	proanthocyanidin
dihydrokainate [no description available]	3.24	6	0	dicarboxylic acid
gabazine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sr 95531 [no description available]	3.15	5	0	methoxybenzenes
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	1.99	1	0	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for bromide; used in dopamine analysis	2.7	3	0
1,9-dideoxyforskolin [no description available]	3.09	5	0	acetate ester; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound	plant metabolite
cl 218872 CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure	2.03	1	0	pyridazines; ring assembly
betaxolol hydrochloride betaxolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of betaxolol.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
catechin (+)-catechin monohydrate : The monohydrate of (+)-catechin.	2.03	1	0	hydrate	geroprotector
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine NAN 190 hydrobromide : A hydrobromide obtained by reaction of NAN 190 with one equivalent of hydrobromic acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrobromide	serotonergic antagonist
s-methylthiocitrulline S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.	2.03	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; L-arginine derivative; L-ornithine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
dihydrocapsaicin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	capsaicinoid
n-chlorotaurine N-chlorotaurine: inhibits both inducible nitric oxide synthase and IkappaB kinase	14.48	207	11
ml 9 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alpha-methylphenylalanine alpha-methylphenylalanine: induces chronic hyperphenylalaninemia in suckling rats; models for the study of inborn errors of metabolism; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	7.07	1	0
parthenolide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	germacranolide
dynorphin (1-8) dynorphin (1-8): opioid octapeptide from porcine hypothalamus; comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin	1.98	1	0
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	3.1	5	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
sr 140333 SR 140333: SR-140603 is the (R)-antipode of SR-140333; a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	3.49	8	0
3-chloro-L-tyrosine 3-chloro-L-tyrosine : A chloroamino acid comprising a tyrosine core with a chloro- substituent ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.02	1	0	chloroamino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monochlorobenzenes; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; human metabolite
prolinamide prolinamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-prolinamide : The carboxamide derivative of L-proline.	2.05	1	0	amino acid amide; L-proline derivative; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
anserine Anserine: A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE.. anserine : A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units.	4.91	11	0	beta-alanine derivative; dipeptide; zwitterion	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine 6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine: compound used in second source was chlorhydrate; has been used as retinoprotector	1.97	1	0
ta 0910 TA 0910: structure given in first source; has central nervous system actions; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/90	1.99	1	0	oligopeptide	analgesic; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil 3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart	2.41	2	0	guanidines; pyrazines
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	4.98	7	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	1.99	1	0
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	2.41	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane 1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable	2.03	1	0	straight-chain fatty acid
s-sulphocysteine S-sulphocysteine: residues in physiologically significant proteins treated with sulfite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. S-sulfo-L-cysteine : An S-substituted L-cysteine where the S-substituent is specified as a sulfo group.	3.23	6	0	organic thiosulfate; S-substituted L-cysteine	human metabolite; plant metabolite
toosendanin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine [no description available]	2.4	2	0
dihydro-dids [no description available]	1.96	1	0
metadoxine metadoxine: combination of above cpds	3.64	2	0
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
glycolithocholic acid glycolithocholic acid: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer. glycolithocholic acid : The glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.	1.97	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate; N-acylglycine
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	monoterpenoid
2-iodomelatonin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetamides
arcaine, sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
clofarabine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
sr 48692 SR 48692: structure in first source; a neurotensin receptor-1 antagonist	2.04	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
gr 113808 GR 113808: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: GR 125487 is the HCl salt. GR 113808 : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.	2.03	1	0	indolyl carboxylate ester; piperidines; sulfonamide	serotonergic antagonist
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.38	2	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gallopamil hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
muricholic acid muricholic acid: internal standard in analysis of fecal bile acids; RN given refers to (3 alpha,5 beta)-isomer	2.69	3	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 6-hydroxy steroid; 7-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
gamma-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid [no description available]	2.39	2	0
buthionine sulfoximine L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine : A 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid which has S-configuration. It is a inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and is capable of enhancing the apoptotic effects of several chemotherapeutic agents.	2.03	1	0	2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
pentosidine pentosidine: structure given in first source. pentosidine : An imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively.	8.95	2	1	imidazopyridine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; cross-linking reagent
sb 204070a SB 204070A: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
egta acetoxymethyl ester EGTA acetoxymethyl ester: membrane-permeable form of EGTA	2.04	1	0
6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide 6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; taurine antagonist	6.06	23	0
1-(2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl)-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine LY 165163: structure given in first source; a serotonin agonist. LY-165163 : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl and 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist and 5-HT1D serotonin receptor antagonist.	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	geroprotector; serotonergic agonist
beta-casomorphin 7 beta-casomorphin 7: opioid peptide isolated from casein peptone; corresponds to sequence 60-66 of beta-casein; from a variety of organisms; see also record for general term beta-casomorphin	2.03	1	0
1,2-dioxetane [no description available]	2	1	0
formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methyl ester [no description available]	2.42	2	0	peptide
l 655240 L 655240: thromboxane and prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given is for parent cpd	2.03	1	0	methylindole
5-s-cysteinyldopamine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	S-conjugate
7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole [no description available]	2.06	1	0
rc 3095 bombesin (6-14), Tpi(6)-Leu(13)-psi(CH2NH)-Leu(14)-: an antagonist of bombesin	2.05	1	0
arginylphenylalaninamide arginylphenylalaninamide: RN given refers to (L,L)-isomer; fragment of FMRamide; may be used as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator by optic lobe neurons of different types	2	1	0
san 58035 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
chlorodimedone [no description available]	2.4	2	0
ursocholic acid ursocholic acid: see also records for allocholic and cholic acids. ursocholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three hydroxy substituents at positions 3alpha, 7beta and 12alpha.	2.38	2	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7beta-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	EC 1.1.1.159 (7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite
celastrol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.42	2	0	carbene; methanediyl
bromamine [no description available]	2.94	4	0
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	3.9	12	0	nitrogen oxoacid
propyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate propyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: binds specifically to brain benzodiazepine receptors	1.96	1	0	beta-carbolines
tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to L-isomer; this may not be the same as IMREG-1. Tyr-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-tyrosine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.	2.05	1	0	tripeptide zwitterion; tripeptide	metabolite
nnc 711 NNC 711: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	2.02	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	2.49	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine 2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors	1.99	1	0
23-seleno-25-homotaurocholic acid [no description available]	2.39	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	2.77	3	0	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
antibiotic g 418 antibiotic G 418: from Micromonospora rhodorangea	2.01	1	0
glycerophosphoethanolamine glycerol 3-phosphoethanolamine: a membrane lipid degradation product	2.88	4	0	phosphoethanolamine; sn-glycerol 3-phosphates
hydroxycitric acid hydroxycitric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.23	1	0	carbonyl compound
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide 4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
alanylglutamine alanylglutamine: RN refers to (L-Glu)-isomer; dipeptiven is for parenteral use. Ala-Gln : A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-glutamine residues.	4.03	4	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
gamma-glutamylcysteine L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.	2.77	3	0	gamma-glutamylcysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
5,5'-dihydroxylysylnorleucine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: activates neuronal metabotropic receptors; RN given refers to (trans-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/93	2.03	1	0
hypothiocyanite ion hypothiocyanite ion: structure	2.05	1	0
hypothiocyanite ion hypothiocyanous acid : A sulfur oxoacid that is sulfenic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur has been replaced by a cyano group.	2.46	2	0	one-carbon compound; sulfur oxoacid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiviral agent; human metabolite; oxidising agent; rat metabolite
3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde: reagent for ultrasensitive determination of primary amines by capillary electrophoresis using laser fluorescence detection; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	benzoic acids; quinolines	fluorochrome
ectoine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; monocarboxylic acid; zwitterion	osmolyte
pre 084 2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	morpholines
methotrexate [no description available]	3.52	8	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol 1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol: irreversibly inactivates the dihydroalprenolol binding site; alprenolol analog; isopropylamino group of alprenolol replaced by 8-bromoacetylamino-1-amino-p-menthane moiety in the 1 position; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
sr 2640 SR 2640: leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist	2.03	1	0	quinolines
benoxaprofen glucuronide benoxaprofen glucuronide: metabolite of benoxaprofen; structure given in first source	7.06	1	0
ici 204448 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sorbitol 3-phosphate sorbitol 3-phosphate: metabolite of sorbitol	2.02	1	0	alditol 3-phosphate; glucitol phosphate
sulbactam [no description available]	1.98	1	0	penicillanic acids
glutapyrone glutapyrone: a Latvian compound; exhibits significant antiepileptic effects; lacks calcium antagonistic properties characteristic of 1,4-dihydropyridine compounds	2.04	1	0
sk&f 95654 SK&F 95654: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
tetrahydrobenzo-4,6-dimethylangelicin tetrahydrobenzo-4,6-dimethylangelicin: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
eth 615 ETH 615: leukotriene B4 and interleukin-8 antagonist; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride 4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride: has high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT3 receptors; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
n,n-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide N,N-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide: binds with high affinity to glial mitochondrial diazepam binding inhibitor receptors & increases mitochondrial steroidogenesis	2.03	1	0	phenylindole
5-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine ethane sulfonate [no description available]	2.38	2	0
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.69	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
n,n-dichlorotaurine [no description available]	2.72	3	0
substance p (4-11), pro(4)-trp(7,9)- substance P (4-11), Pro(4)-Trp(7,9)-: RN given refers to (D-Pro,D-Trp)-(L-Met,L-Gln,L-Phe,L-Leu)-isomers; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/85; substance P antagonist	1.97	1	0
l 741626 3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	piperidines
nisoxetine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	1.96	1	0	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
aspartame [no description available]	1.96	1	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.86	4	0	D-xylose
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tilarginine acetate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid: identified in the convulsive period of cobalt-induced seizures from cat cerebral cortex; RN given for cpd with unspecified guanidino-locant	2.03	1	0	L-glutamic acid derivative
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-(+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.05	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
imidazole-4-acetic acid hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	9.28	59	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nsc-141549 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	4.44	2	2	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
gamma-glutamylglutamine gamma-glutamylglutamine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. gamma-Glu-Gln : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the gamma-carboxy group of glutamic acid with the amino group of glutamine	7.68	3	0	dipeptide	human metabolite
5-methoxytryptophan 5-methoxytryptophan: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 5-methoxytryptophan : An L-tryptophan derivative that is L-tryptophan with a methoxy substituent at position 5.	3.12	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-tryptophan derivative	metabolite
n-methylglucosamine N-methylglucosamine: RN given refers to (D)-isomer	1.97	1	0
threonic acid threonic acid: RN given refers to (R,S)-isomer	2.25	1	0	threonic acid
2-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid 2-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid: RN given for (trans)-isomer; structure in first source	2	1	0
2-chloro-2-deoxyglucose [no description available]	2.03	1	0
arginylarginine 2-naphthylamide arginylarginine 2-naphthylamide: substrate for dipeptidyl peptidase III	2.05	1	0
histidylphenylalanine His-Phe : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-histidine with the amino group of L-phenylalanine.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide
idazoxan hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	2	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
isoguvacine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine 8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: inhibitor of phosphodiesterase I	2.03	1	0	oxopurine
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.4	2	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	4.02	14	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
7-octylindolactam v 7-octylindolactam V: only (-)-isomer has carcinogenic activity	1.99	1	0
ios 11212 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-bis(2'-propoxyethoxycarbonyl)-4-(2''-difluoromethoxyphenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine: new Russian drug; corrector of acute transitory ischemia	2.44	2	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	3.28	6	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
acetyltaurine acetyltaurine: used in the treatment of magnesium deficiency. acetyltaurine : An amino sulfonic acid that is taurine substituted by an acetyl group at the N atom.	5.55	15	1	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
sulfoacetaldehyde [no description available]	5.36	18	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; organosulfonic acid
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.03	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	2.88	4	0	carbodiimide
Serotonin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	tryptamines
n-phthaloylglutamic acid N-phthaloyl-L-glutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is L-glutamic acid in which the two hydrogens on the amino group are substituted by a phthaloyl group.	2.03	1	0	L-glutamic acid derivative; phthalimides
questin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
dimethylsulfonioacetate dimethylthetin: synthetic analog of glycine betaine; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	sulfonium betaine
gamma-glu-asp gamma-glutamylaspartic acid: found in pig brain	1.97	1	0	dipeptide
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine 1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
4,5-dibromo-2-pyrrolic acid 4,5-dibromo-2-pyrrolic acid: isol from marine sponge Agelas flabelliformis; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
glycine chloramine glycine chloramine: removes dental caries	2.42	2	0
ag 3-5 icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound
substance p, sar(9)-met(o2)(11)- substance P, Sar(9)-Met(O2)(11)-: a neurokinin-1 receptor agonist	1.98	1	0
monoisoamyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate monoisoamyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate: monoisoamyl ester of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid	3.13	1	0
felinine felinine: a sulfur-containing amino acid; a major component in the urine of domestic cat. felinine : A cysteine thioether that is the S-(4-hydroxy-2-methylbutan-2-yl) derivative of L-cysteine. It is a major component of the urine of the domestic cat.	2.03	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion	mammalian metabolite; pheromone
serine o-sulfate serine O-sulfate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. L-serine O-sulfate : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is the O-sulfo derivative of L-serine.	1.96	1	0	L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-sulfoamino acid
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	2.66	3	0
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	1.98	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	1.97	1	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
cysteinolic acid cysteinolic acid: RN given from Toxlit 5/88	2.38	2	0
n-n-propylnorapomorphine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
urapidil monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
lanthanum carbonate lanthanum carbonate: a phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease	3.13	1	0
symmetric dimethylarginine N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups at the N(omega)- and N'(omega)-positions	2.51	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	7.36	2	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
azepexole, dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
bathocuproine disulfonate bathocuproine sulfonate: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd. bathocuproine disulfonic acid : A phenanthroline that consists of 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl groups at position 2 and 9 as well as two 4-sulfophenyl groups at positions 4 and 7.. copper chelator : A chelator that is any compound containing a ligand (typically organic) which is able to form a bond to a central copper atom at two or more points.	2.38	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; phenanthrolines	chelator
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	3.63	2	0
2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
5-hydroxyhexanoic acid 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid : A medium-chain fatty acid that is hexanoic acid substituted at position 5 by a hydroxy group.	2.21	1	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; medium-chain fatty acid	human urinary metabolite
n-acetyl-n-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine: metabolite of melatonin; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	aromatic ketone
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	4.51	4	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	6.77	25	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
abt 980 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
gabaculine gabaculine: potent inhibitor of aminobutyrate aminotransferase from Streptomyces toyocaensis.; also inhibits a variety of PLP-dependent aminotransferases; structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (S)-gabaculine : The (S)-enantiomer of gabaculine.	1.97	1	0	5-aminocyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
sk&f 75670 SK&F 75670: RN refers to HBr; N-methyl derivative of SK&F 38393	2.03	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	4.17	17	0
esatenolol esatenolol : The (S)-enantiomer of atenolol.	2.03	1	0	atenolol	beta-adrenergic antagonist
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	1.94	1	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.74	3	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
nbi 27914 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
sb 216763 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles; maleimides
zm 241385 ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor	2.01	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	8.76	3	0	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.65	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
antalarmin antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).	2.02	1	0	pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
eslicarbazepine acetate eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.	2.1	1	0	acetate ester; carboxamide; dibenzoazepine; ureas	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
(R)-atenolol (R)-atenolol : The (R)-enantiomer of atenolol.	2.03	1	0	atenolol
memantine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	3.36	1	1	very long-chain fatty acid
propargylglycine propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.49	8	0
pefabloc [no description available]	2.03	1	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	7.78	3	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl fluoride 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl fluoride: protein modifying agent	1.97	1	0
7-ketodeoxycholic acid 7-ketodeoxycholic acid: RN given refers to (3 alpha,5 beta,12 alpha)-isomer	1.95	1	0	7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid
isospaglumic acid isospaglumic acid: mediator in the sensitivity of animals to hyperbaric oxygenation; Naaxia is the tradename; apparently can have both a neuroprotective and a neurotoxic effect. Ac-Asp-Glu : A dipeptide composed of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid joined by a peptide linkage.	4.48	5	1	dipeptide	human metabolite
phosphoglycocyamine phosphoguanidinoacetic acid : A guanidinoacetate having a phospho group attached to the primary amino part of the guanidine moiety.	2.33	2	0	guanidinoacetic acids; phosphoramide
cysteine thiosulfonate cysteine thiosulfonate: has role in cystine metabolism; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	S-conjugate
pongidae [no description available]	2.03	1	0
deflazacort deflazacort: structure	2	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
enkephalin-met, lys(6)- enkephalin-Met, Lys(6)-: opioid hexapeptide found in adrenal medulla & brain	1.97	1	0
24-norursodeoxycholic acid 24-norursodeoxycholic acid: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
isofloridoside isofloridoside: RN given refers to parent cpd. isofloridoside : A galactosylglycerol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding alpha-D-galactopyranoside.	2.08	1	0	alpha-D-galactoside; galactosylglycerol
beta-mercaptolactate cysteine disulfide beta-mercaptolactate cysteine disulfide: structure	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
glycyl-glycyl-valine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	oligopeptide
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2.42	2	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
1-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl)carbodiimide 1-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl)carbodiimide: inhibits phosphate transport in human erythrocytes	1.96	1	0
succinylproline [no description available]	2.03	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
cgp 54626 CGP 54626: RN given for (S-(R,R))-isomer	2.03	1	0
sb 205384 SB 205384: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	thienopyridine
hydrastine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines	metabolite
gabaculine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
etiron monohydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
muraglitazar muraglitazar: has glucose- and lipid-lowering activities; structure in first source; molecule composed of benzyloxazole-phenoxy-oxybenzylglycine-phenoxyl having structural analogy to PHENOXYBENZAMINE	2.03	1	0	1,3-oxazoles
bmy 7378 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
vesamicol [no description available]	2.03	1	0
eglumetad eglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
sorafenib [no description available]	7.21	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
solifenacin succinate Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	1.98	1	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	7.4	37	1	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	8.62	73	2	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	3.2	6	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methandriol Methandriol: A synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)	1.93	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.75	10	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	2.66	3	0
vincristine sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic sulfate salt	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.05	1	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	2.38	2	0
estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.	1.97	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent
n-methylserotonin oxalate salt [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nsc 95397 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
acivicin [no description available]	2	1	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
wortmannin [no description available]	3.11	5	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
glycyl-glycyl-sarcosine glycyl-glycyl-sarcosine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
sorbinil sorbinil: aldose reductase inhibitor. sorbinil : An azaspiro compound having a monofluoro-substituted chromane skeleton spiro-linked to an imidazolidinedione ring.	2.91	4	0	azaspiro compound; chromanes; imidazolidinone; organofluorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	4.25	18	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.94	4	0
protoverin Protoveratrines: Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.	2.36	2	0
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	1.98	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	4.02	14	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	1.97	1	0
carboplatin [no description available]	2.49	2	0
eprodisate eprodisate: slows the decline of renal function in AA amyloidosis	3.19	1	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.39	2	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	4.22	5	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	5.49	21	0
arabinose [no description available]	2.34	2	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	3.77	3	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	6.97	1	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	2.9	4	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	3.6	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	3.23	6	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	9.66	47	2	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.38	2	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
formiminoglutamic acid Formiminoglutamic Acid: Measurement of this acid in the urine after oral administration of histidine provides the basis for the diagnostic test of folic acid deficiency and of megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy.. N-formimidoyl-L-glutamic acid : The N-formimidoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid	1.98	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-glutamic acid derivative
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	8.62	9	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.06	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan hydroxytryptophan : A hydroxy-amino acid that is tryptophan substituted by at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan : The L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan.	2.03	1	0	5-hydroxytryptophan; amino acid zwitterion; hydroxy-L-tryptophan; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	2.38	2	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	4.48	7	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
pantetheine Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.	2.36	2	0	pantetheines; thiol	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
theanine theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine	geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
o-succinylhomoserine O-succinylhomoserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2	1	0	hemisuccinate; o-succinylhomoserine	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.91	4	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	8.53	8	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glutamyl-glutamic acid glutamyl-glutamic acid: RN given for (L,L)-isomer. Glu-Glu : A dipeptide composed of two L-glutamic acid units joined by a peptide linkage.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	6.46	59	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	2.35	2	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	2.03	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
alpha-aminobutyric acid alpha-aminobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-aminobutyric acid : An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid : An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration.	1.96	1	0	alpha-aminobutyric acid; D-alpha-amino acid
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taurolithocholic acid Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.	3.25	6	0	bile acid taurine conjugate; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	3.11	5	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
willardiine willardiine: isolated from seeds of Acacia willariana; structure. 3-(uracil-1-yl)-L-alanine : The 3-(uracil-1-yl) derivative of L-alanine.	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	2	1	0	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	2.03	1	0	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	7.19	121	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	5.24	6	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	7.01	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	4.18	5	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	2.35	2	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
amiodarone hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone
dicyclomine hydrochloride dicyclomine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dicyclomine. An anticholinergic, it is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
metyrosine alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.	2.03	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
nortriptyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic tricyclic compound	geroprotector
paromomycin sulfate paromomycin sulfate : An aminoglycoside sulfate salt resulting from the treatment of paromomycin with sulfuric acid. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	2.03	1	0
canaline canaline: structure	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	1.98	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
indican [no description available]	2.39	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	2.71	3	0
ginsenoside rf ginsenoside Rf: from ginseng. ginsenoside Rf : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	7.25	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
brucine brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94	2.02	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound
phorbol phorbol: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9b beta))-isomer; synonym isophorbol refers to (4a alpha)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7143. phorbol : A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions.	2	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
naringin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
dendrobine dendrobine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	6.96	1	0	indoles
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	7.96	3	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
Dubinidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.48	2	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
s-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione S-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione: photoaffinity label deriv of glutathione; inhibits glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5)	2.03	1	0	peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	3.38	7	0	tripeptide
hydroxylamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
sb 228357 SB 228357: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor	2.03	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	3.4	7	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine derivative that is L-alpha-phenylglycine substituted at positions 3 and 5 on the phenyl ring by hydroxy groups.	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; resorcinols
actinonin actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure	2.03	1	0
dironyl dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.02	1	0	organic molecular entity
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.03	1	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.	2.03	1	0	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
dihydroergocristine monomesylate dihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.	2.03	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.73	3	0	cyclodextrin
7-ketolithocholic acid 7-ketolithocholic acid: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer. 7-oxolithocholic acid : A bile acid that is lithocholic acid carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 7.	2.66	3	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.95	4	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	7.25	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	5.34	10	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	7.55	24	1	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.17	1	0	cyclodextrin
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.1	1	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	10.01	6	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	8.28	24	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
latrunculin a latrunculin A: 16-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin B; structure given in first source. latrunculin A : A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.	2.1	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	4.53	9	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	2.41	2	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.05	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	3.26	6	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	10.48	15	1	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	2.02	1	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	3.27	6	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	4.46	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	3.34	1	1
brivudine brivudine: anti-herpes agent	2.03	1	0
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol 5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol: estrogen receptor ligand; structure in first source. (R,R)-5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-2,8-chrysenediol : A carbotetracyclic compound that is 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 8 and by ethyl groups at positions 5 and 11 (the 5R,11R-stereoisomer). It is an agonist of ER-alpha and antagonist of ER-beta receptors.	2.03	1	0	carbotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	estrogen receptor agonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	2.04	1	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid 2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
obeticholic acid obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.	2.21	1	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	farnesoid X receptor agonist; hepatoprotective agent
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.01	1	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	2.72	3	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
benzoylecgonine benzoylecgonine: cocaine is benzoyl methyl ecgonine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; structure. ecgonine benzoate : A benzoate ester metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis of the methyl ester group, catalysed by carboxylesterases.	3.45	1	1	benzoate ester; tropane alkaloid	epitope; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2.89	4	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylmethionine N-acetylmethionine: RN given refers to L-isomer. N-acetylmethionine : A methionine derivative that is methionine in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.	1.96	1	0	L-methionine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acetylmethionine	nutraceutical
L-cycloserine L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.	2.45	2	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one	anti-HIV agent; anticonvulsant; EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.91	4	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
acid fuchsin acid fuchsin: RN refers to disodium salt. acid fuchsin : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-amino-5-[(4-amino-3-sulfophenyl)(4-imino-3-sulfocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-3-methylbenzene-1-sulfonic acid. It is used in the Van Gieson method in conjunction with picric acid to demonstrate collagen fibres red, and in Masson's trichrome to colour smooth muscle in contrast to collagen.	2.06	1	0
sulfolithocholic acid sulfolithocholic acid: RN refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer. lithocholic acid sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is lithocholic acid in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a sulfo group.	2.67	3	0	steroid sulfate
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pantethine pantethine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. pantethine : An organic disulfide that consists of two molecules of pantothenic acid linked by amide bonds to a cysteamine disulfide bridging group.	1.96	1	0	organic disulfide	coenzyme; nutraceutical
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	1.99	1	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
purvalanol a 6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;	2.03	1	0	purvalanol
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.35	7	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	1.93	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	2.4	2	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	4.56	8	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	2.03	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	3.5	8	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
maltitol maltitol : An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute.	2.17	1	0	alpha-D-glucoside; glycosyl alditol	laxative; metabolite; sweetening agent
potassium thiocyanate potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.	1.97	1	0	potassium salt
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.37	2	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.	2.03	1	0	organic salt; potassium salt	antifungal agrochemical; buffer; food acidity regulator; raising agent
sodium chlorate sodium chlorate : An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.	7.41	1	0	chlorate salt; inorganic sodium salt	herbicide
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	1.99	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	7.1	1	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.74	3	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
potassium fluoride potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.	1.97	1	0	fluoride salt; potassium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound; poison
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	3.59	2	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
3-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid 3-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid: GABA analog; RN given refers to cis-(+-)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.48	2	0	triterpenoid
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	2.02	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.13	1	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
glycosides [no description available]	2.66	3	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.07	16	0	isomethyleugenol
piplartine piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source	3.19	1	0	cinnamamides; dicarboximide
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.03	4	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	3.1	1	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	5.53	13	0	stilbene
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
prolinol prolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. prolinol : An amino alcohol formed by reduction of the amino acid proline.	2.06	1	0
picibanil Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.	1.97	1	0	penicillinate anion
rauwolscine Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.	2.03	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.41	2	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	6.29	7	0	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	8.37	7	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	1.94	1	0	diphosphate ion
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.03	1	0	benzamides
calmidazolium calmidazolium chloride : The organic choride salt of calmidazolium.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
tropisetron hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	2.03	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
Reactive blue 2 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	anthraquinone
alphaxalone RU 5135: powerful antagonist of GABA stimulation of diazepam binding; structure in first source	2.67	3	0	11-oxo steroid
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2h-benzimidazol-2-one 5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one: stimulates Cl- secretion in the mouse jejunum	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene
quinidine sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dithizone Dithizone: Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes.	2.06	1	0
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	4	4	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
ipratropium bromide anhydrous [no description available]	2.03	1	0
methamilane methiodide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pilocarpine nitrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
r 59949 R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	2.43	2	0
methylatropine nitrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
prothionamide Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.	2.08	1	0	pyridines
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	1.99	1	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	2.01	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
sb 366791 N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ag-213 tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;	2.03	1	0
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.71	3	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bemesetron [no description available]	2.03	1	0
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	2.4	2	0
(S)-(-)-pindolol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pindolol
levosulpiride (S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).	2.03	1	0	sulpiride	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.03	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
n-acetyltryptophan N-acetyl-L-tryptophan : A N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of L-tryptophan.	2.05	1	0	L-tryptophan derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	metabolite
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine 4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine : A L-phenylalanine derivative that is L-phenylalanine in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.	2.03	1	0	4-fluorophenylalanine; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
urocanic acid Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.	2.39	2	0	urocanic acid	human metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.03	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	1.97	1	0	diarylmethane
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	5.79	15	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
urb 597 cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	biphenyls
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	5.73	6	1	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
cysteine sulfinic acid 3-sulfino-L-alanine : The organosulfinic acid arising from oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of L-cysteine.	2.03	1	0	organosulfinic acid; S-substituted L-cysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; mouse metabolite
n-glycylalanine Gly-Ala : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-alanine residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
d-ap7 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3-acetyl-7-methoxycoumarin 3-acetyl-7-methoxycoumarin: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	coumarins
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	7.17	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
tacrine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	3.05	5	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	12.91	52	1	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	3.8	11	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
4-bromotetramisole, oxalate (1:1), salt(s)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	4.05	4	0
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.01	1	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
5-doxylstearate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aminoxyls
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	4.33	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	4.85	8	1	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
guanylthiourea Guanylthiourea: May protect against hypoxic damage; proposed for treatment of shock due to trauma or blood loss; also stimulates paretic gastrointestinal system.	1.96	1	0
glycylvaline glycylvaline: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	human metabolite
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester, hydrochloride, (dl)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
epsilon-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-lysine epsilon-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-lysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.05	1	0
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2.03	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
diphenyleneiodium chloride dibenziodolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having dibenziodolium as the counterion.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; G-protein-coupled receptor agonist
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, (cis)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tamoxifen citrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	citrate salt	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent
tamoxifen [no description available]	5.56	22	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin [no description available]	2.01	1	0
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	3.49	8	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
nadp [no description available]	5.84	31	0
pimagedine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.77	3	0
nap taurine NAP taurine: photochemical labelling reagent for erythrocyte membrane; structure	5.7	27	0
Betaine Aldehyde Chloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
eskazine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
monastrol monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.	2.03	1	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; phenols; racemate; thioureas	antileishmanial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	7.66	3	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
tetrachlorodecaoxide tetrachlorodecaoxide: stimulates wound healing; consists of chlorine, oxygen complexes	2.42	2	0
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	3.36	7	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.73	3	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
glycylproline Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide 4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.	2.03	1	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
n-bromotaurine N-bromotaurine: cpd able to kill the schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni	7.92	24	1
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	2.97	4	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	13.62	21	1	alkali metal atom
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	8.09	5	0	nitrogen oxide
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	2.9	3	0
thiouridine Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.	2.47	2	0	nucleoside analogue; thiouridine	affinity label; antimetabolite
quinine [no description available]	3.25	6	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.03	1	0
((5,6-dichloro-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-3-oxo-9a-propyl-1h-fluoren-7-yl)oxy)acetic acid L 644711: RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure given in first source; HCO3(-)/Cl(-) antiporter antagonist	1.98	1	0
glycodeoxycholic acid Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.	2.91	4	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.04	1	0
iodonaphthylazide iodonaphthylazide: hydrophobic photoactive cpd; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	1.98	1	0
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/87	2.03	1	0
s-methyl n,n-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide: structure given in first source; a natural metabolite of disulfiram; a potent inhibitor of rat liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase	2.11	1	0
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin 5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin: structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
cystine [no description available]	9.86	82	4
2-thiouridine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	nucleoside analogue; thiouridine
bp 897 BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	naphthalenecarboxamide
trequinsin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
neboglamine neboglamine: potential memory enhancer	2.03	1	0
tetralysine tetralysine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	2.11	1	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	1.99	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	1.93	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	4.29	5	0
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	2.05	1	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
benzatropine methanesulfonate benzatropine mesylate : The methanesulfonate salt of benzatropine. An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	2.03	1	0
sb 203186 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.	2.03	1	0	1,2-thiazoles; indoles; ureas	receptor modulator; serotonergic antagonist
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.75	3	0
gw 7647 GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.	2.03	1	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; ureas	PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	3.99	14	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
ro 41-0960 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cgp 13501 CGP 13501: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	alkylbenzene
ncs 382 NCS 382: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
n-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide: dopamine D4 ligand; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	4.67	6	1	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	1.98	1	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
brl 15572 3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol : An N-alkylpiperazine that is 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine carrying a 3,3-diphenyl-2-hydroxyprop-1-yl group at position 4. A selective h5-HT1D antagonist, displaying 60-fold selectivity over h5-HT1B, and exhibiting little or no affinity for a range of other receptor types.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; secondary alcohol	geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
mrs 1523 2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	3.5	8	0	quinoxaline derivative
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines	reagent
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.02	1	0
or486 OR486: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	3.1	5	0	quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	3.08	5	0
iik7 IIK7: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
sb 415286 3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; maleimides; monochlorobenzenes; phenols; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
dm 235 DM 235: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	2.35	2	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.4	2	0
jhw 015 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indolecarboxamide
bw 723c86 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	tryptamines
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
sc-19220 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether
2-aminoethylmethyl sulfone 2-aminoethylmethyl sulfone: potent stimulator of ATP-dependent calcium uptake; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
le 300 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles
icodextrin Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.	3.62	2	0
ly 367265 LY 367265: a 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibitor; a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source. LY-367,265 : A fluoroindole that is 1H-indole in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by 1-[2-(2,2-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-2lambda(6)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[4,3,2-ij]quinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (Ki = 2.3 nM) and an antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor (Ki = 0.81 nM).	2.03	1	0	dihydropyridine; fluoroindole; tertiary amino compound; thiadiazoloquinoline	antidepressant; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
4-cresol sulfate p-cresol sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is p-cresol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfate	gut flora metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.11	1	0
diclofenac sodium Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt
cgp 7930 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenol: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	alkylbenzene
1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1h-pyrazole 4,4',4''-(4-propylpyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol : A pyrazole that is 1H-pyrazole bearing three 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5 as well as a propyl substituent at position 4. Potent, subtype-selective estrogen receptor agonist (EC50 ~ 200 pM); displays 410-fold selectivity for ERalpha over ERbeta. Prevents ovariectomy-induced weight gain and loss of bone mineral density, and induces gene expression in the hypothalamus following systemic administration in vivo.	2.03	1	0	phenols; pyrazoles	estrogen receptor agonist
pyrrolidine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
sib 1757 SIB 1757: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
noxythiolin Noxythiolin: Local antibacterial that probably acts by releasing formaldehyde in aqueous solutions. It is used for THERAPEUTIC IRRIGATION of infected body cavities - bladder, peritoneum, etc. and as a spray for burns.	3.22	6	0	thioureas
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	3.1	5	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.73	3	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	8.47	7	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	8.99	72	1	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	4.26	18	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	2.4	2	0	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.03	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	2.51	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.14	5	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.67	3	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	4.33	3	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.71	3	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	4.78	10	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	1.97	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	2.05	1	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	7.88	4	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
daphnetin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
alprostadil [no description available]	2.73	3	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	2.13	1	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	3.21	6	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	7.42	2	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	2.4	2	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	2.89	4	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	1.96	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
genistein [no description available]	3.75	10	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.41	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
timolol maleate (S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid.	2.03	1	0	maleate salt	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
brompheniramine maleate brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	2.03	1	0	maleate salt	anti-allergic agent
chlorpheniramine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
clemastine fumarate clemastine fumarate : The fumaric acid salt of clemastine. An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	2.03	1	0	fumarate salt	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
methylergonovine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	ergoline alkaloid	geroprotector
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.03	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
fucoxanthin fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.	4.08	1	0
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	3.42	1	1	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
geranylgeraniol (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol : A geranylgeraniol in which all four double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.08	1	0	geranylgeraniol
harman harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.	2.03	1	0	harmala alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2.9	2	0	alpha-humulene
baicalein [no description available]	1.98	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.05	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	2.03	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.03	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
retrorsine retrorsine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	7.68	3	0	macrolide
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.03	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.72	3	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.66	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
flupenthixol cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.	2.03	1	0	flupenthixol	dopaminergic antagonist
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	8.3	14	3	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2.06	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
n-oleoyldopamine N-oleoyldopamine: putative capsaicin receptor ligand; produces hyperalgesia; isolated from the brain. N-oleoyldopamine : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.	2.03	1	0	catechols; fatty amide; N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine; secondary carboxamide	TRPV1 agonist
pheniramine maleate Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
pelubiprofen pelubiprofen: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/84	1.98	1	0
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.03	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	6.29	29	0	stilbenoid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.66	3	0	4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	2.11	1	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
trimipramine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	maleate salt	antidepressant
11-ketotestosterone 11-ketotestosterone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 11-oxotestosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is testosterone carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 11.	2.07	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.72	3	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	7.03	1	0
xylometazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
flunarizine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
ketotifen fumarate ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.	2.03	1	0	organoammonium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of cis-flupenthixol.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	geroprotector
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	3.37	7	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.42	2	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
n-arachidonylglycine N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide	2.03	1	0	fatty amide; N-acylglycine
n-oleoylethanolamine N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.	2.03	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-acylethanolamine 18:1	EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.45	2	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
hyodeoxycholic acid hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer. hyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.92	4	0	5beta-cholanic acids; 6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid; bile acid; C24-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
codeine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.03	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
mepyramine maleate histosol: proprietary mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons forming an extremely nonpolar organic solvent	2.03	1	0
3-amino-1-methyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure	1.97	1	0	pyridoindole
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	7.31	1	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	7.92	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	9.71	21	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	10.72	20	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.04	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	12.39	30	1	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	1.99	1	0	cyclodextrin
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.42	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
n-methylalanine N-methylalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd(DL-Ala)-isomer. methyl-L-alanine : Any alanine derivative that is L-alanine having one or more methyl groups attached to the amino group.. N-methyl-L-alanine : A methyl-L-alanine in which one of the the amino hydrogen of L-alanine is replaced by a methyl group.	2.41	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; methyl-L-alanine
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	4.55	25	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid 4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).	2.03	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor agonist; teratogenic agent
l-2-(carboxypropyl)glycine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
4-aminocrotonic acid [no description available]	3.11	5	0
denopamine denopamine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	1.98	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	7.61	2	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
endomorphin 1 endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain	2.08	1	0	oligopeptide
sb 277011 SB 277011: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
l 655,708 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.08	1	0	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.45	2	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	3.49	8	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	8.48	8	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
org 24598 org 24598: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
ro 41-1049 Ro 41-1049: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	1.97	1	0
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	7.91	4	0
sb 200646a [no description available]	2.03	1	0
seglitide seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
sib 1893 SIB 1893: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	2	1	0	piperazines
su 6656 SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.	2.03	1	0
s 145 S 145: TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (+)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 10/88; S-1452 is the calcium hydrate form of S-145	1.99	1	0	monoterpenoid
7,7-dimethyl-5,8-eicosadienoic acid 7,7-dimethyl-5,8-eicosadienoic acid: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/89	2	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid: metabolite of arachidonic acid in blood platelet suspension; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.03	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; trienoic fatty acid	metabolite
biliverdine [no description available]	3.38	7	0
kaempferol 3-o-rhamnoside kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside: from apple (Malus domestica) leaves; structure in first source. afzelin : A glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to an alpha-L-rhamnosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.11	1	0	glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
isorhamnetin 3-o-glucoside isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside: from the flowers of Persea gratissima; structure in first source. isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is isorhamnetin substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	2	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite
icaritin icaritin: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	3.85	3	0
tyrphostin ag 555 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tyrphostin ag-494 AG 494: tyrphostin that blocks Cdk2 activation; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
tyrphostin b44 tyrphostin B44: inhibits protein kinases; an analog of tyrphostin B46; B44(+) is B50, and is the stereoisomer of B44(-)	2.03	1	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
ag 112 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ag 183 AG 183: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.03	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.13	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	5.06	13	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	2.03	1	0
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7085 BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; nitrile; sulfone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor
molsidomine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	3.22	6	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	1.99	1	0
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.88	4	0	alkali metal atom
8-hydroxyadenine 8-hydroxyadenine: xanthine oxidase reacted adenine metabolite in epidermis of hairless mice; structure. 8-oxoadenine : An oxopurine that is adenine bearing a single oxo substituent at position 8.. 8-hydroxyadenine : A nucleobase analogue that is adenine bearing a single hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2	1	0	6-aminopurines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; nucleobase analogue; oxopurine	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	3.69	10	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	3.99	14	0	alkali metal atom
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2.68	3	0
nomifensine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	4.72	9	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	1.98	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.06	1	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	6.04	21	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	20.97	240	50	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	7.41	2	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
nalbuphine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	2.65	3	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	8.93	90	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)	3.98	1	0	styrenes
isoalloxazine isoalloxazine: structure	2.03	1	0	benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	1.97	1	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	3.66	10	0	alkaloid
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	3.1	5	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
vinblastine sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cytochalasin e cytochalasin E: structure	2	1	0	cytochalasan alkaloid	metabolite
n-methylscopolamine bromide scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.	2.03	1	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	3.3	2	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.38	2	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	alpha-amino-acid radical
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	14.08	322	7	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	8.76	11	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	2.9	2	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	1.99	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
dextromethorphan hydrobromide dextromethorphan hydrobromide : The hydrobromide and monohydrate of the antitussive drug dextromethorphan.	2.03	1	0	hydrate; hydrobromide
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.73	3	0
naloxone hydrochloride naloxone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of naloxone and hydrogen chloride. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
alanyl-alanyl-alanine alanyl-alanyl-alanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. Ala-Ala-Ala : A tripeptide composed of three L-alanine units joined by peptide linkages.	2	1	0	tripeptide	metabolite
naltrexone hydrochloride naltrexone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of oxycodone with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. it is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	2.42	2	0
lespenefril lespenefril: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. kaempferol 3,7-di-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residues at positions 3 and 7 respectively via glycosidic linkages. It has been isolated from the aerial parts of Vicia faba and Lotus edulis.	2.11	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; hypoglycemic agent; immunomodulator; plant metabolite
troxerutin troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides	2.42	2	0
enkephalin-met, ala(2)- enkephalin-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin	3.05	1	0
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	3.13	1	0
guanylin guanylin: from rat jejunum; contains 15 amino acids; activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase; stimulates this enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank Z73607 (pig)	6.98	1	0
oleoyl-coenzyme a oleoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	1.98	1	0	octadecenoyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
arachidonyl-coenzyme a arachidonoyl-CoA : An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of arachidononic acid.	1.98	1	0	arachidonoyl bioconjugate; unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA
guanabenz acetate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene	geroprotector
nylidrin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	alkylbenzene
triprolidine hydrochloride anhydrous triprolidine hydrochloride (anh.) : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of triprolidine and hydrogen chloride. Its monohydrate is used for the symptomatic relief of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	H1-receptor antagonist
famotidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
fenoterol fenoterol hydrobromide : The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.03	1	0	hydrobromide	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
tiapridex Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.	2.03	1	0	benzamides
quipazine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride Ro 16-6491: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
tulobuterol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
hp 029 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n,n,n-trimethyl-1-(4-stilbenoxy)-2-propylammonium iodide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	1.98	1	0
gw-5074 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one 6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2	2.72	3	0	naphthalenes
nf023 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nf 449 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.64	3	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	7.21	73	0
gr 46611 GR 46611: known to lower body temperature in guinea pigs	2.03	1	0
oroidin oroidin: from marine sponges of the genus Agelas; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	pyrroles; secondary carboxamide	metabolite
cgp 71872 CGP 71872: structure in first source	2	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	10	40	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	7.85	24	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	5.57	14	0
octadecylsilane [no description available]	2.13	1	0
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	2.11	1	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
diacetylmonoxime diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.	2.03	1	0
homatropine hydrobromide, (endo-(+-)-isomer) [no description available]	2.03	1	0
vancomycin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
moxisylyte hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	monoterpenoid
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	9.78	31	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	1.97	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
cholestanol Cholestanol: A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.	1.94	1	0	cholestanoid
neramexane [no description available]	2.71	3	0
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate: RN given refers to unspecified fumarate	2.39	2	0
bongkrekic acid Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.	2.02	1	0	ether; olefinic compound; tricarboxylic acid	apoptosis inhibitor; ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; toxin
flupirtine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cilastatin [no description available]	2.4	2	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
zimelidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
triticonazole triticonazole: a fungicide triticonazole. triticonazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-triticonazole. A seed treatment fungicide for the control of common bunt, loose smut and covered smut on barley, oats and wheat.	2.41	1	0
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available]	1.99	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid SDZ EAA 494: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
manoalide manoalide: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; sesterterpene from marine sponge L. variabilis; structure given in first source. manoalide : A sesterterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Luffariella variabilis and which has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity towards phospholipase A2.	2.44	2	0	butenolide; lactol; sesterterpenoid	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; metabolite
ditaurobilirubin [no description available]	8.92	13	0
taurobilirubin [no description available]	3.04	5	0
bilirubin ditaurine bilirubin ditaurine: prevents the peroxyl radical-induced oxidation of phosphatidylcholine in either multimellar liposomes or miscelles	4.28	18	0
4-benzamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
nidulin nidulin: structure	2.11	1	0
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione, (17z)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
zy 17617b CGS 9343B: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.68	3	0
su 4312 SU4312 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a p-(dimethylamino)phenyl group. SU 4312 is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor protein tyrosine kinase 1/2 and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor inhibitor. It also inhibits the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and exhibits neuroprotection against NO-mediated neurotoxicity.	2.03	1	0
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
gw 1929 GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	benzophenones
beta-escin [no description available]	6.42	7	1
protriptyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-(3-(cyclohexylidene-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl))phenyl)ethanesulfonamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide N-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide: has anticonvulsant activity; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cb 34 CB 34: ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
b 43 RK-24466 : A member of the class of pyrrolopyrimidines that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by amino, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and cyclopentyl groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of Lck that inhibits Lck (64-509) and LckCD isoforms (IC50 of less than 1 and 2 nM, respectively).	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; cyclopentanes; primary amino compound; pyrrolopyrimidine	EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
(8R)-7-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
(8R)-7-propyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane 3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
2-(3,3-diphenylpropylamino)acetamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide 4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
gw2974 GW2974: quinazoline derivative, which is able to block the activation of both the EGFR and erbB2	2.03	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
l 162313 L 162313: a biphenylimidazole derivative; a non-peptide angiotensin agonist; no further information available 2/95	2.03	1	0
l-165041 4-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone
mrs 1754 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	oxopurine
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	3.12	5	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
pd 404182 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sb 222200 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	quinolines
dantrolene sodium dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.	2.03	1	0
cr 2945 CR 2945: a member of non-peptide CCKB receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
suloctidil Suloctidil: A peripheral vasodilator that was formerly used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is hepatotoxic and fatalities have occurred. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	2.37	2	0
sb 218795 SB 218795: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	quinolines
ro 25-6981 Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source. Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.	2.11	1	0	benzenes; phenols; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
dihydroceramide N-acetylsphinganine : A dihydroceramide in which the ceramide acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.03	1	0	N-acylsphinganine
lactacystin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
epinephrine bitartrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
bicuculline methobromide [no description available]	2.39	2	0
6 beta-hydroxycortisol 6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.	2.57	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 6beta-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; probe
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	2.03	1	0
butaclamol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.03	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
carboxyl radical [no description available]	2.07	1	0	carbon oxide; organic radical anion	xenobiotic metabolite
thiotaurine thiotaurine: structure in first source	6.16	25	0
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.94	13	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
eritoran eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.	3.16	1	0	lipid As
8-bromo-beta-phenyl-1,n(2)-ethenoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate 8-bromo-beta-phenyl-1,N(2)-ethenoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate: RN refers to (S)-isomer; protein kinase G inhibitor; structure given in first source	2	1	0
detorubicin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	2.02	1	0
a 38503 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sk&f 89976-a [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cv 1808 2-phenylaminoadenosine: has coronary & cardiohemodynamic effects	2.03	1	0	purine nucleoside
retapamulin retapamulin: a synthetic pleuromutilin	2.07	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone
tryptophanol tryptophanol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0
phenylalanylglycine phenylalanylglycine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. Phe-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and glycine residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
glycyl-alanyl-phenylalanine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	oligopeptide
methionylglycine methionylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Met-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and glycine residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
histidylhistidine histidylhistidine: RN given for L-,L-isomer	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
valylleucine valylleucine: RN given refers to all L-isomer. Val-Leu : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-leucine residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
alanylglycine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
alpha-glutamyltryptophan Trp-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and L-glutamic acid residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
methionylglutamic acid Met-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-glutamic acid residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	3.08	5	0	ammonium ion derivative
phenylalanyl-valine phenylalanyl-valine: structure in first source. Phe-Val : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-valine residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	7.12	27	1	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cholanic acid cholanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomer designation. cholanic acid : A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24.. colanic acid : A polyanionic heteropolysaccharide containing a repeat unit with D-glucose, L-fucose, D-galactose, and D-glucuronic acid sugars that are non-stoichiometrically decorated with O-acetyl and pyruvate side-chains	1.96	1	0	cholanic acids
sidnocarb sidnocarb: Russian drug; structure	2.42	2	0
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	6.11	16	2	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.11	1	0
naltrexazone naltrexazone: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
naloxone benzoylhydrazone [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
amiprilose [no description available]	2.03	1	0
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride (R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (R)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
dolastatin 10 dolastatin 10: from mollusk Dolabella auricularia; contains four amino acids, dolavaline, dolaisoleucine, dolaproine, valine and the primary amine dolaphenine; deo-dolastatin 10 is a new dolastatin 10 chiral derivative with MW of 784. dolastatin 10 : A tetrapeptide that is isolated from the sea hare Dolabella auricularia. It is a potent anticancer agent which inhibits tubulin polymerization.	3.09	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; tetrapeptide	animal metabolite; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; marine metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
anatibant LF 16-0687: a potent non-peptide bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2	1	0	proline derivative
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	4.42	2	0	oligopeptide
pd 150606 PD 150606: a calpain inhibitor; structure given in first source. (Z)-3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-mercaptoacrylic acid : An organoiodine compound that is acrylic acid in which the vinylic hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by mercapto and 4-iodophenyl groups respectively (the Z geoisomer).	2.21	1	0	cinnamic acids; organoiodine compound; thioenol	apoptosis inhibitor; calpain inhibitor
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	3.73	10	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
desmethylselegiline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3-morpholino-sydnonimine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sm 346 SM 346: 2-mercaptobenzimidazole derivative	2.06	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	10.98	101	1	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
t 1032 T 1032: a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
eslicarbazepine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
ecomustine ecomustine: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
qx-314 bromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (S)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sr 59230a 3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino)-2-propanol oxalate: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
gw 4064 [no description available]	2.44	2	0	stilbenoid
u 74389g [no description available]	2.03	1	0
g(m2) ganglioside G(M2) Ganglioside: A glycosphingolipid that accumulates due to a deficiency of hexosaminidase A or B (BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES), or GM2 activator protein, resulting in GANGLIOSIDOSES, heredity metabolic disorders that include TAY-SACHS DISEASE and SANDHOFF DISEASE.. ganglioside GM2 (18:0) : A sialotriaosylceramide that is N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine in which the acyl group on the sphingosine nitrogen is octadecanoyl. A constituent of natural ganglioside GM2.	2.01	1	0	N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine; sialotriaosylceramide	antigen
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
y 27632, dihydrochloride, (4(r)-trans)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
noscapine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
a 77636 (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by mixing equimolar amounts of (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol with hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
tetramethylrhodamine tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure	2.01	1	0	xanthene dye
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	2.38	2	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.38	2	0
neoechinulin a neoechinulin A: from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp.; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
cgp 20712a CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A	2.03	1	0
bicuculline methochloride bicuculline methochloride: guaternary analog of bicuculline; specific GABA antagonist in spinal cord; structure	1.96	1	0
methionine sulfoxide methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.	3.77	2	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine S-oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite
fmrfamide FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)	2.04	1	0
cystathionine Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.	7.9	35	2	cysteine derivative
levodopa methyl ester hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	7.03	1	0
vitamin u Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.. S-methyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-methyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	7.41	2	0	methyl-L-methionine; sulfonium betaine
benalfocin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
homocarnosine homocarnosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. homocarnosine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-amino group has been replaced by a 4-aminobutanoyl group.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; homocarnosine; L-histidine derivative; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.77	3	0
lu 19005 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cephalostatin i [no description available]	3.09	1	0	oxo steroid	metabolite
eledoisin Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)	1.95	1	0	peptide
benoxathian hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1h-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid, (+)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-cyclopropyl adenosine-5'-carboxamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	4.68	29	0
cefotaxime sodium [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	8.51	8	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.17	1	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
barettin barettin: isolated as a Z/E mixture from sponge Geodia barretti; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
calpain inhibitor iii calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug	2.03	1	0
3-cyano-n-(1,3-diphenyl-1h-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide: affects mGluR5 receptors; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
buprenorphine, naloxone drug combination Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation that combines buprenorphine, an OPIOID ANALGESICS with naloxone, a NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS to reduce the potential for NARCOTIC DEPENDENCE in the treatment of pain. It may also be used for OPIOID SUBSTITUTION THERAPY.	2.11	1	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.89	4	0	nystatins
linoleic acid hydroperoxide linoleic acid hydroperoxide: RN refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. linoleic acid hydroperoxide : A HPODE that is a mono-hydroperoxy derivative of linoleic acid	2	1	0
GR 127935 hydrochloride GR 127935 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of GR 127935 with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	serotonergic antagonist
mrs 1845 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	4.37	21	0
ru 66647 telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;	3.13	1	0
nvc-422 NVC-422: structure in first source	5.25	11	1
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	1.99	1	0
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alaproclate hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ubenimex [no description available]	2.03	1	0	peptide
3-chloroalanine hydrochloride, (l-ala)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dsp 4 hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	4.62	27	0	benzoxazole
(2-(2',6'-dimethoxy)phenoxyethylamino)methylbenzodioxan hydrochloride N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine with one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
2-cyclooctyl-2-hydroxyethylamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cirazoline monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
adtn [no description available]	2.03	1	0
apocodeine hydrochloride, (r)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
Dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles
lilly 78335 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
efaroxan hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
fenoldopam hydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	dopamine uptake inhibitor
guvacine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide, (r)-isomer, [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
1-(2-(4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-piperidin-1-yl)-ethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-indol-2-one LY-310762 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reation of equimolar amount of LY-310762 with hydrogen chloride. A potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D (5-HT1D) receptor.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	receptor modulator; serotonergic antagonist
4-iodoclonidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.68	3	0
4-methylpyrazole monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tele-methylhistamine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester, monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
octoclothepine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
du 24565 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-methoxyidazoxan hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ro 25-6981 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sk&f 77434 N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (IC50 values are 19.7 and 2425 nM for binding to D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo.	2.03	1	0	hydrobromide	dopamine agonist; prodrug
3-[(6aR,9R,10aR)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-yl]-1,1-diethylurea [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ferryl iron [no description available]	2.73	3	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	1.95	1	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	3.23	6	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	5.49	12	0
demethylcantharidin demethylcantharidin: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	4.06	2	0
glycoursodeoxycholic acid glycoursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.. glycoursodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycoursodeoxycholic acid. obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.69	3	0	bile acid glycine conjugate; N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; neuroprotective agent
atropine sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	3.13	1	0
taurodehydrocholate taurodehydrocholate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.05	1	0
2-(4-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)phenyl)propionic acid 2-(4-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)phenyl)propionic acid: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.87	4	0
1-deoxynojirimycin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.69	2	0
asperflavin asperflavin: metabolic product of Aspergillus flavus	2.11	1	0
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	2.7	3	0
jaw [no description available]	2.05	1	0	indolecarboxamide
win 62577 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Triphosphate: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-4-methyl-5-(4,6,8,8-tetrahydroxy-3,5,7-trioxa-4,6,8-triphosphaoct-1-yl)thiazolium hydroxide, inner salt, P,P',P''-trioxide. The triphosphate ester of thiamine. In Leigh's disease, this compound is present in decreased amounts in the brain due to a metabolic block in its formation.. thiamine(1+) triphosphate(4-) : Trianion of thiamine(1+) diphosphate arising from deprotonation of the four OH groups of the triphosphate.	1.95	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion; vitamin B1	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	10.37	19	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	4.28	17	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.94	4	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	8.48	8	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2	1	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	6.96	1	0
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	1.98	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	8.51	8	0	polypeptide
nociceptin [no description available]	6.37	3	0	organic molecular entity; polypeptide	human metabolite; rat metabolite
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2	1	0
ferri-heme undecapeptide ferri-heme undecapeptide: corresponds to residues 11 to 21 of cytochrome c bound to ferriheme; has peroxidase activity; amino acid sequence in Exp Eye Res 1997 Oct;65(4):457-70	1.98	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	1.94	1	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	3.48	8	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	6.36	12	1	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	5.86	7	1
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	7.52	7	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	2.72	3	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.05	1	0
anticodon Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.	9.95	4	0
ziconotide ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form. omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.	2.03	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	4.4	4	1
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	2.1	1	0
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	3.14	5	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	3.56	9	0	glycoside
quinine sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrate
quercetin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	8.16	5	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	7.94	38	1	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.	1.97	1	0
rv 538, (r-(r,r))-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (1s-cis)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.11	1	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	3.56	1	1	organotin acaricide
sodium salicylate [no description available]	7.6	1	0	organic molecular entity
valproate sodium Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	geroprotector
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	8.67	16	3
ethyl glucuronide ethyl glucuronide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (BETA-D)-isomer. ethyl glucuronide : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the ethyl derivative of beta-D-glucuronic acid.	7.63	2	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid	human urinary metabolite
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	4.26	17	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	1.97	1	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2	1	0
antamanide antamanide: cyclic decapeptides otained from the green death cup toadstool (Amanita phalloides). Acts as an antidote against poisoning by phallotoxins by preventing accumulation & absorption of the toxin in the liver; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PEPTIDES, CYCLIC (75-86)	3.13	1	0
2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate 3-sulfopropanediol(1-) : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of 3-sulfolactaldehyde, obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.41	1	0	alkanesulfonate oxoanion
chitosan [no description available]	3.7	9	0
septide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
tris(pyrazolyl)borate tris(pyrazolyl)borate: structure in first source	7.11	1	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	2.7	3	0
s-(2-carboxyethyl)cysteine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
butaclamol Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.	1.96	1	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	2.15	1	0	organosulfonic acid
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	4.58	4	0
u 63557a [no description available]	2.03	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	5.14	15	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	8.49	8	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium bisulfite sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.	7.05	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	allergen; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; mutagen; reducing agent
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt [no description available]	2.03	1	0	bile salt
cefmetazole sodium cefmetazole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefmetazole.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	antimicrobial agent
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	2.72	3	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
(7,7-azo-3,12-dihydroxy-5-cholan-24-oyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (7,7-azo-3,12-dihydroxy-5-cholan-24-oyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid: photolabile bile acid derivative	1.96	1	0
z 335 Z 335: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
fusidate sodium [no description available]	2.03	1	0
potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver	2.8	3	0	bromate salt; potassium salt	flour treatment agent
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	2.07	1	0
cephapirin sodium cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.	2.03	1	0	cephalosporin; organic sodium salt	antibacterial drug
sodium cephalothin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	3.51	8	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
5-hydroxydecanoic acid, monosodium salt [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.03	1	0
phenytoin sodium [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cr 1409 lorglumide sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide sodium.	2.03	1	0
(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for Na salt	2	1	0
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	1.94	1	0
cortisol succinate, sodium salt hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
picrotoxinin picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.	3.37	7	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	6.11	16	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	11.71	75	0
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	2.1	1	0
pervanadate pervanadate: from a mixture of orthovanadate and hydrogen peroxide	1.99	1	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	7.61	2	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.07	1	0	BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	3.21	1	0	fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	2.73	3	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	4.68	5	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
pf 3845 PF 3845: inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase	2.49	2	0	piperidines
taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate taurolithocholic acid sulfate(2-) : A steroid sulfate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of both sulfo groups of taurolithocholic acid sulfate; major species at pH 7.3.	2.41	2	0	steroid sulfate oxoanion	human metabolite
guanidinosuccinic acid guanidinosuccinic acid: a metabolite in uremia; metabolic product of amino acid metabolism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-amidino-L-aspartate(1-) : Conjugate base of N-amidino-L-aspartate arising from deprotonation of the carboxy groups and protonation of the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.1	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid anion
phosphinothricin phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.	2.6	1	0	organic anion
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.93	4	0
lysophosphatidylserine lysophosphatidylserine: stimulates histamine secretion from isolated mast cells in mouse plasma. lysophosphatidylserine : An acylglycerophosphoserine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylserine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl. Formula C7H13NO9PR, where R represents the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acyl group.. 1-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoserine in which the acyl group is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).	2	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine
glycolipids [no description available]	2.39	2	0
beta-sultam beta-sultam: structure in first source	7.46	2	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	4.54	24	0
cyanidin 3-galactoside cyanidin 3-galactoside: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	8.99	13	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	7.21	1	0
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.46	2	0
gypenoside ix [no description available]	3.1	1	0
8,9-dihydrobarettin 8,9-dihydrobarettin: from sponge Geodia barretti; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.42	2	0
isoquercitrin [no description available]	2.6	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	3.99	4	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	4.51	4	1	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.95	4	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	6.94	1	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	2.06	1	0
n-(2-(5-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl)acetamide N-(2-(5-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)acetamide: metabolite of melatonin; structure in first source. 2-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of hydroxyindoles that is melatonin in which the hydrogen at position 2 of the indole ring has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A predominant hydroxylated melatonin metabolite in plants.	2.05	1	0	acetamides; hydroxyindoles; tryptamines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	7.94	67	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	4.08	3	1
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	2.36	2	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	5.03	4	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.46	8	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	2.03	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lfm a13 LFM-A13 : An enamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with the amino group of 2,5-dibromoaniline. It is a dual-function inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and Polo-like kinases (PLK) that exhibits anticancer properties.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amide; dibromobenzene; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; platelet aggregation inhibitor
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.43	2	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
l 701324 L 701324: a glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0	quinolines
hispidin hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).	2.03	1	0	2-pyranones; catechols	antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
minocycline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
demeclocycline hydrochloride demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	2.03	1	0
potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate: RN given refers to the potassium salt	3.12	1	0
almagate pegaptanib: a 28-base ribonucleic acid aptamer covalently linked to two branched 20-kD polyethylene glycol moieties to block the activity of extracellular VEGF, specifically the 165-amino-acid isoform (VEGF165); for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration	2.03	1	0
dorzolamide-timolol combination dorzolamide-timolol combination: for glaucoma/ocular hypertensive patients; a fixed combination of timolol (Adrenergic beta-Antagonists) and dorzolamide (Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor)	2.08	1	0
snx 230 omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source	2	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	3.8	3	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.01	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2.7	3	0
nebacetin Nebacetin: contains bacitracin and neomycin	1.95	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	5.66	24	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	3.31	1	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.91	4	0	ketal
phosphatidylethanol phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.	7.41	1	0
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	2.05	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	3.11	5	0
carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
asperparaline a aspergillimide: isolated from Aspergillus; structure in first source. asperparaline A : An alkaloid isolated from Aspergillus aculeatus.	2.11	1	0	alkaloid; azaspiro compound; dicarboximide	Aspergillus metabolite
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.35	2	0
deposiston Deposiston: depot estrogen containing 17 alpha-ethinyl-3-isopropylsulfonyloxy-estradiol + norethisterone	2.01	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	1.99	1	0
glutaminase [no description available]	7.67	3	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.75	3	0
astressin b [no description available]	2.08	1	0
ganoderic acid ganoderic acid: from the fruiting body of Ganoderma; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
lysophosphatidylinositol [no description available]	2	1	0
lysophosphatidylethanolamine lysophosphatidylethanolamine : A glycerophosphoethanolamine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylethanolamine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl.	2	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	7	40	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.36	2	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.71	3	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	3.21	6	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	4.94	7	1	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
calpastatin calpastatin: large mol wt, heat-stable calpain inhibitor; not based on sequestering Ca++ from medium, but binding to calpain does require Ca++. calpastatin peptide Ac 184-210 : A 27-membered polypeptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Glu-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Val-Thr-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ala-NH2. An acetylated synthetic peptide from human calpastatin that strongly inhibits both calpains I and II but not papain (a cysteine protease) or trypsin (a serine protease).	8.32	6	0	polypeptide	EC 3.4.22.52 (calpain-1) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.53 (calpain-2) inhibitor
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.49	2	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.1	1	0
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.	1.97	1	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	3.1	1	0
neferine neferine: isolated from green seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn	6.98	1	0
copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate) copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate): copper is intricate part of molecule; not copper salt; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methylethyl moieties	1.97	1	0
daptomycin [no description available]	3.13	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	5.99	21	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	7.17	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	5.97	13	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.39	2	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	2.08	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	7.66	2	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.41	2	0
5-taurinomethyluridine [no description available]	10.17	5	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.03	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	3.78	10	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	5.65	5	1
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.35	2	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	2.03	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.45	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	4.28	4	1	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	5.61	24	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase	2.03	1	0	sepiapterin
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	3.56	8	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.48	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.37	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	4.68	6	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	8.12	5	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	3.41	7	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.79	3	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	3.27	6	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	12.95	16	1	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.84	3	0
isoxanthopterin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dihydroxypteridine
neopterin [no description available]	7.43	2	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	3.86	4	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	4.34	3	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	1.97	1	0	dacarbazine
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.43	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	7.08	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
pteroic acid pteroic acid: structure	1.96	1	0	pteroic acid
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	2.03	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	4.96	12	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
celestine blue Celestine Blue: structure. Celestin blue B : An organic chloride salt composed of 1-carbamoyl-7-(diethylamino)-3,4-dihydroxyphenoxazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A histological dye used in solution with an iron alum mordant as a hematoxylin substitute in the H&E stain.	7.11	1	0
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	1.99	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
thiolactomycin thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
8-hydroxyguanosine 8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0	purine nucleoside
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine 2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	hydroxypyrimidine
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.08	1	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
quazinone [no description available]	2.03	1	0
8-bromocyclic gmp, sodium salt sodium 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : An organic sodium salt having 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate as the counterion. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.39	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
ag-879 AG-879: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	3.56	1	1	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.41	2	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.66	3	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine: structure in first source. 8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine : An organobromine compound comprising 2'-deoxyguanosine having a bromo substituent at position 8 of the guanine ring system.	2.11	1	0	guanosines; organobromine compound
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	3.31	6	0	guanosines	biomarker
formycin b formycin B: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2.01	1	0	formycin
formycins Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.	2.01	1	0
8-nitroguanine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	oxopurine
5-methyltetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.	7.05	1	0
lumirubin lumirubin: water-soluble photoproduct of bilirubin formed in vivo during phototherapy; RN refers to lumirubin IX; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
5-(n-4-chlorobenzyl)-n-(2',4'-dimethyl)benzamil [no description available]	1.99	1	0
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	1.95	1	0
molybdenum cofactor molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2.	2.68	3	0	Mo-molybdopterin cofactor; organophosphate oxoanion
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.04	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	5.91	20	0
eye [no description available]	6.7	18	1
mitotempo MitoTEMPO: an antioxidant	2.53	2	0
taurolipid b taurolipid B: lipid isolated from Tetrahymena thermophila; structure given in first source	3.22	6	0
pd 135158 PD 135158: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor agonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.7	3	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	9.5	7	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.37	2	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	7.49	14	3
xanthobilirubic acid xanthobilirubic acid: has chromophore very similar to that of bilirubin; structure	2.11	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.15	1	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	0	2.39	2	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	11.58	44	3
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	11.58	44	3
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	8.74	50	4
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	14.12	118	7
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	14.12	118	7
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	0	2.1	1	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	0	2.13	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	16.03	376	2
Itching [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	2.54	2	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	2.67	3	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	2.25	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	14.28	99	10
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	0	4.11	4	0
Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available]	0	15.25	63	19
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	14.66	67	11
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	14.66	67	11
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	0	5.52	14	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	9.76	46	3
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	9.76	46	3
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	0	5.52	14	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	10.34	33	4
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	10.16	43	6
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	11.17	52	3
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	15.16	43	6
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	16.17	52	3
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	4.05	14	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	0	4.64	8	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	4.64	8	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	13.15	35	7
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	13.15	35	7
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	3.39	6	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	0	3.39	6	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	3.39	6	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	0	4.13	5	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	5.2	19	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	5.2	19	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	12.72	61	11
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	10.35	44	3
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	1	14.72	61	11
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	10.35	44	3
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	5.53	16	1
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	5.53	16	1
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	8.14	5	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	3.14	5	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	5.91	23	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	12.42	30	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	5.91	23	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	4.51	5	1
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	0	9.51	5	1
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	0	8.39	63	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	28.29	415	121
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	14.9	101	18
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	23.29	415	121
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	5.84	12	2
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	5.84	12	2
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	6.73	20	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	9.21	33	2
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	9.21	33	2
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	6.73	20	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	5.9	9	1
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	4.66	11	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	3.78	10	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	5.9	9	1
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	4.66	11	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	3.78	10	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	0	5.78	19	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	0	3.74	10	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	0	10.78	19	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	14.29	297	6
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	3.52	8	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	6.14	30	1
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.41	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	6.14	30	1
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	4.07	14	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	4.51	23	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	4.07	14	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	4.51	23	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	0	12.44	25	10
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	9.73	79	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	1	11.73	79	1
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.85	3	0
Adenomyosis The extension of endometrial tissue (ENDOMETRIUM) into the MYOMETRIUM. It usually occurs in women in their reproductive years and may result in a diffusely enlarged uterus with ectopic and benign endometrial glands and stroma.	0	2.41	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	6.37	22	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	6.37	22	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	8.04	39	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	4.4	20	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	4.4	20	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.1	11	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	0	4.1	11	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	0	2.41	1	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	5.57	15	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	0	5.57	15	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	5.74	10	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	5.74	10	0
Bowel Incontinence [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Fecal Incontinence Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.	0	2.41	1	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	0	5.15	5	2
Gestational Weight Gain Increase in body weight of the mother during the course of her PREGNANCY.	0	2.41	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	9.17	35	2
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	2.66	2	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	13.43	43	12
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	0	7.69	7	2
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	10.57	27	4
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	0	7.69	7	2
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	3.1	5	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	8.1	5	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	4.83	12	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	4.83	12	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	0	9.23	37	4
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	8.6	34	1
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	0	9.23	37	4
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	12.75	12	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	7.75	12	1
Abnormal Spermatozoa [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	11.3	218	8
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	7.04	53	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	0	3.72	7	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	7.04	53	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	7.07	5	2
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	10.48	27	8
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	10.48	27	8
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	7.07	5	2
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	5.19	10	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	5.19	10	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	0	7.93	3	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	0	2.93	3	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	3.24	6	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	0	8.24	6	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	0	2.41	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	4.06	15	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	4.06	15	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	0	3.49	7	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	0	3.49	7	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	0	4.78	12	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	0	4.78	12	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	0	12.52	50	3
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	0	12.52	50	3
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	7.4	43	1
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	7.4	43	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	3.11	3	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	0	2.82	2	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	0	2.82	2	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	7.74	24	3
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	7.74	24	3
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	7.11	52	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	3.6	9	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	7.11	52	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	0	3.6	9	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	4.82	7	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	9.82	7	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	0	2.61	2	0
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	0	2.41	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	10.24	73	1
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	6.38	39	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	10.24	73	1
Infection [description not available]	0	6.34	5	1
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	0	6.34	5	1
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	0	7.7	3	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	0	4.01	4	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	0	2.41	1	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	0	7.79	3	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	3.37	4	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	3.38	6	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	3.38	6	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	4.17	17	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	0	3.33	1	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	0	3.33	1	0
Exanthem [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	4.95	15	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	2.41	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	4.95	15	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	4.96	9	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	0	3.34	6	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	0	9.31	4	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	0	8.34	6	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	6.7	19	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	6.7	19	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	6.73	38	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	10.11	136	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	6.61	35	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	6.61	35	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	14.82	71	2
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	8.2	101	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	8.2	101	0
Lassitude [description not available]	0	5.96	9	3
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	0	5.96	9	3
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	6.58	7	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	6.58	7	1
Aberrant Crypt Foci Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.	0	7.41	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	2.58	2	0
Acute Thrombotic Stroke [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	16.51	54	10
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	0	7.04	30	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	0	2.7	3	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	11.51	54	10
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	0	7.04	30	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	3.23	4	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	0	2.72	2	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	0	2.72	2	0
Psychoses [description not available]	0	5.43	5	1
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	5.43	5	1
Ache [description not available]	0	7.7	23	3
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	7.7	23	3
Preterm Birth [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	0	2.41	1	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	0	3.8	1	1
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	0	8.8	1	1
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	0	3.29	6	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	5.19	17	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	3.25	6	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	5.19	17	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	3.25	6	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	0	6.14	6	2
Carditis [description not available]	0	9.51	5	1
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	0	9.51	5	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	7.18	33	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	0	2.63	2	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	0	2.84	3	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	0	2.84	3	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	11.18	195	0
Axonal Injury, Diffuse [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	5.62	5	1
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	5.62	5	1
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	0	2.76	3	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	2.76	3	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	7.55	17	1
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	7.55	17	1
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	5.66	10	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	1	7.66	10	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	0	3.88	2	1
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	8.54	12	5
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	3.88	2	1
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	13.54	12	5
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	0	7.66	25	1
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	0	7.66	25	1
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	0	5.59	11	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	8.31	6	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	7.9	17	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	7.9	17	1
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	11.01	33	9
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	0	7.75	3	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	0	11.01	33	9
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	0	7.75	3	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	5.62	6	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	5.62	6	1
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	4.09	14	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	0	2.9	2	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	0	7.9	2	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	0	4.09	14	0
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	0	3.77	3	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	6.13	28	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	0	5.08	14	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	6.13	28	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	0	5.08	14	0
Avian Flu [description not available]	0	3.52	4	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	0	3.52	4	0
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	0	3.52	4	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	0	3.52	4	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	0	3.68	7	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	0	3.61	8	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	0	3.61	8	0
Autoimmune Urticaria [description not available]	0	3.33	4	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	0	4.92	2	1
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	0	4.92	2	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	0	4.63	5	1
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	0	4.63	5	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	3.47	7	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	3.47	7	0
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	0	7.6	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.76	2	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	0	2.6	1	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	0	2.6	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	0	2.76	2	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	2.41	2	0
Asthenopia Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.	0	4.8	2	1
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
MELAS [description not available]	0	5.81	7	1
MELAS Syndrome A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)	0	5.81	7	1
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	0	3.97	2	1
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	0	3.99	1	1
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	0	8.97	2	1
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	0	3.99	1	1
Malnourishment [description not available]	0	5.3	11	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	0	5.3	11	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	6.41	10	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	0	11.41	10	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	6.11	21	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	0	6.11	21	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	0	2.58	2	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	2.6	1	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	4.48	23	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	4.48	23	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	3.7	10	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	3.7	10	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	4.82	33	0
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	0	4.83	12	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	0	2.94	4	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	0	4.83	12	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	6.24	33	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	11.24	33	0
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.08	11	1
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	0	7.08	11	1
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	0	2.81	3	0
Amentia [description not available]	0	5.07	5	2
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	0	5.07	5	2
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	0	4.72	6	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	0	4.72	6	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	0	4.15	17	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	0	9.15	17	0
Astheno Teratozoospermia [description not available]	0	2.63	2	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	9.18	21	2
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	4.54	9	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	4.54	9	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	0	4.04	5	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	0	5.14	3	1
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	0	5.14	3	1
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	7.08	27	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	7.08	27	0
Habit Chorea [description not available]	0	3.64	1	1
Tics Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)	0	8.64	1	1
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	9.28	27	3
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	9.28	27	3
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	0	8.63	8	7
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	0	4.56	2	2
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	0	8.63	8	7
Maternal Obesity [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	0	3.46	8	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	0	3.46	8	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	0	2.98	4	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	7	10	1
Candida Infection [description not available]	0	3.04	4	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.04	4	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	0	2.25	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	7.49	26	2
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	7.49	26	2
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	5.44	14	1
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	5.44	14	1
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.46	2	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	0	10.8	12	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	0	4	14	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	5.8	12	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	7.9	20	1
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	0	5.43	5	1
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	0	5.43	5	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	4.77	31	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.25	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	2.5	2	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	0	4.69	6	1
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	0	4.69	6	1
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	5.55	27	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	4.93	8	1
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	0	2.45	2	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	0	5.17	3	1
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	0	5.17	3	1
Affective Disorders [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	0	7.75	10	3
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	1	9.75	10	3
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	0	2.25	1	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	2.57	2	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	0	2.57	2	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	9.26	32	7
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	9.26	32	7
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	4.42	8	0
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	4.42	8	0
DNA Virus Infections Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.	0	2.25	1	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	0	2.31	1	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	0	6.72	22	1
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	0	2.4	2	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	0	7.25	1	0
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	0	2.78	3	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	0	10.03	6	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	7.39	12	4
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	0	4.68	6	1
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	0	4.68	6	1
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	3.57	8	0
Acne [description not available]	0	4.16	3	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	0	2.25	1	0
Papulosquamous Disorders [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	0	4.16	3	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	0	4.26	3	1
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	0	4.26	3	1
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	7.91	25	2
Central Serous Retinopathy [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.	0	2.31	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	5.18	19	0
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	0	2.31	1	0
Cramp [description not available]	0	7.66	8	3
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	0	7.66	8	3
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	0	3.58	9	0
Hereditary Optic Neuroretinopathy [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))	0	2.31	1	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	11.37	24	9
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	11.37	24	9
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	0	2.63	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	0	7.31	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	7.74	3	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	1	9.99	4	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	0	2.31	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	0	2.96	4	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	0	4.13	3	1
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	2.31	1	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	0	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	3.82	2	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	3.82	2	1
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	0	3.53	2	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	0	7.41	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	7.02	11	3
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	7.02	11	3
Muscle Pain [description not available]	0	4.88	2	1
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	0	4.88	2	1
Atheroma [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	0	2.41	1	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	0	2.41	1	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	0	2.58	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	6.65	20	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	6.65	20	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	3.95	13	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	0	7.31	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	9	25	1
As If Personality [description not available]	0	3.42	2	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	9	25	1
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	0	2.31	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	0	5.82	22	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	0	5.82	22	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	0	10.86	4	2
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	0	5.86	4	2
Autism [description not available]	0	7.01	9	2
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	5.15	11	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	0	12.01	9	2
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	5.15	11	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	5.51	8	2
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	0	2.46	2	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	2.91	4	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	6.95	27	3
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	6.95	27	3
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	0	14.7	42	5
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	0	14.7	42	5
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	0	9.75	46	2
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	0	2.15	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	4.12	3	1
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	0	4.12	3	1
ADDH [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	0	2.81	3	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	0	4.29	2	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	0	4.29	2	0
Acrania [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	0	2.46	2	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	5.42	14	1
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	5.42	14	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	7.9	29	3
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	7.9	29	3
Metastase [description not available]	0	5.98	14	2
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	5.98	14	2
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	6.35	38	1
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	6.35	38	1
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	5.3	13	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	5.3	13	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	0	4.4	8	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	4.4	8	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	5.95	9	1
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	0	2.15	1	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	5.95	9	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.57	9	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	0	7.15	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	0	2.15	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	5.48	10	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.36	7	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	2.93	4	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	6.3	11	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	0	3.14	5	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	2.83	3	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	0	4.86	13	0
CBS Deficiency [description not available]	0	5.31	13	1
Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)	1	7.31	13	1
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	0	4.78	6	1
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	0	4.05	3	1
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	0	4.78	6	1
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Delayed Graft Function General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	2.15	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	9.31	81	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	14.31	81	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	5.11	3	1
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	3.09	1	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	0	3.09	1	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	3.09	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	0	4.47	8	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	0	4.47	8	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	0	2.48	2	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	3.07	4	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	0	8.07	4	0
Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.	0	2.21	1	0
Hypernutrition [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	0	3.86	4	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	0	3.86	4	0
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.	0	2.17	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	0	2.79	3	0
Happy Puppet Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Angelman Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)	0	7.17	1	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	0	2.17	1	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	0	2.17	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	0	2.77	3	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	0	8.01	13	1
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2.17	1	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2.17	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	0	2.44	2	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	0	2.17	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	3.3	6	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	3.3	6	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	5.93	25	0
Bleeding [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	2.7	3	0
Tachypnea Increased RESPIRATORY RATE.	0	2.17	1	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	0	2.21	1	0
Cumulative Trauma Disorders Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.	0	2.17	1	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	0	3.29	6	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	0	3.29	6	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	0	2.17	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	0	8.6	16	5
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	4.35	4	1
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Erosive Duodenitis [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Duodenitis Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.	0	2.17	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	0	4.8	2	1
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	0	4.8	2	1
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	0	3.73	3	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	0	3.73	3	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	0	3.36	2	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	11.46	30	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	6.46	30	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	0	3.36	2	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	4.62	10	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	4.62	10	0
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).	0	2.21	1	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	0	3.01	4	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	0	4.13	3	1
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	0	4.13	3	1
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	4.14	6	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	0	2.43	2	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	0	2.21	1	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	0	10.06	9	1
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	0	2.67	3	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	0	5.06	9	1
Acute Radiation Syndrome A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.	0	2.21	1	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	0	2.21	1	0
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	0	2.21	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	6.78	13	2
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	13.68	36	2
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	0	2.7	3	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	2.21	1	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	0	3.12	1	0
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	0	2.21	1	0
Eye Infections, Parasitic Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.	0	2.21	1	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	0	2.49	2	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	3.13	5	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	3.13	5	0
Central Hearing Loss [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	0	3.64	9	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	0	3.52	8	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	0	3.52	8	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	0	2.21	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	0	2.39	2	0
Concussive Convulsion [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	0	3.81	4	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	3.81	4	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	0	3.38	2	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	0	3.38	2	0
Aura [description not available]	0	12.41	92	3
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	12.41	92	3
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	0	2.68	3	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	4.83	33	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	4.83	33	0
Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.	0	2.47	2	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	7.97	31	3
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	0	2.08	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	5.39	14	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	8.78	11	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	0	13.04	55	5
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	0	13.04	55	5
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	0	2.49	2	0
Macrocephaly [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	0	2.78	3	0
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	0	2.78	3	0
Alcaptonuria [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Alkaptonuria An inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from a defect in the enzyme HOMOGENTISATE 1,2-DIOXYGENASE, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. It is characterized by accumulation of HOMOGENTISIC ACID in the urine, OCHRONOSIS in various tissues, and ARTHRITIS.	0	2.47	2	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	0	2.08	1	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	2.08	1	0
Mast Cell Activation Disease [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	0	2.08	1	0
Mastocytosis A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).	0	2.08	1	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	0	2.4	2	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	0	2.92	4	0
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Spinocerebellar Ataxias A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)	0	2.44	2	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	0	2.49	2	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	2.1	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	0	7.97	4	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	0	8.28	6	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	0	7.79	14	2
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	0	6.72	12	2
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	0	6.72	12	2
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	3.32	6	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	3.58	8	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	3.32	6	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	8.58	8	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	0	5.42	5	3
Deficiency, Yang [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	0	2.1	1	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	0	5.87	24	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	0	3.86	4	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	0	3.86	4	0
Empyema, Thoracic [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Abscess, Retropharyngeal [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Abscess, Peritonsillar [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Mediastinitis Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.	0	2.08	1	0
Empyema, Pleural Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.	0	2.43	2	0
Fungemia The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.	0	4.41	1	1
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	0	4.46	5	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	0	3.92	4	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	0	3.92	4	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	0	2.1	1	0
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	0	2.1	1	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	0	2.1	1	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	0	2.38	2	0
Hives [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	2.38	2	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	0	4.15	6	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	0	4.15	6	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	6	10	1
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	9.99	15	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	4.99	15	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	0	2.94	4	0
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	0	3.5	1	1
Emesis [description not available]	0	4.3	4	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	10.55	6	3
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	9.3	4	1
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	0	3.5	1	1
Actinomycetoma [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Mycetoma A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.	0	2.11	1	0
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.	0	7.11	1	0
Burnout, Professional An excessive stress reaction to one's occupational or professional environment. It may be characterized by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion, coupled with a sense of frustration and failure.	0	3.5	1	1
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	0	2.76	3	0
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	0	2.11	1	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	0	2.13	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	6.31	5	1
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	5.94	5	1
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	0	6.31	5	1
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	0	3.33	2	0
Diathesis [description not available]	0	8.55	11	5
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	0	2.11	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	4.55	5	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	4.55	5	1
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	0	3.92	13	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	0	3.92	13	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	0	3.18	5	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	0	3.18	5	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	0	2.72	3	0
Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	4.76	7	0
Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	0	2.11	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	0	3.07	5	0
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	0	3.07	5	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	0	2.92	4	0
Froehlich's Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	0	7.11	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	3.61	9	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	8.61	9	0
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available]	0	4.08	3	1
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)	0	4.08	3	1
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	0	4.21	6	0
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	0	4.21	6	0
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	0	3.21	6	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	0	3.21	6	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	0	4.45	3	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	0	3.03	1	0
Adjustment Sleep Disorder [description not available]	0	3.03	1	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	0	4.45	3	0
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	0	3.03	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	3.39	7	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	4.56	25	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	4.56	25	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	0	3.5	1	1
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	0	3.5	1	1
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	3.29	6	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	8.29	6	0
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	0	2.11	1	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.69	3	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	0	6.01	4	1
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	0	2.68	3	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	0	3.87	2	1
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	0	3.87	2	1
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	0	6.8	5	1
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	0	6.8	5	1
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	0	3.87	2	1
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	0	7.74	5	3
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	0	7.74	5	3
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	0	4.14	6	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	0	3.88	2	1
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	0	3.88	2	1
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Pre-Hypertension [description not available]	0	8.51	1	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	2.13	1	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	0	7.7	3	0
Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Hyperemesis Gravidarum Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS.	0	3.04	1	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	0	4.99	3	1
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	0	2.11	1	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	0	2.13	1	0
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	0	2.76	3	0
Granulomas [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	7.38	2	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	0	2.38	2	0
Retinal Dystrophies A group of disorders involving predominantly the posterior portion of the ocular fundus, due to degeneration in the sensory layer of the RETINA; RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; BRUCH MEMBRANE; CHOROID; or a combination of these tissues.	0	2.13	1	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	0	2.13	1	0
Hypermyotonia [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	0	2.15	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	0	4.32	4	1
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	0	2.54	2	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	0	4.32	4	1
Nevoxanthoendothelioma [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Impotence [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Cavernitis, Fibrous [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	0	2.53	2	0
Penile Induration A condition characterized by hardening of the PENIS due to the formation of fibrous plaques on the dorsolateral aspect of the PENIS, usually involving the membrane (tunica albuginea) surrounding the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis). This may eventually cause a painful deformity of the shaft or constriction of the urethra, or both.	0	2.53	2	0
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	0	2.44	2	0
Marijuana Use Medicinal or recreational utilization of MARIJUANA.	0	2.15	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	0	2.13	1	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	0	8.91	13	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	0	2.89	4	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	0	2.46	2	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	0	2.43	2	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	0	2.15	1	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	0	4.58	10	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	0	4.58	10	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)	0	2.04	1	0
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Microglossia [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	0	3.43	1	1
MODS [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	0	2.74	3	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	0	6.05	3	2
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	6.05	3	2
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	0	2.91	4	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	0	2.46	2	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	7.92	4	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	7.72	3	0
Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Dancing Eyes-Dancing Feet Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome A neurological condition that is characterized by uncontrolled rapid irregular movements of the eye (OPSOCLONUS) and the muscle (MYOCLONUS) causing unsteady, trembling gait. It is also known as dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome and is often associated with neoplasms, viral infections, or autoimmune disorders involving the nervous system.	0	3.43	1	1
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	3.47	8	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	3.47	8	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	8.27	6	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	3.48	8	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	3.48	8	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	4.34	4	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Bezoars Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.	0	2.7	3	0
Rachitis [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	3.78	2	1
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	0	2.38	2	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	4.02	5	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	4.02	5	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	0	3.86	4	0
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System Injury to the nervous system secondary to exposure to lead compounds. Two distinct clinical patterns occur in children (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, CHILDHOOD) and adults (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, ADULT). In children, lead poisoning typically produces an encephalopathy. In adults, exposure to toxic levels of lead is associated with a peripheral neuropathy.	0	2.05	1	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	0	3.86	4	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	0	2.05	1	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	0	2.05	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	4.07	3	1
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	0	4.07	3	1
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.95	4	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	0	4.75	2	1
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	0	4.75	2	1
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	0	2.05	1	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	0	7.05	1	0
Hyperoxaluria Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.	0	2.05	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	0	2.05	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	0	2.05	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	7.79	23	2
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	7.79	23	2
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	2.42	2	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Neurofibroma A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)	0	7.05	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	0	2.05	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	0	3.37	7	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	3.37	7	0
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	0	3.43	1	1
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	0	3.43	1	1
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	0	2.46	2	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	0	6.22	35	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	3.25	6	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	3.25	6	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	0	2.42	2	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	9.99	21	2
Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)	0	2.05	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.93	13	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.05	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	2.87	4	0
Azoospermia A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).	0	2.05	1	0
Optic Atrophy Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.	0	7.4	2	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	0	2.05	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	11.62	13	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	6.62	13	0
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	0	6.2	7	1
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.05	1	0
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.	0	2.41	2	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	0	4.39	2	2
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	0	4.39	2	2
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	0	3.36	7	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	0	8.36	7	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	2.97	1	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	0	2.05	1	0
Ochronosis The yellowish discoloration of connective tissue due to deposition of HOMOGENTISIC ACID (a brown-black pigment). This is due to defects in the metabolism of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. Ochronosis occurs in ALKAPTONURIA, but has also been associated with exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., PHENOL, trinitrophenol, BENZENE DERIVATIVES).	0	2.05	1	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	0	5.78	4	2
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	0	5.78	4	2
Eardrum Perforation [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	0	7.05	1	0
Tympanic Membrane Perforation A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.	0	7.05	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	8.4	14	4
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	13.4	14	4
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	2.42	2	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	0	3.27	6	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	0	8.27	6	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	0	2.68	3	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	0	2.45	2	0
Gambling, Pathologic [description not available]	0	4.13	3	1
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.	0	2.44	2	0
Gambling An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.	0	9.13	3	1
Tooth Erosion Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)	0	3.44	1	1
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	0	2.05	1	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	7.44	2	0
Binge-Eating Disorder A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	4.37	1	1
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	4.11	3	1
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	4.11	3	1
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	0	4.12	3	1
Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.	0	2.68	3	0
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7.06	1	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Direct Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Polyploid [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	0	5.71	4	1
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	0	5.71	4	1
Fetal Malnutrition [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	0	2.47	2	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	0	2.06	1	0
Gingival Overgrowth Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)	0	4.78	2	1
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	0	3.54	8	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	0	8.02	24	1
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	0	8.02	24	1
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	4.14	6	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	0	2.4	2	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	0	2.42	2	0
Impetigo Contagiosa [description not available]	0	3.45	1	1
Impetigo A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.	0	3.45	1	1
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	8.6	9	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	0	2.07	1	0
Viral Conjunctivitis [description not available]	0	4.12	3	1
Human Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Adenovirus Infections, Human Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.	0	2.06	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Viral Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.	0	4.12	3	1
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	0	2.71	3	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	0	5.4	9	0
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	0	5.4	9	0
Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)	0	2.98	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	2.67	3	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	0	3.36	2	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	0	2.98	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	0	3.36	2	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	5.55	6	1
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	0	5.55	6	1
Cholangitis, Sclerosing Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.07	1	0
Bile Duct Cysts [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	0	2.68	3	0
Absence Status [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	0	2.91	4	0
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	0	7.5	4	4
Aortic Valve Disease 1 [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease Congenital heart valve defects where the AORTIC VALVE has two instead of normal three cusps. It is often associated with AORTIC REGURGITATION and AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY.	0	2.07	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	0	8.09	5	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	0	2.68	3	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	0	2.06	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	0	2.06	1	0
Atresia, Biliary [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Biliary Atresia Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.	0	2.71	3	0
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	0	2.07	1	0
Farsightedness [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Hyperopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.07	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	0	5.06	5	2
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	0	4.51	5	1
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	0	2.73	3	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	0	5.06	5	2
Luft Disease [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Fukuhara Disease [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Mitochondrial Myopathies A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.	0	3.01	1	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	0	2.89	4	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	3.34	2	0
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	0	3.34	2	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	0	2.08	1	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	0	2.08	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	0	7.67	3	0
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Errors Dysfunctions in the metabolism of metals resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	0	2.08	1	0
Marasmus [description not available]	0	3.47	8	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	0	3.47	8	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.	0	2.42	2	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	0	5.37	5	1
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	3.08	5	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.08	5	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	2.01	1	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	0	2.4	2	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	3.59	9	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	3.08	5	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	3.08	5	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	0	3.85	4	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	0	4.7	2	1
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	0	4.7	2	1
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	0	3.79	2	1
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	0	2.01	1	0
Root Resorption Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.01	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	0	7.38	2	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	0	2.01	1	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	0	2.01	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	6.79	28	0
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	0	7.39	2	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	2.4	2	0
Amaurotic Familial Idiocy An outdated term for Tay-Sachs disease.	0	2.01	1	0
Tay-Sachs Disease An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the onset in infancy of an exaggerated startle response, followed by paralysis, dementia, and blindness. It is caused by mutation in the alpha subunit of the HEXOSAMINIDASE A resulting in lipid-laden ganglion cells. It is also known as the B variant (with increased HEXOSAMINIDASE B but absence of hexosaminidase A) and is strongly associated with Ashkenazic Jewish ancestry.	0	2.01	1	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	0	3.57	3	0
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	3.57	3	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	4.68	11	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	0	2.65	3	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	0	2.01	1	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	0	1.93	1	0
Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid Marked developmental anomalies of a fetus or infant.	0	1.93	1	0
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	0	1.93	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	0	2.34	2	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	0	8.64	39	1
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	0	13.64	39	1
Aminoaciduria, Renal [description not available]	0	4.88	14	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	0	4.57	10	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	0	4.57	10	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	9.59	6	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	0	3.21	6	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	0	2.35	2	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	1.94	1	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	0	2.35	2	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	0	3.21	6	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	0	2.64	3	0
Cystinuria An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.	0	3.46	8	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	1.94	1	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	1.94	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	0	2.35	2	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	0	5.29	13	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Atelectasis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Icterus [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	0	2.34	2	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	0	2.64	3	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	0	1.94	1	0
Biliary Fistula Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.	0	2.87	4	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	0	4.66	11	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available]	0	3.78	4	0
Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.	0	3.78	4	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	0	8.76	2	1
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	0	8.79	2	1
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	0	5.41	8	2
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	0	10.41	8	2
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	0	2.02	1	0
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	0	2.02	1	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	0	2.93	1	0
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	0	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	0	2.02	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	0	5.81	10	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	0	5.81	10	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	0	3.4	1	1
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	0	2.02	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	0	5.24	12	1
Ganglioglioma Rare indolent tumors comprised of neoplastic glial and neuronal cells which occur primarily in children and young adults. Benign lesions tend to be associated with long survival unless the tumor degenerates into a histologically malignant form. They tend to occur in the optic nerve and white matter of the brain and spinal cord.	0	2.02	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	0	5.24	12	1
Neoplasm Seeding The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.	0	3.25	6	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	0	2.43	2	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	0	2.43	2	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	0	2.93	1	0
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	0	3.8	2	1
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	0	2.67	3	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	0	2.02	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	0	2.41	2	0
Briquet Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)	0	3.41	1	1
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	0	2.42	2	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	0	3.41	1	1
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	0	8.41	1	1
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	0	4.61	3	2
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	0	4.61	3	2
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	0	2.02	1	0
Compartment Syndromes Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.	0	2.02	1	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	0	3.79	2	1
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	0	8.79	2	1
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	6.36	8	2
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	0	6.36	8	2
Cerebral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059)	0	2.43	2	0
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.	0	2.02	1	0
Congenital Hand Deformities [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	0	7.36	2	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	0	2.03	1	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	5.22	4	1
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	0	5.22	4	1
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	0	2.03	1	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	0	2.03	1	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	0	2.41	2	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	0	2.41	2	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	7.4	2	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	4.5	9	0
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Retinal Artery Occlusion Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.	0	2.03	1	0
Eye Infections, Viral Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.	0	2.03	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	0	7.37	2	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	0	2.03	1	0
Extrasystole, Ventricular [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Atrial Ectopic Beats [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	0	4.48	9	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	0	4.48	9	0
Compulsive Personality [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	3.57	9	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	0	2.42	2	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	0	2.42	2	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	0	3.36	2	0
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	0	2.03	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	0	7.03	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	0	2.03	1	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	0	2.67	3	0
Brittle Bone Disease [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Osteogenesis Imperfecta COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.	0	7.03	1	0
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	0	2.03	1	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	0	2.42	2	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
DiGeorge Syndrome Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.	0	2.03	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	0	2.9	4	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	0	2.38	2	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	0	2.41	2	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	3.43	1	1
B cepacia Infection [description not available]	0	4.37	2	2
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	0	3.06	5	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	0	3.34	2	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	0	2.04	1	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	0	2.04	1	0
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	0	2.65	3	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	0	4.26	4	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	0	4.26	4	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	3.21	6	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	0	4.27	7	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	0	4.27	7	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	0	4.13	6	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	1.96	1	0
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	0	6.15	23	0
Autonomic Failure, Progressive [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	0	6.15	23	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	0	1.96	1	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	0	2.37	2	0
Adipocere [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	6.28	14	1
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	6.28	14	1
Avian Leukosis A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere.	0	1.96	1	0
Monieziasis Infection of ruminants with tapeworms of the genus Moniezia.	0	1.96	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	2.87	4	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	0	1.96	1	0
Myotonia Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.	0	3.76	2	1
Empyema Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.	0	3.35	1	1
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	0	3.29	2	0
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	0	4.04	3	1
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	0	1.96	1	0
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	0	2.88	4	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	0	3.56	3	0
Fractures, Closed Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.	0	1.96	1	0
Injuries, Leg [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	3.9	13	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	0	3.9	13	0
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	0	2.66	3	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	0	1.96	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	0	2.67	3	0
Jaw Diseases Diseases involving the JAW.	0	1.96	1	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	0	3.98	5	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	5.13	18	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	5.13	18	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Lathyrism A paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE or beta-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus LATHYRUS.	0	6.95	1	0
Click-Murmur Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	0	7.3	14	2
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	0	7.3	14	2
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	0	3.34	1	1
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	0	3.34	1	1
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	0	3.06	5	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	4.61	3	2
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	4.61	3	2
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	0	3.97	5	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	0	3.97	5	0
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	0	1.96	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	0	1.96	1	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	0	1.96	1	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	0	1.96	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	2.37	2	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Common Bile Duct Diseases Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.	0	1.95	1	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	0	2.38	2	0
Pus [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	0	2.37	2	0
Central Pontine Myelinolysis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	0	4	5	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	0	3.08	5	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	0	4	5	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	0	4.49	3	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	0	4.49	3	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	1.98	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	0	2.91	4	0
Encephalitis, Viral Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.	0	2.39	2	0
Alpha Virus Infections [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	0	1.98	1	0
Cystine Diathesis [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.	0	2.64	3	0
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.	0	2.66	3	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	0	1.98	1	0
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	0	1.98	1	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	4.07	3	1
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	0	2.38	2	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	3.37	1	1
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	0	1.98	1	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	1.98	1	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
ATLL [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	0	1.98	1	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	0	2.38	2	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	0	1.98	1	0
Endolymphatic Hydrops An accumulation of ENDOLYMPH in the inner ear (LABYRINTH) leading to buildup of pressure and distortion of intralabyrinthine structures, such as COCHLEA and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. It is characterized by SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; and sometimes VERTIGO.	0	1.98	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	0	1.98	1	0
Heat Collapse [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.68	3	0
Arachnidism [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	0	1.97	1	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	0	2.39	2	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	0	7.38	2	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	0	4.15	6	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	0	1.99	1	0
AIDS, Simian [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	0	1.99	1	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	2.4	2	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Funnel Chest A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.	0	1.99	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	0	2.39	2	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	0	1.99	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	1.99	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	0	1.99	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	0	1.99	1	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Autokinetic Effect [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Viral Diseases [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	0	3.37	1	1
Crush Syndrome Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.	0	1.99	1	0
Hepatorenal Syndrome Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.	0	1.99	1	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	0	1.99	1	0
Autotomy Human [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	0	1.99	1	0
Leukoma [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	0	2.4	2	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	3.75	2	1
Elliptocytosis, Hereditary An intrinsic defect of erythrocytes inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The erythrocytes assume an oval or elliptical shape.	0	2	1	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	0	1.99	1	0
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Suffocation [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	0	2.38	2	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	0	2	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	2.41	2	0
Abscess, Abdominal [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Abdominal Abscess An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	0	2.66	3	0
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	0	2.65	3	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	0	3.39	1	1
Bacterial Conjunctivitides [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	0	3.39	1	1
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.	0	3.39	1	1
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	0	2	1	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	0	2.92	1	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	0	2.41	2	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	0	2	1	0
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	0	7	1	0
Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	3.83	1	0
Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	3.83	1	0
Glycosuria, Renal An autosomal inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of GLUCOSE by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The urinary loss of glucose can reach beyond 50 g/day. It is attributed to the mutations in the SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 encoded by the SLC5A2 gene.	0	2	1	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	0	7.37	2	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	0	7.37	2	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	3.78	2	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	3.78	2	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	0	2.37	2	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	0	2	1	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	0	2	1	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	0	2	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	0	2.37	2	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	0	2	1	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	0	2.01	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	0	3.39	1	1
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	0	2.01	1	0
Malaria, Avian Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.	0	2.01	1	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hypoventilation A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.	0	1.95	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	0	1.95	1	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	0	3.56	3	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	0	1.95	1	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	0	2.65	3	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	5.91	14	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	0	6.95	1	0
Ergot Poisoning [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	0	1.95	1	0
Postgastrectomy Syndromes Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.	0	1.95	1	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	3.96	5	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	0	1.95	1	0
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.	0	1.95	1	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	0	1.95	1	0
Pyrosis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Esophageal Hernia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	0	2.35	2	0
Heartburn Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.	0	1.95	1	0
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	0	1.95	1	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	0	1.95	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	0	1.95	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	0	3.33	7	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	0	3.33	7	0
Megacolon Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.	0	1.95	1	0
Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	0	6.98	1	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	0	1.98	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	0	1.98	1	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Vulvar Diseases Pathological processes of the VULVA.	0	1.98	1	0
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	0	1.98	1	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	0	3.75	2	1
Alveolalgia [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Cardiac Murmurs [description not available]	0	3.77	2	1
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	0	1.98	1	0
Hereditary Optic Atrophy [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Dejerine-Thomas Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Addison Disease and Cerebral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Adult Refsum Disease [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Cerebro-Hepato-Renal Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Adrenoleukodystrophy An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the LYSOSOMES of ADRENAL CORTEX and the white matter of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. Clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. The slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. The defective gene ABCD1 is located at Xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS).	0	1.97	1	0
Zellweger Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder due to defects in PEROXISOME biogenesis which involves more than 13 genes encoding peroxin proteins of the peroxisomal membrane and matrix. Zellweger syndrome is typically seen in the neonatal period with features such as dysmorphic skull; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; visual compromise; SEIZURES; progressive degeneration of the KIDNEYS and the LIVER. Zellweger-like syndrome refers to phenotypes resembling the neonatal Zellweger syndrome but seen in children or adults with apparently intact peroxisome biogenesis.	0	1.97	1	0
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.	0	2.36	2	0
Water Intoxication A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.	0	2.38	2	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	0	2.38	2	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	0	1.97	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	8.36	1	1
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	0	3.36	1	1
Ataxias, Hereditary [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	3.76	2	1
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	1.97	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	0	1.97	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	2.36	2	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.97	1	0
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	0	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	0	2.37	2	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	0	1.97	1	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	0	1.97	1	0
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	0	1.97	1	0
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	0	1.96	1	0
Arm Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.	0	1.97	1	0
Humeral Fractures Fractures of the HUMERUS.	0	1.97	1	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	0	1.96	1	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	0	1.97	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	0	1.97	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	2.37	2	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Albinism General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.	0	1.97	1	0
Insulin Coma Severe HYPOGLYCEMIA induced by a large dose of exogenous INSULIN resulting in a COMA or profound state of unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused.	0	1.96	1	0
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Duodenal Diseases Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).	0	1.94	1	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	0	1.94	1	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	0	1.95	1	0
Meniscitis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Atypical Lipoma [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Lipoma A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.	0	2.86	1	0
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Riboflavin [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.	0	1.94	1	0
Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.78	4	0
Pellagra A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).	0	1.94	1	0
Pulmonary Stenoses [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	0	1.95	1	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	0	1.95	1	0
Diverticula [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	0	1.94	1	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	0	1.94	1	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	0	1.94	1	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	0	1.94	1	0
Embolus [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	0	1.94	1	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	0	2.64	3	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	0	1.94	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Calcium Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	0	1.94	1	0
Clubfeet [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Concomitant Strabismus [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	0	1.94	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	0	1.94	1	0
Infant Malnutrition Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	0	1.94	1	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	0	1.94	1	0
BCKD Deficiency [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Maple Syrup Urine Disease An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)	0	1.94	1	0
Jaundice, Spirochetal [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Infarct [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Abnormality, Torsion [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	0	1.94	1	0
Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	2.35	2	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	0	1.94	1	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	0	1.94	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	0	1.94	1	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	1.94	1	0

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taurine

Cross-References

Synonyms (161)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (890 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Roles (8)

Drug Classes (2)

Pathways (30)

Protein Targets (34)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (142)

Molecular Functions (46)

Ceullar Components (32)

Bioassays (73)

Research

Studies (9,708)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 63.59

Study Types

Related Drugs (2,791)

Related Conditions (1,601)