Compounds > besipirdine
Page last updated: 2024-12-06

besipirdine

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Description

Besipirdine is a novel, selective, and orally active inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) that has shown promising therapeutic potential in preclinical models of neurodegenerative diseases. It is structurally distinct from cyclosporine A and its analogs, which are the only other known mPTP inhibitors. Besipirdine has been shown to protect against neuronal death in models of stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, suggesting it may have broad neuroprotective effects. It is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.'

besipirdine: structure given in first source; a non-receptor-dependent cholinomimetic agent with noradrenergic activity with potential use for treating Alzheimer's disease [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID60691
CHEMBL ID29835
SCHEMBL ID637011
MeSH IDM0201978

Synonyms (22)

Synonym
besipirdine
indol-1-yl-propyl-pyridin-4-yl-amine
bdbm50048580
indol-1-yl-propyl-pyridin-4-yl-amine(besipirdine)
CHEMBL29835 ,
n-propyl-n-pyridin-4-ylindol-1-amine
1-(propyl-4-pyridylamino)indole
95py16j933 ,
unii-95py16j933
119257-34-0
besipirdine [inn]
besipirdine [who-dd]
1h-indol-1-amine, n-propyl-n-4-pyridinyl-
besipirdine [mi]
SCHEMBL637011
DTXSID50152361
AKOS027326217
n-(n-propyl) -n-(4-pyridinyl) -1h-indol-1-amine
Q4896297
n-propyl-n-(pyridin-4-yl)-1h-indol-1-amine
HY-15376
CS-0006035

Research Excerpts

Overview

Besipirdine hydrochloride is a novel compound with cholinergic and adrenergic activity being investigated as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Besipirdine hydrochloride is a novel compound with cholinergic and adrenergic activity being investigated as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). "( A "bridging" (safety/tolerance) study of besipirdine hydrochloride in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Cutler, NR; Hourani, J; Huff, FJ; Sramek, JJ; Stewart, JA; Viereck, C; Wardle, T, 1995)		2
"1. Besipirdine (HP 749) is a compound undergoing clinical trials for efficacy in treating Alzheimer's disease. "( Effects of besipirdine at the voltage-dependent sodium channel.
Huger, FP; Kongsamut, S; Smith, CP; Tang, L, 1995)		1.3

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Besipirdine displays potent adrenergic activity in a variety of pharmacological and behavioral tests. "( alpha-Adrenergic activity and cardiovascular effects of besipirdine HCl (HP 749) and metabolite P7480 in vitro and in the conscious rat and dog.
Brooks, KM; Hubbard, JW; Laws-Ricker, L; Nordstrom, ST; Smith, CP; Vargas, HM; Zhou, L, 1997)		1.99

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The most common adverse events were asymptomatic postural hypotension and asymptomatic bradycardia."( A "bridging" (safety/tolerance) study of besipirdine hydrochloride in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Cutler, NR; Hourani, J; Huff, FJ; Sramek, JJ; Stewart, JA; Viereck, C; Wardle, T, 1995)		0.56

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The tmax was 2 to 4 hours after dosing, with nonlinear increases in Cmax and the AUC0-4th for HP 749."( The pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular pharmacodynamics of HP 749 (besipirdine HCl) and metabolite P86-7480 in the conscious monkey.
Dean, R; Dileo, EM; Griffiths, L; Hintze, TH; Hsu, RS; Hubbard, JW; Natarajan, C, 1995)		0.53

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacokinetic studies in animals and humans showed that I was well absorbed and metabolized primarily to the N-despropyl metabolite (P7480, II) after oral administration."( Determination of HP 749, a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease, in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Chesson, SM; DiLeo, EM; Effland, RC; Hsu, RS; Klein, JT, 1991)		0.28

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The results suggest a dose-response relationship, with greater efficacy after 3 months of treatment and longer persistence after treatment withdrawal for besipiridine 20 mg BID than for 5 mg BID."( Preliminary evaluation of besipirdine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Besipirdine Study Group.
Huff, FJ, 1996)		0.59
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (35)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Tissue alpha-L-fucosidaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.25000.14000.23500.4100AID36800
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00300.77706.0000AID145671
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)2.16440.00052.773925.1700AID141456; AID141573; AID141667; AID141669; AID141675; AID141676
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)2.31330.00052.891925.1700AID141667; AID141669; AID141675; AID141676
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)2.31330.00052.747825.1700AID141667; AID141669; AID141675; AID141676
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00040.629810.0000AID4829
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)2.31330.00052.780225.1700AID141667; AID141669; AID141675; AID141676
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00030.30952.3000AID145671
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)2.31330.00053.314249.5000AID141667; AID141669; AID141675; AID141676
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00300.03470.1000AID145671
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00030.32092.3000AID145671
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00200.02680.1000AID145671
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00300.88696.0000AID145671
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00040.908610.0000AID4829
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)10.00000.00021.874210.0000AID36732
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.29500.00031.09147.7625AID36799; AID36800; AID36928; AID36929; AID36930; AID36931
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00300.03470.1000AID145671
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)100.00000.00132.24956.9000AID217463
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.29500.00031.09147.7625AID36799; AID36800; AID36928; AID36929; AID36930; AID36931
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.29500.00031.06917.7625AID36799; AID36800; AID36928; AID36929; AID36930; AID36931
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)10.00000.00021.270410.0000AID36732
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00040.615610.0000AID4829
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00071.600310.0000AID144903; AID157451
AcetylcholinesteraseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)100.00000.00020.52597.2000AID31960; AID32094
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)10.00000.00001.819410.0000AID36732
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00200.69046.0000AID145671
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00240.03010.1000AID145671
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00071.630610.0000AID144903; AID157451
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00061.525710.0000AID144903; AID157451
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2CRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00071.747210.0000AID144903; AID157451
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00301.69437.0795AID145671
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2DRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00071.741110.0000AID144903; AID157451
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00071.741110.0000AID144903; AID157451
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00300.03470.1000AID145671
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)20.00000.00071.741110.0000AID144903; AID157451
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (4)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
fucose metabolic processTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseHomo sapiens (human)
glycosaminoglycan catabolic processTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseHomo sapiens (human)
glycoside catabolic processTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseHomo sapiens (human)
glycolipid catabolic processTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (2)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
alpha-L-fucosidase activityTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (9)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular regionTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseHomo sapiens (human)
azurophil granule lumenTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseHomo sapiens (human)
lysosomal lumenTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseHomo sapiens (human)
lysosomeTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2CRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2CRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2DRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2DRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (56)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID197115Compound was tested for inhibition of [3H]5-HT against rat whole brain using in vitro biogenic amine uptake assay using rat brain synaptosomes.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID217926Inhibition of [3H]BTX binding to cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-18, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Medicinal chemistry of neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel blockers.
AID61191Inhibitory activity against [3H]SCH-23390 binding to Dopamine receptor D1 in rat striatum1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID118332Antagonistic activity against Scopolamine induced behavioral deficits in mice at dose 0.16 mg/kg sc1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID118355Antagonistic activity against scopolamine-induced behavioral deficits in mice by subcutaneous administration at a concentration of 0.16 mg/kg1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID142813Inhibitory activity against [3H]N-methyl-scopolamine binding to Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 in rat cerebellum1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID141456Compound was tested for inhibition of [3H]pirenzepine binding against Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 from rat cortical membranes using in vitro cholinergic receptor binding assay.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID197117Inhibitory activity against [3H]5-HT uptake in rat whole brain1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID157451Inhibitory activity against [3H]TCP binding to Phencyclidine receptor in rat cortex1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID151448Inhibitory activity against [3H]DHM binding to mu opioid receptor in rat whole brain1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID32095Inhibitory activity against Acetylcholinesterase in rat striatum1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID145671Inhibitory activity against [3H]-NMCC binding to nicotinic receptors in rat cortex1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID4829Inhibitory activity against [3H]spiroperidol binding to 5-HT2 receptor in rat cortex1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID141674Inhibitory activity against [3H]oxotremorine-M binding to muscarinic receptors in rat forebrain membrane1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID196772Inhibitory activity against [3H]dopamine uptake in rat striatum1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID141675Inhibition of radioligand [3H]QNB binding (competitive inhibition) to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in the rat forebrain in the absence of zinc1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID141676Inhibition of radioligand [3H]QNB binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in the rat forebrain in the presence of zinc1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID148684Inhibitory activity against [3H]bremazocine binding to kappa opioid receptor in guinea pig cerebellum1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID36732Compound was tested for inhibition of [3H]WB-4101 against Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor from rat whole brain membranes using in vitro adrenergic receptor binding assay.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID141667Inhibition of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding from rat forebrain membranes in the absence of Zn1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID3774Inhibitory activity against [3H]DPAT binding to 5-HT1A receptor in rat hippocampus1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID4681Inhibitory activity against [3H]5-HT binding to 5-HT1B receptor in rat striatum1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID118352Antagonistic activity against scopolamine-induced behavioral deficits in mice by subcutaneous administration at a concentration of 0.02 mg/kg1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID36799Compound was tested for inhibition of [3H]clonidine against Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor from rat cortical membranes using in vitro adrenergic receptor binding assay.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID36931Inhibitory activity against [3H]yohimbine binding to Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor in rat cortex1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID232627Ratio of inhibitory activity against [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding in the absence of Zn to in the presence of Zn1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID141573Inhibitory activity against [3H]pirenzepine binding to muscarinic M1 receptor in rat cortex1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID197116Inhibitory activity against [3H]norepinephrine (NE) uptake in rat whole brain1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID36929Inhibitory activity against [3H]-idazoxan binding to Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor in rat cortex1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID32094Inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase in rat striatal preparation1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID36928Inhibitory activity against [3H]clonidine binding to Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor in rat cortex1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID217463Inhibition of [3H]nitrendipine binding to [Ca2+] channel of rat heart1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID118354Antagonistic activity against scopolamine-induced behavioral deficits in mice by subcutaneous administration at a concentration of 0.08 mg/kg1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID114183Effective dose against administration in mice1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID118329Antagonistic activity against Scopolamine induced behavioral deficits in mice at dose 0.04 mg/kg sc1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID36800Compound was tested for inhibition of [3H]yohimbine against Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor from rat cortical membranes using in vitro adrenergic receptor binding assay.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID118351Antagonistic activity against scopolamine-induced behavioral deficits in mice by subcutaneous administration1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID36930Inhibitory activity against [3H]idazoxan binding to Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor in rat cortex, in the presence of GPP1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID196038Inhibitory activity against norepinephrine (NE) uptake in rat whole brain synaptosome preparation1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID197114Compound was tested for inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine against rat whole brain using in vitro biogenic amine uptake assay using rat brain synaptosomes.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID64456Inhibitory activity against [3H]spiroperidol bingind to Dopamine receptor D2 in rat striatum1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID36878Inhibitory activity against [3H]WB-4101 binding to Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor in rat whole brain membrane1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID118358Antagonistic activity against scopolamine-induced behavioral deficits in mice by subcutaneous administration at a concentration of 0.63 mg/kg1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID141669Inhibition of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding from rat forebrain membranes in the presence of Zn1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID144903Inhibitory activity against [3H]-CPP binding to NMDA receptor in rat cortex1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID217930Inhibition of veratridine-induced guanidine flux in cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel (veratridine block vs. Na release)2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-18, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Medicinal chemistry of neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel blockers.
AID197418Inhibitory activity against [3H]norepinephrine (NE) uptake in rat hypothalamus1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID31960In vitro inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase from rat striatum1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID118339Antagonistic activity against Scopolamine induced behavioral deficits in mice at dose 0.63 mg/kg sc1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID118331Antagonistic activity against Scopolamine induced behavioral deficits in mice at dose 0.08 mg/kg sc1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID118328Antagonistic activity against Scopolamine induced behavioral deficits in mice at dose 0.02 mg/kg sc1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID196413Compound was tested for inhibition of [3H]dopamine against rat striatum using in vitro biogenic amine uptake assay using rat brain synaptosomes.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID118353Antagonistic activity against scopolamine-induced behavioral deficits in mice by subcutaneous administration at a concentration of 0.04 mg/kg1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID112904Evaluated for the prevention of TBZ ptosis by intraperitoneal administration in mice1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Substituted (pyrroloamino)pyridines: potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID142814Inhibitory activity against [3H]N-methyl-scopolamine in rat Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 cerebellum in the presence GPP(NH)P1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID112006Antagonistic activity against Scopolamine induced behavioral deficits in mice; 5/61996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (15)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's13 (86.67)18.2507
2000's1 (6.67)29.6817
2010's1 (6.67)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 16.58

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index16.58 (24.57)
Research Supply Index2.94 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.34 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index10.37 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (16.58)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials3 (20.00%)5.53%
Reviews1 (6.67%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other11 (73.33%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		1.9910phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
phenytoin
[no description available]		3.110imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		1.9910acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		1.9910carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.110aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.110dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carvedilol
[no description available]		3.110carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		1.9910clonidine;
imidazoline
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		1.9910dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		1.9910(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
halothane
[no description available]		7.0610haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		3.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		1.9810cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
lamotrigine
[no description available]		3.1101,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lomerizine
lomerizine: used to treat migraines		3.110diarylmethane
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		3.110aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		2.3920N-alkylpyrrolidine
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		2.0610aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		3.110benzothiazoles
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.1101,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		2.0610mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		1.9910methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
ameltolide
ameltolide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.110benzamides
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		1.9910benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.0610hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
remacemide
remacemide: structure given in first source		3.110stilbenoid
sipatrigine
sipatrigine: a glutamate release inhibitor which protects against focal cerebral ischemic damage		3.110pyrimidines
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		2.0610duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
lubeluzole
lubeluzole: a benzothiazole compound; used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke; R-91154 is the inactive isomer		3.110benzothiazoles
4-amino-n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimide
4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimide: a potent anticonvulsant against maximal electroshock-induced seizures; structure given in first source		3.110
5-aminocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine
5-aminocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine: structure given in first source; n-methyl aspartate antagonist		3.110
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		3.110diarylmethane
irampanel
irampanel: structure in first source		3.110
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.110cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		2.3920
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		1.9910
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		05.7983
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		010.7983
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.9210
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.9210
Aura
[description not available]		02.9210
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		02.9210
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.9210
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.9210
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.0610
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.0610
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		02.0610
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		01.9810
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		01.9810
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		03.3711
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		01.9910
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		01.9910