d-alpha tocopherol profile

d-alpha tocopherol is the most biologically active form of vitamin E. It is a potent antioxidant that protects cells from damage caused by free radicals. d-alpha tocopherol is synthesized from phytol, a component of chlorophyll. It is found in many plant oils, such as sunflower oil and soybean oil. d-alpha tocopherol is important for maintaining healthy skin, blood vessels, and nerves. It also plays a role in immune function. d-alpha tocopherol is studied for its potential to prevent or treat a variety of diseases, including heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease.'

Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

(R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	14985
CHEMBL ID	47
CHEBI ID	18145
SCHEMBL ID	3097
MeSH ID	M0584000

Synonym
MLS001066396
smr000471844
BIDD:PXR0174
vitamin ea
BIDD:ER0562
(2r)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4r,8r)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]chroman-6-ol
2h-1-benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-, [2r-[2r(4r,8r*)]]-
vita plus e
pheryl-e
evion
vascuals
spavit e
denamone
vitaplex e
etamican
evitaminum
esorb
phytogermine
syntopherol
lan-e
tokopharm
aquasol e
endo e
eprolin s
vi-e
almefrol
nsc-20812
vita e
ilitia
etavit
emipherol
med-e
eprolin
vitayonon
antisterility vitamin
viteolin
profecundin
epsilan
5,7,8-trimethyltocol
d-alpha-tocopherol
CHEBI:18145 ,
(2r,4'r,8'r)-alpha-tocopherol
(r,r,r)-alpha-tocopherol
(+)-alpha-tocopherol
2h-1-benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4r,8r)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-, (2r)-
3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2h-benzopyran-6-ol
tocopherol
PRESTWICK_653
tocopherol (r,s)
ido-e
waynecomycin
2074-53-5
(2r)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4r,8r)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydro-2h-chromen-6-ol
(r)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-((4r,8r)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydro-2h-chromen-6-ol
LMPR02020001
BSPBIO_000328
PRESTWICK3_000404
BPBIO1_000362 ,
VIV ,
d-alpha tocopherol
e 307 (tocopherol)
vitamin e alpha
nsc 20812
(2r,4'r,8'r)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4',8',12'-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol
(all-r)-alpha-tocopherol
alpha-tokoferol
2h-1-benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-((4r,8r)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-, (2r)-
covitol f 1000
viterra e
rhenogran ronotec 50
hsdb 2556
3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2h-1- -benzopyran-6-ol
einecs 200-412-2
viprimol
2h-1-benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-, (2r-(2r(4r,8r*)))-
2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4',8',12'-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol
ccris 3588
e 307
covi-ox
e prolin
alpha-tocopherol acid
e-vimin
tenox gt 1
alpha-tocopherol ,
C02477
59-02-9
vitamin e
T1539_SIGMA ,
DB00163
NCGC00142625-04
1406-18-4
NCGC00142625-01
einecs 215-798-8
NCGC00142625-05
alpha-vitamin e
2h-1-benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-, 2r- 2r(4r,8r*) -
MLS001335981
MLS001335982
alpha tocopherol
07AA93F0-3339-4EEC-B50B-ADB70F657087
vitamin e (d-form)
alpha-tocoferol
vitamin ealpha
T2309
(2r)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4r,8r)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-ol
vitamin-e ,
()-alpha-tocopherol
BMSE000600
e307
CHEMBL47
dl-a-tocopherol
NCGC00016688-02
AKOS004910417
NCGC00142625-07
HMS2096A10
unii-h4n855pnz1
h4n855pnz1 ,
palmvtee
vitamin e [usp]
(2r)-2-((4r,8r)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-6-ol
NCGC00142625-06
tox21_113208
NCGC00259630-01
tox21_202081
cas-59-02-9
tox21_110563
dtxcid706339
dtxsid0026339 ,
HMS2231G08
nsc 82623
2h-1-benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-, (2r(4r,8r*))-(+-)-
(+-)-med-e
(2r(4r,8r*))-(1)-3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2h-benzopyran-6-ol
einecs 218-197-9
a-tocopherol
alpha-tocopherol, d-
unii-n9pr3490h9
ec 200-412-2
n9pr3490h9 ,
tocopherol alpha
ins-307a
ins no.307a
tocopherol, d-alpha-
.alpha.-tocopherol, d-
vitamin e d-alpha
alpha-tocopherol [hsdb]
.alpha.-tocopherol [mi]
r,r,r-.alpha.-tocopherol
j24.260h ,
d-alpha tocopherol [mart.]
e-307a
(+)-alpha-tocopherol-
rrr-alpha-tocopherol
SCHEMBL3097
NCGC00142625-10
W-107596
Q-201932
a-vitamin e
(+)-.alpha.-tocopherol
.alpha.-vitamin e
W-109164
(+/-)-alpha-tocopherol
DTXSID8021355 ,
mfcd00072045
d-a-tocopherol
2h-1-benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4r,8r)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-, (2r)-rel-
(2r,4'r,8'r)-a-tocopherol
a-d-tocopherol
(2r)-3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4r,8r)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-2h-1-benzopyran-6-ol
(r,r,r)-a-tocopherol
alpha-delta-tocopherol
rrr-alpha-tocopheryl
delta-alpha-tocopherol
18920-62-2
CS-8161
HY-N0683
c29h50o2 (d-alpha-tocopherol)
(r)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-((4r,8r)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-ol
alpha-tocopherols
j203.513h
envirose 100
(+)-a-tocopherol
phytogermin
AS-13990
Q158348
rel-alpha-vitamin e
F82497
bdbm50458513
dl--tocopherol
(+)- alpha -tocopherol
-vitamin e
(+)--tocopherol; d--tocopherol
rel-(+)--tocopherol; rel-d--tocopherol
rel--vitamin e
(2r)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4r,8r)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydro-2h-1-benzopyran-6-ol
EN300-7417123
alpha-tocopherol, unspecified form
Z2235811339
rel-(2r)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-((4r,8r)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydro-2h-chromen-6-ol
e-mix 40a
eprolin-s
tenox gt
dtxcid201355
covi-ox t 30p
controx vp
e-307
alpha-tocopherol (ii)
3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2h-1--benzopyran-6-ol
acne c-patch
alpha tocopherol (usp-rs)
covi-ox t 50
rikki n 70
covirel
vita-jec essential e-300

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Since patients exhibit both acute and chronic cardiac toxic effects from Adriamycin, the salient characteristics of the reported animal models for both acute and chronic cardiotoxicity are reviewed."	( Experimental animal models of adriamycin cardiotoxicity. Doroshow, JH; Locker, GY; Myers, CE, 1979)	0.26
" No toxic symptoms were observed in the vitamin E-protected animals while all the animals given methylmercury alone developed severe symptoms of methylmercury poisoning."	( Modification of methylmercury neurotoxicity by vitamin E. Chang, LW; Gilbert, M; Sprecher, J, 1978)	0.26
" Levels of selenium normally found in foods (below 1 ppm) delay the onset of toxic signs caused by much higher levels of methylmercury."	( Modification of methylmercury toxicity and metabolism by selenium and vitamin E: possible mechanisms. Ganther, HE, 1978)	0.26
" The data suggest that the toxic effects of O2 are enhanced in Se-deficient rats and that nutritional factors contribute to lung susceptibility to oxidant-induced damage."	( Enhanced lung toxicity of O2 in selenium-deficient rats. Cross, CE; Hasegawa, G; Omaye, ST; Reddy, KA, 1977)	0.26
" This growth perturbation was due to oxygen radicals production since a treatment with catalase suppressed these toxic effects."	( Toxic effects and detection of oxygen free radicals on cultured articular chondrocytes generated by menadione. Adolphe, M; Duval, C; Michel, C; Poelman, MC; Vincent, F, 1992)	0.28
" The toxic effects of ethanol and cocaine were not reduced by the ingestion of vitamin E during short-term exposure of 21 days of treatment."	( Chronic ethanol and cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity: effects of vitamin E supplementation. Eskelson, CD; Pirozhkov, SV; Watson, RR, 1992)	0.28
" The results suggest that AZT is toxic to the fetus in a dose-dependent manner and that treatment with erythropoietin, vitamin E, or interleukin-3 can ameliorate the AZT-induced fetal toxicity."	( Amelioration of zidovudine-induced fetal toxicity in pregnant mice. Agrawal, KC; Beckman, BS; Gogu, SR, 1992)	0.28
"This study compares the toxic effects of the carotenoids, beta-carotene and canthaxanthin, and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) on human tumor cells and their normal counterparts in vitro."	( The selective cytotoxic effect of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol on human cancer cell lines in vitro. Schwartz, J; Shklar, G, 1992)	0.28
" HN2 was much less toxic to hepatocytes under nitrogen and caused much less lipid peroxidation than under aerobic conditions."	( Hepatocyte toxicity of mechlorethamine and other alkylating anticancer drugs. Role of lipid peroxidation. Khan, S; O'Brien, PJ; Ramwani, JJ, 1992)	0.28
" Using double-blind studies involving a large number of subjects, it has been demonstrated that large oral doses of up to 3,200 USP-Units/day led to no consistent adverse effects."	( Tolerance and safety of vitamin E: a toxicological position report. Diplock, AT; Kappus, H, 1992)	0.28
" It is concluded that the tested antioxidant treatment seems to be safe and that MS patients have low GSH-px, which may be increased by the tested antioxidant treatment."	( High dose antioxidant supplementation to MS patients. Effects on glutathione peroxidase, clinical safety, and absorption of selenium. Hansen, JC; Mai, J; Sørensen, PS, 1990)	0.28
"Vitamin E (15 micrograms/ml and 60 micrograms/ml) was used for protection of human leucocytes against toxic effects of lindan (150 microM and 200 microM) in vitro."	( Vitamin E protects human leucocytes against toxic effects of lindan in vitro. Grabarczyk, M; Kopeć-Szlezak, J; Podstawka, U, )	0.13
" In conclusion, these findings indicate that moderate elevation of brain VE is not adequate for protecting DA-containing neurons against the toxic actions of a high dose of MPTP."	( Vitamin E supplements fail to protect mice from acute MPTP neurotoxicity. Acuff, RV; Daigneault, EA; Gong, L; Kostrzewa, RM, 1991)	0.28
" We propose that oxidative events contribute to the toxic mechanism of action of methyl mercury in isolated cerebellar granule neurons."	( Oxidative mechanisms underlying methyl mercury neurotoxicity. Sarafian, T; Verity, MA, 1991)	0.28
"Rat hepatocyte suspensions were exposed to toxic concentrations of cadmium (Cd) in the presence and absence of unesterified alpha-tocopherol (T) or alpha-tocopheryl succinate (TS)."	( Cadmium toxicity: unique cytoprotective properties of alpha tocopheryl succinate in hepatocytes. Fariss, MW, 1991)	0.28
" The toxic potencies of glutamate, quisqualate, and homocysteate were inversely proportional to the concentration of cystine in the medium, suggesting that they competitively inhibit cystine uptake."	( Immature cortical neurons are uniquely sensitive to glutamate toxicity by inhibition of cystine uptake. Coyle, JT; Murphy, TH; Schnaar, RL, 1990)	0.28
"2 nmol/10(6) cells) but failed to protect these hepatocytes from the toxic effects of oxygen."	( Oxygen toxicity: unique cytoprotective properties of vitamin E succinate in hepatocytes. Fariss, MW, 1990)	0.28
" concentration of the SH-groups, activity of glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase, carminomycin antitumor and toxic effects was studied under conditions of tumor growth and carminomycin therapy with the use of prophylactic rations (PR) aimed at stimulating the cell thiol-dependent and antioxidant systems for decreasing the drug toxic action."	( [Thiol-dependent protective systems in alimentary prevention of the toxic effect of carminomycin]. Alekseeva, NR; Karsybekova, NM; Lenskaia, EG; Monakhov, BV; Sarbaev, BT; Sisemalieva, ZhS; Tazhibaev, ShS, 1990)	0.28
"Rat and canine hepatocyte suspensions were exposed to toxic concentrations of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and ionophore A-23187 in the presence and absence of extracellular calcium (Ca2+) and alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TS)."	( Alpha-tocopheryl succinate protects hepatocytes from chemical-induced toxicity under physiological calcium conditions. Fariss, MW; Merson, MH; O'Hara, TM, 1989)	0.28
" These findings are in agreement with previous observations suggesting that manganese increases toxic products originating from dopamine catabolism."	( Role of dopamine in manganese neurotoxicity. Cappabianca, V; Groppetti, A; Parati, EA; Parenti, M; Rusconi, L, 1988)	0.27
" We conclude that lipid peroxidation may not be the mechanism by which copper is toxic to isolated hepatocytes but that the site of injury may be thiol-rich cellular proteins."	( Copper toxicity and lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes: effect of vitamin E. Devereaux, MW; Shikes, RH; Sokol, RJ; Traber, MG, 1989)	0.28
" The protection afforded by antioxidants was then tested: alpha-tocopherol gave at 10(-4) M a light protection in contrast to ascorbic acid which even became toxic at high concentrations."	( Quantitative study of natural antioxidant systems for cellular nitrofurantoin toxicity. Michiels, C; Remacle, J, 1988)	0.27
" On the basis of the comprehensive experimental and clinical data available on alpha-tocopherol, the chemical and biological similarity of the alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols and the information available on the levels of tocopherols used as food antioxidants, it is concluded that tocopherols are safe food additives."	( An assessment of the safety of tocopherols as food additives. Silano, V; Tomassi, G, )	0.13
" The intake of high carotene may have adverse effects on the fertility of dairy cows."	( Adverse effect of beta-carotene in diet on fertility of dairy cows. Ascarelli, I; Barash, H; Folman, Y; Kraus, D, 1987)	0.27
" These results suggest that the toxic effects of cisplatin may be related to free radical induced damage."	( Modification of cisplatin toxicity by antioxidants. Gemba, M; Sugihara, K, 1986)	0.27
" The latter was significantly toxic to mice, by itself."	( Influence of in vitro ubiquinone antagonists on doxorubicin toxicity in vivo. Combs, AB; Lewandowski, E; Tábora, O, 1986)	0.27
" In this study their toxic mechanism of action was compared using an intact cell model."	( Toxicity of ozone and nitrogen dioxide to alveolar macrophages: comparative study revealing differences in their mechanism of toxic action. Alink, GM; Gijbels, MJ; Hempenius, RA; Poelen, MC; Rietjens, IM, 1986)	0.27
" Vitamins, like many substances, may be toxic when taken in large quantities, especially the fat-soluble vitamins, and the concept of "more is better" is a common misconception."	( Safety of megavitamin therapy. Omaye, ST, 1984)	0.27
" The study supports previous findings that some of the toxic effects of alcohol might be mediated through free radical mechanisms leading to lipid peroxidation and that the ameliorating effect of alpha tocopherol could relate to its function as antioxidant and free radical scavenger."	( Amelioration of cardiotoxic effects of alcohol by vitamin E. Griswold, KE; Nopajaroonsri, C; Redetzki, HM; Redetzki, JE, 1983)	0.27
"A high proportion of toxic and carcinogenic effects of chemicals develop through the pathway of lethal synthesis."	( The influence of nutrition and inducers on mechanisms of toxicity in humans and animals. McLean, AE; Tame, D; Witts, DJ, 1980)	0.26
") LD50 values were determined in mice for VBI, VBI complexed with DNA, Fe3+ or Pt2+, and after pretreatment with alpha-tocopherol."	( Modification of toxicity of violamycin BI (VBI) by complex formation with DNA, metal ions, and by pretreatment with alpha-tocopherol. Fleck, WF; Härtl, A; Hoffmann, H; Kirchner, E; Unger, E, 1980)	0.26
" The possible importance of alpha-tocopherol in preventing the toxic effect of iron on the apparently very sensitive myocardium after parenteral iron to patients with severe malabsorption syndrome is discussed."	( Alpha-tocopherol and cardiac toxicity of iron. Lindvall, S; Rydén, L; Smedgärd, P; Swedberg, B, 1980)	0.26
" It is thus necessary to ensure that antioxidant supplements are safe and free from side effects."	( Safety of antioxidant vitamins and beta-carotene. Diplock, AT, 1995)	0.29
" These toxic effects did not occur in the dark or after preincubation with the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol."	( Membrane toxicity of the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin A by a free-radical mechanism. Mathes, C; Thompson, SH; Wang, SS, 1993)	0.29
" Because lipid hydroperoxides are cytotoxic and can cause adverse effects, inadvertent infusion of rancid intralipid may add to the numerous problems encountered by premature neonates."	( Oxidation of parenteral lipid emulsion by ambient and phototherapy lights: potential toxicity of routine parenteral feeding. Darlow, BA; Inder, TE; Neuzil, J; Sluis, KB; Stocker, R; Winterbourn, CC, 1995)	0.29
"We show here that preincubation of pancreatic islet cells with alpha-tocopherol significantly improves their resistance to toxic doses of nitric oxide (NO)."	( Suppression of nitric oxide toxicity in islet cells by alpha-tocopherol. Bellmann, K; Burkart, V; Gross-Eick, A; Kolb, H; Radons, J, 1995)	0.29
" Thus, short-term supplementation with 800 mg vitamin E/d has no adverse effect on healthy older adults."	( Assessment of the safety of high-dose, short-term supplementation with vitamin E in healthy older adults. Blumberg, JB; Meydani, M; Meydani, SN; Morrow, F; Rall, LC, 1994)	0.29
" Only B1 was inhibitory to the toxic effects of FPC on weight gain, feed efficiency, and RHW (P < ."	( Toxicity of corn culture material of Fusarium proliferatum M-7176 and nutritional intervention in chicks. Nagaraj, RY; Vesonder, RF; Wu, WD, 1994)	0.29
"Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that the administration of alpha-tocopheryl hemisuccinate (TS), but not unesterified alpha-tocopherol (T), protects hepatocytes from a variety of toxic insults including chemicals, drugs, metals, and oxidative stress."	( Role of cellular energy status in tocopheryl hemisuccinate cytoprotection against ethyl methanesulfonate-induced toxicity. Fariss, MW; Ray, SD, 1994)	0.29
" MLO was found to be toxic only after intravenous administration."	( Toxicity of methyl linoleate ozonide in the rat. de Vries, J; Dellevoet, SM; Hempenius, RA; Koeman, JH; Marsman, G, 1993)	0.29
"The mechanisms by which hydrophobic bile acids are toxic to the liver are unknown."	( Evidence for involvement of oxygen free radicals in bile acid toxicity to isolated rat hepatocytes. Devereaux, M; Khandwala, R; O'Brien, K; Sokol, RJ, 1993)	0.29
" Vitamin E neutralized the toxic effect of free radicals in vitro."	( Toxicity of free radicals to mesothelial cells and peritoneal membrane. Breborowicz, A; Martis, L; Oreopoulos, DG; Serkes, KD; Wieczorowska, K; Witowski, J, 1993)	0.29
" Approximately 10 to 15 cases of vitamin A toxic reactions are reported per year in the United States, usually at doses greater than 100,000 IU/d."	( Safety of antioxidant vitamins. Maloley, PA; Meyers, DG; Weeks, D, 1996)	0.29
" Reaction of chlorine with naturally present organic compounds can result in toxic by-products."	( In vivo genotoxicity of dichloroacetic acid: evaluation with the mouse peripheral blood micronucleus assay and the single cell gel assay. Afshari, AJ; Allen, JW; DeAngelo, AB; Fuscoe, JC; George, MH; Salman, T; Tice, RR, 1996)	0.29
" Different pharmacological strategies have been explored to reduce the formation of these reactive oxygen species and/or prevent their toxic effects in the treatment of paraquat poisoning."	( Intratracheally administered liposomal alpha-tocopherol protects the lung against long-term toxic effects of paraquat. Shek, PN; Suntres, ZE, 1995)	0.29
" These findings suggest that the tissues or cells of low GSH concentration are highly vulnerable to PQ toxicity and GSH may play a major role in diminishing the toxic action of PQ exerted through oxidative stress."	( Enhancement of paraquat toxicity by glutathione depletion in mice in vivo and in vitro. Imura, N; Naganuma, A; Nakagawa, I; Suzuki, M, 1995)	0.29
" However, raising vitamin E levels did not protect against putative adverse effects of normally occurring oxidants."	( Vitamin E ameliorates adverse effects of endothelial injury in brain arterioles. Bei, RA; Brandt, RB; Chan, W; Nelson, GH; Rosenblum, WI, 1996)	0.29
"Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is known to be toxic to a variety of cell types, but relatively little is known about the toxic effects of oxLDL on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC)."	( Toxicity of oxidized low density lipoproteins for vascular smooth muscle cells and partial protection by antioxidants. Guyton, JR; Hughes, H; Karsan, D; Lenz, ML; Mathews, B; Selinger, E; Smith, CV, 1995)	0.29
" Exposure of cells to vitamin E did not diminish the cytotoxicity of beta-carotene, suggesting that the toxic effect of beta-carotene is not due to prooxidant activity."	( In vitro beta-carotene toxicity for human colon cancer cells. Frommel, TO; Iftikhar, S; Lietz, H; Mobarhan, S, 1996)	0.29
" Additionally, the toxic effect of amiodarone on the cells was depressed by pretreatment of them with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or alpha-tocopherol for 2 days and co-treatment with these agents for 1 day, but not with prednisolone or indomethacin co-treatment."	( Toxicity of amiodarone on mouse pulmonary endothelial cells cultured with or without alveolar macrophages. Futamura, Y, 1996)	0.29
" Hydrogen peroxide would be converted to more toxic hydroxyl free radicals."	( Dopamine- and L-beta-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine hydrochloride (L-Dopa)-induced cytotoxicity towards catecholaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Effects of oxidative stress and antioxidative factors. Lai, CT; Yu, PH, 1997)	0.3
" Pretreatment of hepatocytes with medium deficient in sulfur amino acids accelerated cell death induced by EMS, confirming the previously reported cytoprotective role for GSH in this toxic event."	( Role of cellular thiol status in tocopheryl hemisuccinate cytoprotection against ethyl methanesulfonate-induced toxicity. Bryson, KF; Fariss, MW; Tirmenstein, MA, 1997)	0.3
" In contrast to arachidonic acid, oleic acid was not toxic to the Hep G2-MV2E1-9 cells."	( Cytotoxicity and apoptosis produced by arachidonic acid in Hep G2 cells overexpressing human cytochrome P4502E1. Cederbaum, AI; Chen, Q; Galleano, M, 1997)	0.3
" These results indicate that melatonin protects cells from Cr(VI)-induced DNA strand breaks, cytotoxicity, and lipid peroxidation, possibly through its ability to increase cellular levels of vitamins E and C as well as catalase activity and/or to directly scavenge toxic hydroxyl radicals in cells."	( Potent protective effect of melatonin on chromium(VI)-induced DNA single-strand breaks, cytotoxicity, and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Furukawa, Y; Sugiyama, M; Susa, N; Ueda, J; Ueno, S, 1997)	0.3
" The administration of vitamin E, 12 h prior to CP, diminished the toxic effect of CP in young and adult rats."	( Protective effects of vitamin E and C on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in developing rats. Appenroth, D; Fröb, S; Kersten, L; Splinter, FK; Winnefeld, K, 1997)	0.3
" Putrescine was moderately toxic but only at 500 microM concentration."	( Neurotoxicity of polyamines and pharmacological neuroprotection in cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells. Ciani, E; Contestabile, A; Dall'Olio, R; Gandolfi, O; Sparapani, M, 1997)	0.3
"The main adverse effect of cyclosporine A (CyA) is nephrotoxicity."	( Cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity: role of thromboxane and reactive oxygen species. Arribas, I; de Arriba, G; Parra, T; Perez de Lema, G; Rodriguez-Puyol, D; Rodriguez-Puyol, M, 1998)	0.3
"By using nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells as a model for sympathetic neurons, we have recently shown that cholesterol oxides are toxic to cells of neural origin."	( Toxicity of cholesterol oxides on cultured neuroretinal cells. Chang, JY; Liu, LZ, 1998)	0.3
"These results suggest that, in addition to causing pathological changes in cells directly involved in atherosclerosis, cholesterol oxides may be toxic to cells derived from neuroretinas."	( Toxicity of cholesterol oxides on cultured neuroretinal cells. Chang, JY; Liu, LZ, 1998)	0.3
"Cisplatin [cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II)] is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug that is toxic to the kidney."	( Protective effect of cysteine and vitamin E, Crocus sativus and Nigella sativa extracts on cisplatin-induced toxicity in rats. el Daly, ES, )	0.13
" Here we report that Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive component of marijuana, is toxic for hippocampal neurons."	( Hippocampal neurotoxicity of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Chan, GC; Hinds, TR; Impey, S; Storm, DR, 1998)	0.3
" Thus, 4 mo of supplementation with 60-800 IU vitamin E/d had no adverse effects."	( Assessment of the safety of supplementation with different amounts of vitamin E in healthy older adults. Blumberg, JB; Diamond, R; Leka, LS; Meydani, M; Meydani, SN; Pedrosa, M; Schaefer, EJ, 1998)	0.3
" Histological evaluation of the liver also revealed adverse effects of fish oil containing diets."	( The association of increasing dietary concentrations of fish oil with hepatotoxic effects and a higher degree of aorta atherosclerosis in the ad lib.-fed rabbit. Blonk, CG; Meijer, GW; Ritskes-Hoitinga, J; Timmer, WG; van de Kooij, AJ; Verschuren, PM; Weststrate, JA; Wiersma, A, 1998)	0.3
" The dose necessary for protection against toxic Cr action in adult rats was not tolerated by young rats."	( Vitamin E and C in the prevention of metal nephrotoxicity in developing rats. Appenroth, D; Winnefeld, K, 1998)	0.3
" The free radical dependence of beta-amyloid-associated toxicity was confirmed by the ability of the free radical scavenger vitamin E to prevent the toxic effects of Abeta."	( The free radical antioxidant vitamin E protects cortical synaptosomal membranes from amyloid beta-peptide(25-35) toxicity but not from hydroxynonenal toxicity: relevance to the free radical hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Butterfield, DA; Drake, J; Green, M; Jordan, B; Koppal, T; Subramaniam, R; Yatin, S, 1998)	0.3
"Some compounds, accumulated by organisms, are transformed into toxic forms when irradiated with UV light."	( Effects of different protective agents on the phototoxicity of fluoranthene to Daphnia magna. Dave, G; Wernersson, AS, 1998)	0.3
" Vit E minimized the adverse effects of CsA on kidney function and the glomerular synthesis of these compounds."	( Cyclosporine increases local glomerular synthesis of reactive oxygen species in rats: effect of vitamin E on cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Arribas, I; Cantero, M; Carballo, F; Conejo, JR; de Arriba, G; Parra, T; Rodríguez-Puyol, D; Rodríguez-Puyol, M, 1998)	0.3
" Paraquat reduced cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and this toxic effect was not significantly attenuated by various kinds of antioxidants."	( Cytotoxic effect of paraquat on rat C6 glioma cells: evidence for the possibility of non-oxidative damage to the cells. Kubo, S; Morita, K; Tokunaga, I, 1999)	0.3
" The daily biological need for vitamin A is estimated to be 800 retinol equivalents (RE)/d (2667 IU/d) for adult women and 1000 RE/d (3300 IU/d) for adult men; doses > or = 7500 RE (> or = 25000 IU)/d are considered potentially toxic over the long term."	( Safety of <7500 RE (<25000 IU) vitamin A daily in adults with retinitis pigmentosa. Berson, EL; Hayes, KC; Pronczuk, A; Rosner, B; Sibulesky, L; Weigel-DiFranco, C, 1999)	0.3
"Prolonged daily consumption of <7500 RE (<25000 IU) vitamin A/d can be considered safe in this age group."	( Safety of <7500 RE (<25000 IU) vitamin A daily in adults with retinitis pigmentosa. Berson, EL; Hayes, KC; Pronczuk, A; Rosner, B; Sibulesky, L; Weigel-DiFranco, C, 1999)	0.3
"It is known that Adriamycin, which is widely used in the treatment of various neoplastic conditions, exerts toxic effects in several organs."	( Effect of vitamin E on adriamycin- induced nephrotoxicity at the ultrastructural level in guinea pigs. Abban, G; Elbeg, S; Erdogan, D; Görgün, M; Türközkan, N, 1999)	0.3
"We determined whether pre-enrichment of low density lipoproteins (LDL) with alpha-tocopherol mitigates their adverse effects, following in vitro glycation, oxidation or glycoxidation, towards cultured bovine retinal capillary endothelial cells (RCEC) and pericytes."	( Pre-enrichment of modified low density lipoproteins with alpha-tocopherol mitigates adverse effects on cultured retinal capillary cells. Baynes, JW; Fu, MX; Jenkins, AJ; Klein, RL; Li, W; Lyons, TJ; Moller, K; Thorpe, SR, 1999)	0.3
"Enrichment of LDL with alpha-tocopherol abolishes adverse effects of glycated, mildly oxidized, and glycoxidized LDL on cultured retinal cell count, and mitigates adverse effects on modulators of fibrinolysis and vascular tone."	( Pre-enrichment of modified low density lipoproteins with alpha-tocopherol mitigates adverse effects on cultured retinal capillary cells. Baynes, JW; Fu, MX; Jenkins, AJ; Klein, RL; Li, W; Lyons, TJ; Moller, K; Thorpe, SR, 1999)	0.3
" Data also suggest that oxidative stress occurs in this hyperglycemia animal model and that an increase in the antioxidant defense systems may exert protection against toxic insults."	( Susceptibility to beta-amyloid-induced toxicity is decreased in goto-kakizaki diabetic rats: involvement of oxidative stress. Moreira, P; Oliveira, CR; Pereira, C; Santos, MS; Seiça, R, 2000)	0.31
" The present study was conducted to characterise the toxic effect of L-CPA in primary cell cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells in vitro."	( Neurotoxic effect of L-2-chloropropionic acid on primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells. Fonnum, F; Lock, EA; Rustad, A; Sturgess, NC, 2000)	0.31
" Oral supplementation with antioxidants thus prevents toxic effects of doxorubicin in the skin and may contribute to the alleviation of its secondary cytotoxicity during the chemotherapy."	( Doxorubicin toxicity to the skin: possibility of protection with antioxidants enriched yeast. Buzadzić, B; Korać, B, 2001)	0.31
" This finding was not considered adverse because cardiomyopathy occurs spontaneously in rats and especially male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain when fed high levels of fat."	( Safety assessment of DHA-rich microalgae from Schizochytrium sp. Hammond, BG; Mast, RW; Mayhew, DA; Naylor, MW; Ruecker, FA; Sander, WJ, 2001)	0.31
" Catalase or vitamin E showed no protective effect against betaA25-35 Dithiothreitol (DTT), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and cyclosporine A significantly prevented the toxic effects of both betaA25-35 and peroxide, while inhibition of peroxide detoxifying enzymes enhanced toxicity."	( beta-Amyloid-induced cytotoxicity, peroxide generation and blockade of glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes. Brera, B; de Ceballos, ML; Fernández-Tomé, MP, 2001)	0.31
" The results indicated that more toxic effects could be observed both in rats and human hepatoma cell line treated with TCHQ than its parent compound, PCP."	( Oxidative stress and liver toxicity in rats and human hepatoma cell line induced by pentachlorophenol and its major metabolite tetrachlorohydroquinone. Chang, WC; Ho, YS; Lee, CC; Liou, HB; Wang, YJ, 2001)	0.31
" These findings underscore that moderate accumulation of excitotoxins at concentrations that alone do not appear to initiate adverse events may enhance the effects of other factors known to cause neurodegeneration such as Abeta."	( Homocysteine potentiates beta-amyloid neurotoxicity: role of oxidative stress. Ashline, D; Collins, SC; Dhitavat, S; Ho, PI; Ortiz, D; Rogers, E; Shea, TB, 2001)	0.31
"Mercury intoxication has been associated with male reproductive toxicity in experimental animals and mercury may have the potential to produce adverse effects on fertility in men."	( Protective effect of vitamin E against mercuric chloride reproductive toxicity in male mice. Rao, MV; Sharma, PS, )	0.13
"The mechanism of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (d-MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity may involve formation of toxic radical species."	( d-MDMA during vitamin E deficiency: effects on dopaminergic neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Johnson, EA; Kisin, E; Kommineni, C; Miller, DB; O'Callaghan, JP; Shvedova, AA, 2002)	0.31
" However, MBuP elicited a toxic effect at higher concentrations than DBP."	( Effects of dibutyl phthalate and monobutyl phthalate on cytotoxicity and differentiation in cultured rat embryonic limb bud cells; protection by antioxidants. Choi, YW; Han, SY; Kim, SH; Kim, SS; Kwack, SJ; Kwon, O; Lee, MK; Park, KL; Sohn, KH, 2002)	0.31
" We observed that Abeta(Glu22-->Gln) fibrils are more toxic for vascular cells than the wild-type fibrils."	( Vitamin E but not 17beta-estradiol protects against vascular toxicity induced by beta-amyloid wild type and the Dutch amyloid variant. Fernández, V; Gil-Gómez, G; Inestrosa, NC; Muñoz, FJ; Opazo, C; Tapia, G; Valverde, MA, 2002)	0.31
" In conclusion, a high dose of vitamin E for 28 d had no adverse effects in healthy men."	( The safety of high-dose vitamin E supplementation in healthy Japanese male adults. Ban, R; Morinobu, T; Murata, T; Tamai, H; Yoshikawa, S, 2002)	0.31
" The main side effect of idarubicin is free-radicals based cardiotoxicity."	( Genotoxicity of idarubicin and its modulation by vitamins C and E and amifostine. Błasiak, J; Gloc, E; Majsterek, I; Młynarski, W; Skórski, T; Stolarska, M; Woźniak, K, 2002)	0.31
" These results suggest that CE increases lipid peroxidation and decreases AOP by increasing oxidative stress, and that high doses of melatonin and a combination of vitamin E plus vitamin C considerably reduce the toxic effect of CE on kidney tissue of rats."	( Nephrotoxicity in rats induced by chlorpryfos-ethyl and ameliorating effects of antioxidants. Altuntas, I; Delibas, N; Gultekin, F; Karaöz, E; Oncu, M, 2002)	0.31
"Some general principles regarding oxidative stress and molecular responses to toxic metals are presented in this manuscript."	( The role of oxidative stress in nickel and chromate genotoxicity. Broday, L; Costa, M; Kluz, T; Peng, W; Salnikow, K; Sutherland, JE; Zhang, Q, )	0.13
" The protection against the adverse effects of nitrites/nitrates by vitamin E is attributed to its ability to reduce ONOO- formation, while selenium exerts its protective effects via seleno-enzymes/compounds, which reduce ONOO- formed."	( Dietary vitamin E and selenium and toxicity of nitrite and nitrate. Chow, CK; Hong, CB, 2002)	0.31
" This review begins with a brief overview of the toxic effects of endotoxin at organism level, paying particular attention to cardiovascular damage."	( Fighting the stranger-antioxidant protection against endotoxin toxicity. Cadenas, AM; Cadenas, S, 2002)	0.31
"Paraquat, a quarternary nitrogen herbicide, is a highly toxic compound for humans and animals and many cases of acute poisoning and death have been reported over the past few decades."	( Role of antioxidants in paraquat toxicity. Suntres, ZE, 2002)	0.31
" However, its use is seriously limited by the development in the heart of acute and chronic toxic effects."	( Antioxidant nutrients and adriamycin toxicity. Battino, M; Huertas, JR; Mataix, J; Quiles, JL; Ramírez-Tortosa, MC, 2002)	0.31
" In addition to lens opacification (cataracts) and histological changes associated with pneumotoxicity, other biomarkers of toxic effects include glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and the production of the active oxygen species as superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical."	( Naphthalene toxicity and antioxidant nutrients. Bagchi, D; Ohia, S; Stohs, SJ, 2002)	0.31
" In the present study we investigated whether vitamin E and catechin can reduce the toxic effects of idarubicin."	( Protective role of antioxidant vitamin E and catechin on idarubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Ates, A; Candan, S; Kalender, S; Kalender, Y; Olcay, E; Yel, M, 2002)	0.31
"To evaluate the adverse effects of exogenously induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) on mouse embryo development by using the 12-phorbol 13-myristate acetate (PMA)-activated leukocyte model as a source of ROS, and to examine the protective effect of antioxidant supplementation (vitamin C and vitamin E)."	( Vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation reduce oxidative stress-induced embryo toxicity and improve the blastocyst development rate. Agarwal, A; Attaran, M; Falcone, T; Goldberg, JM; Sharma, RK; Wang, X, 2002)	0.31
" This study demonstrates that administration of DRM (at up to five times the anticipated commercial dose) did not produce any treatment-related adverse effects in commercial strains of swine."	( Safety assessment of DHA-rich microalgae from Schizochytrium sp. Part V: target animal safety/toxicity study in growing swine. Abril, R; Garrett, J; Mast, RW; Sander, WJ; Zeller, SG, 2003)	0.32
" VE and VC, at proper concentrations, can reduce or eliminate the adverse effects derived from high doses of DEV."	( In vitro study on the genotoxicity of dichloromethane extracts of valerian (DEV) in human endothelial ECV304 cells and the effect of vitamins E and C in attenuating the DEV-induced DNA damages. Dong-fang, Z; Hui-lian, W; Qian-rong, Li; Yang, L; Yu-zhen, W; Zhao-feng, L, 2003)	0.32
" Both beta-epox and alpha-epox were more toxic to HepG2 cells than to Caco-2 cells after the 48-h exposure."	( Toxicity of cholesterol oxidation products to Caco-2 and HepG2 cells: modulatory effects of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol. O'Brien, NM; O'Callaghan, YC; O'Sullivan, AJ; Woods, JA, )	0.13
" It has been reported that the toxic effects of AA are the result of oxidative reactions that take place during its metabolism."	( Protective effects of melatonin, vitamin E and N-acetylcysteine against acetaminophen toxicity in mice: a comparative study. Ayanoğlu-Dülger, G; Sehirli, AO; Sener, G, 2003)	0.32
"We have studied the toxic effect of the alkylating antitumor drug N'-cyclohexyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea (lomustine, CCNU) on Escherichia coli (E."	( Spin labeled antioxidants protect bacteria against the toxicity of alkylating antitumor drug CCNU. Gadjeva, V; Lazarova, G; Zheleva, A, 2003)	0.32
" All adverse events reported were minor and equivalently distributed between groups."	( Biological safety assessment of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in a randomized clinical trial for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Birch, DG; Hoffman, DR; Locke, KG; Watkins, RB; Wheaton, DH, 2003)	0.32
"Acetaminophen, a safe analgesic when dosed properly but hepatotoxic at overdoses, has been reported to induce DNA strand breaks but it is unclear whether this event preceeds hepatocyte toxicity or is only obvious in case of overt cytotoxicity."	( Antioxidants protect primary rat hepatocyte cultures against acetaminophen-induced DNA strand breaks but not against acetaminophen-induced cytotoxicity. El-Bahay, C; Hanelt, S; Kahl, R; Lewerenz, V; Nastevska, C; Röhrdanz, E, 2003)	0.32
"A cream containing 4% hydroquinone, 10% buffered glycolic acid, vitamins C and E, and sunscreen is safe and effective in the treatment of melasma."	( Safety and efficacy of 4% hydroquinone combined with 10% glycolic acid, antioxidants, and sunscreen in the treatment of melasma. Guevara, IL; Pandya, AG, 2003)	0.32
"Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin frequently present in food and feedstuffs, produces a wide range of toxic effects, including cell death via lipid peroxidation."	( Evaluation of the protective effects of alpha-tocopherol and retinol against ochratoxin A cytotoxicity. Baldi, A; Bertasi, B; Carli, S; Cheli, F; Fusi, E; Losio, MN; Pavoni, E; Politis, I; Rebucci, R; Sangalli, L, 2004)	0.32
" In order to safe guard the workers against the health hazards caused by dust in their occupational environment; it necessitates studying the biological importance of these dusts."	( Cytotoxic effect and role of exogenous antioxidants in carpet dust mediated toxicity in rat hepatocytes in vitro. Ahmad, I; Ameen, M; Musthapa, MS; Rahman, Q, 2004)	0.32
" Current trends in the treatment of human tumors are for drug combinations that result in improved responses as well as the ability to use less toxic concentrations of the drugs."	( Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid (18:3n-6) enhances docetaxel (Taxotere) cytotoxicity in human breast carcinoma cells: Relationship to lipid peroxidation and HER-2/neu expression. Colomer, R; Lupu, R; Menendez, JA; Ropero, S, 2004)	0.32
" Lower intakes of antioxidants are associated with increases in the adverse side effects of chemotherapy."	( Low antioxidant vitamin intakes are associated with increases in adverse effects of chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blumberg, J; Kelly, KM; Kennedy, DD; Ladas, ED; Rheingold, SR; Tucker, KL, 2004)	0.32
"Gastrointestinal tolerance of the supplement was excellent: no adverse events related to the product were documented."	( Early enteral gut feeding with conditionally indispensable pharmaconutrients is metabolically safe and is well tolerated in postoperative cancer patients--a pilot study. Alteheld, B; Deska, T; Haaker, R; Hummel, T; Senkal, M; Stehle, P; Steinfort, C; Zumtobel, V, 2004)	0.32
"Early postoperative gut feeding with the newly developed enteral supplement shows no adverse effects, is well tolerated in cancer patients and provides a novel method to deliver conditionally indispensable pharmaconutrients."	( Early enteral gut feeding with conditionally indispensable pharmaconutrients is metabolically safe and is well tolerated in postoperative cancer patients--a pilot study. Alteheld, B; Deska, T; Haaker, R; Hummel, T; Senkal, M; Stehle, P; Steinfort, C; Zumtobel, V, 2004)	0.32
" In the present study we investigated whether vitamin E and catechin can reduce the toxic effects of doxorubicin."	( Doxorubicin hepatotoxicity and hepatic free radical metabolism in rats. The effects of vitamin E and catechin. Kalender, S; Kalender, Y; Yel, M, 2005)	0.33
"A robust database shows that dietary supplements of vitamins E and C are safe for the general population."	( Vitamins E and C are safe across a broad range of intakes. Azzi, A; Blumberg, J; Bray, T; Dickinson, A; Frei, B; Hathcock, JN; Jialal, I; Johnston, CS; Kelly, FJ; Kraemer, K; Packer, L; Parthasarathy, S; Sies, H; Traber, MG, 2005)	0.33
" These findings confirm a key role for glutathione in protecting cells from CsA-induced adverse effects and do not support a direct link between CsA-mediated ROS generation and adverse renal effects."	( Diverse effects of natural antioxidants on cyclosporin cytotoxicity in rat renal tubular cells. Capasso, G; Chiodini, P; Della Ragione, F; Di Gennaro, CI; Galletti, P; Indaco, S; Manna, C; Migliardi, V; Zappia, V, 2005)	0.33
" These data suggest that antioxidants may serve as 'Abeta targeting' therapies that suppress toxic protein aggregation rather than simply acting as downstream radical scavengers."	( Role of glutathione in intracellular amyloid-alpha precursor protein/carboxy-terminal fragment aggregation and associated cytotoxicity. Maezawa, I; Milatovic, D; Montine, KS; Montine, TJ; Nghiem, W; Vaisar, T; Woltjer, RL, 2005)	0.33
" VE, VC and VA alone or combinations of VE+VC and VE+VA significantly attenuated A1254-induced toxic effects, which suggested that lipid peroxidation was involved in the sequence of events leading to A1254-induced damage or death of the cultured CEHs."	( Protective effects of antioxidant vitamins on Aroclor 1254-induced toxicity in cultured chicken embryo hepatocytes. Zhang, C; Zhou, C, 2005)	0.33
" Arsenic as an environmental agent is considered to be a toxic substance due to its carcinogenic potential in humans."	( Combined efficacies of DL-alpha-lipoic acid and meso 2,3 dimercaptosuccinic acid against arsenic induced toxicity in antioxidant systems of rats. Devi, MA; Kokilavani, V; Panneerselvam, C; Sivarajan, K, 2005)	0.33
"It has been shown that oxidative damage contributes to the wide range of toxic effects of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA)."	( Effect of vitamin E and polyphenols on ochratoxin A-induced cytotoxicity in liver (HepG2) cells. Augustin, K; Blank, R; Bösch-Saadatmandi, C; Hundhausen, C; Rimbach, G; Wolffram, S, 2005)	0.33
"NovaSil clay (NS) provides significant protection from the adverse effects of aflatoxins (AFs) in multiple animal species by decreasing bioavailability from the gastrointestinal tract."	( Short-term safety evaluation of processed calcium montmorillonite clay (NovaSil) in humans. Afriyie-Gyawu, E; Billam, M; Brattin, B; Goldston, T; Griswold, J; Guan, H; Huebner, HJ; Lovett, C; Luo, H; Phillips, TD; Tang, L; Taylor, RJ; Wang, JS; Wang, Z, 2005)	0.33
"Many cancer patients take antioxidant vitamin supplements with the hope of improving the outcome of conventional therapies and of reducing the adverse effects of these treatments."	( Randomized trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent acute adverse effects of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients. Abdous, B; Bairati, I; Brochet, F; Del Vecchio, P; Fortin, A; Gélinas, M; Harel, F; Mercier, JP; Meyer, F; Nabid, A; Roy, J; Têtu, B; Vass, S; Vigneault, E, 2005)	0.33
"Supplementation with high doses of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene during radiation therapy could reduce the severity of treatment adverse effects."	( Randomized trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent acute adverse effects of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients. Abdous, B; Bairati, I; Brochet, F; Del Vecchio, P; Fortin, A; Gélinas, M; Harel, F; Mercier, JP; Meyer, F; Nabid, A; Roy, J; Têtu, B; Vass, S; Vigneault, E, 2005)	0.33
"Radiation-induced tissue fibrosis is a common adverse effect of curative treatment for pelvic cancer."	( Phase II study of vitamin E and pentoxifylline in patients with late side effects of pelvic radiotherapy. Brooker, S; Cornes, P; Earl, J; Glees, J; Gothard, L; Hall, E; Peckitt, C; Tait, D; Yarnold, J, 2005)	0.33
" When administered daily for 28 days by gavage at doses up to 955 mg/kg bw/day (780 mg tocopherol equivalents/kg bw/day), MTP produced no consistent, dose-dependent adverse effects in rats."	( Evaluation of the safety of mixed tocopheryl phosphates (MTP) -- a formulation of alpha-tocopheryl phosphate plus alpha-di-tocopheryl phosphate. Bolton, L; Geytenbeek, S; Gianello, R; Libinaki, R; Ogru, E, 2006)	0.33
" Tat is neurotoxic and a constantly growing body of evidence suggests that the toxic effects of Tat are oxidative stress-dependent."	( Cocaine-mediated enhancement of Tat toxicity in rat hippocampal cell cultures: the role of oxidative stress and D1 dopamine receptor. Aksenov, MY; Aksenova, MV; Booze, RM; Mactutus, CF; Nath, A; Ray, PD, 2006)	0.33
"Cardiotoxicity is a major side effect limiting the use of doxorubicin, a potent chemotherapeutic agent, in the treatment of pediatric neoplastic diseases."	( Electrocardiographic and biochemical evidence for the cardioprotective effect of vitamin E in doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity in rats. Bhatnagar, V; Maulik, SK; Puri, A; Ray, R, 2005)	0.33
" Results indicated that treatment with MeHg caused adverse effects on both reproduction of the dams and decreased progeny survival."	( Co-consumption of selenium and vitamin E altered the reproductive and developmental toxicity of methylmercury in rats. Beyrouty, P; Chan, HM, )	0.13
"Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely used antineoplastic drug, which could cause toxicity of the normal cells due to its toxic metabolites."	( Attenuation of cyclophosphamide induced toxicity by squalene in experimental rats. Devaki, T; Senthilkumar, S; Subashini, R; Yogeeta, SK, 2006)	0.33
" Furthermore, the combination of vitamins E and C can reduce the toxic effects of MD on liver tissue of rats."	( The effects of subchronic methidathion toxicity on rat liver: role of antioxidant vitamins C and E. Altuntas, I; Delibas, N; Demirin, H; Karahan, N; Sutcu, R; Yildirim, B, 2006)	0.33
" The common treatment up to the 1990's has been the oral hormone replacement therapy (HRT), but this treatment has been consequently re-considered due to its adverse effects."	( Open, non-controlled clinical studies to assess the efficacy and safety of a medical device in form of gel topically and intravaginally used in postmenopausal women with genital atrophy. Magnani, P; Marrè, GB; Mascarucci, P; Metelitsa, EN; Morali, G; Polatti, F, 2006)	0.33
" None of the adverse events or deaths occurred, were judged as likely to be related to the vitamin E supplementation."	( A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of vitamin E supplementation for protection against cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy: final results. Argyriou, AA; Chroni, E; Iconomou, G; Kalofonos, HP; Koutras, A; Papapetropoulos, S; Polychronopoulos, P, 2006)	0.33
"Cadmium is known to exert toxic effects on multiple organs, including the testes."	( Effects of alpha-tocopherol on cadmium-induced toxicity in rat testis and spermatogenesis. Han, DK; Kim, JR; Sim, JC; Yang, HS, 2006)	0.33
"With the fast development of nanotechnology, the nanomaterials start to cause people's attention for potential toxic effect."	( Toxicity of cerium oxide nanoparticles in human lung cancer cells. Huang, YW; Lin, W; Ma, Y; Zhou, XD, )	0.13
" The monitoring of these toxic effects in clinical practice is impeded by a dearth of reliable laboratory methods."	( Development and validation of a liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of alpha-tocopherol, retinol and retinyl esters in human serum using a monolithic column for the monitoring of anticancer therapy side effects. Krcmová, L; Melichar, B; Opletalová, V; Solich, P; Solichová, D; Urbánek, L, 2006)	0.33
" PYR was also highly toxic to midbrain organotypic slices."	( Mechanism of toxicity of pesticides acting at complex I: relevance to environmental etiologies of Parkinson's disease. Greenamyre, JT; Matsuno-Yagi, A; Miller, GW; Panov, AV; Richardson, JR; Seo, BB; Sherer, TB; Testa, CM; Yagi, T, 2007)	0.34
"Our findings indicate that the administration of Lipoplus in the postoperative period after major abdominal surgery is safe and results in a significantly shorter length of hospital stay."	( Evaluation of clinical safety and beneficial effects of a fish oil containing lipid emulsion (Lipoplus, MLF541): data from a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Czarnetzki, HD; Jauch, KW; Kemen, M; Morlion, BJ; Thul, P; Wichmann, MW, 2007)	0.34
"Zearalenone (ZEN) is a fusarial mycotoxin with several adverse effects in laboratory and domestic animals including mainly estrogenicity."	( The role of oxidative stress in zearalenone-mediated toxicity in Hep G2 cells: oxidative DNA damage, gluthatione depletion and stress proteins induction. Ayed-Boussema, I; Bacha, H; Hassen, W; Lopez, Ade C; Oscoz, AA, 2007)	0.34
" Theophylline, a re-emerging drug for the treatment of obstructive airway disease, has a narrow therapeutic index which precludes its safe use."	( Free radicals and theophylline neurotoxicity : an experimental study. Gulati, K; Ray, A; Vijayan, VK, 2007)	0.34
" Since testicular function is exquisitely susceptible to reactive-oxygen species, the present study elucidates the possible involvement of oxidative stress in vanadium-induced testicular toxicity and the prophylactic effects of vitamin E acetate against such adverse effects of vanadium."	( Amelioration of vanadium-induced testicular toxicity and adrenocortical hyperactivity by vitamin E acetate in rats. Chandra, AK; Chatterjee, A; Ghosh, R; Sarkar, M, 2007)	0.34
"We evaluated mechanisms contributing to the adverse effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on DNA synthesis, cell number and size, and cell signaling mediated by adenylyl cyclase (AC) in PC12 cells, a neuronotypic cell line that recapitulates the essential features of developing mammalian neurons."	( Ameliorating the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: a mechanisms-based approach in PC12 cells. MacKillop, EA; Ryde, IT; Seidler, FJ; Slotkin, TA, 2007)	0.34
" Nicotine, which stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors but also possesses a mixture of prooxidant/antioxidant activity, had adverse effects by itself but also protected undifferentiated cells from the actions of CPF and had mixed additive/protective effects on cell number in differentiating cells."	( Ameliorating the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: a mechanisms-based approach in PC12 cells. MacKillop, EA; Ryde, IT; Seidler, FJ; Slotkin, TA, 2007)	0.34
"Our results show definitive contributions of cholinergic hyperstimulation, oxidative stress, and interference with AC signaling in the developmental neurotoxicity of CPF and point to the potential use of this information to design treatments to ameliorate these adverse effects."	( Ameliorating the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: a mechanisms-based approach in PC12 cells. MacKillop, EA; Ryde, IT; Seidler, FJ; Slotkin, TA, 2007)	0.34
" VitE analogues such as alpha-TOS have been developed for clinical use as supplements mainly for the treatment of VitE deficiency and are considered safe and non-toxic when taken orally."	( Alpha-Tocopheryl succinate: toxicity and lack of anti-tumour activity in immuno-competent mice. Beilharz, MW; Ireland, DJ; Kissick, HT, 2008)	0.35
"There is a debate concerning the effects of antioxidant vitamins during radiation therapy: Can they reduce the adverse effects of therapy without reducing treatment efficacy? We examined whether dietary and plasma beta carotene and alpha tocopherol were related to severe acute adverse effects of radiation therapy and to cancer local recurrence."	( Acute adverse effects of radiation therapy and local recurrence in relation to dietary and plasma beta carotene and alpha tocopherol in head and neck cancer patients. Bairati, I; Fortin, A; Gélinas, M; Jobin, E; Meyer, F; Nabid, A; Têtu, B, 2007)	0.34
" The 1% diet (equivalent to 587 and 643 mg mixed tocopheryl phosphates/kg body weight/day for male and female rats, respectively) was considered the no observed adverse effect level."	( Subchronic oral toxicity study of mixed tocopheryl phosphates in rats. Gianello, R; Hall, WC; Kennepohl, E; Libinaki, R; Ogru, E, )	0.13
" This study aimed to identify possible toxic mechanisms using primary cell cultures from vascular tissue: these were exposed to the cryoprotectant at room temperature to avoid any possibility of hypothermic injury."	( Reduction of cryoprotectant toxicity in cells in suspension by use of a sodium-free vehicle solution. Hunds, N; Pegg, DE; Rauen, U; Simmonds, J; Wusteman, M, 2008)	0.35
"Amiodarone (AM), a drug used in the treatment of cardiac dysrrhythmias, can produce severe pulmonary adverse effects, including fibrosis."	( Direct mitochondrial dysfunction precedes reactive oxygen species production in amiodarone-induced toxicity in human peripheral lung epithelial HPL1A cells. Brien, JF; Comeau, JL; Hill, BC; Ji, Y; Massey, TE; Nicolescu, AC; Racz, WJ; Takahashi, T, 2008)	0.35
"Fifteen-week consumption of natural nonesterified plant sterol-enriched food does not cause any serious adverse effects during such a period."	( Safety assessment of common foods enriched with natural nonesterified plant sterols. Alfthan, H; Högström, P; Karppanen, H; Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S; Nyyssönen, K; Piironen, V; Salonen, JT; Stenman, UH; Tikkanen, MJ; Toivo, J; Tuomilehto, J, 2009)	0.35
" We investigated the toxic mechanisms of As(2)O(3) in H9c2 cardiomyocytes."	( Arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes: implications in cardiotoxicity. Chen, H; Feng, T; Lu, Y; Shan, H; Yang, B; Zhang, Y; Zhao, X, 2008)	0.35
"Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal."	( Effects of vitamin E, vitamin C, and selenium on gastric fundus in cadmium toxicity in male rats. Bolkent, S; Sacan, O; Yanardag, R, )	0.13
"Cadmium (Cd), a widely distributed toxic trace metal, has been shown to accumulate in liver after long- and short-term exposure."	( The potential role of combined anti-oxidants against cadmium toxicity on liver of rats. Bolkent, S; Koyuturk, M; Tunali, S; Yanardag, R, 2007)	0.34
" Further investigations are needed to acquire a comprehensive knowledge of the possible mechanism/s through dicamba and banvel exert their toxic effects."	( Dicamba-induced genotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is prevented by vitamin E. González, NV; Larramendy, ML; Soloneski, S, 2009)	0.35
"The present study was designed to evaluate the protective potential of vitamin E, if any, in attenuating the toxic effects induced by acute methomyl treatment in rats."	( Role of vitamin E in mitigating methomyl induced acute toxicity in blood of male Wistar rats. Bansal, AK; Dhawan, DK; Garg, DP; Kiran, R; Malhotra, A, 2008)	0.35
" Despite the differences between these preclinical studies and clinical conditions, we suggest RVC(LUV) as a potential new formulation, since RVC is a new and safe local anaesthetic agent."	( Pharmacological and local toxicity studies of a liposomal formulation for the novel local anaesthetic ropivacaine. Braga, Ade F; Brunetto, GB; Cereda, CM; de Araujo, DR; de Oliveira, AL; de Paula, E; Fraceto, LF; Neto, HS; Pierucci, A; Vomero, VU, 2008)	0.35
" Our study demonstrated that a combination of aspirin and gammaT, but not a combination of aspirin and alphaT, has some advantage over aspirin alone in terms of anti-inflammatory effects and attenuation of aspirin-induced adverse effects."	( A combination of aspirin and gamma-tocopherol is superior to that of aspirin and alpha-tocopherol in anti-inflammatory action and attenuation of aspirin-induced adverse effects. Ames, BN; Jiang, Q; Moreland, M; Yin, X, 2009)	0.35
" In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of BUT on chondrocytes and the possible toxic mechanism with the aim of understanding the pathogenesis and of directing future therapeutic interventions for KBD."	( Butenolide induced cytotoxicity by disturbing the prooxidant-antioxidant balance, and antioxidants partly quench in human chondrocytes. Cao, J; Chen, J; Li, S; Peng, S; Shi, Z; Yang, B; Zhang, Z, 2009)	0.35
" This study brought to light the protective effects of vitamin E on the toxic pathological lesions caused by endosulfan administration."	( Histopathological observations on protective effects of vitamin E on endosulfan induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Farshid, AA; Heydari, R; Ilkhanipour, M; Jalili, S; Salehi, S, 2007)	0.34
" The secondary endpoints were the evaluation of all the other symptoms and signs associated with the vaginal atrophy (itching, burning, dyspareunia, vaginal inflammation or swelling, irritation, assessed by a 4-point scale, presence of vaginal abrasions and irritation), and the recording of the adverse events occurring during the trial."	( Effectiveness and safety of vaginal suppositories for the treatment of the vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: an open, non-controlled clinical trial. Costantino, D; Guaraldi, C, )	0.13
" Amitriptyline toxic systemic effects include cardiovascular, autonomous nervous, and central nervous systems."	( Coenzyme Q10 and alpha-tocopherol protect against amitriptyline toxicity. Cordero, MD; de Miguel, M; Garrido-Maraver, J; Gomez-Skarmeta, JL; Moreno-Fernández, AM; Navas, P; Oropesa-Avila, M; Rodríguez-Hernández, A; Sánchez-Alcázar, JA, 2009)	0.35
"The toxicity of chemicals can be enhanced by light through two photochemical pathways: Photomodification to more toxic substances and photosensitization."	( Combined experimental and theoretical study on photoinduced toxicity of an anthraquinone dye intermediate to Daphnia magna. Bian, H; Cai, X; Chen, J; Hao, C; Lin, J; Wang, Y; Wang, Z, 2009)	0.35
" Its use is associated with adverse effects including cardiotoxicity."	( Periplogenin-3-O- -D-glucopyranosyl -(1-->6)- -D-glucopyaranosyl- -(1-->4) -D-cymaropyranoside, isolated from Aegle marmelos protects doxorubicin induced cardiovascular problems and hepatotoxicity in rats. Kar, A; Panda, S, 2009)	0.35
"Lindane, a toxic insecticide from the persistent organic pollutants (POP's) group, may act as an endocrine disrupter affecting crucial tissues of reproductive system."	( Lindane-induced cytotoxicity and the role of vitamin E in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Kmetic, I; Kniewald, J; Kniewald, Z; Murati, T; Radosević, K; Simić, B, 2009)	0.35
" In porcine NHBD-LTx, we previously reported a 50% risk of PNF and toxic bile formation in grafts exposed to > or =30' warm ischemia (WI)."	( Multifactorial biological modulation of warm ischemia reperfusion injury in liver transplantation from non-heart-beating donors eliminates primary nonfunction and reduces bile salt toxicity. Balligand, E; Buurman, W; Deckx, H; Derveaux, K; Heedfeld, V; Hoekstra, H; Libbrecht, L; Liu, Q; Monbaliu, D; Parkkinen, J; Pirenne, J; Porte, RJ; Vaahtera, L; van Pelt, J; Vekemans, K; Wylin, T; Zeegers, M, 2009)	0.35
"Mature male Wistar rats (weighing 300-320 g and each group six animals) were given malathion (27 mg/kg; 1/50 of the LD50 for an oral dose), vitamin C (200 mg/kg)+vitamin E (200 mg/kg), or both daily via gavage for 4 weeks."	( Malathion-induced hepatotoxicity in rats: the effects of vitamins C and E. Demir, F; Durak, D; Kalender, S; Kalender, Y; Uzun, FG, 2010)	0.36
"In premature infants, glucocorticoids ameliorate chronic lung disease, but have adverse effects on growth and the cardiovascular system."	( Investigation of the use of antioxidants to diminish the adverse effects of postnatal glucocorticoid treatment on mortality and cardiac development. Adler, A; Camm, EJ; Giussani, DA; Hansell, JA; Richter, HG, 2010)	0.36
"We hypothesized that the adverse effects of postnatal glucocorticoid therapy are secondary to oxidative stress and that antioxidant treatment would diminish unwanted effects."	( Investigation of the use of antioxidants to diminish the adverse effects of postnatal glucocorticoid treatment on mortality and cardiac development. Adler, A; Camm, EJ; Giussani, DA; Hansell, JA; Richter, HG, 2010)	0.36
" It was suggested that LCT exerted a significant adverse effect on reproductive performance of male rabbits."	( Vitamin E modulates reproductive toxicity of pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin in male rabbits. Yousef, MI, 2010)	0.36
" Both drugs were safe and well tolerated."	( Efficacy and safety of piascledine 300 versus chondroitin sulfate in a 6 months treatment plus 2 months observation in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Coste, P; Géher, P; Krejci, G; Pavelka, K, 2010)	0.36
"Adding iron supplementation to preterm infants receiving restrictive blood transfusions has shown to be a judicious and safe practice in terms of iron status for VLBW preterm infants."	( Iron supplementation for preterm infants receiving restrictive red blood cell transfusions: reassessment of practice safety. Arnon, S; Bauer, S; Dolfin, T; Litmanovitz, I; Regev, RH, 2010)	0.36
" There is no side effect in IT administration of vitamin E and dexamethasone for hearing functions and two of them appear to have a easier, safer, usable protective effect against cisplatin ototoxicity."	( The protective effects of intratympanic dexamethasone and vitamin E on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity are demonstrated in rats. Aydın, S; Ayduran, E; Eken, M; Oktay, ZA; Paksoy, M; Sanlı, A, 2011)	0.37
" Even though rifampicin is an effective drug in the management of tuberculosis, it has been documented to have some toxic effects in humans."	( Modulatory activity of antioxidants against the toxicity of Rifampicin in vivo. Akintonwa, A; Awodele, O; Coker, HA; Osunkalu, VO, )	0.13
"In the present investigation, we have used adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity as biochemical test of toxic action of lindane that was explained by lipid peroxidation model."	( Inhibition of lindane-induced toxicity using alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E in the brain of Mus musculus. Bhatt, DK; Bist, R; Misra, S, 2010)	0.36
"3%) free of adverse events (AE)."	( Zinc-carnosine and vitamin E supplementation does not ameliorate gastrointestinal side effects associated with ciclosporin therapy of canine atopic dermatitis. Rosenkrantz, WS; Roycroft, LM; Wilson, LS, 2011)	0.37
" No serious adverse events related to fish oil treatment were reported."	( Safety and efficacy of fish oil-enriched parenteral nutrition regimen on postoperative patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chen, B; Wan, HW; Wu, XT; Yang, P; Zhou, Y, )	0.13
" All the patients received semen analyses before and after the treatment, and were observed for adverse effects."	( [L-carnitine: safe and effective for asthenozoospermia]. Cai, GZ; Chang, XL; Huo, HX; Li, JD; Li, W; Qu, CB; Wang, YX; Yang, SW, 2010)	0.36
" No adverse events were found during the treatment."	( [L-carnitine: safe and effective for asthenozoospermia]. Cai, GZ; Chang, XL; Huo, HX; Li, JD; Li, W; Qu, CB; Wang, YX; Yang, SW, 2010)	0.36
"L-carnitine, capable of significantly improving sperm motility and raising the rate of pregnancy, is a safe and effective therapeutic option for asthenozoospermia."	( [L-carnitine: safe and effective for asthenozoospermia]. Cai, GZ; Chang, XL; Huo, HX; Li, JD; Li, W; Qu, CB; Wang, YX; Yang, SW, 2010)	0.36
"SMOFlipid 20%, which contains 15% fish oil, was safe and well tolerated, decreased plasma bilirubin, and increased ω-3 FA and α-tocopherol status without changing lipid peroxidation."	( A new intravenous fat emulsion containing soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil: a single-center, double-blind randomized study on efficacy and safety in pediatric patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Alcindor, LG; Antébi, H; Colomb-Jung, V; Corriol, O; Goulet, O; Lamor, M; Talbotec, C; Wolf, C, )	0.13
" However, numerous studies published over more than a decade have linked some supplements (including vitamins E, C, D, A, and B, as well as selenium) to no health benefits or even to adverse health effects."	( Safety of vitamins and minerals: controversies and perspective. Bendich, A; Miller, ER; Omaye, ST; Soni, MG; Spriggs, T; Thurmond, TS, 2010)	0.36
" We analysed all suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) concerning avocado-soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) reported between 1978 and 2008 and notified in the French Pharmacovigilance Database."	( [Post-marketing safety profile of avocado-soybean unsaponifiables]. Montastruc, JL; Olivier, P, 2010)	0.36
"A randomized, controlled field trial with dairy cows demonstrated an adverse effect of vitamin E supplementation during the dry period on mastitis incidence in early lactation."	( Vitamin E supplementation during the dry period in dairy cattle. Part I: adverse effect on incidence of mastitis postpartum in a double-blind randomized field trial. Bouwstra, RJ; Dobbelaar, P; Jansen, EH; Newbold, JR; Nielen, M; Stegeman, JA; van Werven, T, 2010)	0.36
"The current study was performed to assess the adverse effect of deltamethrin (DLM) on reproductive organs and fertility in male rats and to evaluate the protective role of vitamin E (VE) and selenium (Se) combination in alleviating the detrimental effect of DLM on male fertility."	( Protective effect of vitamin E and selenium combination on deltamethrin-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. El-Maddawy, ZKh; Oda, SS, 2012)	0.38
" Dietary additives can suppress the toxic effects of heme iron."	( Red meat and colon cancer: should we become vegetarians, or can we make meat safer? Corpet, DE, 2011)	0.37
"Data in literature about the use of adjuvant treatment to reduce acute adverse effects of radiotherapy on the pelvis are scant, with the exception of a few reports on the topical use of estrogen, which promotes proliferation of epithelium."	( Local α-tocopherol for acute and short-term vaginal toxicity prevention in patients treated with radiotherapy for gynecologic tumors. De Iaco, P; Galuppi, A; La Macchia, M; Maccarini, LR; Medoro, S; Perrone, AM; Pozzati, F; Rossi, M; Santini, D; Strada, I, 2011)	0.37
"The use of α-tocopherol as adjuvant treatment to reduce the acute adverse effects of radiotherapy on the vagina should be considered."	( Local α-tocopherol for acute and short-term vaginal toxicity prevention in patients treated with radiotherapy for gynecologic tumors. De Iaco, P; Galuppi, A; La Macchia, M; Maccarini, LR; Medoro, S; Perrone, AM; Pozzati, F; Rossi, M; Santini, D; Strada, I, 2011)	0.37
"Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common major dose-limiting side effect of many chemotherapeutic agents, including platinum compounds, taxanes, vinca alkaloids, thalidomide and newer agents such as bortezomib."	( Chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity: the value of neuroprotective strategies. Beijers, AJ; Jongen, JL; Vreugdenhil, G, 2012)	0.38
" MAO was more toxic than the other OPs."	( Cytotoxicity and DNA damage of five organophosphorus pesticides mediated by oxidative stress in PC12 cells and protection by vitamin E. Huang, CJ; Jin, DQ; Lu, XT; Ma, Y; Wang, C; Zhang, XF, 2012)	0.38
"This study aims to investigate whether cefazolin-sodium has any adverse effect on fracture healing in an experimental rabbit model."	( Cefazolin-sodium has no adverse effect on fracture healing in an experimental rabbit model. Akkaya, S; Bir, F; Kılıç, A; Nazalı, M, 2012)	0.38
" Standard safety monitoring was enhanced by a telephone call at ~24 h post-TIV when adverse events were expected to peak."	( Safety and immunogenicity of 2010-2011 H1N12009-containing trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children 12-59 months of age previously given AS03-adjuvanted H1N12009 pandemic vaccine: a PHAC/CIHR Influenza Research Network (PCIRN) study. Dobson, S; Halperin, SA; Kellner, JD; Kollman, T; Kuhn, S; Langley, JM; Li, Y; MacKinnon-Cameron, D; McNeil, S; Quach, C; Scheifele, DW; Smith, B; Vanderkooi, OG; Ward, B, 2012)	0.38
"Among 207 children, a general adverse event was reported by 60."	( Safety and immunogenicity of 2010-2011 H1N12009-containing trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children 12-59 months of age previously given AS03-adjuvanted H1N12009 pandemic vaccine: a PHAC/CIHR Influenza Research Network (PCIRN) study. Dobson, S; Halperin, SA; Kellner, JD; Kollman, T; Kuhn, S; Langley, JM; Li, Y; MacKinnon-Cameron, D; McNeil, S; Quach, C; Scheifele, DW; Smith, B; Vanderkooi, OG; Ward, B, 2012)	0.38
"Infants and toddlers who received AS03-adjuvanted A/H1N1 2009 vaccine up to 11 months earlier retained high titers in the subsequent season but re-exposure to A/H1N1 2009 antigen in TIV resulted in no unusual adverse effects and 100% were sero-protected for A/H1N1 after receipt of the 2010-11 TIV."	( Safety and immunogenicity of 2010-2011 H1N12009-containing trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children 12-59 months of age previously given AS03-adjuvanted H1N12009 pandemic vaccine: a PHAC/CIHR Influenza Research Network (PCIRN) study. Dobson, S; Halperin, SA; Kellner, JD; Kollman, T; Kuhn, S; Langley, JM; Li, Y; MacKinnon-Cameron, D; McNeil, S; Quach, C; Scheifele, DW; Smith, B; Vanderkooi, OG; Ward, B, 2012)	0.38
" Toxic effects resulting from erroneous administration of high doses of those substances on organs and systems of the organism are also discussed."	( Adverse effects of antioxidative vitamins. Grzegorczyk, K; Rutkowski, M, 2012)	0.38
" Results showed that treatment with MeHg caused adverse effects on fetal growth parameters and ossification of the bones."	( The prenatal toxic effect of methylmercury on the development of the appendicular skeleton of rat fetuses and the protective role of vitamin E. Abd El-Aziz, GS; El-Fark, MM; Saleh, HA, 2012)	0.38
" Toxicant caused severe alteration in histopathological observation of maternal and fetal liver, kidney, uterus and placenta proving its toxic consequences at cellular level."	( Reversal of vanadium-induced toxicity by combination therapy of tiferron and α-tocopherol in rat during pregnancy and their fetuses. Jadon, A; Mathur, R; Shrivastava, S; Shukla, S, )	0.13
" We previously identified the toxic conformer of Aβ42 with a turn at positions 22 and 23 ("toxic turn") by solid-state NMR and demonstrated that a monoclonal antibody (11A1) against the toxic turn in Aβ42 mainly detected the oligomer in the brains of AD patients."	( Toxicity in rat primary neurons through the cellular oxidative stress induced by the turn formation at positions 22 and 23 of Aβ42. Akaike, A; Irie, K; Izumi, Y; Izuo, N; Kume, T; Murakami, K; Sato, M, 2012)	0.38
" Lead is one of the dispensable and non-biodegradable heavy metals and is toxic even at low concentrations."	( Oral administration of vitamin C and vitamin E ameliorates lead-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in the rat brain. Ebuehi, OA; Ebuehi, OM; Ogedegbe, RA, )	0.13
"This study was designed to investigate the reproductive toxicity of aluminium sulphate and the therapeutic effects of administration of zinc sulphate and vitamin E individually or in combination against the toxic effect caused by aluminium (Al) in male albino rats."	( Zinc sulphate and vitamin E alleviate reproductive toxicity caused by aluminium sulphate in male albino rats. Rawi, SM; Seif Al Nassr, FM, 2015)	0.42
"CP was found to cause remarkable degenerative effects in normal ovarian tissue, and we believe that this damage can be reduced and ovarian tissue can be spared from the toxic effects of CP by using antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and selenium."	( Chemoprotective effect of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and selenium on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in the rat ovarium. Elmas, C; Erdoğan, D; Gürgen, SG; Kaplanoğlu, GT; Ozer, C, 2013)	0.39
" Pre-treatment with vitamin E (600 μM) caused a significant attenuation in the toxic effect; reversing subsequent PFF-induced elevation of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, further strengthening the involvement of oxidative stress in PFF-mediated toxicity."	( Enantiomer-specific profenofos-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage mediated by oxidative stress in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Lu, X; Yu, C, 2014)	0.4
" Results of acute toxicity showed the LD50 of paclitaxel nanosuspensions was 98."	( Paclitaxel nanosuspensions coated with P-gp inhibitory surfactants: I. Acute toxicity and pharmacokinetics studies. Gao, L; Kang, J; Liu, G; Ma, J; Niu, M; Wang, H; Wang, X; Wang, Z, 2013)	0.39
"Dimethoate (DM) is an organophosphate insecticide widely used in agriculture and industry and has toxic effects on non-target organisms especially mammalian."	( Dimethoate induces kidney dysfunction, disrupts membrane-bound ATPases and confers cytotoxicity through DNA damage. Protective effects of vitamin E and selenium. Ben Ali, Y; Ben Amara, I; Boudawara, T; Hakim, A; Karray, A; Soudani, N; Troudi, A; Zeghal, KM; Zeghal, N, 2013)	0.39
" No serious adverse events were reported, and no subject withdrew due to an adverse event."	( Safety, immunogenicity, and antibody persistence following an investigational Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae triple-protein vaccine in a phase 1 randomized controlled study in healthy adults. Berglund, J; Boutriau, D; Lestrate, P; Tavares Da Silva, F; Vink, P, 2014)	0.4
" Crocin improved toxic effects of DZN via reducing lipid peroxidation and restoring altered contractile and relaxant responses in rat aorta."	( Protective effect of crocin on diazinon induced vascular toxicity in subchronic exposure in rat aorta ex-vivo. Abnous, K; Hosseinzadeh, H; Imenshahidi, M; Razavi, BM, 2014)	0.4
" Overall, the vitamin E α-T isomer protected the immortalized MDPC-23 pulp cells against the toxic effects of H2O2."	( Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol isomer from vitamin E against the H2O2 induced toxicity on dental pulp cells. da Silveira Vargas, F; De Souza Costa, CA; Hebling, J; Ribeiro, AP; Soares, DG, 2014)	0.4
" Treatment with this antibiotic carries the potential for adverse side effects, including ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity."	( Assessment of nutrient supplement to reduce gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. DeRemer, SJ; Le Prell, CG; Miller, JM; Nelson, MA; Ojano-Dirain, C; Prieskorn, DM; Rudnick, EW, 2014)	0.4
" The objectives of the present study were to investigate the adverse effects of BaP on normal human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), the potential protective effects of curcumin and VE against BaP-induced cellular damage, and the molecular mechanisms of action."	( Curcumin and vitamin E protect against adverse effects of benzo[a]pyrene in lung epithelial cells. Cai, Q; Cromie, MM; Gao, W; Lv, T; Singh, K; Zhu, W, 2014)	0.4
"Phenytoin (PHT), an anticonvulsant agent, widely used for the treatment of epilepsy has been reported to exhibit toxic side effects."	( Kolaviron and vitamin E ameliorate hematotoxicity and oxidative stress in brains of prepubertal rats treated with an anticonvulsant phenytoin. Adedara, IA; Adeyemo, OA; Bakare, OS; Egun, C; Farombi, EO; Owoeye, O, 2014)	0.4
"We aimed to investigate of protective role of proanthocyanidin (PA) and vitamin E (vit E) against to toxic effect of formaldehyde (FA)."	( Investigation of the protective effects of proanthocyanidin and vitamin E against the toxic effect caused by formaldehyde on the liver tissue. Bakar, E; Cerkezkayabekir, A; Ulucam, E, 2015)	0.42
"Compared to the RCT, a similar (low) incidence and type of adverse events was observed, being mainly (68."	( Tolerability and safety of Souvenaid in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease: results of multi-center, 24-week, open-label extension study. Blesa, R; Bongers, A; Harrison, J; Kamphuis, PJ; Olde Rikkert, MG; Scarpini, E; Scheltens, P; Sijben, J; Vandewoude, MF; Vellas, B; Verhey, FR; von Arnim, CA; Witkamp, R, 2015)	0.42
" This review summarizes pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the ability of dietary supplements to alleviate adverse effects arising from ADT."	( The use of dietary supplements to alleviate androgen deprivation therapy side effects during prostate cancer treatment. Dueregger, A; Eder, IE; Heidegger, I; Klocker, H; Ofer, P; Perktold, B; Ramoner, R, 2014)	0.4
" Neither drug produced detectable toxic effects in any other tissue at the doses tested."	( Acute toxicity of subcutaneously administered vitamin E isomers delta- and gamma-tocotrienol in mice. Chakraborty, K; Ghosh, SP; Lombardini, E; Pessu, RL; Swift, SN; Villa, V, )	0.13
"Clinical trials have shown that AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 and A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccines are highly immunogenic, although with an increased reactogenicity profile relative to non-adjuvanted vaccines in terms of the incidence of common injection site and systemic adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety of AS03-adjuvanted inactivated split virion A(H1N1)pdm09 and H5N1 influenza virus vaccines administered to adults: pooled analysis of 28 clinical trials. Cohet, C; Dewe, W; Drame, M; Fries, LF; Hepburn, A; Innis, BL; Li, P; Seifert, H; Vaughn, DW, 2014)	0.4
" Therefore, this study deduces that alpha-tocopherol administration may ameliorate the adverse effects of subacute exposure to MT on rat liver and kidney and this antioxidant can protect PON1 from oxidative stress induced by this organophosphorus pesticide."	( Toxic effects of methamidophos on paraoxonase 1 activity and on rat kidney and liver and ameliorating effects of alpha-tocopherol. Araoud, M; Douki, W; Houas, Z; Kenani, A; Khaled, L; Najjar, MF; Neffeti, F, 2016)	0.43
" We performed a comprehensive analysis of the toxic effects of in-office bleaching agents on gingiva using cultured HGFs and DNA microarray."	( Cytotoxic Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Human Gingival Fibroblasts In Vitro. Furukawa, M; K-Kaneyama, JR; Manabe, A; Miyazaki, A; Senda, A; Yamada, M, )	0.13
" After 3 months of medication, we compared the semen parameters, adverse reactions, and pregnancy rate between the two groups."	( [Efficacy and safety of vitamin D in the treatment of idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia]. Deng, XL; Guo, SL; Huang, JR; Li, YM; Song, LM; Yang, XY, 2014)	0.4
" No adverse reactions were observed in either of the groups."	( [Efficacy and safety of vitamin D in the treatment of idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia]. Deng, XL; Guo, SL; Huang, JR; Li, YM; Song, LM; Yang, XY, 2014)	0.4
"Vitamin D, as a safe option for the treatment of idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia, can effectively improve the semen quality, especially the progressive sperm motility of the patient."	( [Efficacy and safety of vitamin D in the treatment of idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia]. Deng, XL; Guo, SL; Huang, JR; Li, YM; Song, LM; Yang, XY, 2014)	0.4
" Strikingly, oral administration of VE counterbalanced the toxic effects triggered by AgNPs."	( Vitamin E attenuates silver nanoparticle-induced effects on body weight and neurotoxicity in rats. Faiola, F; Jiang, G; Yao, X; Yin, N; Zhou, Q, 2015)	0.42
" Fish treated with selenium and/or α-toc (groups III-V) showed an amelioration of the adverse effects of lead toxicity and significant improvement in serum electrolytes (calcium, inorganic phosphate, and magnesium) and creatinine level compared with the positive control group (P ≤ 0."	( Nephroprotective and antioxidant significance of selenium and α-tocopherol on lead acetate-induced toxicity of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). El-Murr, A; Elgaml, SA; Hashish, EA; Khalil, R, 2015)	0.42
" Solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) were recorded for 7 and 30 d post-vaccination, respectively; potential immune-mediated diseases (pIMDs) and serious AEs (SAEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( Safety and immunogenicity of an investigational 4-component Staphylococcus aureus vaccine with or without AS03B adjuvant: Results of a randomized phase I trial. Boutriau, D; Damaso, S; Haelterman, E; Lestrate, P; Levy, J; Licini, L; Moris, P; Van Belle, P, 2015)	0.42
" However, the contribution of Fn14 induction in the perinatal toxic phenotype of the transgenic mice remains to be defined."	( Chronic activation of FXR in transgenic mice caused perinatal toxicity and sensitized mice to cholesterol toxicity. Cheng, Q; de la Vega, R; Evans, RW; Guo, GL; He, J; Inaba, Y; Kuruba, R; Li, S; Lu, P; Xie, W; Xu, M; Zhao, Y, 2015)	0.42
" No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported."	( Immunogenicity and Safety of an EB66 Cell-Culture-Derived Influenza A/Indonesia/5/2005(H5N1) AS03-Adjuvanted Vaccine: A Phase 1 Randomized Trial. Drame, M; Innis, BL; Schuind, A; Segall, N, 2015)	0.42
"Cyclophosphamide (CP) has a range of adverse effects on liver tissue in humans and animals."	( Chemoprotective effect of vitamin E in cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Akoz, M; Balcı, T; Çetinkaya, S; Cuce, G; Esen, HH; Kalkan, S; Koc, T; Limandal, C, 2015)	0.42
" Reactogenicity was assessed for 7 days after each vaccination, and unsolicited adverse events were assessed for 182 days following vaccination in both study groups (NCT01730378)."	( Immunogenicity and safety of an AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in Korean adults: a phase IV, randomized, open-label, controlled study. Dramé, M; Izurieta, P; Kim, WJ; Lee, J; Lee, JS; Schuind, A; Vaughn, DW; Wie, SH, 2015)	0.42
" The incidence of local and systemic solicited adverse events (reactogenicity) was higher with AS03-H5N1 than TIV."	( Immunogenicity and safety of an AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in Korean adults: a phase IV, randomized, open-label, controlled study. Dramé, M; Izurieta, P; Kim, WJ; Lee, J; Lee, JS; Schuind, A; Vaughn, DW; Wie, SH, 2015)	0.42
" Serious adverse events (SAEs), solicited AEs, unsolicited AEs and AEs of special interest were evaluated for four new adjuvants: the immuno-stimulants containing adjuvant systems AS01 and AS02, and the squalene containing oil-in-water emulsions AS03 and MF59."	( A systematic review and meta-analysis on the safety of newly adjuvanted vaccines among children. Baay, M; Bollaerts, K; Stassijns, J; Verstraeten, T, 2016)	0.43
" Functionality of immune system is age-dependent; early- as well as old-life stages are more susceptible to toxic exposures because of less competent immune system."	( Vitamin E pretreatment prevents the immunotoxicity of dithiocarbamate pesticide mancozeb in vitro: A comparative age-related assessment in mice and chick. Bano, F; Mohanty, B; Singh, SK, 2016)	0.43
" One patient had a drug-related adverse event (diarrhea) at a 3200-mg daily dose level."	( A Phase I Safety, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Presurgical Trial of Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Neoplasia. Centeno, B; Chen, DT; Husain, K; Hutchinson, TZ; Lush, RM; Malafa, MP; Neuger, A; Sebti, S; Springett, GM, 2015)	0.42
" Silymarin was known as a hepatoprotective agent that is used in the treatment of hepatic diseases including viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver diseases, Amanita mushroom poisoning, liver cirrhosis, toxic and drug-induced liver diseases."	( Study of Silymarin and Vitamin E Protective Effects on Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity on Mice Liver Primary Cell Culture. Ahmadi Ashtiani, H; Anjarani, S; Ejtemaeimehr, S; Faedmaleki, F; Rastegar, H; Salarian, AA; Shirazi, FH, 2016)	0.43
"To investigate the toxic effects occurring in the liver tissues of the pregnant rats and the fetuses, which are administered acrylamide and vitamin E as a protector during pregnancy."	( Biochemical investigation of the toxic effects of acrylamide administration during pregnancy on the liver of mother and fetus and the protective role of vitamin E. Aksungur, Z; Altinoz, E; Dogan, Z; Erdemli, ME; Gozukara Bag, H; Turkoz, Y, 2017)	0.46
" This TPGS-based pH-sensitive prodrug provides a safe and "Molecular economical" way in the rational design of prodrugs for overcoming multidrug resistance and targeting delivery, which can improve the potency for clinical use."	( A safe, simple and efficient doxorubicin prodrug hybrid micelle for overcoming tumor multidrug resistance and targeting delivery. Bao, Y; Guo, Y; Hu, X; Sun, Y; Tan, S; Yin, M; Zhang, Z; Zhuang, X, 2016)	0.43
"No drug-related adverse events were observed."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of vitamin E δ-tocotrienol after single and multiple doses in healthy subjects with measurement of vitamin E metabolites. Chen, DT; Klapman, J; Mahipal, A; Malafa, MP; Neuger, A; Vignesh, S; Yang, CS, 2016)	0.43
" None of the 20 serious adverse events reported were related to vaccination."	( Immunogenicity and Safety of an AS03-Adjuvanted H7N9 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine in a Randomized Trial in Healthy Adults. Ferguson, M; Frenette, L; Friel, D; Innis, BL; Kroll, R; Li, P; Madan, A; Schuind, A; Segall, N; Soni, J, 2016)	0.43
"Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (dioxins) are classed as persistent organic pollutants and have adverse effects on multiple functions within the body."	( Protective effects of levamisole, acetylsalicylic acid, and α-tocopherol against dioxin toxicity measured as the expression of AhR and COX-2 in a chicken embryo model. Całkosiński, I; Dobrzyński, M; Gamian, A; Gostomska-Pampuch, K; Kowalczyk, A; Kuropka, P; Ostrowska, A; Ziółkowski, P; Łukaszewicz, E, 2017)	0.46
" This suggests that high-dose TOC (hTOC) may elicit adverse effects via inflicting oxidative stress."	( p66shc-mediated toxicity of high-dose α-tocopherol in renal proximal tubule cells. Arany, I; Carter, A; Dixit, M; Reed, DK, 2017)	0.46
" We investigated the antioxidant effects of selenium (Se) and vitamin E against the toxic effects of MCT."	( Vitamin E and selenium treatment of monocrotaline induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Canbaz, HT; Cuce, G; Kalkan, S; Sozen, ME; Yerlikaya, FH, 2017)	0.46
"Repeated Mn administration induces toxic effects in several rat brain structures and treatment with R and QCT may be a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate the metal neurotoxicity."	( Manganese neurotoxicity and protective effects of resveratrol and quercetin in preclinical research. Filip, M; Gawlik, M; Gawlik, MB; Smaga, I, 2017)	0.46
" Nine participants reported 17 serious adverse events; none were considered causally related to vaccination."	( Immunogenicity and safety of an AS03-adjuvanted H7N1 vaccine in healthy adults: A phase I/II, observer-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Chu, L; Ferguson, M; Friel, D; Innis, BL; Li, P; Madan, A; Rheault, P; Schuind, A; Segall, N; Sheldon, E; Soni, J; Toma, A, 2017)	0.46
" In total, 40 participants reported 67 serious adverse events; none were considered causally related to vaccination."	( Immunogenicity and safety of an AS03-adjuvanted H7N1 vaccine in adults 65years of age and older: A phase II, observer-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ferguson, M; Friel, D; Innis, BL; Li, P; Madan, A; Rheault, P; Schuind, A; Seiden, D; Soni, J; Toma, A, 2017)	0.46
" No adverse events were observed during the trial."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the efficacy and safety of lactoferrin with vitamin E and zinc as an oral therapy for mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Chan, G; Chan, H; Co, JK; Dee, K; Santos, J, 2017)	0.46
" The safety profile was consistent with the application method and known side-effect profile of oxycodone and naltrexone."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of a novel tocopheryl phosphate mixture/oxycodone transdermal patch system: a Phase I study. Gavin, PD; Schlagheck, T; Shakib, S; Simon, LS; Smith, AJ, 2017)	0.46
" Overall, our results demonstrated F127-SS-TOC micelles as a stable and safe aqueous formulation with a considerable potential for drug delivery."	( Redox-sensitive Pluronic F127-tocopherol micelles: synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity evaluation. Cao, Y; Chen, M; Fu, S; Li, H; Lin, L; Liu, Y; Xie, X; Yu, H, 2017)	0.46
" TEM showed the relatively uniform spherical structure for particles and in vitro MTT assay showed that EPI loaded micelles were more toxic on Hela cell line than MCF7 as expected."	( Folic acid Targeted Polymeric Micelles Based on Tocopherol Succinate- Pulluan as an Effective Carrier for Epirubicin: Preparation, Characterization and In-vitro Cytotoxicity Assessment. Hassanzadeh, F; Khodarahmi, GA; Mehdifar, M; Rostami, M; Varshosaz, J, 2018)	0.48
"Currently, public pay more attention to the adverse effect of organophosphate pesticides on human and animal health and on the environment in developing nations."	( Effects of phoxim-induced hepatotoxicity on SD rats and the protection of vitamin E. Shan, A; Song, W; Sun, Y; Zhang, J, 2017)	0.46
"Nicotine has adverse cellular and molecular effects on oral mucosa, bone, and teeth."	( Efficacy of vitamins E and C for reversing the cytotoxic effects of nicotine and cotinine. Jamshidi, M; Mansuri Torshizi, A; Rezaei Esfahrood, Z; Sotoudeh, S; Torshabi, M, 2017)	0.46
"Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus and are classified as group I carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)."	( Vitamin E (α tocopherol) attenuates toxicity and oxidative stress induced by aflatoxin in rats. Comakli, S; Kaya, E; Yılmaz, S, 2017)	0.46
" Our goal is to design a lens that is safe and that can deliver a daily therapeutic dose of cysteamine to the cornea while retaining drug stability."	( In vitro drug release and in vivo safety of vitamin E and cysteamine loaded contact lenses. Bhattacharya, A; Chauhan, A; Dixon, P; Fentzke, RC; Hazra, S; Konar, A, 2018)	0.48
" This study assesses the prevention of nephrotoxicity associated with high and low toxic doses of Colistin by alpha-tocopherol."	( Alpha-tocopherol ameliorates nephrotoxicity associated with the use of colistin in rabbits. Bader, Z; Bakhtiar, S; Khan, IM; Waheed, A, 2018)	0.48
" Vitamins pre-treatment ameliorated toxic signs."	( Modulatory Role of Vitamins A and E on Memory and Motor Functions of Cyanide Induced Neurotoxicity in Adult Swiss Mice. Ishaku, AA; Mabrouk, M; Mohammed, A; Tanko, Y; Umar, AH, 2018)	0.48
"Nephrotoxicity is a common adverse effect of treatment with cisplatin (CDDP)."	( The ameliorative effects of ceftriaxone and vitamin E against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Abdel-Daim, MM; Abushouk, AI; Al-Sultan, NK; Alahmari, A; Alarifi, S; AlBasher, G; Aleya, L; Alghamdi, J; Ali, D; Alkahtane, AA; Alkahtani, S; Almeer, RS; Bungau, SG; El-Bialy, BE, 2019)	0.51
"Cisplatin is one of the highly consumed and effective antitumor agents whose clinical application is accompanied by nephrotoxicity adverse reaction."	( Has vitamin E any shreds of evidence in cisplatin-induced toxicity. Goudarzi, A; Hakiminia, B; Moghaddas, A, 2019)	0.51
" The supplementation of antioxidants could help to modulate the toxic effects of pesticides, but much remains to be understood in the interactions between pesticides and antioxidants in amphibians."	( Antioxidant vitamin E protects embryos of Xenopus tropicalis against lambda-cyhalothrin induced embryotoxicity. Chen, A; Jiang, L; Niu, F; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
" During the study, type and number of adverse events (AEs), and device malfunctions were recorded."	( Clinical evaluation of performance, biocompatibility, and safety of vitamin E-bonded polysulfone membrane hemodialyzer compared to non-vitamin E-bonded hemodialyzer. Aritomi, M; Farah, M; Jung, B; Kiaii, M; Nagase, M, 2019)	0.51
"Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) require stable surface modifications to render safe nanocapsules for biomedical applications."	( Genotoxicity and biocompatibility of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Influence of surface modification on biodistribution, retention, DNA damage and oxidative stress. Chakrabarti, M; Ghosh, I; Ghosh, S; Mukherjee, A, 2020)	0.56
" The developed formulation also avoided the occurrence of myelosuppression, a typical adverse effect of DOX."	( Alpha-tocopheryl succinate improves encapsulation, pH-sensitivity, antitumor activity and reduces toxicity of doxorubicin-loaded liposomes. Barros, ALB; Boratto, FA; Cassali, GD; Ferreira, LAM; Franco, MS; Leite, EA; Malachias, A, 2020)	0.56
"Investigation of probable toxic effects of acetamiprid (ACMP) on kidney and comparative analysis of the probable protective effects of vitamin E and melatonin were conducted in the present study."	( Protective effects of melatonin and vitamin E in acetamiprid-induced nephrotoxicity. Erdemli, ME; Erdemli, Z; Gozukara Bag, H; Gul, M; Gul, S; Zayman, E, 2020)	0.56
" These xenobiotics interact individually or in combination with biological systems and act as carcinogen or produce other toxic effects including reproductive and degenerative diseases."	( In vitro and in vivo effects of flubendiamide and copper on cyto-genotoxicity, oxidative stress and spleen histology of rats and its modulation by resveratrol, catechin, curcumin and α-tocopherol. Garg, SK; Kumar, R; Mandil, R; Prakash, A; Rahal, A; Sharma, D; Singh, SP, 2020)	0.56
" This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of vitamins A and E against amphotericin B-induced adverse effects in the kidney and liver of rat."	( Effects of vitamin A and vitamin E on attenuation of amphotericin B-induced side effects on kidney and liver of male Wistar rats. Abbasalipourkabir, R; Ghafourikhosroshahi, A; Heidarisasan, S; Maghsood, AH; Salehzadeh, A; Taheri-Azandaryan, M, 2020)	0.56
" Besides, all formulations triggered no irritative responses and the nanoencapsulation mitigated the toxic effect to Artemia salina observed to free MBBA."	( Development of a nanotechnological-based hydrogel containing a novel benzofuroazepine compound in association with vitamin E: An in vitro biological safety and photoprotective hydrogel. Borin, BC; Cruz, L; do Carmo Pinheiro, R; Marcondes Sari, MH; Nogueira, CW; Prado, VC; Schuch, A; Zeni, G, 2021)	0.62
" However, evidence of COF toxic effect was few."	( Toxic effect of cooking oil fume (COF) on lungs: Evidence of endoplasmic reticulum stress in rat. Deng, L; Deng, Q; Ma, P; Ma, Y; Wu, Y; Yang, X, 2021)	0.62
"The research was aimed to investigate the toxic effect and the underlying mechanisms induced by COF."	( Toxic effect of cooking oil fume (COF) on lungs: Evidence of endoplasmic reticulum stress in rat. Deng, L; Deng, Q; Ma, P; Ma, Y; Wu, Y; Yang, X, 2021)	0.62
" APAP is safe at therapeutic levels, however, an overdose can cause severe liver injury."	( Potential benefits of using hydrogen sulfide, vitamin E and necrostatin-1 to counteract acetaminophen‑induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Abdel-Hakeem, EA; El-Tahawy, NF; Elbassuoni, EA; Saad, AH; Saleh, NEH, 2021)	0.62
", doxorubicin) is not without adverse effects."	( Genotoxicity, nitric oxide level modulation and cardio-protective potential of Kalanchoe Integra Var. Crenata (Andr.) Cuf Leaves in murine models. Amponsah, SK; Arhin, E; Arthur, SA; Asiedu-Gyekye, IJ; N'guessan, BB, 2022)	0.72
" These supplements may have a number of potential adverse effects."	( Deleterious side effects of nutritional supplements. Anselmo, F; Driscoll, MS, )	0.13
"Serious adverse health effects have been reported with the use of vaping products, including neurologic disorders and e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI)."	( Exploring the potential neurotoxicity of vaping vitamin E or vitamin E acetate. Callahan-Lyon, P; Kc, P; Rudy, S; Stratford, K; Valerio, LG; Weidner, AS, 2022)	0.72
" Because of the cardiotoxic adverse effects, use is limited."	( Vitamin E and levocarnitine as prophylaxis against doxorubicin-induced cardio toxicity in the adult cancer patient: A review. Moustafa, I; Oosthuizen, F; Saka, S; Viljoen, M, 2022)	0.72
" CP was given once intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg,) eliciting acute kidney injury as assured by several adverse histological changes; glomerulopathy, tubulopathy, and vasculopathy, an inflammatory response including elevated TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β."	( TGF-β1, NAG-1, and antioxidant enzymes expression alterations in Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in a rat model: Comparative modulating role of Melatonin, Vit. E and Ozone. Abd El-Emam, MM; Abdel-Rahman Mohamed, A; Bin Emran, T; El-Shetry, ES; Khater, SI; Metwally, MMM; Mostafa-Hedeab, G; Nassan, MA, 2022)	0.72
"Cisplatin (CP) is a conventional chemotherapeutic agent with serious adverse effects."	( Baicalein and Αlpha-Tocopherol Inhibit Toll-like Receptor Pathways in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Abdelbaset-Ismail, A; Awadalla, A; El-Dosoky, M; Mahdi, MR; Negm, A; Zahran, MH, 2022)	0.72
" There were no serious adverse events or medically-attended adverse events related to study product receipt."	( Safety and immunogenicity of monovalent H7N9 influenza vaccine with AS03 adjuvant given sequentially or simultaneously with a seasonal influenza vaccine: A randomized clinical trial. Buddy Creech, C; Chen, WH; Cross, K; Dickey, M; Goepfert, PA; Logan, HL; Neuzil, KM; Ortiz, JR; Overton, ET; Parker, S; Spearman, PW; Wegel, A, 2022)	0.72
"The aim of the current study was to evaluate the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on biochemical biomarkers, immune responses, and the curative potential effects of vitamin C and E on grass carp."	( Administration of vitamin E and C enhances immunological and biochemical responses against toxicity of silver nanoparticles in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Ali, W; Asghar, M; Azmat, H; Baboo, I; Davies, SJ; Fatima, A; Fatima, M; Iqbal, KJ; Khan, N; Khizar, A; Majeed, H; Nisa, S; Saeed, U; Tehseen, A, 2023)	0.91
" It was concluded that oxidized ghee was highly toxic and not safe for consumption."	( Evaluating the in-vivo effects of olive oil, soya bean oil, and vitamins against oxidized ghee toxicity. Alharbi, M; Ali Khan, A; Alshammari, A; Aziz, T; F Alasmari, A; Muhammad, A; Saleem, K; Ur Rahman, S, 2023)	0.91
"Organophosphate pesticides (OPs), which are among the most widely used synthetic chemicals for the control of a wide variety of pests, are however associated with various adverse reactions in animals and humans."	( Involvement of oxidative stress-related apoptosis in chlorpyrifos-induced cytotoxicity and the ameliorating potential of the antioxidant vitamin E in human glioblastoma cells. Chen, HC; Hsu, SS; Liang, WZ; Lin, YS, 2023)	0.91
"This research was conducted to look at the effects of lead poisoning on heat shock response, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in albino rats, as well as the power of selenium and vitamin E to resist lead toxic effects."	( Selenium and vitamin E ameliorate lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity in rats via suppression of oxidative stress, mRNA of heat shock proteins, and NF-kB production. Ibrahim, MA; Mesalam, NM; Mousa, MR; Said, NM, 2023)	0.91
"Pb is a toxic material that can induce HSPs and inflammatory markers expression."	( Selenium and vitamin E ameliorate lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity in rats via suppression of oxidative stress, mRNA of heat shock proteins, and NF-kB production. Ibrahim, MA; Mesalam, NM; Mousa, MR; Said, NM, 2023)	0.91
" We assessed the risk-difference between treatment and control (standard treatment) groups by pooling available data on length of stay (ICU length of stay and hospital length of stay), mortality (ICU mortality, hospital mortality, 28-day mortality, 6-month mortality and all-cause mortality), duration of mechanical ventilation, adverse events and new infections."	( Efficacy and safety of selenium or vitamin E administration alone or in combination in ICU patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, L; Lu, X; Ma, Y; Tu, Y; Wang, Z; Wei, X, 2023)	0.91
"By analyzing the included studies, we found no significant effect of selenium administration alone on mortality, mechanical ventilation duration, or adverse events in ICU patients."	( Efficacy and safety of selenium or vitamin E administration alone or in combination in ICU patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, L; Lu, X; Ma, Y; Tu, Y; Wang, Z; Wei, X, 2023)	0.91

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Although extensive sampling could not be performed in any one neonate, composite sampling from the study population made it possible to construct a pharmacokinetic profile of vitamin E in premature neonates."	( Pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular injection of vitamin E to premature neonates. Colburn, WA; Ehrenkranz, RA, 1983)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic modeling of the data showed that alpha-tocopherol was absorbed after a 2 to 4 hour lagtime and maximum plasma concentration occurred from 12 to 14 hours postadministration."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the RRR and all racemic stereoisomers of alpha-tocopherol in humans after single oral administration. Acuff, RV; Daigneault, EA; Ferslew, KE; Stanton, PE; Woolley, TW, 1993)	0.29
" The alpha-tocopherol derivatives with short chain-length (C1, C6) had a shorter half-life in animal tissues as compared to alpha-tocopherol or its esters."	( Pharmacodynamic of the antioxidant action of alpha-tocopherol and its derivatives in liver, brain, heart and skeletal muscles. Bakalova, R; Kutsev, C; Mileva, M; Ribarov, S; Zlateva, G, 2000)	0.31
" Serial blood samples for assessment of the pharmacokinetic parameters of linezolid and its two inactive metabolites were collected on days 1 and 8, whereas vitamin concentrations were measured prior to and after the vitamin intake on these days."	( The pharmacokinetics of linezolid are not affected by concomitant intake of the antioxidant vitamins C and E. Antal, EJ; Francom, SF; Gordi, T; Hong, C; Hopkins, NJ; Slatter, JG; Tan, LH, 2003)	0.32
"This study shows that there were pharmacokinetic differences between plain and slow release formulations of ascorbic acid."	( Vitamin C pharmacokinetics of plain and slow release formulations in smokers. Lykkesfeldt, J; Poulsen, HE; Viscovich, M, 2004)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution results of CUR-NS after intravenous administration in rabbits and mice showed that CUR-NS presented a markedly different pharmacokinetic property as compared to the CUR solution."	( Preparation, characterization, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distribution of curcumin nanosuspension with TPGS as stabilizer. Cao, F; Cui, J; Gao, Y; Guo, C; Li, A; Li, H; Li, Z; Lou, H; Sun, M; Xi, Y; Zhai, G, 2010)	0.36
" Dose escalation was based on safety assessment, and proceeding dose levels were selected based on interim pharmacokinetic analyses."	( Use of an adaptive study design in single ascending-dose pharmacokinetics of A0001 (α-tocopherylquinone) in healthy male subjects. Hawi, A; Heald, S; Sciascia, T, 2012)	0.38
" This method was further applied to analyze γ-tocotrienol plasma concentrations in rats at various time points after administration of a 2 mg/kg single intravenous dose, and a pharmacokinetic profile was successfully obtained."	( Development and validation of a sensitive LC/MS/MS method for the determination of γ-tocotrienol in rat plasma: application to pharmacokinetic studies. Arogunjo, M; Bian, X; Deorukhkar, AA; Krishnan, S; Liang, S; Ma, J; Xie, H, 2013)	0.39
"The safety and pharmacokinetic profile of liposomal formulations containing combinations of the antioxidants α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol or N-acetylcysteine in beagle dogs was examined."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic studies of liposomal antioxidant formulations containing N-acetylcysteine, α-tocopherol or γ-tocopherol in beagle dogs. Alipour, M; Bolger, G; Mitsopoulos, P; Pucaj, K; Smith, MG; Suntres, ZE, 2013)	0.39
" After intravenous injection paclitaxel nanosuspensions displayed different pharmacokinetic properties in comparison with the marketed injectable solution, including a decreased initial drug concentration, increased plasma half-life, AUC and MRT."	( Paclitaxel nanosuspensions coated with P-gp inhibitory surfactants: I. Acute toxicity and pharmacokinetics studies. Gao, L; Kang, J; Liu, G; Ma, J; Niu, M; Wang, H; Wang, X; Wang, Z, 2013)	0.39
"The paclitaxel nanosuspensions prepared in this study could markedly enhance the tolerance dosage in mice, and manifest different pharmacokinetic properties compared with the solution."	( Paclitaxel nanosuspensions coated with P-gp inhibitory surfactants: I. Acute toxicity and pharmacokinetics studies. Gao, L; Kang, J; Liu, G; Ma, J; Niu, M; Wang, H; Wang, X; Wang, Z, 2013)	0.39
" Since regulatory pharmacokinetic studies are not routinely required for influenza vaccines, the in vivo fate of this vaccine constituent is largely unknown."	( A first-generation physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of alpha-tocopherol in human influenza vaccine adjuvant. Mitkus, RJ; Tegenge, MA, 2015)	0.42
" The in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats showed that the micelles prolonged the half-life and increased AUC of PTX than Taxol formulation."	( In vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and antitumor effect of paclitaxel-loaded micelles based on α-tocopherol succinate-modified chitosan. Cui, F; Fang, L; Hong, J; Liang, N; Sun, S; Tian, J, 2016)	0.43
" Thus, the outcome indicates that RSV-TPGS-Lipo 2 is a promising carrier for glioma treatment with improved pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, in vitro cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of Vitamin E TPGS coated trans resveratrol liposomes. Balavigneswaran, CK; Mahto, SK; Mishra, N; Muthu, MS; Singh, S; Vajanthri, KY; Vijayakumar, MR, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic data were derived from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of vitamin E δ-tocotrienol after single and multiple doses in healthy subjects with measurement of vitamin E metabolites. Chen, DT; Klapman, J; Mahipal, A; Malafa, MP; Neuger, A; Vignesh, S; Yang, CS, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for single and multiple doses were, respectively, as follows (shown as range): time to maximum concentration of 4-9."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of vitamin E δ-tocotrienol after single and multiple doses in healthy subjects with measurement of vitamin E metabolites. Chen, DT; Klapman, J; Mahipal, A; Malafa, MP; Neuger, A; Vignesh, S; Yang, CS, 2016)	0.43
" Cellular uptake studies on Caco-2 and SH-SY5Y monolayers confirmed better intestinal absorption and neuronal uptake of the developed system, which was further corroborated by the pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies."	( Enhanced Brain Delivery of Dimethyl Fumarate Employing Tocopherol-Acetate-Based Nanolipidic Carriers: Evidence from Pharmacokinetic, Biodistribution, and Cellular Uptake Studies. Katare, OP; Kumar, P; Kumar, R; Malik, R; Raza, K; Sharma, G; Singh, B, 2017)	0.46
"To characterize the pharmacokinetic profile and evaluate the safety and tolerability of a transdermal oxycodone patch containing tocopheryl phosphate mixture (TPM)."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of a novel tocopheryl phosphate mixture/oxycodone transdermal patch system: a Phase I study. Gavin, PD; Schlagheck, T; Shakib, S; Simon, LS; Smith, AJ, 2017)	0.46
"A liquid crystalline (LC) system, composed of phosphatidylcholine, sorbitan monoleate, and tocopherol acetate, was investigated to understand the in vivo transformation after subcutaneous injection, coupled with the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the formulation."	( The in vivo transformation and pharmacokinetic properties of a liquid crystalline drug delivery system. Báez-Santos, YM; Lee, YN; Mun, EA; Otte, A; Park, K; Soh, BK, 2017)	0.46
" The pharmacokinetic studies indicated ARS-TPGS-Lipo had higher AUC, longer circulation time and better liver targeting."	( The characterization, pharmacokinetic, and tissue distribution studies of TPGS-modified artesunate liposome in rats. An, R; Hu, C; Liang, K; Wang, X; You, L, 2018)	0.48
" The in-vivo trial with rats showed that the Cmax, AUC(0-t), and Tmax for orally administered SLN were all significantly higher than those for SS (P<0."	( Effects of D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate-emulsified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles on the absorption, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of salinomycin sodium. Gao, J; Li, J; Xie, F; Xue, J; Zhai, L; Zhang, H, 2019)	0.51
" The pharmacokinetic results in rats showed 50."	( Enhanced intestinal absorption of asenapine maleate by fabricating solid lipid nanoparticles using TPGS: elucidation of transport mechanism, permeability across Caco-2 cell line and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. Mundada, V; Patel, M; Sawant, K, 2019)	0.51
" In this context, pharmacokinetic (PK) and biodistribution studies are useful for quantifying the concentration of vaccine adjuvants in mechanistically or toxicologically relevant target tissues."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic and biodistribution study of two distinct squalene-containing oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants in H5N1 influenza vaccines. Anderson, SA; Beland, FA; Forshee, RA; Mitkus, RJ; Tegenge, MA; Vanlandingham, MM; Von Tungeln, LS, 2019)	0.51
" In vivo studies revealed that DOX-hyd-TS/NLC had a better pharmacokinetic profile than free DOX and attenuated the short-term cardiotoxic effects caused by DOX, such as QT prolongation and impaired left ventricular systolic function."	( pH-sensitive doxorubicin-tocopherol succinate prodrug encapsulated in docosahexaenoic acid-based nanostructured lipid carriers: An effective strategy to improve pharmacokinetics and reduce toxic effects. Andrade, MMS; Branco de Barros, AL; Cassali, GD; de Oliveira, RB; Fernandes, C; Fernandes, RS; Ferreira, LAM; Lages, EB; Paiyabhroma, N; Richard, S; Sicard, P, 2021)	0.62
"23 times greater in Sprague-Dawley male rats compared to marketed formulation, according to in vivo pharmacokinetic data."	( Bioavailability enhancement of vitamin E TPGS liposomes of nintedanib esylate: formulation optimization, cytotoxicity and pharmacokinetic studies. Chinni, S; Kala, SG, 2022)	0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The drug was administered rectally in combination with antioxidants (tocopherol)."	( [Effectiveness of using recombinant interferon alfa2 (reaferon) combined with antioxidants in children with acute hepatitis B]. Drondina, AK; Malinovskaia, VV; Markarian, AS; Mikhaĭlov, MI; Nazarenko, IV; Nikitina, TS; Reĭzis, AR; Shekhade, S, 1992)	0.28
" Overall, these data suggest that AZT in combination with ATS has greater therapeutic efficacy against HIV-1."	( Increased therapeutic efficacy of zidovudine in combination with vitamin E. Agrawal, KC; Beckman, BS; Gogu, SR; Rangan, SR, 1989)	0.28
" The calcium antagonist finoptin used in combination with alpha-tocopherol made it possible to decrease lipid hydroperoxide levels in low density lipoproteins and malondialdehyde concentrations in platelets, to prevent abnormal cyclic nucleotide metabolism in them and to increase tolerance to physical exercise."	( [Effect of alpha-tocopherol combined with finoptin on the level of lipid hydroperoxides in plasma lipoproteins and on the functional activity of thrombocytes in patients with exertion-induced stable stenocardia]. Boklashchuk, MN; Gereliuk, IP; Levchenklo, VA; Serediuk, NN; Vakaliuk, IP, 1989)	0.28
" alpha-tocopherol administered before the pathology reproduction (10 mg/kg, 3 days) increases the period of myocardial compensation and when given in combination with strophanthin significantly potentiates the cardiac effect of glycoside manifesting by an increase of the strength and rate of contraction and intensity of diastolic relaxation of the myocardium, prolongs the animal's life."	( [Myocardial contractile function in acute heart failure during exposure to strophanthin and its combination with alpha-tocopherol]. Antonenko, LI; Chekman, IS; Frantsuzova, SB; Gudivok, IaS, )	0.13
"The effect of dl-alpha-tocopheryl (vitamin E) succinate in combination with Prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) and sodium butyrate on mouse neuroblastoma cells (NBP2) in culture, according to the criteria of growth inhibition and morphological differentiation (neurite formation), was studied."	( Effects of dl-alpha-tocopheryl succinate in combination with sodium butyrate and cAMP stimulating agent on neuroblastoma cells in culture. Prasad, KN; Rama, BN, 1984)	0.27
"The effect of heat in combination with DL-alpha-tocopheryl (vitamin E) succinate and adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) stimulating agents on mouse neuroblastoma cells ( NBP2 ) in culture on the criterion of growth inhibition (due to cell death and inhibition of cell division) was studied."	( Effect of hyperthermia in combination with vitamin E and cyclic AMP on neuroblastoma cells in culture. Prasad, KN; Rama, BN, 1984)	0.27
"The effects of single dose of PGE2 combined with vitamin E and with estradiol on experimental atherosclerosis were studied by means of morphological, ultrastructural, autoradiographic and several functional techniques."	( Experimental study on antiatherosclerotic treatment by PGE2 combined with vitamin E and estradiol. Fan, Y; Gao, Y; Qiu, J; Wang, X, 1995)	0.29
" In the present study we have examined the effects of various fatty acids, the PUFAs and the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (PA), alone or combined with the antioxidant vitamin E (Vit."	( Effects of various fatty acids alone or combined with vitamin E on cell growth and fibrinogen concentration in the medium of HepG2 cells. Høstmark, AT; Kierulf, P; Kiserud, CE, 1995)	0.29
" We therefore evaluated in 12 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects the effects of supplementation with alpha-tocopherol (1600 IU/d) and probucol (1 g/d) alone and in combination with an MUFA-enriched diet on LDL and LDL subfraction susceptibility to oxidation and monocyte release of superoxide anion."	( Effect of antioxidants alone and in combination with monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets on lipoprotein oxidation. Barnett, J; Grasse, B; Reaven, P, 1996)	0.29
" Therefore, this study examined neuroprotective effects of antioxidant supplementation during ethanol (EtOH) treatment (0, 200, 400, 800 or 1600 mg/dl) combined with concomitants of EtOH exposure: acute (2-h) ischemia (aISCH) and chronic (16-h) hypoglycemia (cHG)."	( Vitamin E and beta-carotene protect against ethanol combined with ischemia in an embryonic rat hippocampal culture model of fetal alcohol syndrome. Heaton, MB; Mitchell, JJ; Paiva, M, 1999)	0.3
" These diets were tested in combination with the conventional cytotoxic agent CP in a series of regimens."	( Suppression of tumor growth and metastasis by dietary fish oil combined with vitamins E and C and cisplatin. Peled, A; Shinitzky, M; Yam, D, 2001)	0.31
" This study was conducted to determine the effect of tomato lycopene alone, or in combination with other natural antioxidants, on LDL oxidation."	( Lycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E, glabridin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, or garlic. Aviram, M; Fuhrman, B; Rosenblat, M; Volkova, N, 2000)	0.31
"The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of triclabendazole (CAS 68786-66-3) therapy alone or in combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C, CAS 50-81-7) and tocofersolan (vitamin E, CAS 30999-06-5), in Fasciola hepatica patients, on Lipo-peroxidation (LPO) and blood antioxidant capacity."	( Antioxidant capacity in Fasciola hepatica patients before and after treatment with triclabendazole alone or in combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and tocofersolan (vitamin E). el-Toukhy, MA; Fouad, HN; Hishmat, M; Rawash, NA; Rehim, WM; Sharaf, IA, 2003)	0.32
" Higher levels of NO, theoretically, should produce increased penile blood flow with the potential for a synergistic effect when combined with a PDE5 inhibitor."	( Effect of PDE5 inhibition combined with free oxygen radical scavenger therapy on erectile function in a diabetic animal model. Brock, GB; De Young, L; Freeman, D; Yu, D, 2003)	0.32
"To investigate the effects of diclofenac alone or when combined with alpha-tocopherol on the oxidative activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in healthy and osteoarthritic (OA) patients."	( Effect of diclofenac alone or in combination with alpha-tocopherol on the oxidative activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in healthy and osteoarthritic individuals. Al-Arfaj, AS; Al-Dalaan, AN; Al-Humayyd, MS; Al-Tuwaijri, AS; Alballa, SR; Mustafa, AA, 2004)	0.32
" In osteoarthritic patients, diclofenac alone and when combined with alpha-tocopherol showed no significant change in CL response of whole blood."	( Effect of diclofenac alone or in combination with alpha-tocopherol on the oxidative activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in healthy and osteoarthritic individuals. Al-Arfaj, AS; Al-Dalaan, AN; Al-Humayyd, MS; Al-Tuwaijri, AS; Alballa, SR; Mustafa, AA, 2004)	0.32
"The effect of diclofenac alone or in combination with alpha-tocopherol did not produce a consistent effect on the CL response of whole blood or isolated PMNs of healthy or osteoarthritic patients."	( Effect of diclofenac alone or in combination with alpha-tocopherol on the oxidative activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in healthy and osteoarthritic individuals. Al-Arfaj, AS; Al-Dalaan, AN; Al-Humayyd, MS; Al-Tuwaijri, AS; Alballa, SR; Mustafa, AA, 2004)	0.32
" This study was carried out to examine the ability of exogenous zeaxanthin alone and in combination with vitamin E or C, to protect cultured human retinal pigment epithelium cells against oxidative stress."	( Zeaxanthin in combination with ascorbic acid or alpha-tocopherol protects ARPE-19 cells against photosensitized peroxidation of lipids. Rózanowska, M; Sarna, T; Wrona, M, 2004)	0.32
"We investigated the effect of long-term treatment (6 wk) with selenium and vitamin E, in combination with aerobic exercise training, on malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in STZ-induced diabetic rats."	( Effect of the joint administration of selenium and vitamin E in combination with regular aerobic exercise on markers of lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase in diabetic rats. Kim, HT, 2005)	0.33
" N-PLS was found to be more suitable than PARAFAC combined with multiple linear regression for correlating fluorescence and quality parameters, yielding better fits and lower prediction errors."	( Excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy combined with three-way methods of analysis as a complementary technique for olive oil characterization. Boqué, R; Ferré, J; Garcia, J; Guimet, F; Vidal, M, 2005)	0.33
"In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of vesiculated alpha-tocopheryl succinate (Valpha-TOS) in combination with non-antigen pulsed, nonmatured dendritic cells (nmDC) to treat pre-established tumors of the highly metastatic murine mammary cancer cell line 4T1."	( Chemo-immunotherapy of breast cancer using vesiculated alpha-tocopheryl succinate in combination with dendritic cell vaccination. Akporiaye, ET; Dial, SM; Hahn, T; Ramanathapuram, LV, 2005)	0.33
"To compare the efficacy and safety of intralesional interferon-alpha 2b combined with oral vitamin E or intralesional interferon-alpha 2b alone or oral vitamin E alone for the treatment of Peyronie's disease."	( Effect of intralesional interferon-alpha 2b combined with oral vitamin E for treatment of early stage Peyronie's disease: a randomized and prospective study. Akand, M; Inal, T; Ozdiler, E; Tokatli, Z; Yaman, O, 2006)	0.33
" There was a significant decrease in TNF with AT alone or in combination with GT."	( Gamma-tocopherol supplementation alone and in combination with alpha-tocopherol alters biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Devaraj, S; Jialal, I; Leonard, S; Traber, MG, 2008)	0.35
" These results suggest that among elderly individuals with an APOE epsilon4 allele, there is an association between using antioxidant supplements in combination with NSAIDs and less cognitive decline over time."	( Better cognitive performance in elderly taking antioxidant vitamins E and C supplements in combination with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: the Cache County Study. Breitner, JC; Fotuhi, M; Hayden, KM; Khachaturian, AS; Lyketsos, CG; Munger, RG; Norton, MC; Szekely, CA; Tschanz, JT; Welsh-Bohmer, K; Wengreen, H; Zandi, PP, 2008)	0.35
"The present study was performed to investigate the effect of astaxanthin in combination with other antioxidants against oxidative damage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats."	( Effect of astaxanthin in combination with alpha-tocopherol or ascorbic acid against oxidative damage in diabetic ODS rats. Nakano, M; Nguyen, VC; Onodera, A; Saito, E; Takahashi, J; Tanabe, M; Yajima, K, 2008)	0.35
" Male Wistar rats were used for the estimation of the in vivo antioxidant effect of LEV through microdialysis combined with electron spin resonance spectroscopy."	( Levetiracetam enhances endogenous antioxidant in the hippocampus of rats: in vivo evaluation by brain microdialysis combined with ESR spectroscopy. Doi, T; Nagatomo, K; Nakajima, A; Takaki, M; Ueda, Y; Willmore, LJ, 2009)	0.35
" The results demonstrate that 6 months of resistance training combined with antioxidant supplementation significantly increased FFM without concomitant significant improvement in IS in older adults."	( Effects of resistance training combined with antioxidant supplementation on fat-free mass and insulin sensitivity in healthy elderly subjects. Bobeuf, F; Dionne, IJ; Khalil, A; Labonté, M, 2010)	0.36
"The redox-silent vitamin E analogue alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS) was used in combination with VK3 and AA to evaluate their effect on prostate cancer cells."	( alpha-Tocopheryl succinate promotes selective cell death induced by vitamin K3 in combination with ascorbate. Guerrieri, R; Neuzil, J; Santarelli, L; Staffolani, S; Strafella, E; Tomasetti, M, 2010)	0.36
" However, sub-lethal doses of AA-VK3 combination combined with a sub-toxic dose of alpha-TOS showed to induce efficient cell death that resembles autoschizis."	( alpha-Tocopheryl succinate promotes selective cell death induced by vitamin K3 in combination with ascorbate. Guerrieri, R; Neuzil, J; Santarelli, L; Staffolani, S; Strafella, E; Tomasetti, M, 2010)	0.36
" In combination with an increased throughput (up to 300%) and a reduced animal use (up to 50%), the enhanced power of the differential approach improves the utility of the biorelevant in situ perfusion technique with mesenteric blood sampling to elucidate the intestinal interaction profile of drugs and drug candidates."	( Validation of a differential in situ perfusion method with mesenteric blood sampling in rats for intestinal drug interaction profiling. Annaert, P; Augustijns, P; Brouwers, J; Mols, R, 2010)	0.36
" Such protective effects of VCE in the patients seemed to be greater in combination with EX than EX alone."	( Vitamins C and E treatment combined with exercise modulates oxidative stress markers in blood of patients with fibromyalgia: a controlled clinical pilot study. Akkuş, S; Çelik, Ö; Eriş, S; Nazıroğlu, M; Soyupek, F; Uslusoy, GA; Yalman, K, 2010)	0.36
"In vitro activity of interferon-alpha-2b in combination with various antioxidants against the influenza virus and Herpes simplex was studied."	( [Antiviral activity of recombinant interferon-alpha-2b in combination with certain antioxidant]. Deriabin, PG; Galegov, GA; Vasil'ev, AN, 2011)	0.37
" Our aim was to assess whether lifestyle combined with supplementation with Vitamin E might reduce oxidative stress and improve cardio-metabolic status in obese children with NAFLD."	( Improved oxidative stress and cardio-metabolic status in obese prepubertal children with liver steatosis treated with lifestyle combined with Vitamin E. Chiarelli, F; Chiavaroli, V; D'Adamo, E; de Giorgis, T; Giannini, C; Marcovecchio, ML; Mohn, A, 2013)	0.39
"The study aims to investigate the effect to treat acute kidney injury (AKI) with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined with vitamin E and to develop a new treatment mode for AKI preclinical study."	( Study on therapeutic action of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell combined with vitamin E against acute kidney injury in rats. Dong, C; Feng, Y; Liu, D; Liu, P; Lv, P; Wu, H; Wu, X; Zhou, Y, 2013)	0.39
"3×10(6)cells/kg) combined with vitamin E (80mg/kg) were administered in AKI rats induced by gentamicin intravenously."	( Study on therapeutic action of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell combined with vitamin E against acute kidney injury in rats. Dong, C; Feng, Y; Liu, D; Liu, P; Lv, P; Wu, H; Wu, X; Zhou, Y, 2013)	0.39
"Vitamin C or its combination with vitamin E significantly enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in the radial circulation of patients with coronary artery disease."	( Does vitamin C or its combination with vitamin E improve radial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in patients awaiting coronary artery bypass surgery? Cicek, OF; Diken, A; Ozkan, T; Turkvatan, A; Ulas, M; Uzun, A; Yalcinkaya, A; Yener, O; Yener, U, 2013)	0.39
" We investigated the effect of CAR alone or in combination with α-tocopherol (CAR + TOC) on HFr-induced insulin-resistant rats."	( Effect of carnosine alone or combined with α-tocopherol on hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in fructose-induced insulin-resistant rats. Doğru-Abbasoğlu, S; Giriş, M; Koçak-Toker, N; Kumral, A; Olgaç, V; Uysal, M, 2014)	0.4
"Mitochondrial Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c and cytoplasmic caspase-3 expression, as well as toxic effect patterns, mitosis and cellular reactions due to α-tocopherol alone or combined with paclitaxel, mitomycin C and 5-flurouracil (5-FU), was studied in series obtained from human endothelial and primary Tenon's fibroblast cell cultures."	( The evaluation of human tenon's fibroblasts and endothelial cell responses to antifibrotics alone and in combination with α-tocopherol. Akgün-Dar, K; Arslan, M; Bilgiç, S; Çetin, B; Engin, KN; Erdem-Kuruca, S; Gürel, E; Karadenizli, S; Yemisci, B, 2015)	0.42
"It has been suggested that vitamin E alone or combined with other vitamins or minerals can prevent oxidative stress and slow oxidative injury-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer."	( Meta-analysis: low-dose intake of vitamin E combined with other vitamins or minerals may decrease all-cause mortality. Jiang, S; Li, F; Li, H; Pan, Z; Qiu, Y; Song, Y, 2014)	0.4
"To study the effect of acteoside on the expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in brain tissues of subacute aging mice induced by D-galactose (D-Gal) combined with aluminum trichloride (AlCl3)."	( [Acteoside enhances expression of neurotrophin-3 in brain tissues of subacute aging mice induced by D-galactose combined with aluminum trichloride]. Gao, L; He, Y; Huo, S; Peng, X; Yan, M, 2014)	0.4
"Female Kunming mice were randomly divided into vehicle control group, D-Gal combined with AlCl3 group , vitamin E group, piracetam group and acteoside groups [30, 60, 120 mg/(kg."	( [Acteoside enhances expression of neurotrophin-3 in brain tissues of subacute aging mice induced by D-galactose combined with aluminum trichloride]. Gao, L; He, Y; Huo, S; Peng, X; Yan, M, 2014)	0.4
" Stratified analyses showed that this association was found only in persons who took vitamin E in combination with other antioxidants."	( Vitamin E supplementation is associated with lower levels of C-reactive protein only in higher dosages and combined with other antioxidants: The Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F4 study. Heier, M; Kastenmüller, G; Koenig, W; Peters, A; Schneider, A; Schwab, S; Thorand, B; Waldenberger, M; Zierer, A, 2015)	0.42
"The present study was carried out to investigate the influence of dietary quercetin in combination with α-tocopherol on growth performance, antioxidant potential, lipid stability and fatty acid composition in breast meat of birds."	( Lipid stability, antioxidant potential and fatty acid composition of broilers breast meat as influenced by quercetin in combination with α-tocopherol enriched diets. Butt, MS; Shabbir, MA; Shahid, M; Sohaib, M, 2015)	0.42
" Astaxanthinin, combined with vitamin E, vitamin C, and calorie restriction, was able to ameliorate, in part, infertility in male rats."	( Effect of Astaxanthin, Vitamin E, and Vitamin C in Combination with Calorie Restriction on Sperm Quality and Quantity in Male Rats. Rahbar, AR; Shakoori Mahmoodabadi, MM; Vahidinia, A, 2017)	0.46
"Heparin sodium (HS)-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid-D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (PLGA-TPGS) nanoparticles (HPTNs) were prepared as a sustained and targeting delivery carrier and combined with emodin (EMO)-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles (EPTNs), which were investigated previously to form a combination therapy system for the treatment of liver cancer."	( Emodin-Loaded PLGA-TPGS Nanoparticles Combined with Heparin Sodium-Loaded PLGA-TPGS Nanoparticles to Enhance Chemotherapeutic Efficacy Against Liver Cancer. Deng, S; Gao, D; Gao, M; Gao, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Ma, C; Tian, Y; Wang, C; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" The apoptosis of HepG2 cells induced by EPTNs in combination with HPTNs was determined by Annexin V-FITC staining and PI labelling."	( Emodin-Loaded PLGA-TPGS Nanoparticles Combined with Heparin Sodium-Loaded PLGA-TPGS Nanoparticles to Enhance Chemotherapeutic Efficacy Against Liver Cancer. Deng, S; Gao, D; Gao, M; Gao, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Ma, C; Tian, Y; Wang, C; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" EPTNs combined with HPTNs induced HepG2 cell apoptosis with synergistic effects."	( Emodin-Loaded PLGA-TPGS Nanoparticles Combined with Heparin Sodium-Loaded PLGA-TPGS Nanoparticles to Enhance Chemotherapeutic Efficacy Against Liver Cancer. Deng, S; Gao, D; Gao, M; Gao, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Ma, C; Tian, Y; Wang, C; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
"Heparin sodium (HS)-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid-D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (PLGA-TPGS) nanoparticles (HPTNs) were prepared as sustained and targeted delivery carriers and combined with oleanolic acid (OA)-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles (OPTNs) that had been investigated in our previous work to form a combination therapy system for the treatment of liver cancer."	( Oleanolic acid-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles combined with heparin sodium-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles for enhancing chemotherapy to liver cancer. Bao, X; Deng, S; Gao, D; Gao, M; Guan, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Tian, Y; Wang, C; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" The apoptosis of HepG2 cells induced by OPTNs combined with HPTNs was determined by Annexin V-FITC staining and PI labelling."	( Oleanolic acid-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles combined with heparin sodium-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles for enhancing chemotherapy to liver cancer. Bao, X; Deng, S; Gao, D; Gao, M; Guan, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Tian, Y; Wang, C; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" The cell apoptosis results indicated that OPTNs combined with HPTNs could induce HepG2 cell apoptosis and exert synergistic effects."	( Oleanolic acid-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles combined with heparin sodium-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles for enhancing chemotherapy to liver cancer. Bao, X; Deng, S; Gao, D; Gao, M; Guan, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Tian, Y; Wang, C; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
"To investigate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Gujing Maisiha Tablets combined with natural vitamin E in the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia."	( [Gujing Maisiha Tablets combined with natural vitamin E for the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia]. Jin, FS; Sun, ZY; Wang, Y; Zhou, B; Zhou, QS, 2017)	0.46
"7］ yr) to be treated with Gujing Maisiha Tablets combined with natural vitamin E or natural vitamin E only, both for 90 days."	( [Gujing Maisiha Tablets combined with natural vitamin E for the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia]. Jin, FS; Sun, ZY; Wang, Y; Zhou, B; Zhou, QS, 2017)	0.46
"Gujing Maisiha Tablets combined with natural vitamin E is safe and effective for the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia."	( [Gujing Maisiha Tablets combined with natural vitamin E for the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia]. Jin, FS; Sun, ZY; Wang, Y; Zhou, B; Zhou, QS, 2017)	0.46
"To study the therapeutic efficacy of compound amino acid combined with vitamin E in the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia."	( [Compound amino acid combined with vitamin E for idiopathic asthenospermia]. Sun, ZY; Zeng, FC; Zhang, ZX; Zhou, B; Zhou, QS, 2016)	0.43
"Compound amino acid combined with vitamin E can safely and effectively improve sperm motility in idiopathic asthenospermia patients."	( [Compound amino acid combined with vitamin E for idiopathic asthenospermia]. Sun, ZY; Zeng, FC; Zhang, ZX; Zhou, B; Zhou, QS, 2016)	0.43
" The aim of the present study was to examine the anticancer effects and mechanisms of action of MTX in combination with vitamin E variants (α‑tocopherol) and derivatives (α‑tocopherol succinate) on TNBC."	( Anticancer effects of methotrexate in combination with α‑tocopherol and α‑tocopherol succinate on triple‑negative breast cancer. Chen, YH; Hung, YT; Wei, CW; Yiang, GT; Yu, YL, 2019)	0.51
" Consequently, NP-TOS15 significantly enhance the anticancer effect in combination with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in terms of apoptosis facilitation and migration inhibition."	( Enhanced Prevention of Breast Tumor Metastasis by Nanoparticle-Delivered Vitamin E in Combination with Interferon-Gamma. Gu, W; Liu, J; Movahedi, F; Wu, Y; Xu, T; Xu, ZP, 2020)	0.56
"In this study, a simple and green ionic liquid-based (IL)vortex-assisted (VA) liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) combined with HPLC was developed for simultaneous determination of eight vitamin E isomers in human serum."	( A Novel Ionic Liquid-Based Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Simultaneous Determination of Eight Vitamin E Isomers in Human Serum. Li, Y; Sun, C; Wu, L; Yang, Y; Yin, S; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
" Since higher Fischer ratio proteins have therapeutic value in liver diseases, an investigation was undertaken to study the ameliorative effect of the enhanced Fischer ratio flaxseed protein hydrolysate (EFR-FPH) alone and in combination with antioxidant micronutrients on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model."	( Ameliorative effect of enhanced Fischer ratio flaxseed protein hydrolysate in combination with antioxidant micronutrients on ethanol-induced hepatic damage in a rat model. Gnanesh Kumar, BS; Govindaraju, K; Jyothi Lakshmi, A; Muthukumar, SP; Ume Salma, N, 2022)	0.72
" The aim of this study was to evaluate, by the use of force plate gait analysis, the clinical efficacy of Boswellia and Curcuvet® combined with conventional nutraceutical therapy compared with conventional nutraceutical alone in dogs affected by osteoarthritis."	( Clinical efficacy of Curcuvet and Boswellic acid combined with conventional nutraceutical product: An aid to canine osteoarthritis. Aragosa, F; Caterino, C; Costanza, D; Della Valle, G; Fatone, G; Lamagna, F; Nieddu, A; Piscitelli, A, 2021)	0.62
"In conclusion Curcuvet in combination with Boswellic acid could be considered a valid aid in a multimodal treatment for canine osteoarthritis."	( Clinical efficacy of Curcuvet and Boswellic acid combined with conventional nutraceutical product: An aid to canine osteoarthritis. Aragosa, F; Caterino, C; Costanza, D; Della Valle, G; Fatone, G; Lamagna, F; Nieddu, A; Piscitelli, A, 2021)	0.62
" The VEO alone and in combination with D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) has significantly increased the MLN and SVN loading."	( Vitamin E Oil Incorporated Liposomal Melphalan and Simvastatin: Approach to Obtain Improved Physicochemical Characteristics of Hydrolysable Melphalan and Anticancer Activity in Combination with Simvastatin Against Multiple Myeloma. Eswara, BRM; Manjappa, AS; Nagadeepthi, N; Sambamoorthy, U; Sanapala, AK, 2021)	0.62
" Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for PCOS undergoing therapy with magnesium supplementation alone or in combination with other agents."	( The effect of magnesium alone or its combination with other supplements on the markers of inflammation, OS and metabolism in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): A systematic review. Hu, K; Huang, Y; Li, R; Li, Z; Ma, B; Yang, Y, 2022)	0.72
"The application of proton transfer ionization reaction mass spectrometry (PTR MS) combined with microscale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) aiming to quantitate single-cell fatty acid analysis levels was investigated."	( Microscale supercritical fluid extraction combined with supercritical fluid chromatography and proton-transfer-reaction ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for a magnitude lower limit of quantitation of lipophilic compounds. Furutani, H; Hondo, T; Miyake, Y; Ota, C; Toyoda, M, 2022)	0.72
" Following the intraperitoneal (IP) administration of AFB1 at dose of 2 mg/kg, minocycline (45 and 90 mg/kg, IP) and dexamethasone (5 and 20 mg/kg, IP) were administered alone and combined with NAC (200 mg/kg, IP) and vitamin E (600 mg/kg, IP)."	( The effects of dexamethasone and minocycline alone and combined with N-acetylcysteine and vitamin E on serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 and coenzyme Q10 levels in aflatoxin B1 administered rats. Bahcivan, E; Dik, B; Eser Faki, H; Ozdemir Kutahya, Z; Tras, B; Uney, K, 2022)	0.72
" This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the effects of vitamin E supplementation or vitamin E in combination with omega-3 or magnesium on PCOS."	( A meta-analysis of effects of vitamin E supplementation alone and in combination with omega-3 or magnesium on polycystic ovary syndrome. Hajhashemy, Z; Heidari, H; Saneei, P, 2022)	0.72

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Increasing the sodium taurocholate concentration in the micellar infusate up to 15 mM did not increase the rate of absorption of the vitamin."	( Intestinal absorption of alpha-tocopherol in the unanesthetized rat. The influence of luminal constituents on the absorptive process. Hollander, D; Muralidhara, KS, 1977)	0.26
"Methods are described for the determination of bioavailability of lipo- and hydro- soluble compounds in the rat."	( Methodology for the determination of bioavailability of labeled residues. Gallo-Torres, HE, 1977)	0.26
"When properly formulated, micellar-type aqueous dispersions of tocopheryl acetate are administered intravenously or intramuscularly to dogs, the rate-limiting step in the bioavailability of the physiologically active free tocopherol is the rate of hydrolysis of the acetate ester."	( Biopharmaceutic factors in parenteral administration of vitamin E. Bauernfeind, JC; De Ritter, E; Newmark, HL; Pool, W, 1975)	0.25
" In in vivo experiments, the lymphatic absorption rate of 6 esters, acetate, palmitate, acid succinate, nicotinate, o-hydroxybenzoate, and pivalate, was measured on thoracic duct fistula rats."	( Studies on tocopherol derivatives: V. Intestinal absorption of several d,1-3,4-3H2-alpha-tocopheryl esters in the rat. Aoyama, Y; Fujita, T; Katsui, G; Nakamura, T, 1975)	0.25
" Other factors that may affect the occurrence of these deficiency diseases are concurrent dietary deficiency of S-containing amino acids, bioavailability of different forms of dietary Se, intake of compounds that antagonize Se (e."	( Etiologic factors and pathologic alterations in selenium-vitamin E deficiency and excess in animals and humans. Ferrans, VJ; Van Vleet, JF, )	0.13
" For the TPGS, a water-soluble form of vitamin E, the indices of bioavailability were lower (P less than ."	( Bioavailability of vitamin E compounds in lambs. Antapli, M; Hidiroglou, N; McDowell, LR; Papas, AM; Wilkinson, NS, 1992)	0.28
"Twenty-five yearling wethers, weighing 45 to 50 kg, were used in a trial designed to compare the bioavailability of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (TA) and d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate (TPGS)."	( Plasma alpha-tocopherol profiles in sheep after oral administration of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate. Hidiroglou, M; Ivan, M, 1991)	0.28
" The data showed higher bioavailability of the intravenously injected vitamin E in emulsion over ethanol."	( Plasma kinetics of tritiated d-alpha-tocopherol in sheep given intravenously in emulsion or ethanol. Hidiroglou, M, 1991)	0.28
" Based on the analysis of variance, no significant differences in bioavailability parameters (AUC, Cmax or Tmax) were observed among the three dosage forms."	( Redispersible dry emulsion system as novel oral dosage form of oily drugs: in vivo studies in beagle dogs. Hino, T; Kawashima, Y; Niwa, T; Ozawa, H; Sasaki, H; Takeuchi, H; Uesugi, K, 1991)	0.28
" The rate of absorption and elimination, as well as the lag phase, were independent of the dose, but the extent of absorption was directly proportional to dose."	( Disposition kinetics and dosage regimen of vitamin E administered intramuscularly to sheep. Hidiroglou, M; Karpinski, K, 1991)	0.28
"The purpose of this study was to compare the bioavailability of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and d-alpha-tocopheryl succinate when administered to sheep in a single oral dose weekly."	( Plasma alpha-tocopherol profiles in sheep after oral administration of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and d-alpha-tocopheryl succinate. Hidiroglou, M; Singh, K, 1991)	0.28
"E) bioavailability is reduced in CF patients especially in case of malnourishment."	( [Taurine supplementation in cystic fibrosis (CF): effect on vitamin E absorption kinetics]. Bergt, U; Döhmen, H; Friedrichs, F; Heimann, G; Kusenbach, G; Skopnik, H; Stuhlsatz, H, )	0.13
"An experiment was conducted to compare the bioavailability of dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate (TA) with that of dl-alpha-tocopherol nicotinate (TN) when administered to sheep, as a single dose, either into the rumen or the peritoneal cavity."	( Comparative studies on bioavailability and tissue uptake of two intraruminally or intraperitoneally administered esters of alpha-tocopherol in sheep. Charmley, E; Hidiroglou, M, 1991)	0.28
"The bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol acetate and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) was assessed in male rabbits given 50 mg kg-1 doses according to a randomized design."	( Bioavailability of intramuscular vitamin E acetate in rabbits. Bonati, M; Bortolotti, A; Calvo, B; Celardo, A; Pedraz, JL, 1989)	0.28
"Two trials were carried out to evaluate the bioavailability of dl-alpha-tocopherol and dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate administered to sheep and cattle in a single oral dose."	( Plasma tocopherol in sheep and cattle after ingesting free or acetylated tocopherol. Balbuena, O; Hidiroglou, N; McDowell, LR, 1989)	0.28
" These results are interpreted to indicate that, in Finland, the commonly used amounts of dietary vitamins A and E or their bioavailability in vitamin-mineral concentrates are not sufficient to maintain serum concentrations in winter even close to the levels found in horses on pasture."	( Vitamin A, E and D nutrition in mares and foals during the winter season: effect of feeding two different vitamin-mineral concentrates. Koskinen, E; Mäenpää, PH; Pirhonen, A, 1988)	0.27
" These observations verify in man relationships observe in animal studies, giving support to assumptions made in methods for assessing Se status and bioavailability in man, in particular the use of platelet GSHPx."	( Selenium and vitamin E supplementation: activities of glutathione peroxidase in human tissues. Robinson, MF; Steven, SM; Thomson, CD; van Rij, AM; Wade, CR, 1988)	0.27
"The effects of formulation factors and pharmaceutical dosage form on the bioavailability of RRR-alpha-tocopherol (d-alpha-tocopherol), riboflavin, and pyridoxine hydrochloride were studied after administration of two capsule formulations and a tablet to 12 normal humans."	( Dosage form and formulation effects on the bioavailability of vitamin E, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 from multivitamin preparations. Baumgartner, TG; Gregory, JF; Schmidt, GL; Sitren, HS; Thakker, KM, 1987)	0.27
" Since the responsible bacterial reactions may be dependent on vitamin K as an electron acceptor it is suggested that poorly absorbed vitamin K antagonists, specifically alpha-tocopherylquinone, may be capable of inhibiting these reactions and may therefore prove effective in treating ulcerative colitis and in preventing the development of colon cancer."	( Ulcerative colitis: the result of an altered bacterial metabolism of bile acids or cholesterol. Bennet, JD, 1986)	0.27
" The results of oral vitamin E tolerance tests showed that TPGS was well absorbed in virtually all study subjects, that TPGS intestinal absorption was superior to that of dl-alpha-tocopherol, and that TPGS absorption in teenage children with chronic cholestasis was similar to that of normal adults."	( Treatment of vitamin E deficiency during chronic childhood cholestasis with oral d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate. Butler-Simon, N; Heubi, JE; Lilly, JR; McClung, HJ; Silverman, A; Sokol, RJ, 1987)	0.27
"The bioavailability of two vitamin E preparations (d-alpha-tocopherol and dl-alpha-tocopherol) suspended in sesame oil solution and administered intramuscularly was evaluated in sheep."	( Plasma and tissue levels of vitamin E in sheep following intramuscular administration in an oil carrier. Hidiroglou, N; McDowell, LR, 1987)	0.27
" D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) is a water-soluble investigational form of vitamin E that is well absorbed during cholestasis."	( Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate therapy for vitamin E deficiency during chronic childhood cholestasis: neurologic outcome. Bettis, D; Butler-Simon, NA; Silverman, A; Smith, DJ; Sokol, RJ, 1987)	0.27
" This has place a greater emphasis on the bioavailability of nutrients in foods because the total intake of nutrients is generally closely linked with total caloric intake."	( Bioavailability of vitamins. Sauberlich, HE, 1985)	0.27
" The absorption rate of vitamin E into the intestine was reduced when konjac mannan was added to the test meals, but that of vitamin B12 was not reduced in normal or diabetic subjects."	( Influence of dietary fiber (konjac mannan) on absorption of vitamin B12 and vitamin E. Baba, S; Doi, K; Kawara, A; Matsuura, M; Tanaka, T, 1983)	0.27
"Formulation factors influencing vitamin bioavailability have been investigated, with vitamins A, E and B2, formulated in a new liquid vehicle (Aqua-Biosorb) and encapsulated into soft gelatin capsules, being compared with commercial formulations."	( Effect of formulation on the bioavailability of retinol, D-alpha-tocopherol and riboflavine. Bateman, NE; Uccellini, DA, 1984)	0.27
" Intramuscular dl-alpha-tocopherol was well absorbed in 4 group A subjects and corrected abnormal hydrogen peroxide hemolysis."	( Mechanism causing vitamin E deficiency during chronic childhood cholestasis. Balistreri, WF; Bove, KE; Heubi, JE; Iannaccone, S; Sokol, RJ, 1983)	0.27
" The tocopherol excretion in the faeces increased significantly according to the vitamin E intake; the absorption rate of tocopherol behaves inversely proportional to the level of supply."	( [How large is the tocopherol accumulation capacity of organs? Long term trials with various high oral alpha-tocopherol doses administered to rats and guinea pigs]. Elmadfa, I; Walter, A, 1981)	0.26
" The very low bioavailability of ascorbate among Sowetan controls is reminiscent of our previous finding in outwardly healthy people at Madras in southern India: in both these areas chronic pancreatitis is currently endemic, has a propensity to pancreatic calculi and runs a virulent course towards premature death from diabetes, malnutrition or pancreatic cancer."	( Micronutrient antioxidant status in black South Africans with chronic pancreatitis: opportunity for prophylaxis. Braganza, JM; Gut, A; Schofield, D; Segal, I; Shiel, N, 1995)	0.29
" This suggests that the bioavailability of gamma-tocopherol is enhanced in phenol-containing diets as compared with purified diets."	( Sesamin (a compound from sesame oil) increases tocopherol levels in rats fed ad libitum. Appelqvist, LA; Kamal-Eldin, A; Pettersson, D, 1995)	0.29
" The roles of isomeric forms and gastrointestinal tract absorption have not been completely resolved regarding their effects on the bioavailability of vitamin E supplements."	( Bioavailability and interaction of vitamin A and vitamin E in ruminants. Garber, MJ; Pumfrey, WM; Roeder, RA; Schelling, GT, 1995)	0.29
" In conclusion, the bioavailability of beta-carotene derived from Dunaliella bardawil was preferential for all-trans beta-carotene, although a small amount of the 9-cis form was detected in the plasma and blood cells."	( Changes in beta-carotene levels by long-term administration of natural beta-carotene derived from Dunaliella bardawil in humans. Hayashi, K; Manago, M; Mino, M; Morinobu, T; Murata, T; Takenaka, H; Tamai, H, 1994)	0.29
" It was shown that there was a large difference in the relative bioavailability of the two compounds with a four times higher (P < ."	( Metabolism of tritiated D-alpha-tocopherol and D-alpha-tocopheryl succinate in intraruminally dosed sheep. Hidiroglou, M; Ivan, M; Toutain, PL, 1994)	0.29
"2 or 57 IU/kg) to examine the influence of vitamin concentrations on vitamin bioavailability and leukocyte functions."	( Leukocyte functions of young dairy calves fed milk replacers supplemented with vitamins A and E. Anderson, NV; Blecha, F; Chitko-McKown, CG; Eicher, SD; Higgins, JJ; Morrill, JL, 1994)	0.29
" We evaluated the relative bioavailability of RRR- and all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate using the deuterium-labeled isotopes [5-CD3] 2R, 4'R and 8'R-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (d3), and [5,7-(CD3)2]-all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (d6)."	( Relative bioavailability of RRR- and all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in humans: studies using deuterated compounds. Acuff, RV; Hidiroglou, NN; Odom, TA; Papas, AM; Thedford, SS, 1994)	0.29
" A better understanding of the bioavailability of vitamin E in these patients and of the synergistic action of other antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin C and glutathione with vitamin E has provided new opportunities to reexamine the use of antioxidant supplementation for the critically ill."	( Vitamin E supplementation in the critically ill patient: too narrow a view? Kelly, FJ, 1994)	0.29
" Drug bioavailability was greatly affected as a result of microspheres formation."	( In vitro evaluation of cumulative release of valproic acid and vitamin E from hexadecanol microspheres. Part 2: Antiepileptic agents. De Caro, V; Di Stefano, V; Giannola, LI; Rizzo, MC, 1993)	0.29
" The data also showed that the bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol is dependent on the form administered."	( Serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in lambs following supplementation with various forms of tocopherol. Antapli, M; Hidiroglou, N; McDowell, LR; Papas, AM; Wilkinson, NS; Wolynetz, MS, 1993)	0.29
"Two trials were carried out to evaluate the bioavailability of 2 vitamin E components, D-alpha-tocopherol and DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate administered to 6 cattle intramuscularly (IM)."	( A dynamic evaluation of the bioavailability of the free and ester forms of vitamin E administered intramuscularly to beef cattle. Hidiroglou, N; Laflamme, LF, 1993)	0.29
"The plasma and red blood cell pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the natural source (RRR, d) and all racemic (all rac, dl) stereoisomers of alpha-tocopherol were studied in 12 men in a double-blind randomized crossover study."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the RRR and all racemic stereoisomers of alpha-tocopherol in humans after single oral administration. Acuff, RV; Daigneault, EA; Ferslew, KE; Stanton, PE; Woolley, TW, 1993)	0.29
"The bioavailability of RRR-alpha-tocopherol from the oral administration of RRR-alpha-tocopherol itself and its acetate and succinate esters was determined in healthy human subjects."	( Biokinetics in humans of RRR-alpha-tocopherol: the free phenol, acetate ester, and succinate ester forms of vitamin E. Burton, G; Cheeseman, KH; Holley, AE; Hughes, L; Kelly, FJ; Wasil, M, 1995)	0.29
" The bioavailability of RRR-alpha-tocopherol was greater than that of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate."	( Biodiscrimination of alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers in humans after oral administration. Igarashi, O; Kameyama, Y; Kiyose, C; Muramatsu, R; Ueda, T, 1997)	0.3
"The effects of daily supplementation of 1000 IU of d-alpha- or dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate to Holstein cows from drying off to 8 wk after calving were studied 1) to compare the bioavailability of d-alpha- and dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate by monitoring vitamin E concentrations in plasma, red blood cells, and neutrophils and 2) to determine the effect of d-alpha- and dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate supplementation on O2- and H2O2 release by neutrophils."	( Bioavailability of vitamin E compounds and the effect of supplementation on release of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by bovine neutrophils. Batra, TR; Hidiroglou, M; Zhao, X, 1997)	0.3
"The effect of ageing on vitamin E bioavailability in humans was assessed by comparing chylomicron and plasma alpha-tocopherol postprandial concentrations after a dose of vitamin E (432 or 937 IU as d1-alpha-tocopherol acetate), in eight young (20-30 years old) and eight healthy elderly men (64-72 years old)."	( Postprandial chylomicron and plasma vitamin E responses in healthy older subjects compared with younger ones. Alexandre-Gouabau, MC; Armand, M; Azais-Braesco, V; Beaufrere, B; Boirie, Y; Borel, P; Grolier, P; Lairon, D; Mekki, N; Partier, A, 1997)	0.3
" In this study we assessed the relative bioavailability of three formulations of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in a kinetic study of plasma alpha-tocopherol in four Italian Friesian dairy cows, following intraruminal administration of a gelatin capsule containing 5,000 IU of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate."	( Relative bioavailability of vitamin E in dairy cows following intraruminal administration of three different preparations of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. Baldi, A; Bontempo, V; Carli, S; Cheli, F; Dell'Orto, V; Sgoifo Rossi, C, )	0.13
" The peak rate of absorption was significantly lower in LZ rats (67."	( Marginal zinc deficiency lowers the lymphatic absorption of alpha-tocopherol in rats. Kim, ES; Koo, SI; Noh, SK, 1998)	0.3
" Raxofelast is a potent antioxidant agent under investigation, structurally related to VE, having an excellent bioavailability and favourable physicochemical properties."	( Beneficial effect of raxofelast, an hydrophilic vitamin E analogue, in the rat heart after ischemia and reperfusion injury. Altavilla, D; Avenoso, A; Campo, GM; Campo, S; Caputi, AP; Ceccarelli, S; Ferlito, M; Quartarone, C; Saitta, A; Squadrito, F; Squadrito, G, 1998)	0.3
" The current requirements for vitamin D appear to be adequate, but the requirement for vitamin A should be increased by approximately 50% because of differences in bioavailability between beta-carotene and retinyl esters."	( Requirements of fat-soluble vitamins for dairy cows: a review. Weiss, WP, 1998)	0.3
"Endothelial dysfunction is thought to be an important early event in atherogenesis, related in part to reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide in the arterial wall."	( Vitamin E ingestion does not improve arterial endothelial dysfunction in older adults. Celermajer, DS; Simons, J; Simons, LA; Stocker, R; von Konigsmark, M, 1999)	0.3
" all-rac (synthetic) forms of vitamin E in humans and animal models but none on the bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol in mixed vitamin E formulations."	( Relative bioavailabilities of natural and synthetic vitamin E formulations containing mixed tocopherols in human subjects. Bhagavan, HN; Chopra, RK, 1999)	0.3
" Selenite and selenocystine were Se donors of high bioavailability (i."	( Cytoprotection against lipid hydroperoxides correlates with increased glutathione peroxidase activities, but not selenium uptake from different selenocompounds. Brigelius-Flohé, R; Elsner, A; Gawlik, D; Leist, M; Maurer, S; Schultz, M, 1999)	0.3
" These results suggest that enhanced oral bioavailability of drugs co-administered with TPGS may, in part, be due to inhibition of P-glycoprotein in the intestine."	( Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS). Dintaman, JM; Silverman, JA, 1999)	0.3
"Dietary fiber may be partly responsible for the lower bioavailability of carotenoids from food than from purified supplements."	( Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. Hoffmann, J; Linseisen, J; Riedl, J; Wolfram, G, 1999)	0.3
" Application of the method in a bioavailability study for determination of the above compounds was also demonstrated."	( Simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tocotrienols in human plasma. Julianto, T; Wong, JW; Yap, SP; Yuen, KH, 1999)	0.3
" However, the bioavailability of zinc in vegetarian diets is generally lower than that of omnivores."	( Antioxidant status in vegetarians versus omnivores. Mykkänen, H; Rauma, AL, 2000)	0.31
"Glucoconjugates of (+/-)-ibuprofen, (+/-)-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), gentisic acid, gallic acid, 2,6-bis(tert-butyl)-4-thiophenol, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine were prepared with the objective of increasing the bioavailability of such antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs."	( Synthesis of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory drugs glucoconjugates. Beyreuther, K; Picard, MA; Uhrig, RK; Wiessler, M, 2000)	0.31
"These results indicate that dietary fiber supplementation decreases the antioxidative effect of a supplement consisting of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol in LDL, an effect that is likely to be mediated by a reduced bioavailability of these antioxidants in the gut."	( Dietary fiber reduces the antioxidative effect of a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture on LDL oxidation ex vivo in humans. Hoffmann, J; Linseisen, J; Riedl, J; Wolfram, G, 1999)	0.3
" DNA adduct formation was monitored as a marker for bioavailability of genotoxic chromium."	( Apoptosis and P53 induction in human lung fibroblasts exposed to chromium (VI): effect of ascorbate and tocopherol. Blankenship, LJ; Carlisle, DL; Orenstein, JM; Owens, BM; Patierno, SR; Pritchard, DE; Singh, J, 2000)	0.31
" Little is known about the effect of dietary fat on the bioavailability of these compounds."	( Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in humans. Leenen, R; Roodenburg, AJ; Tijburg, LB; van het Hof, KH; Weststrate, JA, 2000)	0.31
"A single dose study was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of a novel self-emulsifying vitamin E preparation, in comparison with that of a commercial product, Natopherol, available as soft gelatin capsules under fasted condition."	( Improved bioavailability of vitamin E with a self emulsifying formulation. Julianto, T; Noor, AM; Yuen, KH, 2000)	0.31
" However, the structure-activity relationship, bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of the antioxidants differ extensively."	( Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: importance in human health and disease prevention. Bagchi, D; Bagchi, M; Das, DK; Joshi, SS; Kuszynski, CA; Pruess, HG; Ray, SD; Stohs, SJ, 2000)	0.31
"A non-solubilizing solid dispersion formulation (polyethylene glycol 6000) and two solubilizing solid dispersions (Vitamin E TPGS and a Gelucire 44/14/Vitamin E TPGS blend) containing the antimalarial, Halofantrine (Hf), were formulated for bioavailability assessment in fasted beagles to determine if the oral absorption of Hf can be enhanced by these delivery systems."	( The formulation of Halofantrine as either non-solubilizing PEG 6000 or solubilizing lipid based solid dispersions: physical stability and absolute bioavailability assessment. Charman, WN; Khoo, SM; Porter, CJ, 2000)	0.31
" The aim offthe study was to assess the relative bioavailability of selenite versus organic Se-yeast in a Se-deficient area in China with a randomized double-blind double-dummy design."	( Selenium supplementation of children in a selenium-deficient area in China: blood selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase activities. Alfthan, G; Aro, A; Kong, LH; Liang, WS; Tan, WH; Wu, J; Xu, GL; Xue, WL; Yang, YX, 2000)	0.31
"Vitamin E is the major lipid-soluble antioxidant found in foods, and its bioavailability is affected by the presence of dietary fats."	( The effect of diet on vitamin E intake and oxidative stress in response to acute exercise in female athletes. Clarkson, PM; Decker, EA; Sacheck, JM, 2000)	0.31
" These data suggest that vitamin E bioavailability is similar between a 15 and 35% fat diet, with a redistribution of alpha-tocopherol in lipoproteins occurring during low-fat feeding (increased in the VLDL fraction, reduced in the other lipoproteins), and transfer of alpha-tocopherol from VLDL depends upon TG removal from the particle, consistent with previous observations in vitro and in animal studies."	( Dependence of plasma alpha-tocopherol flux on very low-density triglyceride clearance in humans. Dare, D; Frazier, KB; Hellerstein, MK; Hughes, E; Neese, RA; Parks, EJ; Traber, MG, 2000)	0.31
"We aimed to provide basic data on the processing of vitamin A and E in the human gastrointestinal tract and to assess whether the size of emulsion fat globules affects the bioavailability of these vitamins."	( Processing of vitamin A and E in the human gastrointestinal tract. Alexandre-Gouabau, MC; Andre, M; Armand, M; Azais-Braesco, V; Borel, P; Grolier, P; Jaussan, V; Lairon, D; Pasquier, B; Peyrot, J; Senft, M; Tyssandier, V, 2001)	0.31
", 1996), as well as on the basis of data from the literature, we now suggest a hypothesis that taurine promotes the bioavailability of the lipid soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, and F, probably by forming different types of water soluble, easily hydrolyzable complexes."	( Taurine as a universal carrier of lipid soluble vitamins: a hypothesis. Haroutounian, JE; Petrosian, AM, 2000)	0.31
" Clinical endpoint studies in humans are lacking, but plasma responses to RRR- and all-rac were measured in bioavailability studies."	( Bioavailability and potency of natural-source and all-racemic alpha-tocopherol in the human: a dispute. Hoppe, PP; Krennrich, G, 2000)	0.31
" Lung tissue VE content was elevated after loading but VC did not change possibly due to their different bioavailability and saturation kinetics."	( Antioxidant loading reduces oxidative stress induced by high-energy impulse noise (blast) exposure. Armstrong, KL; Cooper, MF; Elsayed, NM; William, MT, 2000)	0.31
" Although the antioxidant activity of tocotrienols is higher than that of tocopherols, tocotrienols have a lower bioavailability after oral ingestion."	( Molecular aspects of alpha-tocotrienol antioxidant action and cell signalling. Packer, L; Rimbach, G; Weber, SU, 2001)	0.31
"We have investigated the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols under fed and fasted conditions in eight healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols under different food status. Wong, JW; Yap, SP; Yuen, KH, 2001)	0.31
" We studied the bioavailability of vitamin E in relation to food intake and the effect on the lipid peroxide-scavenging activity of plasma and on 7beta-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol (oxysterols) as markers of oxidant stress."	( Bioavailability of vitamin E as function of food intake in healthy subjects: effects on plasma peroxide-scavenging activity and cholesterol-oxidation products. Diczfalusy, U; Frati, G; Iuliano, L; Maranghi, M; Micheletta, F; Violi, F, 2001)	0.31
" gamma-Tocopherol is well absorbed and accumulates to a significant degree in some human tissues; it is metabolized, however, largely to 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman (gamma-CEHC), which is mainly excreted in the urine."	( gamma-tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention. Ames, BN; Christen, S; Jiang, Q; Shigenaga, MK, 2001)	0.31
"The objective of this study was to examine the effect of dietary diacylglycerol (DAG) on the bioavailability of fat-soluble vitamins in comparison with triacylglycerol (TAG)."	( Fat-soluble vitamin status is not affected by diacylglycerol consumption. Goto, N; Itakura, H; Matsuo, N; Nagao, T; Naito, S; Onizawa, K; Shimasaki, H; Taguchi, H; Tokimitsu, I; Tsushima, R; Watanabe, H; Yasukawa, T, 2001)	0.31
" In parallel, the absorption rate of alpha-tocopherol was measured in lymph-cannulated rats when alpha-tocopherol was administrated, as liposome suspension or added to sardine oil, through a gastrostomy tube."	( Incorporation of alpha-tocopherol in marine lipid-based liposomes: in vitro and in vivo studies. Cansell, M; Combe, N; Méléard, P; Nacka, F, 2001)	0.31
" Changes in the bioavailability of both antioxidants induced by UV radiation were studied in different skin compartments."	( Topical antioxidant vitamins C and E prevent UVB-radiation-induced peroxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid in pig skin. Beijersbergen van Henegouwen, GM; Moison, RM, 2002)	0.31
" The data show that PLTP regulates the bioavailability of vitamin E in atherogenic lipoproteins and suggest a novel strategy for achieving more effective concentrations of anti-oxidants in lipoproteins, independent of dietary supplementation."	( Phospholipid transfer protein deficiency protects circulating lipoproteins from oxidation due to the enhanced accumulation of vitamin E. Athias, A; Deckert, V; Desrumaux, C; Jiang, XC; Lagrost, L; Lalanne, F; Lin, M; Qin, S; Schneider, M; Tall, AR; Witztum, JL, 2002)	0.31
"Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation has been associated with decreased NO bioavailability in hypercholesterolemia."	( Dietary supplementation with vitamins C and E prevents downregulation of endothelial NOS expression in hypercholesterolemia in vivo and in vitro. Arias, R; Belzunce, MS; Eguinoa, E; Grau, A; Martínez-Caro, D; Nespereira, B; Páramo, JA; Pérez-Ilzarbe, M; Rodríguez, JA, 2002)	0.31
"To assess the bioavailability of vitamins A and E administered parenterally with either water-soluble or lipid-soluble preparations."	( Losses of vitamin A and E in parenteral nutrition suitable for premature infants. Genzel-Boroviczény, O; Haas, C; Koletzko, B, 2002)	0.31
"The contributions of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and P-glycoprotein to sirolimus oral bioavailability in rats were evaluated by coadministration of sirolimus (Rapamune) with the CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole or the P-glycoprotein inhibitor D-alpha-tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol 1000) succinate (TPGS)."	( Sirolimus oral absorption in rats is increased by ketoconazole but is not affected by D-alpha-tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol 1000) succinate. Chai, A; Chan, AO; O'Mahony, D; Ramtoola, Z; Silverman, JA; Tran-Tau, P; Wacher, VJ; Wong, S; Yu, XQ, 2002)	0.31
" Recently, the importance of vitamin/carrier complexes as a marker of vitamin bioavailability has been demonstrated."	( True deficiency of antioxidant vitamins E and A in dialysis patients. Relationship with clinical patterns of atherosclerosis. Aguilera, A; Bajo, MA; Codoceo, R; del Peso, G; Diez, JJ; Mariano, M; Rebollo, F; Selgas, R, 2002)	0.31
"Two surface-active formulation ingredients, a water-soluble derivative of vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, vitamin E-TPGS) as well as a polyethoxylated derivative of 12-hydroxy-stearic acid (Solutol HS 15) were investigated in rats for their potential to increase the oral bioavailability of the p-glycoprotein (p-gp) and cytochrome P450 substrate colchicine."	( Improvement of the bioavailability of colchicine in rats by co-administration of D-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and a polyethoxylated derivative of 12-hydroxy-stearic acid. Bittner, B; Fullhardt, P; González, RC; Guenzi, A; Mountfield, RJ; Zuercher, G, 2002)	0.31
" In addition, we have examined the skin bioavailability of a common nutritional antioxidant, vitamin C, and have assessed the effects of supplementation on markers of oxidative stress."	( UVR-induced oxidative stress in human skin in vivo: effects of oral vitamin C supplementation. Friedmann, PS; Jack, CI; Jackson, MJ; McArdle, F; Parslew, R; Rhodes, LE, 2002)	0.31
"The use of human skin models for performing cutaneous bioavailability studies has been little investigated."	( Comparison of cutaneous bioavailability of cosmetic preparations containing caffeine or alpha-tocopherol applied on human skin models or human skin ex vivo at finite doses. Andrian, M; Benech-Kieffer, F; Dreher, F; Fouchard, F; Patouillet, C; Simonnet, JT, 2002)	0.31
" It is water soluble, having a high molecular weight, and poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract."	( Enhanced intestinal absorption of vancomycin with Labrasol and D-alpha-tocopheryl PEG 1000 succinate in rats. Eaimtrakarn, S; Ishida, M; Prasad, YV; Puthli, SP; Shibata, N; Takada, K; Yoshikawa, Y, 2003)	0.32
"Randomized crossover studies were performed to determine the effect of coadministration of d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1,000 succinate (vitamin E TPGS) on the oral bioavailability of cyclosporine A (CsA) formulated as either Sandimmune (Novartis Pharmaceuticals) or Neoral (Novartis Pharmaceuticals)."	( Concurrent administration of water-soluble vitamin E can increase the oral bioavailability of cyclosporine a in healthy dogs. Fischer, JR; Freeman, LC; Harkin, KR, 2002)	0.31
" The processing of tomatoes may significantly affect the bioavailability of these nutrients."	( Tomatoes and cardiovascular health. Catignani, GL; Lazarus, S; Willcox, JK, 2003)	0.32
"A study was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols administered via oral, intravenous, intramuscular and intraperitoneal routes in rats."	( Influence of route of administration on the absorption and disposition of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols in rats. Lim, AB; Yap, SP; Yuen, KH, 2003)	0.32
" Urinary excretions of major phenols were measured to affirm bioavailability of dietary phenols."	( Effects of phenol-depleted and phenol-rich diets on blood markers of oxidative stress, and urinary excretion of quercetin and kaempferol in healthy volunteers. Kim, HY; Kim, OH; Sung, MK, 2003)	0.32
" Taken together, these findings suggest that, in the DSS rat, salt-dependent hypertensive nephropathy and decreased nitric oxide bioavailability are associated with increased oxidative stress, and that antioxidants can preclude these adverse effects of salt feeding, and consequently, prevent salt-dependent hypertension and nephropathy."	( Prevention of hypertension and renal dysfunction in Dahl rats by alpha-tocopherol. Dial, R; Forde, P; Loscalzo, J; Scribner, AW; Trolliet, MR, 2003)	0.32
"Oxidative stress decreases the bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in diabetic patients."	( Oral antioxidant therapy improves endothelial function in Type 1 but not Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Beckman, JA; Creager, MA; Garrett, LA; Goldfine, AB; Gordon, MB; Keaney, JF, 2003)	0.32
" Bioavailability studies in six healthy male volunteers indicated that the Gelucire 44/14 formulation showed an approximately two-fold increase in total alpha-tocopherol absorption compared to the commercial preparation."	( An investigation into the structure and bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol dispersions in Gelucire 44/14. Barker, SA; Craig, DQ; McCoy, CP; Murphy, JR; Yap, SP; Yuen, KH, 2003)	0.32
" Several observations suggest that decreased bioavailability of endothelium-derived NO, due to oxidative destruction of NO by ROS, might contribute to the impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatory responses and multisystemic pathology of preeclampsia, a phenomenon in which antioxidant vitamins may play a beneficial role."	( Current concepts in the use of antioxidants for the treatment of preeclampsia. Bilodeau, JF; Hubel, CA, 2003)	0.32
" Although their metabolic effect must be affected by the bioavailability of the antioxidants, the significance of this intake for antioxidant status and health should be considered."	( Contribution of beverages to the intake of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in the Spanish diet. Hernández-García, M; Pulido, R; Saura-Calixto, F, 2003)	0.32
"The serum response of beta-carotene as an indicator of bioavailability was compared after feeding beta-carotene (0."	( Serum beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in horses fed beta-carotene via grass-meal or a synthetic beadlet preparation with and without added dietary fat. Hoppe, PP; Kaden, C; Kienzle, E; Opitz, B, 2003)	0.32
" One plausible explanation is that the potential health benefits of alpha-tocopherol supplements are offset by deleterious changes in the bioavailability and/or bioactivity of other nutrients."	( Supplementation of diets with alpha-tocopherol reduces serum concentrations of gamma- and delta-tocopherol in humans. Appel, LJ; Huang, HY, 2003)	0.32
") bioavailability and potentially limit atherosclerosis."	( Impact of vitamin E on plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in chronic kidney disease (CKD): a pilot study. Abdulhayoglu, E; Barbato, D; Bustami, R; D'Alecy, LG; Desai, A; Handelman, GJ; Novak, JE; Rajagopalan, S; Saran, R; Warren, JS; Weitzel, W, 2003)	0.32
"We compared vitamin E bioavailability from a supplement with that from a fortified breakfast cereal."	( Vitamin E bioavailability from fortified breakfast cereal is greater than that from encapsulated supplements. Good, CK; Gugger, ET; Leonard, SW; Traber, MG, 2004)	0.32
"Vitamin E bioavailability was evaluated by using deuterium-labeled all-rac-alpha-tocopherol in three 4-d trials (2 wk apart)."	( Vitamin E bioavailability from fortified breakfast cereal is greater than that from encapsulated supplements. Good, CK; Gugger, ET; Leonard, SW; Traber, MG, 2004)	0.32
"The mean (+/-SD) vitamin E bioavailabilities of the 30-IU cereal and the 400-IU cereal were 6 +/- 2 and 26 +/- 8 times, respectively, the vitamin E bioavailability of the 400-IU capsule."	( Vitamin E bioavailability from fortified breakfast cereal is greater than that from encapsulated supplements. Good, CK; Gugger, ET; Leonard, SW; Traber, MG, 2004)	0.32
" Chronic antioxidant intervention in early RVD improved renal hemodynamic responses more effectively than acute intervention, likely due to increased nitric oxide bioavailability and decreased structural injury."	( Comparison of acute and chronic antioxidant interventions in experimental renovascular disease. Breen, JF; Chade, AR; Krier, JD; Lerman, A; Lerman, LO; McKusick, MA; Rodriguez-Porcel, M, 2004)	0.32
" Oxidant stress and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) impair endothelial function by reducing nitric oxide bioavailability in the artery wall."	( Long-term effect of combined vitamins E and C on coronary and peripheral endothelial function. Behrendt, D; Creager, MA; Delagrange, D; Fang, JC; Ganz, P; Kinlay, S; Morrow, J; Rifai, N; Selwyn, AP; Witztum, JL, 2004)	0.32
"It showed that the bioavailability and the expression of vitamin A, folate and vitamin E are very important to the analysis methods, the nutrition labeling, the food composition database and the determination of DRIs."	( [Bioavailability and expression method of vitamin A, folate and vitamin E in foods]. Wen, X, 2004)	0.32
"The aims of this clinical study were to determine whether plant sterols affect the bioavailability of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in normocholesterolemic men and to compare the effects of plant sterol esters and plant free sterols on cholesterol absorption."	( Both free and esterified plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption and the bioavailability of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in normocholesterolemic humans. Berger, A; Enslen, M; Fay, LB; Godin, JP; Green, H; Groux, M; Hager, C; Métairon, S; Piguet-Welsch, C; Quaile, S; Richelle, M; Sagalowicz, L; Tavazzi, I, 2004)	0.32
" Plant free sterols and plant sterol esters reduced the bioavailability of beta-carotene by approximately 50% and that of alpha-tocopherol by approximately 20%."	( Both free and esterified plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption and the bioavailability of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in normocholesterolemic humans. Berger, A; Enslen, M; Fay, LB; Godin, JP; Green, H; Groux, M; Hager, C; Métairon, S; Piguet-Welsch, C; Quaile, S; Richelle, M; Sagalowicz, L; Tavazzi, I, 2004)	0.32
"Both plant sterols reduced beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol bioavailability and cholesterol absorption in normocholesterolemic men."	( Both free and esterified plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption and the bioavailability of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in normocholesterolemic humans. Berger, A; Enslen, M; Fay, LB; Godin, JP; Green, H; Groux, M; Hager, C; Métairon, S; Piguet-Welsch, C; Quaile, S; Richelle, M; Sagalowicz, L; Tavazzi, I, 2004)	0.32
" Previous observations that all-rac- and RRR-alpha-tocopherols are distributed and eliminated via saturable and stereospecific pathways imply that their relative bioavailability varies with the saturation of these pathways and therefore varies with dosage."	( Re-evaluation of the relative potency of synthetic and natural alpha-tocopherol: experimental and clinical observations. Blatt, DH; Mata, JE; Pryor, WA; Rodriguez-Proteau, R, 2004)	0.32
"A functional food with a high content of natural antioxidants and with high carotenoid bioavailability was developed."	( Tomato-based functional food as interferon adjuvant in HCV eradication therapy. Ascione, A; Caporaso, N; Carbone, A; Fogliano, V; Marmo, R; Morisco, F; Scarpati, S; Stingo, S; Vitaglione, P, 2004)	0.32
" This study was designed to determine the bioavailability of lutein supplements in Mongolian gerbils, as prior studies have focused on beta-carotene, and to investigate any interactions between a lutein supplement and a diet containing cranberries."	( Lutein supplements are not bioavailable in the Mongolian gerbil while consuming a diet with or without cranberries. Molldrem, KL; Tanumihardjo, SA, 2004)	0.32
"A single dose comparative bioavailability study was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of tocotrienols from two self-emulsifying formulations, one of which produced an emulsion that readily lipolysed under in vitro condition (SES-A), while the other produced a finer dispersion with negligible lipolysis (SES-B) in comparison with that of a non-self-emulsifying formulation in soya oil."	( Influence of lipolysis and droplet size on tocotrienol absorption from self-emulsifying formulations. Yap, SP; Yuen, KH, 2004)	0.32
" The second challenge is the poor oral bioavailability of this water soluble, metabolically stable compound due to low intestinal permeability, and the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux mechanism."	( Pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of solution and soft gelatin capsule formulations for a BCS class 3 compound with atypical physicochemical properties. Alexandrova, L; Coen, P; Ho, Q; Jung, D; Killion, R; Li, L; Nellore, R; Ramsay-Olocco, K; Rocha, C, 2004)	0.32
" However, little is known about their bioavailability from dietary sources."	( Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. Allegra, M; Butera, D; Livrea, MA; Tesoriere, L, 2004)	0.32
"The objective was to evaluate the bioavailability of betalains from dietary sources."	( Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. Allegra, M; Butera, D; Livrea, MA; Tesoriere, L, 2004)	0.32
" Our objective was to analyze the effect of 2 surfactants with different affinity for P-gp in vitro on the intestinal absorption and bioavailability of the P-gp substrate talinolol in humans."	( P-glycoprotein and surfactants: effect on intestinal talinolol absorption. Alsenz, J; Bogman, K; Degen, L; Drewe, J; Gutmann, H; Hopfgartner, G; Zysset, Y, 2005)	0.33
"This in vivo intraduodenal perfusion study showed that low concentrations of TPGS, close to the concentrations that showed P-gp inhibition in vitro, significantly increased the bioavailability of talinolol."	( P-glycoprotein and surfactants: effect on intestinal talinolol absorption. Alsenz, J; Bogman, K; Degen, L; Drewe, J; Gutmann, H; Hopfgartner, G; Zysset, Y, 2005)	0.33
" A reduction of NO bioavailability leads to endothelial dysfunction that has been shown to be improved by alpha-tocopherol in certain conditions."	( Alpha-Tocopherol and endothelial nitric oxide synthesis. Heller, R; Werner, ER; Werner-Felmayer, G, 2004)	0.32
" We hypothesized that the bioavailability of vitamin E in human skin is, at least in part, dependent on sebaceous gland secretion."	( Oral supplementation with all-Rac- and RRR-alpha-tocopherol increases vitamin E levels in human sebum after a latency period of 14-21 days. Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage, S; Kraemer, K; Thiele, JJ, 2004)	0.32
" We assessed the bioavailability of the NS in comparison to conventional preparations."	( Can changes in hydrophobicity increase the bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol? Back, EI; Biesalski, HK; Frindt, C; Nohr, D; Oćenásková, E; Stern, M, 2006)	0.33
"Short-term bioavailability of AQUANOVA micellised fat-soluble vitamin E from our NS was significantly higher than from regular supplements."	( Can changes in hydrophobicity increase the bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol? Back, EI; Biesalski, HK; Frindt, C; Nohr, D; Oćenásková, E; Stern, M, 2006)	0.33
"The bioavailability of gamma-tocopherol and metabolites of vitamin E after gamma-tocopherol administration is not well understood."	( The effect of gamma-tocopherol administration on alpha-tocopherol levels and metabolism in humans. Hamamura, K; Hirahara, F; Iwamoto, T; Morinobu, T; Tamai, H; Yoshikawa, S, 2005)	0.33
" These results demonstrate the antioxidative capacity of caffeic acid, a highly bioavailable polyphenol, in an in vivo model of oxidative stress."	( Caffeic acid inhibits oxidative Stress and reduces hypercholesterolemia induced by iron overload in rats. Gueux, E; Lafay, S; Mazur, A; Rayssiguier, Y; Rémésy, C; Scalbert, A, 2005)	0.33
" Flavonoids, found predominantly in the skin of almonds, may contribute to their putative health benefit, but their bioactivity and bioavailability have not previously been studied."	( Flavonoids from almond skins are bioavailable and act synergistically with vitamins C and E to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation. Blumberg, JB; Chen, CY; Lapsley, K; Milbury, PE, 2005)	0.33
" Great differences emerge as far as ingested doses, bioavailability and liver ability to accumulate the various compounds."	( Dietary antioxidant compounds and liver health. Caporaso, N; Fogliano, V; Morisco, F; Vitaglione, P, 2004)	0.32
"8) for bioavailability of copper from TBCC compared with 100 for that in copper sulfate."	( Effects of dietary supplementation with copper sulfate or tribasic copper chloride on broiler performance, relative copper bioavailability, and oxidation stability of vitamin E in feed. Ji, F; Lin, YX; Liu, B; Lu, L; Luo, XG; Steward, FA; Yu, SX, 2005)	0.33
" The corresponding mean absolute oral bioavailability figures were 36, 32, 39, 42 and 32% for ampicillin and 76, 74, 85, 73 and 74% for antipyrine, respectively."	( Excipient effects on gastrointestinal transit and drug absorption in beagle dogs. Basit, AW; Coffin, MD; Parsons, GE; Peters, EE; Schulze, JD; Staton, JS; Vickers, AW, 2005)	0.33
" There is also a need to clarify the bioavailability of natural and synthetic vitamin E, which is currently a subject of some controversy."	( Vitamin E bioavailability in humans. Lodge, JK, 2005)	0.33
"NovaSil (NS) clay, a common anti-caking agent in animal feeds, has been shown to sorb aflatoxins in the GI tract and diminish their bioavailability and adverse effects in short-term animal studies."	( Chronic toxicological evaluation of dietary NovaSil clay in Sprague-Dawley rats. Afriyie-Gyawu, E; Dash, B; Guan, H; Huebner, H; Mackie, J; Phillips, T; Tang, L; Taylor, J; Wang, JS; Wiles, M, 2005)	0.33
"NovaSil clay (NS) provides significant protection from the adverse effects of aflatoxins (AFs) in multiple animal species by decreasing bioavailability from the gastrointestinal tract."	( Short-term safety evaluation of processed calcium montmorillonite clay (NovaSil) in humans. Afriyie-Gyawu, E; Billam, M; Brattin, B; Goldston, T; Griswold, J; Guan, H; Huebner, HJ; Lovett, C; Luo, H; Phillips, TD; Tang, L; Taylor, RJ; Wang, JS; Wang, Z, 2005)	0.33
" An early protective action by dietary antioxidants in the gastro-intestinal tract is plausible, especially for poorly bioavailable antioxidants such as polyphenols."	( Inhibition of the metmyoglobin-induced peroxidation of linoleic acid by dietary antioxidants: Action in the aqueous vs. lipid phase. Caris-Veyrat, C; Dangles, O; Goupy, P; Vulcain, E, 2005)	0.33
"Alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) has been used to enhance the bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs and as a vehicle for drug delivery systems."	( Enhanced anticancer efficacy of alpha-tocopheryl succinate by conjugation with polyethylene glycol. Choi, MK; Chung, JH; Kim, SH; Lee, CH; Lee, E; Lee, YJ; Lim, SJ; Youk, HJ, 2005)	0.33
"The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and the antifibrotic properties of a new silybin-phosphatidylcholine-Vitamin E complex, characterised by elevated oral bioavailability and lipophilicity, on rat hepatic fibrosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine administration and by bile duct ligation."	( Hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effect of a new silybin-phosphatidylcholine-Vitamin E complex in rats. Bendia, E; Benedetti, A; Candelaresi, C; De Minicis, S; Di Sario, A; Marzioni, M; Omenetti, A; Taffetani, S, 2005)	0.33
" The dissolution profiles in bio-relevant dissolution media and the bioavailability in dogs were measured and compared to that of a standard formulation consisting of a lactose/drug mixture."	( Development of an in vitro/in vivo correlation for lipid formulations of EMD 50733, a poorly soluble, lipophilic drug substance. Dressman, J; Schamp, K; Schreder, SA, 2006)	0.33
"The best results with respect to dissolution, stability upon storage and bioavailability were obtained with a formulation that contained a commercially available lipid mixture (Gélucire 44/14) and a solubilizing agent (2-vinylpyrrolidone)."	( Development of an in vitro/in vivo correlation for lipid formulations of EMD 50733, a poorly soluble, lipophilic drug substance. Dressman, J; Schamp, K; Schreder, SA, 2006)	0.33
" These results demonstrate that the SEDDS of itraconazole composed of Transcutol, Pluronic L64 and tocopherol acetate greatly enhanced the bioavailability of itraconazole after the dose, particularly not influenced by food intake or not."	( A new self-emulsifying formulation of itraconazole with improved dissolution and oral absorption. Hong, JY; Kim, CK; Kim, JK; Park, JS; Song, YK, 2006)	0.33
" (R,R,R)-gamma-tocopherol bioavailability was compared between wild-type mice and mice overexpressing SR-BI in the intestine."	( Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is involved in vitamin E transport across the enterocyte. Bietrix, F; Borel, P; Collet, X; Gleize, B; Klein, A; Lagrost, L; Malezet-Desmoulins, C; Margotat, A; Reboul, E; Schneider, M, 2006)	0.33
" Decreased presystemic oxidation by this CYP increases the systemic bioavailability of drug substrates and the likelihood of drug toxicity."	( Altered CYP expression and function in response to dietary factors: potential roles in disease pathogenesis. Murray, M, 2006)	0.33
"Alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherol are present in many foods and are, in the absence of fat malabsorption, well absorbed from the gut."	( Recent advances in vitamin E metabolism and deficiency. Eggermont, E, 2006)	0.33
" Assessment of bioavailability within the body is therefore considered to be a good and easy way to predict biological value."	( Bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers in rats depends on dietary doses of all-rac- or RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. Jensen, SK; Lauridsen, C; Nørgaard, JV, 2006)	0.33
"We previously demonstrated that a novel hydrophilic gamma-tocopherol (gamma-Toc) derivative, gamma-tocopherol-N,N-dimethylglycinate hydrochloride (gamma-TDMG) converts to gamma-Toc in the mouse skin and has a higher bioavailability than gamma-Toc itself."	( Topical application of a novel, hydrophilic gamma-tocopherol derivative reduces photo-inflammation in mice skin. Karube, Y; Kobayashi, S; Takata, J; Watanabe, T; Yamazaki, A; Yoshida, E, 2006)	0.33
" Analyses of the distribution of the individual stereoisomers of alpha-tocopherol further indicate that the bioavailability of RRR-alpha-tocopherol relative to synthetic stereoisomers in cattle is considerably higher than officially accepted until now."	( Alpha-tocopherol concentration and stereoisomer composition in plasma and milk from dairy cows fed natural or synthetic vitamin E around calving. Jensen, SK; Lauridsen, C; Meglia, GE; Persson Waller, K, 2006)	0.33
" The significant and consistently higher serum values of these vitamins among salad consumers suggest that they are being well absorbed from salad."	( Salad and raw vegetable consumption and nutritional status in the adult US population: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arab, L; Su, LJ, 2006)	0.33
" The report that the affinity of TTP to bind (alpha-TCT is an order of magnitude lower than that for alpha-TCP questions the bioavailability of orally taken TCT to tissues."	( Natural vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol: retention in vital organs in response to long-term oral supplementation and withdrawal. Ezziddin, O; Khanna, S; Patel, V; Roy, S; Sen, CK, 2006)	0.33
" However, there is little information on the bioavailability of micronutrients in milk products at dietary intake levels."	( Bioavailability of vitamins A and E from whole and vitamin-fortified milks in control subjects. Blanco-Navarro, I; Granado-Lorencio, F; Herrero-Barbudo, C; Olmedilla-Alonso, B, 2006)	0.33
"To evaluate the bioavailability of vitamins A and E in whole milk and fortified whole and skimmed milk in control subjects."	( Bioavailability of vitamins A and E from whole and vitamin-fortified milks in control subjects. Blanco-Navarro, I; Granado-Lorencio, F; Herrero-Barbudo, C; Olmedilla-Alonso, B, 2006)	0.33
"A single-dose bioavailability study was performed using three commercially available milks (unfortified whole milk and whole and skimmed milk fortified with vitamins A and E)."	( Bioavailability of vitamins A and E from whole and vitamin-fortified milks in control subjects. Blanco-Navarro, I; Granado-Lorencio, F; Herrero-Barbudo, C; Olmedilla-Alonso, B, 2006)	0.33
" Their bioavailability is influenced by various factors including food matrix, formulation, and food processing."	( Bioaccessibility of carotenoids and vitamin E from their main dietary sources. Borel, P; Desmoulins-Malezet, C; Perrot, E; Pirisi, V; Reboul, E; Richelle, M, 2006)	0.33
" Natural alpha-tocopherol has twice the bioavailability of the synthetic isomer."	( Antioxidant value addition in human diets: genetic transformation of Brassica juncea with gamma-TMT gene for increased alpha-tocopherol content. Sarin, NB; Yusuf, MA, 2007)	0.34
" Bioavailability is a critical feature in the assessment of the role of micronutrients in human health, and the approaches to this issue include in vitro and in vivo methods."	( Bioavailability of carotenoids and tocopherols from broccoli: in vivo and in vitro assessment. Blanco, I; Blázquez, S; Granado, F; Herrero, C; Olmedilla, B; Pérez-Sacristán, B, 2006)	0.33
" The use of a food supplement containing nutrients useful for improving the bioavailability of Fe and that is well tolerated can represent a valid alternative to iron therapy."	( [Effect of treatment with a food supplement (containing: selected sea fish cartilage, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, zinc, copper) in women with iron deficiency: double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial]. Andreoni, L; Opizzi, A; Rondanelli, M; Trotti, R, 2006)	0.33
"This study has shown that, in patients with iron deficiency, the use of a food supplement, consisting of nutrients that improve the bioavailability of Fe, leads to a significant improvement in blood iron and blood ferritin levels."	( [Effect of treatment with a food supplement (containing: selected sea fish cartilage, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, zinc, copper) in women with iron deficiency: double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial]. Andreoni, L; Opizzi, A; Rondanelli, M; Trotti, R, 2006)	0.33
" We investigated whether the antioxidant vitamin E could preserve renal function and NO bioavailability and reduce oxidative stress in the 5/6th nephrectomy (NX) rat model."	( Vitamin E reduces glomerulosclerosis, restores renal neuronal NOS, and suppresses oxidative stress in the 5/6 nephrectomized rat. Baylis, C; Dikalova, A; Freshour, G; Griendling, K; Tain, YL, 2007)	0.34
" The goal of this study is to determine whether cellular Vit E bioavailability and its transport proteins are important contributing factors."	( Differential retention of alpha-vitamin E is correlated with its transporter gene expression and growth inhibition efficacy in prostate cancer cells. Ni, J; Pang, ST; Yeh, S, 2007)	0.34
"Antiproliferative efficacy of alpha-Vit E is correlated with its cellular bioavailability in PCa cells."	( Differential retention of alpha-vitamin E is correlated with its transporter gene expression and growth inhibition efficacy in prostate cancer cells. Ni, J; Pang, ST; Yeh, S, 2007)	0.34
" Recent investigations into vitamin E metabolism have also highlighted important new areas of research, such as the potential for high dose vitamin E supplementation to interfere with drug metabolism, as well as alternative methods to alter vitamin E bioavailability in vivo."	( Vitamin E metabolism. Croft, KD; Wu, JH, )	0.13
" The bioavailability (plasma level) after intravenous administration was 82."	( Preparation and in vivo evaluation of a water-soluble prodrug for 2R-gamma-tocotrienol and as a two-step prodrug for 2,7,8-trimethyl-2S-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman (S-gamma-CEHC) in rat. Akaho, N; Fujioka, T; Fukui, K; Fukushima, T; Hattori, A; Hidaka, R; Imai, K; Karube, Y; Matsunaga, K; Takata, J; Yoshida, M, 2007)	0.34
" Emerging evidence suggests that the use of EDTs may promote a more favorable and predictable pharmacokinetic profile with increased bioavailability of taxanes at the tumor site, limiting their exposure to normal tissues and improving the therapeutic benefits associated with taxane treatment."	( Novel enhanced delivery taxanes: an update. Perez, EA, 2007)	0.34
" Assessing the correct biological activity in form of bioavailability and biopotency has been a great challenge during many years as it is difficult to measure clinical endpoints in larger animals than rats and poultry."	( Alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers. Jensen, SK; Lauridsen, C, 2007)	0.34
"The relative bioavailability of polysaccharide--racemic vitamin E preparation in comparison with a commercial product was assessed in a kinetic study of plasma alpha-tocopherol in rabbits."	( Polysaccharide formulation for improvement of racemic vitamin E bioavailability. Czarnecki, W; Zimmer, Ł, )	0.13
"Type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients show decreased fibrinolysis, mainly linked to high plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) production, together with a reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide and an impairment in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity possibly involved in increased cardiovascular risk."	( A study on the action of vitamin E supplementation on plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and platelet nitric oxide production in type 2 diabetic patients. Fumelli, D; Manfrini, S; Marcheselli, F; Marra, M; Mazzanti, L; Moroni, C; Nanetti, L; Rabini, RA; Sirolla, C; Testa, R; Vignini, A, 2008)	0.35
" We report for the first time that CYP 2C inhibition reduces oxidative stress (measured as plasma levels of 8-isoprostane), increases NO bioavailability (measured as NO(2)(-)) and restores endothelial function in db/db mice without affecting plasma glucose levels."	( Sulfaphenazole treatment restores endothelium-dependent vasodilation in diabetic mice. Elmi, S; Granville, DJ; Hunter, AL; Khazaei, M; Laher, I; Moien-Afshari, F; Rahman, MM; Sallam, NA; Teng, X, 2008)	0.35
" The bioavailability of CoQ(10) increased fivefold after administration of the NanoSolve formulation, and the bioavailability of vitamin E was enhanced 10-fold both compared to the pure substances."	( Increase of bioavailability of coenzyme Q(10) and vitamin E. Schaffer, T; Wajda, R; Zirkel, J, 2007)	0.34
"To assess the predictive value of a 3-point versus 7-point post-prandial response (area under the curve) in nutrient bioavailability studies in humans."	( Suitability of 3-point versus 7-point postprandial retinyl palmitate AUC in human bioavailability studies. Granado-Lorencio, F; Herrero-Barbudo, C; Olmedilla-Alonso, B, 2008)	0.35
"We used results from a human bioavailability study (n = 19) that consisted of a single-dose pharmacokinetic assay involving three types of commercially available vitamin A and E fortified milk."	( Suitability of 3-point versus 7-point postprandial retinyl palmitate AUC in human bioavailability studies. Granado-Lorencio, F; Herrero-Barbudo, C; Olmedilla-Alonso, B, 2008)	0.35
"The use of the 3-point approach may be a reliable alternative to assess the relative postprandial lipid response in human bioavailability studies."	( Suitability of 3-point versus 7-point postprandial retinyl palmitate AUC in human bioavailability studies. Granado-Lorencio, F; Herrero-Barbudo, C; Olmedilla-Alonso, B, 2008)	0.35
" Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and catechins bioavailability and their effects on skin functionality have not been previously investigated from a fermented dairy product."	( Consumption of functional fermented milk containing borage oil, green tea and vitamin E enhances skin barrier function. Blachon, JL; Guyonnet, D; Lassel, T; Puch, F; Rawlings, AV; Samson-Villeger, S, 2008)	0.35
"Despite presenting bioavailability problems, tea catechins have emerged as promising chemopreventive agents because of their observed efficacy in various animal models."	( Synthesis and biological activity of a 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl ester analogue of epicatechin-3-gallate. Cabezas-Herrera, J; Chazarra, S; Otón, F; Rodríguez-López, JN; Sánchez-del-Campo, L; Tárraga, A, 2008)	0.35
" The oral bioavailability of paclitaxel in TPGS 400/ethanol (7."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of paclitaxel by D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 400 succinate in mice. Chang, YW; Chao, YS; Chen, CT; Chiang, TH; Ho, PY; Lin, HL; Lo, YK; Wu, HY; Wu, SH; Yao, HT; Yeh, TK, 2008)	0.35
"The food industry is playing an increasing role in the development and marketing of new products although little is known regarding the bioavailability of the phytochemicals they contain."	( Bioavailability of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol from fruit juices in the presence of absorption modifiers: in vitro and in vivo assessment. Blanco-Navarro, I; Granado-Lorencio, F; Herrero-Barbudo, C; Olmedilla-Alonso, B; Pérez-Sacristán, B, 2009)	0.35
"The present study investigated whether MicroFluidizer Processor-based nanoemulsions of an antioxidant synergy formulation (ASF), containing delta, alpha and gamma tocopherol influenced inflammation and bioavailability in CD-1 mice."	( Nanoemulsions of an anti-oxidant synergy formulation containing gamma tocopherol have enhanced bioavailability and anti-inflammatory properties. Kotyla, T; Kuo, F; Nicolosi, RJ; Subramanian, B; Wilson, TA; Yoganathan, S, 2008)	0.35
" The results showed a trend by which the rate of absorption of (14)C-glucose followed that observed in the corresponding in vitro release studies, providing the first indication that the nanostructure of these materials may provide the ability to tailor the absorption kinetics of hydrophilic drugs in vivo, and hence form the basis of a new drug delivery system."	( Nanostructure of liquid crystalline matrix determines in vitro sustained release and in vivo oral absorption kinetics for hydrophilic model drugs. Boyd, BJ; Hanley, T; Lee, KW; Nguyen, TH, 2009)	0.35
" Subsequently, TPPG 1000 was tested for its ability to enhance the bioavailability of raloxifene - an established P-gp substrate -in fasted male rats."	( Inhibiting efflux with novel non-ionic surfactants: Rational design based on vitamin E TPGS. Buchanan, CM; Caflisch, GB; Edgar, KJ; Large, SE; Lightner, JW; Little, JL; Rice, PJ; Ruble, KM; Wacher, VJ; Wempe, MF; Wright, C, 2009)	0.35
")NO and superoxide (O(2)(-)) radicals and the consequent impact on ()NO bioavailability and nitroxidative stress in bovine aortic endothelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and in smokers."	( Superoxide-mediated inactivation of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite formation by tobacco smoke in vascular endothelium: studies in cultured cells and smokers. Calcerrada, P; Peluffo, G; Piacenza, L; Pizzano, N; Radi, R, 2009)	0.35
" An in vivo release study revealed that physical entrapment of TP within Ca-pectinate microcapsules can be a good technique to demonstrate the sustained release pattern of TP and to improve the bioavailability for TP following oral administration."	( Alpha-tocopherol-loaded Ca-pectinate microcapsules: optimization, in vitro release, and bioavailability. Lee, HG; Lee, JS; Song, YB, 2009)	0.35
" Furthermore, we suggest that testosterone which enhances ornamentation by increasing carotenoid bioavailability may also promote oxidative stress and hence lower antioxidant reserves."	( Carotenoid maintenance handicap and the physiology of carotenoid-based signalisation of health. Albrecht, T; Vinkler, M, 2010)	0.36
" Oral bioavailability of the 30/70 dispersion was, although lower compared to the marketed Sporanox formulation, significantly enhanced compared to the crystalline drug."	( Itraconazole/TPGS/Aerosil200 solid dispersions: characterization, physical stability and in vivo performance. Augustijns, P; Froyen, L; Houthoofd, K; Martens, JA; Mols, R; Van den Mooter, G; Van Eerdenbrugh, B; Van Humbeeck, J; Van Speybroeck, M, 2009)	0.35
"To test bioequivalence of oral vitamin E formulations, water-soluble tocofersolan (test) and water-miscible (reference), in healthy adult volunteers, and their bioavailability in children with chronic cholestasis or cystic fibrosis."	( Bioavailability of oral vitamin E formulations in adult volunteers and children with chronic cholestasis or cystic fibrosis. Friteau, I; Gérardin, M; Hermeziu, B; Jacquemin, E; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Kibleur, Y; Le Coz, F; Mathieu, D; Moyse, D; Munck, A, 2009)	0.35
" Preliminary data indicate differences in bioavailability among the various vitamin E compounds."	( Dosage and formulation issues: oral vitamin E therapy in children. Kalikstad, B; Westergren, T, 2010)	0.36
" In children with malabsorption disorders, tocofersolan appears to have an increased bioavailability compared to tocopherol or tocopheryl acetate."	( Dosage and formulation issues: oral vitamin E therapy in children. Kalikstad, B; Westergren, T, 2010)	0.36
" According to in vivo data, a lower bioavailability was found for lycopene compared to that for alpha-tocopherol."	( Combining the dynamic TNO-gastrointestinal tract system with a Caco-2 cell culture model: application to the assessment of lycopene and alpha-tocopherol bioavailability from a whole food. Alric, M; Beyssac, E; Blanquet-Diot, S; Déat, E; Denis, S; Jarrige, JF, 2009)	0.35
"Vitamin E tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) is known to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs via solubility and permeability enhancement."	( Tabletability assessment of conventional formulations containing Vitamin E tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate. Jin, F; Tatavarti, A, 2010)	0.36
" Therefore, any potential health benefits of alpha-tocopherol supplements may be offset by deleterious changes in the bioavailability of other forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols."	( Vitamin E forms in Alzheimer's disease: a review of controversial and clinical experiences. Mousa, SA; Usoro, OB, 2010)	0.36
"While the association between bioavailability of vitamins E and C and Helicobacter pylori infection has been extensively researched in gastritis and gastric cancer patients, little is known about this relationship in asymptomatic adults."	( Bioavailability of vitamins E and C: does Helicobacter pylori infection play a role? Allard, J; Kreiger, N; McKeown Eyssen, G; Naja, F, 2010)	0.36
" pylori infection on bioavailability of vitamins E and C in asymptomatic adults."	( Bioavailability of vitamins E and C: does Helicobacter pylori infection play a role? Allard, J; Kreiger, N; McKeown Eyssen, G; Naja, F, 2010)	0.36
"The study showed a good bioavailability of these vitamins and increment due to supplementation."	( Plasma vitamin C and tocotrienols changes in response to dietary supplementation among young male adults. Das, S; Fatimah, IS; Khairul, O; Lee, CC; Mohamad, J; Poh, BK; Zahara, AM, 2010)	0.36
"The results confirmed that addition of colloidal silica in ME simultaneously loaded with vitamins C and E enhanced vitamins' skin bioavailability by its dual influence on delivery characteristics of ME as well as on skin properties."	( Dual influence of colloidal silica on skin deposition of vitamins C and E simultaneously incorporated in topical microemulsions. Falson, F; Gasperlin, M; Gosenca, M; Padois, K; Rozman, B, 2010)	0.36
"The main purpose of the present study is to develop a novel nano-emulsion (NE) formulation of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TC) with enhanced oral bioavailability and pharmacological effects."	( Physicochemical and pharmacological characterization of alpha-tocopherol-loaded nano-emulsion system. Chikamori, H; Debari, K; Hatanaka, J; Onoue, S; Sato, H; Uchida, S; Yamada, S, 2010)	0.36
" In vivo evaluation confirmed the advantages of the TPGS-emulsified PLGA NP formulation versus Taxol in promoting oral bioavailability of paclitaxel."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of paclitaxel formulated in vitamin E-TPGS emulsified nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers: in vitro and in vivo studies. Feng, SS; Zhao, L, 2010)	0.36
" However, the bioavailability of topical CoQ10 is poor; the development of a practical topical formulation is therefore highly desirable."	( Preparation and characterization of liposomal coenzyme Q10 for in vivo topical application. Lee, WC; Tsai, TH, 2010)	0.36
" Arginine and antioxidant vitamins may have played synergistic roles to increase NO bioavailability and reduce oxidative stress damage, thus improving cardiopulmonary performance."	( L-arginine and antioxidant vitamins E and C improve the cardiovascular performance of broiler chickens grown under chronic hypobaric hypoxia. Bautista-Ortega, J; Ruiz-Feria, CA, 2010)	0.36
" This study investigated the effects of radiation on BH4 bioavailability and of GT3 on BH4 metabolism."	( Reduction of radiation-induced vascular nitrosative stress by the vitamin E analog γ-tocotrienol: evidence of a role for tetrahydrobiopterin. Berbee, M; Boerma, M; Fu, Q; Hauer-Jensen, M; Kumar, KS; Pathak, R; Zhou, D, 2011)	0.37
"BH4 bioavailability is reduced in the early postradiation phase."	( Reduction of radiation-induced vascular nitrosative stress by the vitamin E analog γ-tocotrienol: evidence of a role for tetrahydrobiopterin. Berbee, M; Boerma, M; Fu, Q; Hauer-Jensen, M; Kumar, KS; Pathak, R; Zhou, D, 2011)	0.37
" Optimised FFB SMEDDS formulations were then selected for in-vivo bioavailability study."	( Characterisation of fenofibrate dissolution delivered by a self-microemulsifying drug-delivery system. Chen, CH; Chen, ET; Ho, HO; Ke, WT; Sheu, MT; Wei, JD, 2010)	0.36
" Previous studies have shown that endothelial dysfunction in 5/6 nephrectomized mice is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and increased vascular superoxide production."	( Prevention of renal injury and endothelial dysfunction by chronic L-arginine and antioxidant treatment. Arellano-Mendoza, MG; Del Valle-Mondragon, L; Escalante, B; Rios, A; Vargas-Robles, H, 2011)	0.37
" Therefore, SDs obtained by MW technique using vitamin E TPGS as carrier provide a promising way to increase the dissolution rate and solubility of poorly bioavailable drugs."	( Characterization of solid dispersions of itraconazole and vitamin E TPGS prepared by microwave technology. De Zordi, N; Macchiavelli, S; Moneghini, M; Princivalle, F; Solinas, D, 2010)	0.36
" Therefore it is expected that clinical trials overcoming the lower bioavailability of tocotrienols will be conducted, and it is urgently needed to assess the safety and the efficacy of the administration of the tocotrienols as a part of a cancer prevention regimen."	( Cancer preventive effects of vitamin E. Wada, S, 2012)	0.38
" Taken together, our observations indicate that functionality of NPC1/2 proteins is necessary for proper bioavailability of vitamin E and that the NPC pathology might involve tissue-specific perturbations of vitamin E status."	( Altered vitamin E status in Niemann-Pick type C disease. Arai, H; Atkinson, J; Corey, D; Davidson, C; Kelley, TJ; Manor, D; Parker, R; Porter, F; Ulatowski, L; Walkley, SU; Yanjanin, N, 2011)	0.37
" New knowledge is included about the importance of: enhancing the endogenous skin antioxidant defense through external supply; the balance between various skin antioxidants; factors that can improve the skin bioavailability of antioxidants; and new delivery systems, such as microemulsions, used to deliver vitamins C and E into the skin simultaneously."	( Main approaches for delivering antioxidant vitamins through the skin to prevent skin ageing. Gašperlin, M; Gosenca, M, 2011)	0.37
" In this study, the absolute bioavailability of BBR was studied, and the enhancing effects of D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) on intestinal absorption were investigated in rats."	( Bioavailability study of berberine and the enhancing effects of TPGS on intestinal absorption in rats. Chen, W; Fan, DJ; Lin, X; Meng, LK; Miao, YQ; Tang, X; Yang, SS, 2011)	0.37
" Here we explore delivery of CyA from contact lenses to provide controlled and extended drug delivery with an increased bioavailability due to enhanced ocular residence time."	( Extended cyclosporine delivery by silicone-hydrogel contact lenses. Chauhan, A; Peng, CC, 2011)	0.37
" Water absorption rate constants (mg/cm(2)/min(0."	( Physicochemical properties of macrogol ointment and emulsion ointment blend developed for regulation of water absorption. Fujii, S; Noda, Y; Sanagawa, A; Sobajima, Y; Watanabe, K, 2011)	0.37
" We have probably wasted too much time on agents like antioxidant vitamins instead of focusing on more disease specific, target-directed, highly bioavailable antioxidants."	( Antioxidant therapy: current status and future prospects. Firuzi, O; Miri, R; Saso, L; Tavakkoli, M, 2011)	0.37
" CLA did not alter the absorption rate of vitamin E or α-carboxyethyl hydroxychromans levels in the liver and plasma."	( Elevation of tissue α-tocopherol levels by conjugated linoleic acid in C57BL/6J mice is not associated with changes in vitamin E absorption or α-carboxyethyl hydroxychroman production. Chen, WH; Huang, HL; Kang, ZC; Li, YJ; Shaw, HM; Wang, MS, 2012)	0.38
"SMEDDS, consisting of Myritol 318 and TPGS combined with Tween 80 at 4:1, was able to enhance the oral bioavailability of FFB."	( In situ formation of nanocrystals from a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system to enhance oral bioavailability of fenofibrate. Chen, YC; Ho, HO; Ke, WT; Lin, YM; Sheu, MT; Su, YD; Wu, JY, 2011)	0.37
"Hepatic endothelial dysfunction (HED), which is caused by decreased hepatic nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and increased lipid peroxidation, contributes to portal hypertension, which is a characteristic of cirrhosis."	( Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) determines the improvement of hepatic endothelial dysfunction by vitamin E in cirrhotic rats. Chan, CC; Huang, YT; Lee, FY; Lee, SD; Lee, TY; Lin, HC; Yang, YY; Yeh, YC, 2012)	0.38
" The negative correlation of serum retinol on alpha-tocopherol concentration in the colostrum must be carefully evaluated in situations of vitamin A supplementation, because alpha-tocopherol bioavailability in maternal milk may be compromised."	( Correlation of vitamin A nutritional status on alpha-tocopherol in the colostrum of lactating women. da Silva, IF; de Lira, LQ; de Medeiros, JM; Dimenstein, R; Lima, MS, 2013)	0.39
" This may result in a decreased bioavailability and impaired antioxidant function of vitamin E in NPC, contributing to the disease pathogenesis."	( Lysosomal vitamin E accumulation in Niemann-Pick type C disease. Alvarez, AR; Castro, JF; Klein, A; Leal, N; Leighton, F; Marín, T; Yévenes, LF; Zanlungo, S, 2012)	0.38
" The clinical failure of the conventional oral therapy of griseofulvin is most likely attributed to its poor solubility and appreciable inter- and intra-subject variation in bioavailability from different commercial products."	( Preparation and evaluation of dermal delivery system of griseofulvin containing vitamin E-TPGS as penetration enhancer. Aggarwal, N; Goindi, S; Mehta, SD, 2012)	0.38
" In an attempt to improve the bioavailability and the stability of four of these derivatives, we propose here two different approaches: complexation with β-cyclodextrin derivatives and incorporation of these substances inside antioxidant micelles."	( Overcoming instability and low solubility of new cytostatic compounds: a comparison of two approaches. Bauer-Brandl, A; di Cagno, M; Hlaváč, J; Skalko-Basnet, N; Stein, PC; Styskala, J, 2012)	0.38
" γ-T3 intestinal permeability was compared using in situ rat intestinal perfusion, followed by in vivo relative oral bioavailability studies."	( Enhancement of intestinal permeability utilizing solid lipid nanoparticles increases γ-tocotrienol oral bioavailability. Abuasal, BS; Alayoubi, A; Kaddoumi, A; Lucas, C; Nazzal, S; Peyton, B; Sylvester, PW, 2012)	0.38
" It can be concluded that vitamins have a vital role in improving semen quality and bioavailability of Mg and Cu in seminal plasma of the post-molt cockerels."	( Effects of vitamins, probiotics, and protein level on semen traits and some seminal plasma macro- and microminerals of male broiler breeders after zinc-induced molting. Javed, I; Khan, RU; Muhammad, F, 2012)	0.38
" In addition, lenses with one-third of the drug loading as eye drops resulted in the similar IOP reduction, suggesting higher bioavailability for contact lenses compared to eye drops."	( Drug delivery by contact lens in spontaneously glaucomatous dogs. Ben-Shlomo, A; Chauhan, A; Mackay, EO; Peng, CC; Plummer, CE, 2012)	0.38
"Ophthalmic drug delivery through contact lenses increases bioavailability and reduces systemic drug uptake."	( Drug delivery by contact lens in spontaneously glaucomatous dogs. Ben-Shlomo, A; Chauhan, A; Mackay, EO; Peng, CC; Plummer, CE, 2012)	0.38
" The attenuated hepatoprotection afforded by curcumin may be attributed to its low bioavailability in vivo."	( Prooxidant-induced glutathione antioxidant response in vitro and in vivo: a comparative study between schisandrin B and curcumin. Chiu, PY; Ko, KM; Leong, PK, 2012)	0.38
"Topical bioavailability of lipid- and water-soluble vitamins is a critical issue for protecting or anti-ageing formulations."	( Lemon (Citrus limon, Burm.f.) essential oil enhances the trans-epidermal release of lipid-(A, E) and water-(B6, C) soluble vitamins from topical emulsions in reconstructed human epidermis. Beltramini, C; Berlini, E; Bertarelli, YL; Gabbanini, S; Lucchi, E; Valgimigli, L, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this work was to compare the intestinal absorption kinetics and the bioavailability of γ-tocotrienol (γ-T3) and α-tocopherol (α-Tph) administered separately as oil solutions to rats in vivo."	( Comparison of the intestinal absorption and bioavailability of γ-tocotrienol and α-tocopherol: in vitro, in situ and in vivo studies. Abuasal, BS; Kaddoumi, A; Qosa, H; Sylvester, PW, 2012)	0.38
"To improve the solubility, permeability and oral bioavailability of cefpodoxime proxetil, β-lactam antibiotic."	( Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of cefpodoxime proxetil containing tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate. Bajaj, A; Khole, I; Munjapara, G; Rao, MR, 2013)	0.39
"SNEDDS formulations led to improved oral bioavailability due to enhanced solubilization of selected drug."	( Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of cefpodoxime proxetil containing tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate. Bajaj, A; Khole, I; Munjapara, G; Rao, MR, 2013)	0.39
" In this context, the accumulation of vitamin E in the late endosomal/lysosomal compartments in NPC could lead to a potential decrease of its bioavailability and could be another possible cause of oxidative damage."	( Oxidative stress: a pathogenic mechanism for Niemann-Pick type C disease. Alvarez, AR; Balboa, E; Vázquez, MC; Zanlungo, S, 2012)	0.38
" The in vivo studies showed that IOP reduction from baseline by pure contact lens on daily basis was comparable with that by eye drops but with only 20% of drug dose, which suggested higher drug bioavailability for contact lenses."	( Extended drug delivery by contact lenses for glaucoma therapy. Burke, MT; Carbia, BE; Chauhan, A; Peng, CC; Plummer, C, 2012)	0.38
" After administration of mangiferin at a dose of 30 mg/kg combining with sodium deoxycholate, the bioavailability of mangiferin increased four-fold, and this may be due to sodium deoxycholate weakening the compactness between lecithin molecules and increased the paracellular permeability."	( Increased absorption of mangiferin in the gastrointestinal tract and its mechanism of action by absorption enhancers in rats. Gu, Y; Meng, L; Ren, T; Tang, X; Tian, B; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Oral bioavailability of optimized LBOF (O-LBOF) was evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at a dose of 250 mg/kg."	( Novel lipid based oral formulation of curcumin: development and optimization by design of experiments approach. Bansal, AK; Lale, SV; Munjal, B; Patel, SB; Pawar, YB; Purohit, H; Valicherla, GR, 2012)	0.38
" Direct antioxidant effect of flavonoids in vivo was not apparent probably due to low bioavailability although indirect redox effects through stimulation of the antioxidant response element cannot be excluded."	( Antioxidant capacity of flavonoids in hepatic microsomes is not reflected by antioxidant effects in vivo. Duthie, G; Morrice, P, 2012)	0.38
" Cometabolism of vitamin E with other pharmaceutical products could affect the bioavailability of the drug."	( Novel metabolites and roles for α-tocopherol in humans and mice discovered by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Gonzalez, FJ; Idle, JR; Johnson, CH; Kang, DW; Kim, JH; Krausz, KW; Luecke, H; Patterson, AD; Slanař, O, 2012)	0.38
"Although vitamin E has been known as an essential nutrient for almost 80 years, we are far from a complete understanding of all the aspects related to bioavailability and its effects on health and milk quality in dairy cows."	( Reevaluation of vitamin E supplementation of dairy cows: bioavailability, animal health and milk quality. Politis, I, 2012)	0.38
" The relative bioavailability of the micelles (AUC(0-∞)) compared with baohuoside I (AUC(0-∞)) was 533%, demonstrating great potential for clinical application."	( A novel drug-phospholipid complex loaded micelle for baohuoside I enhanced oral absorption: in vivo and in vivo evaluations. Jia, XB; Jin, X; Sun, E; Tan, XB; Zhang, ZH; Zhu, FX, 2013)	0.39
" Bioavailability of RRR-α-tocopherol was 81 ± 1%."	( This kinetic, bioavailability, and metabolism study of RRR-α-tocopherol in healthy adults suggests lower intake requirements than previous estimates. Clifford, AJ; Fadel, JG; Furr, HC; Holstege, DM; Novotny, JA, 2012)	0.38
"The hepatic α-tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) is required for optimal α-tocopherol bioavailability in humans; mutations in the human TTPA gene result in the heritable disorder ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED, OMIM #277460)."	( The α-tocopherol transfer protein is essential for vertebrate embryogenesis. Atkinson, J; Barton, CL; Labut, EM; Lebold, KM; Manor, D; Miller, GW; Tanguay, RL; Traber, MG; Ulatowski, L, 2012)	0.38
"This study shows that even in the absence of digestive enzymes and bile salts, the appropriately solubilized acetylated form of α-tocopherol exhibits the same bioavailability as free α-tocopherol."	( Double-balloon jejunal perfusion to compare absorption of vitamin E and vitamin E acetate in healthy volunteers under maldigestion conditions. Acquistapache, S; Azpiroz, F; Beaumont, M; Braga-Lagache, S; Courtet-Compondu, MC; Holst, B; Kussmann, M; Lobo, B; Malagelada, JR; Moulin, J; Nagy, K; Ramos, L; Redeuil, K; Sagalowicz, L; Santos, J; Williamson, G, 2013)	0.39
" Binding assays with human TTP, a key determinant of the bioavailability of the tocopherols, reveal that the naphthyiridinols can be very good ligands for the protein."	( Besting vitamin E: sidechain substitution is key to the reactivity of naphthyridinol antioxidants in lipid bilayers. Atkinson, J; Cormier, NS; Cosa, G; Harjani, JR; Li, B; Madarati, H; Pratt, DA, 2013)	0.39
" Our study reveals that oxidative stress may be a responsible factor for the reduced bioavailability of NO which can impair the vasodilation in sickle cell patients."	( Level of nitric oxide and antioxidant vitamins in sickle cell anaemia patients. Ghone, RA; Hundekar, PS; Joshi, NG; Karnik, AC; Katkam, RV; Suryakar, AN, )	0.13
" In addition, the experimental results from the formulation screening used in our study could be useful for enhancing the bioavailability of sirolimus in preformulation and formulation studies."	( Supersaturatable formulations for the enhanced oral absorption of sirolimus. Cha, KH; Cho, W; Hwang, SJ; Kim, JS; Kim, MS; Park, HJ; Park, J, 2013)	0.39
" Unlike vitamins C and E, curcumin is well established as an anti-cataract agent, but the issue of curcumin bioavailability is yet to be addressed."	( Antioxidants and cataract. Manikandan, R; Thiagarajan, R, 2013)	0.39
" It can also act as a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor and has been served as an excipient for overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR) and for increasing the oral bioavailability of many anticancer drugs."	( The applications of Vitamin E TPGS in drug delivery. Guo, Y; Luo, J; Otieno, BO; Tan, S; Zhang, Z, 2013)	0.39
"A novel drug delivery system, TPGS 1000 (TPGS) emulsified zein nanoparticles (TZN), were designed with an objective to improve the oral bioavailability of daidzin, an isoflavone glycoside with estrogenic activities."	( TPGS emulsified zein nanoparticles enhanced oral bioavailability of daidzin: in vitro characteristics and in vivo performance. Gu, L; Zou, T, 2013)	0.39
"The low bioavailability of lipophilic micronutrients is mainly caused by their limited solubilization to an aqueous micelle, which hinders their ability to be taken up by the intestines."	( Effects of fats and oils on the bioaccessibility of carotenoids and vitamin E in vegetables. Hase, M; Kotake-Nara, E; Nagao, A, 2013)	0.39
"The goal of this study was to demonstrate that MK-0364 solid dispersions can be developed as a means to increase the solubility and bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble drug, MK-0364."	( Development of amorphous solid dispersion formulations of a poorly water-soluble drug, MK-0364. McKelvey, C; Moser, J; Rege, B; Sotthivirat, S; Xu, W; Zhang, D, 2013)	0.39
" The mathematical modeling of drug transport in the eye suggested that the vitamin E loaded contact lens can provide the daily therapeutic dose without causing toxicity, while significantly increasing the bioavailability compared to eye drops."	( Feasibility of corneal drug delivery of cysteamine using vitamin E modified silicone hydrogel contact lenses. Chauhan, A; Fentzke, RC; Hsu, KH, 2013)	0.39
" Water absorption rate constant of TR-PI with combination ratio of PI-sugar at 75% (TR-PI75, 18."	( Physicochemical characterization of tretinoin tocoferil emulsion and povidone-iodine sugar ointment blend developed for improved regulation of wound moisture. Fujii, S; Noda, Y; Saito, M; Sanagawa, A; Sobajima, Y; Watanabe, K, 2013)	0.39
" Flavonoids such as silibinin, green tea polyphenols, genistein, curcumin have shown great promise, but avenues to improve their bioavailability are requisite."	( Advances in prostate cancer chemoprevention: a translational perspective. Nambiar, D; Singh, RP, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, we investigated whether such effects of neonatal dexamethasone have adverse consequences for NO bioavailability and cardiovascular function at adulthood, and whether neonatal combined antioxidant and dexamethasone treatment is protective in the adult."	( Antioxidant treatment improves neonatal survival and prevents impaired cardiac function at adulthood following neonatal glucocorticoid therapy. Evans, RD; Giussani, DA; Herrera, EA; Niu, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Based on the area-under-the-curve (AUC), the bioavailability of DEX in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group administrated with regular DEX."	( Intravitreal administration of dexamethasone-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles for the treatment of posterior segment diseases. Bu, S; Jiang, L; Xie, X; Yang, C; Zeng, Q; Zhang, L; Zheng, Y; Zhu, D, 2013)	0.39
" The oral bioavailability studies were conducted in rats and the pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated."	( Preparation and evaluation in vitro and in vivo of docetaxel loaded mixed micelles for oral administration. Dou, J; Liu, X; Zhai, G; Zhang, H; Zhang, M, 2014)	0.4
"Mixed micelles were designed to increase oral bioavailability of Apigenin (Ap)."	( Micelles of TPGS modified apigenin phospholipid complex for oral administration: preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Abbad, S; Baraza, LD; Lv, H; Munyendo, WL; Waddad, AY; Zhang, Z; Zhou, J, 2013)	0.39
" However Ber's low oral bioavailability restricts its wide application."	( Solid dispersion of berberine-phospholipid complex/TPGS 1000/SiO₂: preparation, characterization and in vivo studies. Chen, Y; Deng, J; Jia, X; Lv, H; Zhang, Z; Zhou, J, 2014)	0.4
" Tween 80-emulsified SLNs showed enhanced intestinal absorption, lymphatic uptake, and relative oral bioavailability of docetaxel compared with Taxotere in rats."	( Surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles for oral delivery of docetaxel: enhanced intestinal absorption and lymphatic uptake. Cho, HJ; Kim, DD; Park, JW; Yoon, IS, 2014)	0.4
"D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) is a vitamin E derivative that has been intensively applied as a vehicle for drug delivery systems to enhance drug solubility and increase the oral bioavailability of anti-cancer drugs."	( D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis selectively in Survivin-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Constantinou, AI; Constantinou, C; Neophytou, CM; Papageorgis, P, 2014)	0.4
" However, it shows poor bioavailability when administered orally."	( Effect of high-pressure homogenization on formulation of TPGS loaded nanoemulsion of rutin - pharmacodynamic and antioxidant studies. Ali, J; Baboota, S; Sahni, JK; Sharma, S, 2015)	0.42
" Nanomedicines have shown high potential in drug delivery since (i) they may offer better drug biopharmaceutical properties such as longer half-life or better bioavailability and (ii) they have shown benefits in cancer therapy by improving anticancer drug therapeutic index."	( Vitamin E-based nanomedicines for anti-cancer drug delivery. Danhier, F; Duhem, N; Préat, V, 2014)	0.4
" However, dietary fats and oils are composed of various types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids which may differentially impact the bioavailability of carotenoids and tocopherols from foods."	( Unsaturated fatty acids promote bioaccessibility and basolateral secretion of carotenoids and α-tocopherol by Caco-2 cells. Campbell, WW; Chitchumronchokchai, C; Failla, ML; Ferruzzi, MG; Goltz, SR, 2014)	0.4
"We determined the bioavailability of vitamin E from self-assembly structures in patients with diagnosed chronic pancreas insufficiency."	( Vitamin E and vitamin E acetate absorption from self-assembly systems under pancreas insufficiency conditions. Acquistapace, S; Azpiroz, F; Beaumont, M; Braga-Lagache, S; Courtet-Compondu, MC; Holst, B; Kussmann, M; Lobo, B; Malagelada, JR; Moulin, J; Nagy, K; Puig-Divi, V; Ramos, L; Sagalowicz, L; Santos, J; Williamson, G, 2014)	0.4
"In this prospective double-blind placebo controlled study in 21 ART and 21 control children we assessed the effects of a four-week oral supplementation with antioxidant vitamins C (1 g) and E (400 IU) or placebo (allocation ratio 2:1) on flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery and pulmonary artery pressure (echocardiography) during high-altitude exposure (3454 m), a manoeuver known to facilitate the detection of pulmonary vascular dysfunction and to decrease NO bioavailability by stimulating oxidative stress."	( Antioxidants improve vascular function in children conceived by assisted reproductive technologies: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Allemann, Y; Arx, Rv; Bailey, DM; Cerny, D; de Marchi, SF; Duplain, H; Germond, M; McEneny, J; Rexhaj, E; Rimoldi, SF; Sartori, C; Scherrer, U, 2015)	0.42
"Antioxidant administration to ART children improved NO bioavailability and vascular responsiveness in the systemic and pulmonary circulation."	( Antioxidants improve vascular function in children conceived by assisted reproductive technologies: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Allemann, Y; Arx, Rv; Bailey, DM; Cerny, D; de Marchi, SF; Duplain, H; Germond, M; McEneny, J; Rexhaj, E; Rimoldi, SF; Sartori, C; Scherrer, U, 2015)	0.42
"The present study was to formulate curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles (Cur-SLNs) with P-gp modulator excipients, TPGS and Brij78, to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin."	( Curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles with Brij78 and TPGS improved in vivo oral bioavailability and in situ intestinal absorption of curcumin. Ji, H; Li, M; Ren, J; Tang, J; Wu, L; Zheng, N, 2016)	0.43
" In vivo pharmacokinetics study and in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion were performed to investigate the effects of Cur-SLNs on the bioavailability and intestinal absorption of curcumin."	( Curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles with Brij78 and TPGS improved in vivo oral bioavailability and in situ intestinal absorption of curcumin. Ji, H; Li, M; Ren, J; Tang, J; Wu, L; Zheng, N, 2016)	0.43
"27-folds greater than curcumin suspension and the relative bioavailability of Cur-SLNs was 942."	( Curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles with Brij78 and TPGS improved in vivo oral bioavailability and in situ intestinal absorption of curcumin. Ji, H; Li, M; Ren, J; Tang, J; Wu, L; Zheng, N, 2016)	0.43
"Cur-SLNs with TPGS and Brij78 could improve the oral bioavailability and intestinal absorption of curcumin effectively."	( Curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles with Brij78 and TPGS improved in vivo oral bioavailability and in situ intestinal absorption of curcumin. Ji, H; Li, M; Ren, J; Tang, J; Wu, L; Zheng, N, 2016)	0.43
" γ-T3 incorporated in SEDDS or Tocovid was orally administered to rats at different doses and absolute oral bioavailability from both formulations were determined."	( Enhanced solubility and oral bioavailability of γ-tocotrienol using a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS). Alayoubi, A; Alqahtani, S; Kaddoumi, A; Nazzal, S; Sylvester, PW, 2014)	0.4
"Enhanced oral bioavailability in nanoemulsions was achieved via the mechanism of the maintenance of drug solubilization in the gastrointestinal tract and the enhancement of lymphatic transport, which resulted in therapeutic improvement of cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury."	( Enhanced oral absorption and therapeutic effect of acetylpuerarin based on D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate nanoemulsions. Fang, Z; Lou, H; Ren, M; Sun, D; Wei, X; Xue, X; Zhang, X, 2014)	0.4
"A growing number of poorly water-soluble drug have been discovered, but the poor bioavailability is a critical problem."	( Physical and dissolution characterization of cilostazol solid dispersions prepared by hot melt granulation (HMG) and thermal adhesion granulation (TAG) methods. Chen, YC; Chiou, JD; Ho, HO; Sheu, MT, 2014)	0.4
"Poor drug penetration and rapid clearance after topical instillation of a drug formulation into the eyes are the major causes for the lower ocular bioavailability from conventional eye drops."	( Dorzolamide-loaded PLGA/vitamin E TPGS nanoparticles for glaucoma therapy: Pharmacoscintigraphy study and evaluation of extended ocular hypotensive effect in rabbits. Ahmad, FJ; Anwar, M; Garg, V; Jain, GK; Khar, RK; Talegaonkar, S; Warsi, MH, 2014)	0.4
" The dissolution and oral bioavailability of lercanidipine was significantly increased by addition of surfactants."	( Dissolution and bioavailability of lercanidipine-hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose nanoparticles with surfactant. Baek, IH; Cho, W; Choo, GH; Ha, ES; Hwang, SJ; Jin, SE; Jung, YS; Kim, JS; Kim, MS, 2015)	0.42
" To improve the anti-cancer effect and bioavailability of TAN, we developed a mixed micelle system constituted with D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate-graft-poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (TPGS-g-PLGA) copolymer and Pluronic F68."	( TPGS-g-PLGA/Pluronic F68 mixed micelles for tanshinone IIA delivery in cancer therapy. Chen, M; Fang, X; Li, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, J; Zhou, D, 2014)	0.4
" Additionally, we estimated the bioavailability of D-α-tocopheryl acetate (D-α-TAc) relative to DL-α-tocopheryl acetate (DL-α-TAc) when fed in diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS)."	( Effects of dietary vitamin E concentration and source on sow, milk, and pig concentrations of α-tocopherol. DeRouchey, JM; Dritz, SS; Goodband, RD; Hall, DH; Hill, DA; Holzgraefe, D; Mahan, DC; Nelssen, JL; Shelton, NW; Tokach, MD; Yang, H, 2014)	0.4
" First evidence that the interindividual variability in TOL bioavailability is, at least partly, modulated by a combination of SNPs."	( Can genetic variability in α-tocopherol bioavailability explain the heterogeneous response to α-tocopherol supplements? Borel, P; Bott, R; Desmarchelier, C; Nowicki, M; Tourniaire, F, 2015)	0.42
" In general, this research provides important information about the factors influencing the bioaccessibility of emulsified vitamin E, which could be used to design more effective emulsion-based delivery systems for increasing the oral bioavailability of this important bioactive component."	( Enhancing vitamin E bioaccessibility: factors impacting solubilization and hydrolysis of α-tocopherol acetate encapsulated in emulsion-based delivery systems. Decker, EA; McClements, DJ; Xiao, H; Yang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" However, the choices of excipient, dosage form, and ingredient chemistry as well as the patient physiologies and pathologies can influence bioavailability and efficacy."	( Bioavailability of AREDS1 micronutrients from softgel capsules and tablets: a pilot study. Johnson, EJ; Lang, JC; Rasmussen, HM; Vishwanathan, R, 2014)	0.4
" The bioavailability of each micronutrient was based on the pharmacokinetic profiles established through 15 samplings for each ingredient/dosage form in plasma/serum over the course of one week."	( Bioavailability of AREDS1 micronutrients from softgel capsules and tablets: a pilot study. Johnson, EJ; Lang, JC; Rasmussen, HM; Vishwanathan, R, 2014)	0.4
" Comparative consistency in bioavailability was observed across dosage forms, and most nutrients between AREDS1 and AREDS2 (full dose) formulations relative to the significant variations observed within this controlled population."	( Bioavailability of AREDS1 micronutrients from softgel capsules and tablets: a pilot study. Johnson, EJ; Lang, JC; Rasmussen, HM; Vishwanathan, R, 2014)	0.4
" A trial was designed to assess the effect of fat supplementation (amount and type of fatty acids) on vitamin E bioavailability in adult cockerels."	( Dietary fat modulates dl-α-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) bioavailability in adult cockerels. Borel, P; Devillard, E; Prévéraud, DP, 2015)	0.42
" Resveratrol (Res) is a promising candidate for overcoming cancer chemoresistance, but it has low bioavailability due to poor absorption, and ready metabolism limits its application."	( mPEG-b-PCL/TPGS mixed micelles for delivery of resveratrol in overcoming resistant breast cancer. Chen, M; Chen, R; Morott, J; Repka, MA; Wang, S; Wang, Y, 2015)	0.42
"Resveratrol, a potent natural antioxidant, possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities, but its oral bioavailability is very low due to its extensive hepatic and presystemic metabolism."	( Vitamin E loaded resveratrol nanoemulsion for brain targeting for the treatment of Parkinson's disease by reducing oxidative stress. Ali, J; Baboota, S; Mustafa, G; Pangeni, R; Sharma, S, 2014)	0.4
" However, the activity of vitamin E isoforms is limited by their low bioavailability following oral administration."	( Vitamin E transporters in cancer therapy. Alqahtani, S; Kaddoumi, A, 2015)	0.42
"The AMB-PLGA-TPGS NP system significantly improves the AMB bioavailability by improving its antifungal activities and reducing its toxicity, and thus, these NPs may become a good drug carrier for antifungal treatment."	( Enhanced antifungal effects of amphotericin B-TPGS-b-(PCL-ran-PGA) nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Cai, S; Hou, W; Liu, F; Sun, L; Tang, X; Zhang, R; Zhu, H, 2014)	0.4
"This study aimed to design the chitosan coated TPGS liposome to enhance the bioavailability of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)."	( TPGS-chitosome as an effective oral delivery system for improving the bioavailability of Coenzyme Q10. Han, HK; Shao, Y; Yang, L, 2015)	0.42
" In summary, PLGA and PLGA-Chi nanoparticles may be considered as an attractive and promising approach to enhance the bioavailability and activity of poorly water soluble compounds such as α-tocopherol and tocotrienols."	( Cellular uptake, antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of entrapped α-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol in poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) and chitosan covered PLGA nanoparticles (PLGA-Chi). Alayoubi, A; Alqahtani, S; Astete, CE; Kaddoumi, A; Nazzal, S; Sabliov, CM; Shen, Y; Simon, L; Sylvester, PW; Xu, Z, 2015)	0.42
"To improve the bioavailability of orally administered drugs, we synthesized a pH-sensitive polymer (poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(2-methyl-2-carboxyl-propylene carbonate)-vitamin E, mPEG-PCC-VE) attempting to integrate the advantages of enteric coating and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition."	( Enteric polymer based on pH-responsive aliphatic polycarbonate functionalized with vitamin E to facilitate oral delivery of tacrolimus. Ding, W; Du, Y; Han, X; He, Z; Kou, L; Li, L; Lian, H; Liu, Y; Luo, C; Qiu, S; Sun, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Xiang, R; Zhai, Y; Zhang, D, 2015)	0.42
" In conclusion, ITZ-loaded-TPP NPs significantly improved ITZ bioavailability by increasing its aqueous dispersibility and extending the duration of drug release, thereby improving the antifungal efficacy of the ITZ agent."	( Antifungal efficacy of itraconazole-loaded TPGS-b-(PCL-ran-PGA) nanoparticles. Chen, H; Hu, B; Hu, Y; Li, S; Qiu, L; Wu, X; Zheng, Y, 2015)	0.42
"Little is known about α-tocopherol's bioavailability as a constituent of food or its dependence on a subject's age."	( α-Tocopherol disappearance rates from plasma depend on lipid concentrations: studies using deuterium-labeled collard greens in younger and older adults. Bobe, G; Booth, SL; Fu, X; Grusak, MA; Leonard, SW; Saltzman, E; Traber, MG, 2015)	0.42
"To evaluate the α-tocopherol bioavailability from food, we used collard greens grown in deuterated water ((2)H collard greens) as a source of deuterium-labeled ((2)H) α-tocopherol consumed by younger and older adults in a post hoc analysis of a vitamin K study."	( α-Tocopherol disappearance rates from plasma depend on lipid concentrations: studies using deuterium-labeled collard greens in younger and older adults. Bobe, G; Booth, SL; Fu, X; Grusak, MA; Leonard, SW; Saltzman, E; Traber, MG, 2015)	0.42
" This blended NP system can be achieved through a simple and effective nanoprecipitation technique, and possesses unique properties: i) improved long-term compatibility brought by PEG-based polymers; ii) reduced multidrug resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in tumor cells and increased bioavailability of anticancer drugs by incorporation of TPGS; iii) the regulation of controlled release through polymer ratios and active targeting by FA."	( Blended nanoparticle system based on miscible structurally similar polymers: a safe, simple, targeted, and surprisingly high efficiency vehicle for cancer therapy. Huang, L; Liu, D; Liu, G; Liu, Y; Mei, L; Tao, W; Yu, Q; Zeng, X; Zhang, J; Zhu, X, 2015)	0.42
" Poorly bioavailable micronutrients like carotenoids may reach significant concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract where they may exert biological actions."	( Analysis of microsamples of human faeces: a non-invasive approach to study the bioavailability of fat-soluble bioactive compounds. Blanco-Navarro, I; Donoso-Navarro, E; Granado-Lorencio, F; Hernandez-Alvarez, E; Pérez-Sacristán, BI; Silvestre-Mardomingo, RA, 2015)	0.42
"Soluplus(®) (SP) and D-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)-based solid dispersion (SD) formulations were developed by hot-melt extrusion (HME) to improve oral bioavailability of valsartan (VST)."	( Soluplus®/TPGS-based solid dispersions prepared by hot-melt extrusion equipped with twin-screw systems for enhancing oral bioavailability of valsartan. Cho, HJ; Kang, WS; Kim, DD; Lee, JY; Piao, J; Yoon, IS, 2015)	0.42
" We propose to develop drug-eluting contact lenses for managing glaucoma with increased bioavailability and improved compliance."	( Dual drug delivery from vitamin E loaded contact lenses for glaucoma therapy. Carbia, BE; Chauhan, A; Hsu, KH; Plummer, C, 2015)	0.42
" Furthermore, several drug delivery systems that incorporate Vitamin E isoforms have been synthesized in order to increase the bioavailability of chemotherapeutic agents or to provide a synergistic effect."	( Drug Delivery Innovations for Enhancing the Anticancer Potential of Vitamin E Isoforms and Their Derivatives. Constantinou, AI; Neophytou, CM, 2015)	0.42
"Vitamin E tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) is a non-ionic surface active agent, known to enhance the bioavailability of lipophilic compounds via wettability, solubility, and in some cases permeability enhancement."	( An Extrusion Spheronization Approach to Enable a High Drug Load Formulation of a Poorly Soluble Drug with a Low Melting Surfactant. Kesisoglou, F; Tatavarti, A, 2015)	0.42
" PEGylated γ-T3 also increased the oral bioavailability of γ-T3 by threefolds when compared to the bioavailability of γ-T3 formulated into a self-emulsified drug delivery system."	( PEGylated γ-tocotrienol isomer of vitamin E: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity, and oral bioavailability. Abu-Fayyad, A; Alqahtani, S; Behery, F; Cardelli, JA; Carroll, JL; Ebrahim, H; El Sayed, KA; Kaddoumi, A; Nazzal, S; Sallam, AA; Sylvester, PW, 2015)	0.42
" Its very low bioavailability limits the interest of a supplementation."	( Effects of N-acetylcysteine, oral glutathione (GSH) and a novel sublingual form of GSH on oxidative stress markers: A comparative crossover study. Denis, FM; Garrel, C; Schmitt, B; Vicenzi, M, 2015)	0.42
" This single-dose, randomized, crossover study aimed to compare the safety and bioavailability of a new formulation of Gamma Delta Tocotrienol (GDT) in comparison with the existing Tocotrienol-rich Fraction (TRF) in terms of gamma and delta isomers in healthy volunteers."	( A new formulation of Gamma Delta Tocotrienol has superior bioavailability compared to existing Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction in healthy human subjects. Bhoo-Pathy, N; Chik, Z; Choudhury, RB; Fuang, HG; Jabir, RS; Meganathan, P; Nesaretnam, K; Taib, NA, 2015)	0.42
" The dissolution and oral bioavailability of the nanoparticles were also evaluated in rats."	( Development of megestrol acetate solid dispersion nanoparticles for enhanced oral delivery by using a supercritical antisolvent process. Baek, IH; Ha, ES; Jung, Y; Kim, JS; Kim, MS; Moon, HR; Yoo, JW, 2015)	0.42
" To understand the potential contribution of metabolites to vitamin E-mediated effects, an accurate assay is needed to evaluate bioavailability of these metabolites."	( Analysis of vitamin E metabolites including carboxychromanols and sulfated derivatives using LC/MS/MS. Cooper, B; Huang, J; Jannasch, AS; Jiang, Q; Xu, T; Yang, C, 2015)	0.42
" These findings raise concerns about the bioavailability and the additional threat posed by metals for pollinators in agricultural areas while providing new insights for potential use of the honey bee as a sentinel species for metal exposure."	( Low dietary levels of Al, Pb and Cd may affect the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity in caged honey bees (Apis mellifera). Aras, P; Boily, M; Gauthier, M; Jumarie, C, 2016)	0.43
" Regardless of health status, d6-α-tocopherol bioavailability was unaffected by increasing amounts of dairy fat provided by milk beverages, but MetS participants had lower estimated d6-α-tocopherol absorption (±SEM) than did healthy participants (26."	( α-Tocopherol bioavailability is lower in adults with metabolic syndrome regardless of dairy fat co-ingestion: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Bobe, G; Bruno, RS; Chitchumroonchokchai, C; Clinton, SK; Failla, ML; Mah, E; Sapper, TN; Schill, KE; Traber, MG, 2015)	0.42
"At dietary intakes equivalent to the Recommended Dietary Allowance, α-tocopherol bioavailability is unaffected by dairy fat quantity but is lower in MetS adults, potentially because of greater inflammation and oxidative stress that limits small intestinal α-tocopherol absorption and/or impairs hepatic α-tocopherol trafficking."	( α-Tocopherol bioavailability is lower in adults with metabolic syndrome regardless of dairy fat co-ingestion: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Bobe, G; Bruno, RS; Chitchumroonchokchai, C; Clinton, SK; Failla, ML; Mah, E; Sapper, TN; Schill, KE; Traber, MG, 2015)	0.42
" However, it has major drawbacks of very poor bioavailability and solubility."	( An appraisal on recent medicinal perspective of curcumin degradant: Dehydrozingerone (DZG). Hampannavar, GA; Karpoormath, R; Palkar, MB; Shaikh, MS, 2016)	0.43
" The Cmax and mean retention time (MRT0-24) for CUR-MPP-TPGS-MMs were both increased, and the relative bioavailability of micelle formulation to curcumin suspension was 927."	( Evaluation in vitro and in vivo of curcumin-loaded mPEG-PLA/TPGS mixed micelles for oral administration. Chu, L; Duan, Y; Liu, W; Tong, HH; Zhai, G; Zhang, B, 2016)	0.43
"38-fold) and higher bioavailability (AUC0-t, 14."	( Docetaxel prodrug liposomes for tumor therapy: characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Ai, X; Guo, M; Guo, W; He, Z; Liu, D; Ren, G; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Wu, C, 2016)	0.43
" In conclusion, dietary α-tocopherol enhances bioavailability of lutein reflecting higher content in egg yolk and blood plasma."	( Effect of dietary α-tocopherol on the bioavailability of lutein in laying hen. Islam, KM; Khalil, M; Männer, K; Raila, J; Rawel, H; Schweigert, FJ; Zentek, J, 2016)	0.43
" In this study, we have developed conventional and nanoemulsions of vitamin E from food grade ingredients (sunflower oil, saponin, and water) and showed the nanoemulsion formulation increased the oral bioavailability when compared to the conventional emulsion."	( The influence of droplet size on the stability, in vivo digestion, and oral bioavailability of vitamin E emulsions. Anandharamakrishnan, C; Muthukumar, SP; Parthasarathi, S, 2016)	0.43
"046), and nitric oxide bioavailability (P = ."	( Acute Impact of Tobacco vs Electronic Cigarette Smoking on Oxidative Stress and Vascular Function. Biondi-Zoccai, G; Carnevale, R; Chimenti, I; De Falco, E; Frati, G; Loffredo, L; Marullo, AG; Nocella, C; Perri, L; Peruzzi, M; Sciarretta, S; Valenti, V; Violi, F, 2016)	0.43
"This study investigates 3 amorphous technologies to improve the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of flubendazole (FLU)."	( Evaluation of Three Amorphous Drug Delivery Technologies to Improve the Oral Absorption of Flubendazole. Backx, K; Boeykens, P; Bone, S; Brewster, ME; Ceulemans, J; Hillewaert, V; Jager, C; Kesselaers, E; Lachau-Durand, S; Mackie, C; Meurs, G; Novoa de Armas, H; Psathas, P; Smulders, S; Van Geel, K; Van Hove, B; Van Speybroeck, M; Verheyen, L; Verreck, G; Vialpando, M; Vodak, D; Voets, M; Weuts, I, 2016)	0.43
" Domestic culinary cooking practices probably increase the bioavailability of carotenes mainly by their diffusion to the oil phase, facilitating their in vivo transfer into micelles."	( Culinary practices mimicking a polysaccharide-rich recipe enhance the bioaccessibility of fat-soluble micronutrients. Achir, N; Amiot, MJ; Descalzo, A; Dhuique-Mayer, C; Mouquet-Rivier, C; Servent, A, 2016)	0.43
"Maternal supplementation with high doses of vitamin A increased the colostrum level of this nutrient but reduced the bioavailability of α-tocopherol, which may harm the newborn's health because newborns have limited vitamin E reserves."	( Maternal supplementation with a megadose of vitamin A reduces colostrum level of α-tocopherol: a randomised controlled trial. Dimenstein, R; Grilo, EC; Gurgel, CS; Medeiros, WF; Ramalho, HM; Silva, AG, 2016)	0.43
"Poor bioavailability of Docetaxel (DCT) arising due to its low aqueous solubility and permeability limits its clinical utility."	( Formulation optimization of Docetaxel loaded self-emulsifying drug delivery system to enhance bioavailability and anti-tumor activity. Datta, D; Dave, KM; Gayen, JR; Gupta, AP; Mitra, K; Riyazuddin, M; Singh, A; Syed, AA; Valicherla, GR, 2016)	0.43
" Plasma tocotrienols were significantly increased after VEDT administration, indicating oral bioavailability of VEDT in humans."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of vitamin E δ-tocotrienol after single and multiple doses in healthy subjects with measurement of vitamin E metabolites. Chen, DT; Klapman, J; Mahipal, A; Malafa, MP; Neuger, A; Vignesh, S; Yang, CS, 2016)	0.43
"D-Alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (Tocofersolan, Vedrop), has been developed in Europe to provide an orally bioavailable source of vitamin E in children with cholestasis."	( Oral Tocofersolan Corrects or Prevents Vitamin E Deficiency in Children With Chronic Cholestasis. Baumann, U; de Micheaux, SL; Gottrand, F; Habes, D; Houwen, R; Jacquemin, E; Koot, B; Le Mouhaër, J; Monard, L; Nemeth, A; Scheenstra, R; Thébaut, A, 2016)	0.43
" In-vivo CAR oral bioavailability from NMs dispersions and drug control solution was evaluated in Wistar rats."	( Novel carvedilol paediatric nanomicelle formulation: in-vitro characterization and in-vivo evaluation. Bernabeu, E; Bertera, FM; Buontempo, F; Cagel, M; Chiappetta, DA; Höcht, C; Moretton, MA; Parola, L; Taira, CA; Wegmann, M, 2017)	0.46
" The improvement on drug oral bioavailability contributes to the potential of this NMs formulation to enhance CAR paediatric treatment."	( Novel carvedilol paediatric nanomicelle formulation: in-vitro characterization and in-vivo evaluation. Bernabeu, E; Bertera, FM; Buontempo, F; Cagel, M; Chiappetta, DA; Höcht, C; Moretton, MA; Parola, L; Taira, CA; Wegmann, M, 2017)	0.46
" It suffers from the problem of low oral bioavailability which is due to its poor aqueous solubility."	( Synergistic antioxidant action of vitamin E and rutin SNEDDS in ameliorating oxidative stress in a Parkinson's disease model. Ali, J; Baboota, S; Narang, JK; Sharma, S, 2016)	0.43
"Rutin SNEDDS have been successfully prepared and they can serve as an effective tool in enhancing the oral bioavailability and efficacy of rutin, thus helping in ameliorating oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease."	( Synergistic antioxidant action of vitamin E and rutin SNEDDS in ameliorating oxidative stress in a Parkinson's disease model. Ali, J; Baboota, S; Narang, JK; Sharma, S, 2016)	0.43
"The aim of this study was to assess the effect of d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) on the physicochemical characterization and oral bioavailability of a novel l-sulpiride-loaded quaternary microcapsule (QMC)."	( Development of a novel l-sulpiride-loaded quaternary microcapsule: Effect of TPGS as an absorption enhancer on physicochemical characterization and oral bioavailability. Choi, HG; Choi, JS; Jin, SG; Kim, DS; Kim, DW; Kim, JO; Kim, KS; Oh, KT; Seo, YG; Yong, CS; Youn, YS, 2016)	0.43
" Sorghum grain is seriously deficient in provitamin A (β-carotene) and in the bioavailability of iron and zinc."	( Elevated vitamin E content improves all-trans β-carotene accumulation and stability in biofortified sorghum. Albertsen, MC; Che, P; Dolde, D; Glassman, K; Gruis, DF; Hu, TX; Jones, TJ; Obukosia, S; Wambugu, F; Zhao, ZY, 2016)	0.43
"Nanosuspension is one of the most promising strategies to improve the oral bioavailability of insoluble drugs."	( A cost-effective method to prepare curcumin nanosuspensions with enhanced oral bioavailability. Ding, Y; Li, L; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Zhao, J, 2017)	0.46
"Members of the vitamin E family or their metabolites may induce the xenobiotic transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which can limit the bioavailability of drugs and phytochemicals."	( The long chain α-tocopherol metabolite α-13'-COOH and γ-tocotrienol induce P-glycoprotein expression and activity by activation of the pregnane X receptor in the intestinal cell line LS 180. Birringer, M; Frank, J; Jakobi, M; Podszun, MC; Weiss, J, 2017)	0.46
"Because the induction of P-gp in the intestine may limit the systemic bioavailability of its substrates, the concurrent intake of drugs and γ-tocotrienol and, if ever applicable, α-13'-COOH should be avoided."	( The long chain α-tocopherol metabolite α-13'-COOH and γ-tocotrienol induce P-glycoprotein expression and activity by activation of the pregnane X receptor in the intestinal cell line LS 180. Birringer, M; Frank, J; Jakobi, M; Podszun, MC; Weiss, J, 2017)	0.46
" Low bioavailability of α-TOS is the major problem encountered with formulation development."	( Nanoemulsion enhances α-tocopherol succinate bioavailability in rats. Gao, Y; Ji, H; Qi, X; Tang, J; Wu, L; Zheng, N; Zheng, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Our objective was to quantify the absolute bioavailability of oral -α-tocopheryl acetate (α-TAc) in swine (22 ± 1 kg and 8 wk old, fitted with jugular catheters) adapted to a diet supplemented with 75 mg/kg -α-TAc; 75 mg/kg was chosen because this level represents the nonweighted average inclusion level in piglet diets across Western key swine-producing countries."	( Vitamin E plasma kinetics in swine show low bioavailability and short half-life of -α-tocopheryl acetate. de Bruijn, C; De Smet, S; Lauridsen, C; Michiels, J; Reijersen, MH; Traber, MG; van Kempen, TA, 2016)	0.43
" FA significantly increased the intracellular concentration of δ-T3, suggesting that FA improved the bioavailability of δ-T3, thereby increasing the inhibitory potency of δ-T3 on telomerase."	( A Combination of δ-Tocotrienol and Ferulic Acid Synergistically Inhibits Telomerase Activity in DLD-1 Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells. Eitsuka, T; Miyazawa, T; Nakagawa, K; Nishida, H; Tatewaki, N, 2016)	0.43
" Mutagenic, nutritional, and toxicological studies have shown that red palm oil contains highly bioavailable β-carotene and vitamin A and is reasonably stable to heat without any adverse effects."	( Health-promoting effects of red palm oil: evidence from animal and human studies. Choo, YM; Loganathan, R; Radhakrishnan, AK; Subramaniam, KM; Teng, KT, 2017)	0.46
"Recent studies showed an enhanced oral bioavailability of tamoxifen (TMX) by hydrophobically modified α-tocopherol succinate-g-carboxymethyl chitosan (Cmc-TS) micelles."	( Potential of amphiphilic graft copolymer α-tocopherol succinate-g-carboxymethyl chitosan in modulating the permeability and anticancer efficacy of tamoxifen. Chand, M; Jena, SK; Kaur, S; Samal, SK; Sangamwar, AT, 2017)	0.46
"A novel oral drug delivery system, TPGS modified docetaxel proniosomes (DTX-TPGS-PNs), was designed to enhance the oral bioavailability and antitumor efficiency of the poorly water-soluble drug docetaxel."	( Improved Bioavailability and Antitumor Effect of Docetaxel by TPGS Modified Proniosomes: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations. Dang, Z; Du, J; Feng, J; Hu, K; Liu, H; Tu, L; Wang, L; Zhou, Y, 2017)	0.46
" SNEDDS formulation components were rationally selected and optimized for maximum drug loading by applying the design of experiments and further evaluated for stability in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, functional stability of antioxidants, in vitro release, Caco-2 cell uptake, oral bioavailability and prophylactic anticancer activity."	( α-Tocopherol as functional excipient for resveratrol and coenzyme Q10-loaded SNEDDS for improved bioavailability and prophylaxis of breast cancer. Agrawal, AK; Dora, CP; Garg, T; Jain, S; Kushwah, V; Thanki, K, 2017)	0.46
" However, poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability extensively restricted its clinical utility."	( Novel dual VES phospholipid self-assembled liposomes with an extremely high drug loading efficiency. Du, Y; Fu, Z; He, R; Hou, Y; Ismail, M; Li, X; Ling, L; Yao, C; Zhang, Y, 2017)	0.46
"Synthesis of biocompatible and cost-effective novel nonionic surfactants from renewable resources has been the subject of greater scientific interest for enhancing the bioavailability of less water-soluble drugs."	( Hydrophilically modified self-assembling α-tocopherol derivative as niosomal nanocarrier for improving clarithromycin oral bioavailability. Ahmed, F; Gul, Q; Imran, M; Shah, I; Shah, MR; Shah, SWA; Shoaib, M; Ullah, S, 2018)	0.48
"Low bioavailability of oral manidipine (MDP) is due to its low water solubility."	( Enhancement of solubility and oral bioavailability of manidipine by formation of ternary solid dispersion with d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and copovidone. Chamsai, B; Limmatvapirat, S; Sriamornsak, P; Sungthongjeen, S, 2017)	0.46
"The objective of this study was to increase the solubility and bioavailability of MDP by fabricating ternary solid dispersion (tSD) with d-α-tocopherol polyethyleneglycol-1000-succinate and copovidone."	( Enhancement of solubility and oral bioavailability of manidipine by formation of ternary solid dispersion with d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and copovidone. Chamsai, B; Limmatvapirat, S; Sriamornsak, P; Sungthongjeen, S, 2017)	0.46
" Their solubility, dissolution, stability and bioavailability were also investigated."	( Enhancement of solubility and oral bioavailability of manidipine by formation of ternary solid dispersion with d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and copovidone. Chamsai, B; Limmatvapirat, S; Sriamornsak, P; Sungthongjeen, S, 2017)	0.46
"The improvement of stability, dissolution and oral bioavailability of MDP could be achieved by using tSD technique."	( Enhancement of solubility and oral bioavailability of manidipine by formation of ternary solid dispersion with d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and copovidone. Chamsai, B; Limmatvapirat, S; Sriamornsak, P; Sungthongjeen, S, 2017)	0.46
"We investigated whether antioxidants may enhance bioavailability of lipids and carbohydrates and therefore increase the risk of obesity development."	( Food Stabilizing Antioxidants Increase Nutrient Bioavailability in the in Vitro Model. Antończyk, A; Grabacka, M; Mika, M; Wikiera, A, )	0.13
"01% butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT], α-tocopherol, and green tea catechins) of a diet containing butter and wheat bread affects bioavailability of fats and carbohydrates."	( Food Stabilizing Antioxidants Increase Nutrient Bioavailability in the in Vitro Model. Antończyk, A; Grabacka, M; Mika, M; Wikiera, A, )	0.13
"In the case of the antioxidant-supplemented diets, we observed increased bioavailability of glucose, cholesterol, and lipids, as well as elevated secretion of the main chylomicron protein apoB-48 to the basal compartment."	( Food Stabilizing Antioxidants Increase Nutrient Bioavailability in the in Vitro Model. Antończyk, A; Grabacka, M; Mika, M; Wikiera, A, )	0.13
"Addition of antioxidants (in particular BHT) to the diet increases bioavailability of lipids and carbohydrates, which consequently may increase the risk of obesity development."	( Food Stabilizing Antioxidants Increase Nutrient Bioavailability in the in Vitro Model. Antończyk, A; Grabacka, M; Mika, M; Wikiera, A, )	0.13
" Compared to tocopherols, less research has been conducted on these compounds because of their low bioavailability and distribution in plant tissues."	( Advances in Genetic Improvement for Tocotrienol Production: A Review. Abdullah, SNA; Babura, SR; Khaza Ai, H, 2017)	0.46
" Furthermore, metabolic changes are associated with transient increase in the bioavailability of antioxidants, including lactic acid and cholic acid and anti-inflammatory metabolites 3 deoxyvitamin D3, and docosahexaenoic acid."	( A Metabolomic and Lipidomic Serum Signature from Nonhuman Primates Administered with a Promising Radiation Countermeasure, Gamma-Tocotrienol. Cheema, AK; Fatanmi, OO; Hinzman, CP; Mehta, KY; Singh, VK; Wise, SY; Wolff, J, 2017)	0.46
"The oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be improved by the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) where the API is dissolved in polymeric excipients."	( Influence of Low-Molecular-Weight Excipients on the Phase Behavior of PVPVA64 Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Degenhardt, M; Kyeremateng, SO; Lehmkemper, K; Sadowski, G, 2018)	0.48
" However, its low oral bioavailability is a major obstacle to its potential use."	( Nanoemulsion as a strategy for improving the oral bioavailability and anti-inflammatory activity of andrographolide. Chen, YC; Wang, CC; Wu, MT; Wu, YT; Yen, CC, 2018)	0.48
" The pharmacokinetic results indicate that the absorption of AG from AG-NE was significantly enhanced in comparison with that from the AG suspension, with a relative bioavailability of 594."	( Nanoemulsion as a strategy for improving the oral bioavailability and anti-inflammatory activity of andrographolide. Chen, YC; Wang, CC; Wu, MT; Wu, YT; Yen, CC, 2018)	0.48
"We conclude that the developed AG-NE not only enhanced the oral bioavailability of AG in this study but may also prove to be an effective formulation of AG for preventing gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders."	( Nanoemulsion as a strategy for improving the oral bioavailability and anti-inflammatory activity of andrographolide. Chen, YC; Wang, CC; Wu, MT; Wu, YT; Yen, CC, 2018)	0.48
"The hydrophobicity of vitamin E poses transport and metabolic challenges to regulate its bioavailability and to prevent its accumulation in lipid-rich tissues such as adipose tissue, brain, and liver."	( Water-Soluble Vitamin E-Tocopheryl Phosphate. Zingg, JM, )	0.13
"Recent work has developed solid drug nanoparticles (SDNs) of efavirenz that have been demonstrated, preclinically, improved oral bioavailability and the potential to enable up to a 50% dose reduction, and is currently being studied in a healthy volunteer clinical trial."	( Assessment of interactions of efavirenz solid drug nanoparticles with human immunological and haematological systems. Giardiello, M; Liptrott, NJ; McDonald, TO; Owen, A; Rannard, SP, 2018)	0.48
"Liposomes can achieve a controlled release and an improved bioavailability of water- insoluble drug with minimized side effects."	( Surface modification of paclitaxel-loaded liposomes using d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate: Enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxicity in multidrug resistant breast cancer cells. Baek, JS; Cho, CW; Han, SM; Hwang, SJ; Kim, MS, 2018)	0.48
" The intestinal in situ single perfusion technique and HPLC analysis were applied to investigate the absorption rate of selected materials by examining time-dependent changes in the serum levels of catechin and dl-α-tocopherol."	( Absorption kinetics of vitamin E nanoemulsion and green tea microstructures by intestinal in situ single perfusion technique in rats. Imm, JY; Kim, YJ; Koo, YE; Lee, HS; Park, Y; Saratale, GD; Saratale, RG, 2018)	0.48
"Limited bioavailability of antioxidants present in food from fruits and vegetables matrices is determined by their low bioaccessibility due to the physical and chemical interactions of the antioxidants with the indigestible polysaccharides of cell walls."	( In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Carotenoids and Vitamin E in Rosehip Products and Tomato Paste As Affected by Pectin Contents and Food Processing. Al-Yafeai, A; Böhm, V, 2018)	0.48
"0-folds augmentation in permeability and bioavailability of Mgf."	( Improving the biopharmaceutical attributes of mangiferin using vitamin E-TPGS co-loaded self-assembled phosholipidic nano-mixed micellar systems. Gaspar, BL; Katare, OP; Khurana, RK; Singh, B; Singh, KK; Welsby, G, 2018)	0.48
" However, its oral bioavailability was unknown."	( Effect of Emulsification Method and Particle Size on the Rate of in vivo Oral Bioavailability of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Seed Oil. Cheong, AM; Nyam, KL; Tan, CP, 2018)	0.48
" The model was validated with experimental data and used to determine the bioavailability both for contact lenses and eye drops."	( Controlled delivery of pirfenidone through vitamin E-loaded contact lens ameliorates corneal inflammation. Chauhan, A; Dixon, P; Ghosh, T; Hazra, S; Konar, A; Mondal, K, 2018)	0.48
" However, despite the therapeutic potential of NAR, its clinical development has been hindered due to low aqueous solubility and inefficient transport across biological membranes resulting in low bioavailability at tumor sites."	( Augmented anticancer activity of naringenin-loaded TPGS polymeric nanosuspension for drug resistive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Radhakrishnan, A; Rajamani, S; Sengodan, T; Thangavelu, S, 2018)	0.48
" Thus, SIRT1 may regulate vitamin E transportation and bioavailability at cellular level."	( Cellular Uptake and Bioavailability of Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction in SIRT1-Inhibited Human Diploid Fibroblasts. Abdullah, A; Jaafar, F; Makpol, S, 2018)	0.48
"Emulsion-based delivery systems have been fabricated and developed to increase the bioavailability of astaxanthin and alpha-tocopherol as active compounds for various biomedical applications."	( Astaxanthin-alpha tocopherol nanoemulsion formulation by emulsification methods: Investigation on anticancer, wound healing, and antibacterial effects. Chun, BS; Kang, HW; Kim, H; Saravana, PS; Shanmugapriya, K, 2018)	0.48
"Herb borneol is usually used in clinics for the treatment of central nervous system illness, for its ability of blood-brain barrier permeability, although its poor water solubility and poor bioavailability limit its clinical application to some degree."	( Conjugation of vitamin E-TPGS and guar gum to carry borneol for enhancing blood-brain barrier permeability. Cen, Y; Cheng, K; Liu, Y; Rao, L; Zhang, H, 2018)	0.48
" To improve the bioavailability of SS, SS was encapsulated here using D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS)-emulsified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles and compared with its parent SS in terms of absorption, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy in suppressing nasopharyngeal carcinomas stem cells."	( Effects of D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate-emulsified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles on the absorption, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of salinomycin sodium. Gao, J; Li, J; Xie, F; Xue, J; Zhai, L; Zhang, H, 2019)	0.51
" A ratio of 1·36:1 in biopotency of RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate to all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate is generally accepted; however, studies indicate that neither biopotency of α-tocopherol stereoisomers nor bioavailability between them is constant, but depend on dose, time, animal species and organs."	( Distribution of α-tocopherol stereoisomers in mink (Mustela vison) organs varies with the amount of all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate in the diet. Clausen, TN; Hymøller, L; Jensen, SK; Lashkari, S, 2018)	0.48
" Although the oral bioavailability of suspensions of its solid forms is poor, addition of vitamin E D-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate to dosing vehicles improves the fraction absorbed of the compound in vivo."	( Overcoming the Bile Salt-Mediated Formation of Nanocolloids That Inhibit Oral Absorption of VX-985. Bransford, P; Dworakowski, W; Kumar, S; Medek, A; Mudunuri, P; Peresypkin, A; Randles, EG; Snyder, PW; Song, B, 2019)	0.51
" In particular, genetic variability should be taken into account in targets concerning VE bioavailability per se or concomitant with impaired lipoprotein transport."	( Vitamin E Metabolic Effects and Genetic Variants: A Challenge for Precision Nutrition in Obesity and Associated Disturbances. Galmés, S; Palou, A; Serra, F, 2018)	0.48
" The aim of the present study was to enhance the oral bioavailability and brain distribution of 6-Gingerol via polymeric micelles."	( Preparation and Adu-Frimpong, M; Kesse Firempong, C; Wang, Q; Wei, Q; Xu, X; Yu, J; Zhang, H; Zhen, L, 2020)	0.56
" VNP suffers from low oral bioavailability owing to its low water solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism."	( Optimized vinpocetine-loaded vitamin E D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-alpha lipoic acid micelles as a potential transdermal drug delivery system: in vitro and ex vivo studies. Ahmed, OA; Ahmed, TA; Aljaeid, BM; Badr-Eldin, SM; El-Say, KM, 2019)	0.51
" Low corneal bioavailability (<5%) of daily-instilled prostaglandin drops complemented by frequent application results in low patient compliance (<50%)."	( Effect of vitamin-E integration on delivery of prostaglandin analogs from therapeutic lenses. Chauhan, A; Sekar, P, 2019)	0.51
" An in vivo model involving coupled mass transport in the lens and post-lens tear film (POLTF) domains predicts >50% corneal bioavailability of bimatoprost delivered via modified lenses."	( Effect of vitamin-E integration on delivery of prostaglandin analogs from therapeutic lenses. Chauhan, A; Sekar, P, 2019)	0.51
" However, studies indicate that neither bioavailability of α-tocopherol stereoisomers nor relative bioavailability between them are constant, but are dose-dependent and differ between organs."	( Biodiscrimination of α-tocopherol stereoisomers in plasma and tissues of lambs fed different proportions of all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate and RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate1,2. Bernes, G; Krogh Jensen, S; Lashkari, S, 2019)	0.51
" For poorly water-soluble drugs, NP formulations can improve bioavailability and modify drug distribution within the body."	( Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles. Markwalter, CE; Pagels, RF; Prud'homme, RK; Ristroph, KD; Wilson, BK, 2019)	0.51
"The aim of the present investigation was to fabricate and evaluate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of asenapine maleate (AM) to improve its oral bioavailability (BA)."	( Enhanced intestinal absorption of asenapine maleate by fabricating solid lipid nanoparticles using TPGS: elucidation of transport mechanism, permeability across Caco-2 cell line and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. Mundada, V; Patel, M; Sawant, K, 2019)	0.51
" The increased bioavailability of VE by antibiotics is probably due to increased absorption of VE or its decreased degradation by gut microbes."	( Effects of antibiotics on degradation and bioavailability of different vitamin E forms in mice. Lee, MJ; Lin, Y; Liu, AB; Ran, L; Xie, P; Yang, CS, 2019)	0.51
"In this study, syringic acid-loaded TPGS liposome (SA-TPGS-Ls) was successfully prepared to improve oral bioavailability of syringic acid (SA)."	( Preparation and Characterization of Syringic Acid-Loaded TPGS Liposome with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability and In Vivo Antioxidant Efficiency. Adu-Frimpong, M; Li, W; Liu, Y; Sun, C; Wang, Q; Xu, X; Yu, J, 2019)	0.51
"The present investigation highlights the development of D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (Tocophersolan; TPGS) stabilized lipid nanocapsules for enhancing the oral bioavailability and permeability of curcumin (CUR)."	( Tocophersolan stabilized lipid nanocapsules with high drug loading to improve the permeability and oral bioavailability of curcumin. Bapat, P; Chaudhari, D; Ghadi, R; Jain, S; Katiyar, SS, 2019)	0.51
"Hydrophobic bioactives can be more easily incorporated into food and have their bioavailability enhanced if nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are used as carriers."	( β-carotene and α-tocopherol coencapsulated in nanostructured lipid carriers of murumuru ( Fukumasu, H; Gomes, GVL; Pinho, SC; Rochetti, AL; Sola, MR; Vicente, AA, 2019)	0.51
"Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) has a great variety of pharmacological effects especially liver cancer therapy, but its poor solubility, bioavailability and liver targeting have limited its clinical use."	( Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of isoliquiritigenin-loaded TPGS modified proliposomes. Adu-Frimpong, M; Ji, H; Liu, J; Toreniyazov, E; Wang, Q; Wei, C; Wei, Q; Weng, W; Xie, Y; Xu, X; Yu, J; Zhang, K, 2019)	0.51
" Prolonged circulation half-life and tumor site bioavailability were achieved for both the drugs with the developed approach."	( Targeted co-delivery of the aldose reductase inhibitor epalrestat and chemotherapeutic doxorubicin via a redox-sensitive prodrug approach promotes synergistic tumor suppression. Banala, VT; Dwivedi, M; Gautam, S; Marwaha, D; Mishra, PR; Sharma, M; Sharma, S; Shukla, RP; Urandur, S, 2019)	0.51
"This study was designed to investigate the bioavailability and targeting of myricetrin-loaded ternary micelles modified with and without TPGS."	( The characterisation, pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies of TPGS modified myricetrin mixed micelles in rats. Adu-Frimpong, M; Ji, H; Toreniyazov, E; Wang, Q; Wei, C; Wei, Q; Weng, W; Xie, Y; Xu, X; Yu, J, 2019)	0.51
" Improving the bioavailability of these isomers may enhance their beneficial effects to human."	( In Silico Docking of Vitamin E Isomers on Transport Proteins. Awang, SA; Kamilan, MFW; Kit, TJ; Mariappan, MY; Ming, WX; Zulkiflee, NS, 2020)	0.56
" However its drawbacks of low bioavailability and big individual difference remain to be improved in clinical application."	( Rapamycin loaded TPGS-Lecithins-Zein nanoparticles based on core-shell structure for oral drug administration. Lv, H; Xie, Z; Zhang, Z, 2019)	0.51
"The results further highlights the potential of TPM as an additive in lipid formulations to improve the solubilization and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble compounds."	( Differential Effects of TPM, A Phosphorylated Tocopherol Mixture, and Other Tocopherol Derivatives as Excipients for Enhancing the Solubilization of Co-Enzyme Q10 as a Lipophilic Drug During Digestion of Lipid- Based Formulations. Boyd, BJ; Gavin, PD; Khan, JT; Libinaki, R; Pham, A; Ramirez, G, 2019)	0.51
" Thus, the present study sought to evaluate the efficacy of an acute over-the-counter AO cocktail (600 mg α-lipoic acid, 1,000 mg vitamin C, and 600 IU vitamin E) to mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress, and subsequently improve nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and vascular function, in patients with HFpEF."	( Impact of acute antioxidant administration on inflammation and vascular function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Alpenglow, JK; Bunsawat, K; Clifton, HL; Gifford, JR; LaSalle, DT; Ratchford, SM; Richardson, RS; Ryan, JJ; Thurston, TS; Wray, DW; Wright, JB, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
"Lipid-based delivery systems (LBDSs) are widely applied in pharmaceuticals and health care because of the increased bioavailability of lipophilic components when they are coadministered with high-fat meals."	( pH-Responsive Emulsions with β-Cyclodextrin/Vitamin E Assembled Shells for Controlled Delivery of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Lu, X; Luo, Z; Qi, L; Xi, Y; Zou, Y, 2019)	0.51
" These molecules help reduce gut pathogens, while enhancing the absorption and bioavailability of therapeutic drugs, phytomedicines, and nanomedicines."	( Iron Transport Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Succinate in Animal Health and Diseases. DuBourdieu, D; Gupta, RC; Lall, R; Srivastava, A; Talukder, J, 2019)	0.51
" The low bioavailability of raloxifene (2%) is the result of its low solubility and intestinal glucuronidation."	( Vitamin E TPGS based transferosomes augmented TAT as a promising delivery system for improved transdermal delivery of raloxifene. Ahmed, OAA; Alhakamy, NA; Fahmy, UA, 2019)	0.51
" Nevertheless, low solubility and bioavailability hamper the application of SA."	( Development of TPGS/F127/F68 mixed polymeric micelles: Enhanced oral bioavailability and hepatoprotection of syringic acid against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. Adu-Frimpong, M; Deng, W; Li, W; Li, Y; Ma, P; Sun, C; Xu, X; Yu, J; Zhang, H; Zhu, Y, 2020)	0.56
" In comparison with α-T, these forms have much lower systemic bioavailability but have shown stronger cancer-preventive activities in many studies in animal models and cell lines."	( Vitamin E and cancer prevention: Studies with different forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Luo, P; Malafa, M; Suh, N; Wang, H; Yang, CS; Zeng, Z, 2020)	0.56
" The poly(ester-thioether) microspheres significantly improved the bioavailability of both erlotinib and α-TOS in comparison to the free drug combination, realizing synergistic inhibition of A549 cells both in vitro and in vivo."	( Poly(ester-thioether) microspheres co-loaded with erlotinib and α-tocopheryl succinate for combinational therapy of non-small cell lung cancer. Cheng, F; He, B; Luo, K; Meng, G; Peng, X; Pu, Y, 2020)	0.56
"In this study, we developed ticagrelor-dispersed nanosuspension (TCG-NSP) to enhance the dissolution and oral bioavailability of ticagrelor (TCG) through a statistical design approach."	( Development and evaluation of TPGS/PVA-based nanosuspension for enhancing dissolution and oral bioavailability of ticagrelor. Baek, JS; Byeon, JJ; Cho, CW; Han, MG; Kim, MK; Lee, HK; Na, YG; Pham, TMA, 2020)	0.56
" The characteristics of milk phospholipid assemblies and their functionality in terms of in vitro digestibility and bioavailability of encapsulated nutrients (ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol) were studied."	( Fabrication and assessment of milk phospholipid-complexed antioxidant phytosomes with vitamin C and E: A comparison with liposomes. Brennan, CS; Guan, W; Huang, Z; Kulasiri, D; Liu, J; Mohan, MS; Stipkovits, L; Zhao, H; Zheng, H, 2020)	0.56
"Alpha-tocopherol concentration was associated with the dietary intake of lipids and fatty acids, demonstrating that its bioavailability is associated with fats in the mammary gland."	( Dietary Lipid Intake Influences the Alpha-tocopherol Levels in Human Milk. Bezerra, DS; da Mata, AMB; da Silva, AB; da Silva, AGCL; Dimenstein, R; Lima, MSR; Medeiros, JFP; Osório, MM; Ribeiro, KDS, 2020)	0.56
" For these reasons, Tocophersolan has been widely used for improving the bioavailability of numerous pharmaceutical active ingredients."	( Rediscovering Tocophersolan: A Renaissance for Nano-Based Drug Delivery and Nanotheranostic Applications. Chen, S; Cui, Q; Wande, DP; Xiong, H; Xu, C; Yao, J, 2021)	0.62
" Lopinavir is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor with low aqueous solubility leading to poor oral bioavailability and thus frequent dosing."	( Central composite design-based optimization of lopinavir vitamin E-TPGS micelle: In vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic study. Mahajan, HS; Patil, PH, 2020)	0.56
"Eye drops are commonly used for delivering ophthalmic drugs despite many deficiencies including low bioavailability and poor compliance."	( Commercialization challenges for drug eluting contact lenses. Chauhan, A; Christopher, KG; Lanier, OL; Macoon, RM; Sekar, P; Yu, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Evidence has shown that bioavailability of vitamin E-enriched animal products could serve as an invaluable nutritional benefit to consumers; especially those in regions of limited resources where vitamin E deficiencies pose a risk that may be detrimental to some cellular activities of the body and on human health."	( Multifunctional activity of vitamin E in animal and animal products: A review. Afolayan, AJ; Falowo, AB; Idamokoro, EM; Oyeagu, CE, )	0.13
"06-fold increase in relative bioavailability compared to that of the CUR suspension."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of self-assembling curcumin-vitamin E prodrug-nanoparticles by co-nanoprecipitation with vitamin E TPGS. Adu-Frimpong, M; Chen, B; Deng, W; Sun, C; Xu, X; Yu, J; Zhang, H; Zhu, Y, 2020)	0.56
"CoQ10 and Vitamin E are used in medicinal applications, but they are both lipophilic molecules and the poor solubility in aqueous media results in an inefficient administration, poor bioavailability and potential toxicity."	( Synthesis and controlled drug delivery studies of a novel Ubiquinol-Polyethylene glycol-Vitamin E adduct. Cateni, F; Procida, G; Zacchigna, M, 2020)	0.56
" derived productswith complexbiological matrix for more research on the bioavailability of AXisomersfrom natural source."	( Development and validation of a novel approach based on ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction and RP-UHPLC for simultaneous determination of astaxanthin isomers and alpha-tocopherol in Haematococcuspluvialis derived supplements. Chen, HF; Lin, HL; Ni, L, 2021)	0.62
" It improves the bioavailability of drugs through permeation enhancement and down-regulation of P-glycoproteins."	( Nanocarriers based on vitamin E-TPGS: Design principle and molecular insights into improving the efficacy of anticancer drugs. Bahadur, P; Rathod, S; Tiwari, S, 2021)	0.62
" The cellular levels of vitamin E were quantified to determine bioavailability at cellular levels."	( Analysis of expression of vitamin E-binding proteins in H2O2 induced SK-N-SH neuronal cells supplemented with α-tocopherol and tocotrienol-rich fraction. Abd Hamid, R; Chang, SK; Chiroma, AA; Khaza'ai, H; Zainal, Z; Zakaria, ZA, 2020)	0.56
" However, the poor bioavailability of vitamin E, especially tocotrienols, remains a great limitation for clinical applications."	( Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin E: Nanoformulations to Enhance Bioavailability. Alias, E; Hassan, H; Mohd Zaffarin, AS; Ng, MH; Ng, SF, 2020)	0.56
"(1) Background: vitamin E is often supplemented in the form of tocopherol acetate, but it has poor bioavailability and can fail to correct blood tocopherol concentrations in some patients with severe cholestasis."	( Comparison of α-Tocopherol, α-Tocopherol Acetate, and α-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Succinate 1000 Absorption by Caco-2 TC7 Intestinal Cells. Blond, E; Bordat, C; Cuerq, C; Halimi, C; Nowicki, M; Peretti, N; Reboul, E, 2020)	0.56
" Rat PK study demonstrated significantly higher etoposide bioavailability from TPGS vs."	( Adequate formulation approach for oral chemotherapy: Etoposide solubility, permeability, and overall bioavailability from cosolvent- vs. vitamin E TPGS-based delivery systems. Beig, A; Dahan, A; Fine-Shamir, N, 2021)	0.62
" Although oral formulations are clinically available, the lower bioavailability (<2%) embarrasses the pharmaceutists."	( Bioadhesive polymer/lipid hybrid nanoparticles as oral delivery system of raloxifene with enhancive intestinal retention and bioavailability. Du, X; Gao, N; Song, X, 2021)	0.62
" Given the lipophilicity of VES that hinders its bioavailability and therapeutic activity, nanotechnology with multiple advantages has been widely explored to deliver VES and opened up new avenues for its in vivo application."	( Vitamin E succinate with multiple functions: A versatile agent in nanomedicine-based cancer therapy and its delivery strategies. Liang, L; Qiu, L, 2021)	0.62
"We investigated the dermal bioavailability and antioxidative properties of a sunscreen formulation containing two antioxidants, oxothiazolidine (OTZ) and δ-tocopheryl glucoside (DTG)."	( Sustained effect of two antioxidants (oxothiazolidine and δ-tocopheryl glucoside) for immediate and long-term sun protection in a sunscreen emulsion based on their different penetrating properties. Bacqueville, D; Bessou-Touya, S; Duplan, H; Génies, C; Jacques, C; Jeanjean-Miquel, C; Noizet, M; Tourette, A, 2021)	0.62
"After topical application to a hair follicle-derived reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model, followed by solar-simulated radiation, kinetics of bioavailability and antioxidative responses were measured over 24 h."	( Sustained effect of two antioxidants (oxothiazolidine and δ-tocopheryl glucoside) for immediate and long-term sun protection in a sunscreen emulsion based on their different penetrating properties. Bacqueville, D; Bessou-Touya, S; Duplan, H; Génies, C; Jacques, C; Jeanjean-Miquel, C; Noizet, M; Tourette, A, 2021)	0.62
"The two antioxidants had different bioavailability profiles: OTZ was rapidly and extensively absorbed, whereas DTG was slowly absorbed and converted to δ-tocopherol."	( Sustained effect of two antioxidants (oxothiazolidine and δ-tocopheryl glucoside) for immediate and long-term sun protection in a sunscreen emulsion based on their different penetrating properties. Bacqueville, D; Bessou-Touya, S; Duplan, H; Génies, C; Jacques, C; Jeanjean-Miquel, C; Noizet, M; Tourette, A, 2021)	0.62
" Contact lenses are receiving considerable attention for delivering ophthalmic drugs because of higher bioavailability and the possibility of sustained release from hour to days, and possibly longer."	( Combining modeling of drug uptake and release of cyclosporine in contact lenses to determine partition coefficient and diffusivity. Bailey, C; Chauhan, A; Kulkarni, S; Lanier, OL; Manfre, M, 2021)	0.62
"The oral bioavailability of curcumin is limited, attributed to its low solubility or dissolution and poor absorption."	( Development of Gelucire Amin, PD; Shinde, UK; Suryawanshi, DG, 2021)	0.62
" Flying birds are under high energy and oxidative demands, and although birds commonly ingest dietary antioxidants in the wild, the bioavailability of these consumed antioxidants is poorly understood."	( Dietary vitamin E reaches the mitochondria in the flight muscle of zebra finches but only if they exercise. Amato, RS; Carter, WA; Cooper-Mullin, C; McWilliams, SR; Podlesak, D, 2021)	0.62
" However, being a P-glycoprotein efflux substrate with a limited oral bioavailability imposes a challenge to its clinical efficacy."	( Hybrid lipid core chitosan-TPGS shell nanocomposites as a promising integrated nanoplatform for enhanced oral delivery of sulpiride in depressive disorder therapy. Abdelmonsif, DA; Aly, RG; Elgindy, NA; Mohyeldin, SM; Ragab, D; Samy, WM, 2021)	0.62
" In this study, TMC was used as a mucoadhesive adjuvant to enhance the oral bioavailability and hence antitumour effects of gemcitabine formulated into nanocomplexes composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) conjugated with d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)."	( N-trimethyl chitosan coated nano-complexes enhance the oral bioavailability and chemotherapeutic effects of gemcitabine. Chen, G; Li, H; Liu, M; Lu, W; Svirskis, D; Wen, J; Ying, M, 2021)	0.62
"The oral bioavailability and efficacy of baicalein is dramatically limited by its low solubility and effect of efflux."	( Application of TPGS as an efflux inhibitor and a plasticizer in baicalein solid dispersion. Hua, D; Li, S; Tong, M; Wang, J; Wu, X; Yu, X; Zhang, S; Zhang, Z, 2022)	0.72
"Nintedanib esylate is a kinase inhibitor designated for the cure of non-small cell lung cancer suffered from first-pass metabolism which resulted in low oral bioavailability (~ 4."	( Bioavailability enhancement of vitamin E TPGS liposomes of nintedanib esylate: formulation optimization, cytotoxicity and pharmacokinetic studies. Chinni, S; Kala, SG, 2022)	0.72
"α-tocopherol (α-T) has the highest biological activity with respect to the other components of vitamin E; however, conventional formulations of tocopherol often fail to provide satisfactory bioavailability due to its hydrophobic characteristics."	( Production of α-Tocopherol-Chitosan Nanoparticles by Membrane Emulsification. Cassano, R; Curcio, F; Piacentini, E; Poerio, T; Trombino, S, 2022)	0.72
" Recent studies have focused on targeted drug delivery by enhancing the bioavailability through carriers, self-sustained emulsions, nanoparticles, and ethosomes."	( Revisiting the therapeutic potential of tocotrienol. Mathai, M; Ranasinghe, R; Zulli, A, 2022)	0.72
"The current investigation explores the possible mechanism of the microemulsion drug delivery system to improve the oral bioavailability of cinnamaldehyde (CA), an important food spice, from the perspective of the microemulsion-mucus system."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cinnamaldehyde Microemulsion-Mucus interaction. Cai, Y; Chen, J; Chu, X; Dong, B; Wu, W, 2022)	0.72
"This study aimed to develop a solid dispersion formulation of silymarin (Silymarin-SD) using freeze-drying method to enhance its oral bioavailability (BA) by inhibiting the intestinal first-pass effect and increasing its solubility and permeability."	( Enhanced bioavailability and hepatoprotective effect of silymarin by preparing silymarin-loaded solid dispersion formulation using freeze-drying method. Choi, MK; Jeon, JH; Lee, J; Lim, DY; Pang, M; Park, JH; Song, IS, 2022)	0.72
" Moreover, their high human intestinal absorption and bioavailability score along with their classification as non-mutagen in the Ames test makes these compounds more reliable as potent antineurodegenerative drugs."	( Computational Analysis of Das, SK; Hui, PK; Khan, A; Mahanta, S; Mohanta, YK; Roy, N; Sangeet, S; Saravanan, M; Tag, H, 2023)	0.91
" Here, VitE encapsulation into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) composed of myristil myristate to improve its bioavailability was proposed."	( Colloidal delivery of vitamin E into solid lipid nanoparticles as a potential complement for the adverse effects of anemia treatment. Alvarez, VA; Berti, IR; Cacicedo, ML; Castro, GR; Gambaro, RC; Gehring, S; Islan, GA; Padula, G; Seoane, A, 2022)	0.72
" However, the absorption rate of berberine is less than 1% in humans."	( Emulsification by vitamin E TPGS or Quillaja extract enhanced absorption of berberine without affecting its metabolism in humans. Gu, L; Wang, GP; Yagiz, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Additionally, co-culture approaches using hepatic lineages to assess vitamin E bioavailability are further presented."	( Bioaccessibility and uptake/epithelial transport of vitamin E: Discoveries and challenges of in vitro and ex vivo assays. Catelli Rocha Torres, L; de Souza Silva, AP; Giovanini de Oliveira Sartori, A; Matias de Alencar, S, 2022)	0.72
" The objective of this study was to evaluate bioavailability and antioxidant activity of RRR-αT versus S-αT, in both mother and fetus, after maternal supplementation during pregnancy."	( Natural Vitamin E Supplementation during Pregnancy in Rats Increases RRR-α-Tocopherol Stereoisomer Proportion and Enhances Fetal Antioxidant Capacity, Compared to Synthetic Vitamin E Administration. Arnao, MB; Barranco, A; Chan, JP; Gázquez, A; Jensen, SK; Kuchan, MJ; Larqué, E; Rueda, R; Sánchez-Campillo, M, 2023)	0.91
" However, low bioavailability and water solubility restrict the clinical applications of this compound."	( Surface Modification of Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles for the Sustained in vitro Release and the Enhanced Cytotoxicity of Chelidonine. Hamidia, Z; Monajemi, R; Shahanipour, K; Talebian, N, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The dose-response relationship between feed intake, liver hemorrhagic score and liver lipid content was again demonstrated."	( Effect of inositol, lecithin, vitamins (B12 with choline and E), and iodinated casein on induced fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome in laying chickens. Polin, D; Wolford, JH, 1975)	0.25
" A low dosage iron supplementation from 3 weeks of age is safe."	( Vitamin E requirements of preterm infants. Holmberg, L; Jansson, L; Johansson, B; Nilsson, B, 1978)	0.26
" The authors conclude by affirming the undoubted efficacy of the anabolizing steroids in experimental myopathic disease, but they have reservations as to the transfer of the results into the human field, where high dosage cannot be carried out continuously because of the effects of the drug on virility; because the tissue injury too often occurs at an irreversible stage vis-a-vis the "regeneration" of the muscle tissue; and finally because the dystrophic injurious agent is certainly not the lack of vitamin E but something as yet unknown."	( Experimental progressive muscular dystrophy and its treatment with high doses anabolizing agents. Bardelli, M; Simonetti, E, 1978)	0.26
" Fifty-five percent of dosed 14C-glucose (either [1-(14)C] or [6-(14)C]glucose) was recovered within 3 hours as 14CO2 from selenium deficient rats."	( Fatty acid and glucose metabolism in selenium deficient rats and lambs. Fischer, WC; Whanger, PD, 1977)	0.26
" After dosing with tritiated alpha tocopherol, the plasma level of radioactivity remained elevated through 48 hours in deficient rats."	( Effects of selenium deficiency on vitamin E metabolism in rats. Fischer, WC; Whanger, PD, 1977)	0.26
"Cholestyramine in a mean dosage of 0-6 g/kg/day has been given to 18 children with familial hypercholesterolaemia for between one and two and a half years."	( The effect of cholestyramine on intestinal absorption. Lloyd, JK; West, RJ, 1975)	0.25
" Up to 1,800 IU daily, increasing dosages of vitamin E resulted in increasing concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in plasma and platelets, but intake of vitamin E in excess of this dosage failed to show any further increase in plasma or platelet levels."	( Vitamin E. An inhibitor of the platelet release reaction. Anastasi, J; Steiner, M, 1976)	0.26
" In the human study, the decrease in plasma alpha-tocopherol levels was progressive and significant between 6 and 9 months of beta-carotene dosing in all dosage groups."	( Reduction in plasma or skin alpha-tocopherol concentration with long-term oral administration of beta-carotene in humans and mice. Alberts, DS; Emerson, SS; Gensler, HL; Liu, Y; Peng, YM; Plezia, PM; Ritenbaugh, C; Sayers, SM; Xu, MJ, 1992)	0.28
" The lack of a significant dose-response effect between doses of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol plasma levels is not unexpected, given the small differences in steady-state beta-carotene plasma levels in the four beta-carotene dose groups."	( Reduction in plasma or skin alpha-tocopherol concentration with long-term oral administration of beta-carotene in humans and mice. Alberts, DS; Emerson, SS; Gensler, HL; Liu, Y; Peng, YM; Plezia, PM; Ritenbaugh, C; Sayers, SM; Xu, MJ, 1992)	0.28
"Studies are needed to determine how long-term beta-carotene dosing influences tissue distribution of dietary alpha-tocopherol."	( Reduction in plasma or skin alpha-tocopherol concentration with long-term oral administration of beta-carotene in humans and mice. Alberts, DS; Emerson, SS; Gensler, HL; Liu, Y; Peng, YM; Plezia, PM; Ritenbaugh, C; Sayers, SM; Xu, MJ, 1992)	0.28
" Some of the remaining areas of investigation include the biochemical interaction of vitamin E with other biological antioxidant substances such as vitamin C and sulfhydryl compounds; the relative potencies of different molecular forms of tocopherols, such as trienols and various optical isomers; and the optimal dosage and mode of administration of the most potent tocopherol molecule."	( Vitamin E. Neurochemistry and implications for neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Vatassery, GT, 1992)	0.28
" Pretreatment of the mice with a single dose of pyridostigmine prevented the development of jitter after subsequent dosing with an organophosphate."	( Protection against the effects of anticholinesterases on the latencies of action potentials in mouse skeletal muscles. Bamforth, JP; Das, SK; Ferry, CB; Kelly, SS, 1992)	0.28
"05) when steers were ruminally dosed than when they were dosed duodenally."	( Cattle blood plasma and red blood cell alpha-tocopherol levels in response to different chemical forms and routes of administration of vitamin E. Nockels, CF; Papas, AM; Roquet, J, 1992)	0.28
" Plasma samples were taken at regular intervals after dosing and assayed for radioactivity and D-alpha-tocopherol."	( Vitamin E kinetics after intraperitoneal administration of DL-alpha-tocopherol and DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate in sheep. Hidiroglou, M; Hidiroglou, N; Laurentie, MP; Toutain, PL, 1992)	0.28
" Based on studies in humans, a daily dosage of 100-300 mg vitamin E can be considered harmless from a toxicological point of view."	( Tolerance and safety of vitamin E: a toxicological position report. Diplock, AT; Kappus, H, 1992)	0.28
"01) plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations during the three-week experimental period in sheep dosed with equivalent units of TA than in those dosed with TPGS."	( Plasma alpha-tocopherol profiles in sheep after oral administration of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate. Hidiroglou, M; Ivan, M, 1991)	0.28
" All were dosed intramuscularly (gluteus) with D-alpha-tocopherol."	( Bioavailability of vitamin E in sheep administered intramuscularly with D-alpha-tocopherol. Hidiroglou, M; Karpinski, K, 1991)	0.28
"The absorption characteristics of vitamin E acetate (VEA) formulated into a dry emulsion system after its oral administration to beagle dogs were determined and compared to those of two different dosage forms (an oily mixture of the drug with cottonseed oil and an oil (drug)-in-water emulsion)."	( Redispersible dry emulsion system as novel oral dosage form of oily drugs: in vivo studies in beagle dogs. Hino, T; Kawashima, Y; Niwa, T; Ozawa, H; Sasaki, H; Takeuchi, H; Uesugi, K, 1991)	0.28
" The mean hepatic alpha-tocopherol concentrations in both groups rose rapidly and after 4 weeks of dosing its concentrations were higher than the predosing levels."	( Disposition kinetics and dosage regimen of vitamin E administered intramuscularly to sheep. Hidiroglou, M; Karpinski, K, 1991)	0.28
" Units used to declare product potency or to prescribe the dosage varied."	( Characteristics of vitamin and mineral supplement products in the United States. Kim, I; Park, YK; Yetley, EA, 1991)	0.28
" Comparable results were obtained in vivo where supplementation with alpha-tocopherol 15 h before CCl4 dosing induced a partial or complete protection against the drug's necrogenic effect, depending on the concentration of the haloalkane used."	( In vivo and in vitro evidence concerning the role of lipid peroxidation in the mechanism of hepatocyte death due to carbon tetrachloride. Albano, E; Biasi, F; Chiarpotto, E; Corongiu, FP; Dianzani, MU; Marinari, UM; Parola, M; Poli, G; Pronzato, MA, 1991)	0.28
" Four-day-old female F344/N rats were dosed with diethylnitrosamine (10 mg/kg)."	( Effects of alpha-tocopherol, phenobarbital, and butylated hydroxyanisole during promotion of diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Duitsman, P; Hendrich, S; Jackson, A; Krueger, SK; Myers, RK, 1991)	0.28
" The dosage dependent experiment stated above was repeated, adding alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E, 1 mM), reduced glutathione (GSH, 1 mM), N-acetylcysteine (0."	( Influences of Ginkgo biloba on cyclosporin A induced lipid peroxidation in human liver microsomes in comparison to vitamin E, glutathione and N-acetylcysteine. Barth, SA; Engemann, R; Heidemann, HT; Inselmann, G, 1991)	0.28
" In emergency therapy vitamin E is suggested with high dosage in case of shock lung and haemolytic-uraemic syndrome."	( [The use of vitamin E in childhood]. Cario, WR, 1990)	0.28
" In sheep dosed intraruminally no difference was observed between the three vitamin E preparations in their plasma vitamin E response."	( Plasma vitamin E response in sheep dosed intraruminally or intraduodenally with various alpha-tocopherol compounds. Butler, G; Hidiroglou, M; Ivan, M, 1990)	0.28
" Of these, 10 wethers were killed three days after dosing (five from each treatment, IR3 and IP3) and the remaining wethers were killed eight days after dosing (IR8 and IP8)."	( Vitamin E concentrations in blood plasma of sheep and in sheep tissues after a single intraruminal or intraperitoneal administration of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. Charmley, E; Hidiroglou, M, 1990)	0.28
" Plasma samples were taken at regular intervals after dosing and selected tissues were taken from all sheep after slaughter and assayed for radioactivity and D-alpha-tocopherol."	( Monitoring vitamin E pools in sheep tissue and plasma after intravenous dosing of radiotocopherol. Hidiroglou, M; Karpinski, K, 1990)	0.28
" It has also become clear that similar neurological and ocular lesions occur in other chronic fat malabsorptive states such as cholestatic liver diseases, cystic fibrosis, and extensive resection of the gut, with respect to an elevated dosage of vitamin E therapy."	( Use and safety of elevated dosages of vitamin E in infants and children. Mino, M, 1989)	0.28
"Solutions of synthetic fecapentaene 12 (FP-12) intended for carcinogenicity studies were found to decompose extremely rapidly during customary dosage procedures."	( Decomposition and quality control considerations in biological work with fecapentaene preparations. Andrews, AW; Anjo, T; Bradford, WW; Donovan, PJ; Keefer, LK; Ohannesian, L; Reist, EJ; Sheffels, PR; Streeter, AJ; Wu, PP, )	0.13
" Administration of 1 g caused a small increase in blood and milk concentrations; dosing with 5 g IP caused appreciable increases in both plasma and milk concentrations."	( Effect of intraperitoneally injected tocopherol on vitamin E status of dairy cow. Atwal, AS; Hidiroglou, M, 1989)	0.28
" Serum SDH and GDH activities and uric acid concentrations were significantly increased and serum total protein concentration was decreased in all dosed groups."	( Effects of various levels of dietary vitamin E on broiler chicks. Adam, SE; Ayed, IA; Dafaalla, R, 1989)	0.28
"VE (at dosage of 200mg/kg) significantly depressed the liver microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by 50 mg/kg CCl4; on the other hand, VE potentiated the SGPT, or liver triglyceride, or liver microsomal cytochrome P450 during CCl4 poisoning."	( [Appraisal of the protective effect of vitamin E against CCl4 liver poisoning]. Tang, N, 1989)	0.28
"In order to evaluate oral dosage forms of d-alpha-tocopherol acetate (VEA), d-alpha-tocopherol (VE) concentration in the plasma was examined following oral administration of three VEA preparations; lecithin-dispersed aqueous preparation, polysorbate 80 (PS-80)-solubilized aqueous solution and soybean oil solution."	( Enhancement of oral bioavailability of d-alpha-tocopherol acetate by lecithin-dispersed aqueous preparation containing medium-chain triglycerides in rats. Fukui, E; Kageyu, A; Kimura, T; Kurohara, H; Kurosaki, Y; Morita, Y; Nakayama, T; Ohsawa, S; Shibusawa, K; Takeda, Y, 1989)	0.28
" These data suggest that if a policy of VE supplementation for VLBW infants is chosen, monitoring of plasma VE levels appears necessary so that the dosage can be adjusted in order to maintain plasma VE within the optimal range."	( Distribution of plasma vitamin E levels in supplemented very low birthweight infants. Arnold, JD; Earl, JW; Leslie, GI; O'Halloran, M, 1989)	0.28
", commencing within 12 hours of birth, to a total dosage of 175 mg/kg over four weeks."	( Vitamin E and selenium in preterm infants: lack of effect on clinical patency of ductus arteriosus. Rudolph, N; Schiller, MS; Wong, SL, 1989)	0.28
" The lowest U74006F dosage (0."	( Correlation between attenuation of posttraumatic spinal cord ischemia and preservation of tissue vitamin E by the 21-aminosteroid U74006F: evidence for an in vivo antioxidant mechanism. Braughler, JM; Hall, ED; Horan, KL; Yonkers, PA, 1989)	0.28
" Chronic (4-6 days) dosing of mice or rats with high doses of U74006F (30-200 mg/kg/day) has indicated that the compound is devoid of both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity."	( A new 21-aminosteroid antioxidant lacking glucocorticoid activity stimulates adrenocorticotropin secretion and blocks arachidonic acid release from mouse pituitary tumor (AtT-20) cells. Braughler, JM; Chase, RL; Day, JS; Hall, ED; Lahti, RA; Neff, GL; Sethy, VH; Yonkers, PA, 1988)	0.27
"Seven western states (Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, and Wyoming) were surveyed in 1986 to determine the extent of vitamin/mineral supplementation and dosage levels of single supplements."	( Vitamin and mineral supplementation practices of adults in seven western states. Bock, MA; Medeiros, DM; Ortiz, M; Raab, C; Read, M; Schutz, HG; Sheehan, ET; Williams, DK, 1989)	0.28
" Oral therapy with vitamin E, 800 mg daily, was begun, and in 1981 the dosage was increased to 3200 mg daily."	( Arrest of neuropathy and myopathy in abetalipoproteinemia with high-dose vitamin E therapy. Angel, A; Hegele, RA, 1985)	0.27
" The higher the administered dosage is, the better the degree of recovery of EEG was seen."	( [Protective effect of phenytoin and its enhanced action by combined administration of mannitol and vitamin E in cerebral ischemia]. Abiko, H; Mizoi, K; Oba, M; Suzuki, J; Yoshimoto, T, 1986)	0.27
" A dosage of adriamycin of 15 mg per kg body weight was employed in the following experiments."	( Effect of vitamin E on toxicity and antitumor activity of adriamycin in mice. Hikasa, Y; Kan, N; Katoh, H; Mizuno, Y; Satomura, K; Tanigawa, N; Tanimura, H, 1986)	0.27
" For a better definition of the pattern of distribution of vitamin E in HD patients, we have dosed the amount of vitamin bound to serum HDL fraction."	( Discrepancies between serum and erythrocyte concentrations of vitamin E in hemodialysis patients: role of HDL-bound fraction of vitamin E. Attard-Barbini, D; Bandino, D; Citti, G; Elli, M; Lubrano, R; Mazzarella, V; Meloni, C; Morosetti, M; Taccone-Gallucci, M; Tozzo, C, 1988)	0.27
" The incorporation of alpha-tocopherol was achieved by oral administration of alpha-tocopherol-nicotinate for one month with dosage of 400 mg/day."	( Effects of alpha-tocopherol-nicotinate administration on the microdynamics of phospholipids of erythrocyte membranes in human subjects. Araiso, T; Koyama, T, 1988)	0.27
" The results allow the conclusion: --main antiphologistic effect of the combination is due to acetylsalicylic acid; --when combined with 250 mg DL-alpha-tocopherol/kg BW acetylsalicylic acid dosage can be reduced by one-third to 167 mg/kg BW and still have the same effect as ASS alone (250 mg/kg BW); --further reductions of ASS and/or DL-alpha-tocopherol dosage minimize the antiinflammatory effect."	( [Effect of various combinations of DL-alpha-tocopherol and acetylsalicylic acid on adjuvant arthritis in the rat]. Brandt, K; Elmadfa, I; Schlotzer, E; Sobirey, M, )	0.13
" The emergence of a toxic clinical syndrome associated with vitamin E therapy, the effects of vitamin E on important physiologic systems such as granulocyte function and the arachidonic acid cascade, the theoretic possibility of vitamin E becoming a prooxidant at high concentrations, and the continuing controversy regarding the efficacy of pharmacologic doses of vitamin E mandate further study of the dose-response nature of pharmacologic vitamin E therapy from both an efficacy and toxicity perspective."	( Pharmacology of vitamin E in the newborn. Knight, ME; Roberts, RJ, 1987)	0.27
" The results showed that biological availability was higher after D-alpha-tocopherol dosing than after the other forms."	( Pharmacokinetic disposition in sheep of various vitamin E preparations given orally or intravenously. Hidiroglou, M; Karpinski, K, 1988)	0.27
" The variable pattern in tocopherol concentrations in the various sheep tissues following vitamin E dosing was considered a reflection of their different metabolic activities."	( Vitamin E levels in sheep tissues at various times after a single oral administration of d-alpha-tocopherol acetate. Hidiroglou, M, 1987)	0.27
" Although maximal reduction in systolic blood pressure at single oral dosing of TF-80 (50, 100 mg/kg) and FA (15, 30 mg/kg) was approximately the same extent, respectively, the antihypertensive action of TF-80 was longer-lasting than that of FA."	( [Antihypertensive action of dl-alpha-tocopherol 5-n-butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylate (TF-80)]. Nagura, J; Nakajima, A; Nishikibe, M; Shioya, M, 1986)	0.27
"The effects of formulation factors and pharmaceutical dosage form on the bioavailability of RRR-alpha-tocopherol (d-alpha-tocopherol), riboflavin, and pyridoxine hydrochloride were studied after administration of two capsule formulations and a tablet to 12 normal humans."	( Dosage form and formulation effects on the bioavailability of vitamin E, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 from multivitamin preparations. Baumgartner, TG; Gregory, JF; Schmidt, GL; Sitren, HS; Thakker, KM, 1987)	0.27
" The animals were killed 5 min after dosing to minimize the conversion of alpha-tocopheryl acetate to alpha-tocopherol."	( Comparison of the antioxidant properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate in newborn rabbit lung. Cook, J; Knight, M; Roberts, RJ; Wispe, J, 1987)	0.27
" Cows dosed intraruminally with Se had a significant increase in milk Se, but this was too small to be a danger to human health."	( Prepartum supplementation of selenium and vitamin E to dairy cows: assessment of selenium status and reproductive performance. Hidiroglou, M; McAllister, AJ; Williams, CJ, 1987)	0.27
" Microsomes and mitochondria from livers of LE group bound five and nine times more alpha-tocopherol than gamma-tocopherol in rats dosed with equal amount of alpha- or gamma-tocopherol, respectively."	( Mechanisms of absorption, transport and tissue uptake of RRR-alpha-tocopherol and d-gamma-tocopherol in the white rat. Behrens, WA; Madere, R, 1987)	0.27
"4, and 4 ppm nitrogen dioxide exposure for 9, 18, and 27 months, and a dose-response relationship was clearly observed."	( Lipid peroxidation and antioxidative protection mechanism in rat lungs upon acute and chronic exposure to nitrogen dioxide. Ichinose, T; Sagai, M, 1987)	0.27
" Prominent acute clinical signs of monensin toxicosis (hypermetria, hind limb ataxia, paresis, knuckling of hind limbs, and recumbency) developed by 2 to 6 hours after dosing in pigs given 15 or 25 mg of monensin/kg with tiamulin exposure, but not in pigs given the 15 or 25 mg of monensin/kg without tiamulin exposure."	( Monensin toxicosis in swine: potentiation by tiamulin administration and ameliorative effect of treatment with selenium and/or vitamin E. Cook, JR; Runnels, LJ; Scheidt, AB; Van Vleet, JF, 1987)	0.27
" With vitamin E as adjunct therapy, the dosage level of penicillamine could be lowered by 50%, thereby minimizing side effects."	( Interactions of vitamin E and penicillamine in the treatment of hereditary avian muscular dystrophy. Brandon, S; Dement, SH; Hill, EJ; Park, CR; Park, JH; Serafin, WE, 1987)	0.27
" The relation between this complication and both the dosage used and the duration of the treatment is discussed."	( Soft tissue calcification: a complication of vitamin E injection. Barak, M; Herschkowitz, S; Montag, J, 1986)	0.27
" A dose-response relationship was found; cases occurred in infants receiving E-Ferol dosages of greater than 20 U/kg/d."	( Illness with fatalities in premature infants: association with an intravenous vitamin E preparation, E-Ferol. Frank, DJ; Gaynes, RP; Kosmetatos, N; Lorch, V; Martone, WJ; Mortensen, ML; Murphy, MD; Sinha, SN; White, JW; Williams, WW, 1986)	0.27
" Nevertheless, no reasonable additional influence of such vitamin dosage is known for the aging process, especially on the elongation of the maximal life span in mammals."	( [Significance of vitamin E in aging]. Both-Bedenbender, N; Elmadfa, I; Sierakowski, B; Steinhagen-Thiessen, E, )	0.13
" Specific activity in the tissues of the intravenously dosed sheep was much higher than in the corresponding tissues of the other groups."	( Vitamin E response in sheep to various modes of administration. Hidiroglou, M, 1986)	0.27
" Vitamin E dosing had no effect on body weight or food consumption."	( Thirteen-week toxicity study of d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) in Fischer 344 rats. Abdo, KM; Dinowitz, M; Kanagalingam, K; Montgomery, CA; Rao, G, )	0.13
" Dose-response curves did show reduction of CSC- and BaP-induced mutagenicity by ellagic acid, riboflavin and chlorophyllin."	( Antimutagenic activity of some naturally occurring compounds towards cigarette-smoke condensate and benzo[a]pyrene in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Terwel, L; van der Hoeven, JC, 1985)	0.27
" Tissues were analyzed at 1, 3, and 6 days after daily dosing was begun."	( Tissue vitamin E levels in newborn rabbits after pharmacologic dosing. Influence of dose, dosage form, and route of administration. Knight, ME; Roberts, RJ, 1985)	0.27
"To investigate the effects of the difference in the geometry of dietary fatty acids on colon tumorigenesis, male rats were fed semipurified diets containing either partially hydrogenated corn oil (trans-monoene fat) or olive oil (cis-monoene fat) at the 10% level and received a single oral dosage of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)."	( Influence of dietary cis- and trans-fat on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumors and fecal steroid excretion in Fischer 344 rats. Koga, T; Sugano, M; Watanabe, M, 1985)	0.27
"In a randomized, double-blind, dose-response study, alpha-tocopherol significantly ameliorated symptoms in three of the four classes of the premenstrual syndrome (PMS)."	( The effect of alpha-tocopherol on premenstrual symptomatology: a double-blind study. II. Endocrine correlates. Goldstein, P; London, RS; Manimekalai, S; Murphy, L; Reynolds, M; Sundaram, G, 1984)	0.27
"In a double-blind, randomized dose-response study, 75 women with benign breast disease were administered a written questionnaire in which they scored the severity of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms before and after two months of treatment with placebo or alpha-tocopherol (150, 300, or 600 IU/day)."	( The effect of alpha-tocopherol on premenstrual symptomatology: a double-blind study. Goldstein, PJ; London, RS; Murphy, L; Sundaram, GS, 1983)	0.27
" dosing of thiamine (0."	( Protection against misonidazole-induced neuropathy in rats: a biochemical assessment. Dewar, AJ; Rose, GP; Stratford, IJ, 1983)	0.27
" Under experimental conditions, alpha-tocopherol in a high enteric dosage (2 x 50 mg/kg) was able to prevent alterations of pulmonary surface tension parameters (p less than 10(-5)) induced by microembolization of pulmonary vessels in awake rabbits."	( Experimental and clinical results in shock lung treatment with vitamin E. Seeger, HW; Wolf, HR, 1982)	0.26
" Supplementation with all-rac-alpha-tocopherol corrected platelet hyperaggregation and H2O2-induced hemolysis; daily dosage requirements of 25-50 mg (fat-free TPN) or more (with intravenous fat) suggest increased vitamin E requirements during TPN."	( Vitamin E and total parenteral nutrition. Grant, JP; Thurlow, PM, 1982)	0.26
" A dose-response relationship between concentrations of methylmercury and final sizes of aggregates was found."	( A cell aggregation model for the protective effect of selenium and vitamin E on methylmercury toxicity. Kleinschuster, SJ; Sharma, RP; Yoneyama, M, 1983)	0.27
" Dosage per injection was ."	( Selenium/vitamin E: role in disease prevention and weight gain of neonatal calves. Callahan, CJ; Colenbrander, VF; Cunningham, MD; Weiss, WP, 1983)	0.27
"Histological evidence of retinal damage associated with the clinical observation of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) grade III was documented in preterm infants receiving the minimum dosage of vitamin E recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (5 mg/kg/day), and exposed to high concentration/duration of oxygen at birth."	( Ultrastructural evaluation of the retina in retinopathy of prematurity and correlations with vitamin E therapy. Monaco, WA, )	0.13
" Both NNT and EDP did not affect blood pressure in normotensive animals but significantly reduced blood pressure in SHR and DOCA/salt hypertensive animals in the acute studies with single dosing of 1 to 10 mg/kg (p."	( Antihypertensive actions of isoprenoids. Igarashi, T; Mori, N; Nakajima, Y; Saeki, T, 1982)	0.26
" In adults in endangiitis obliterans a favourable influence by higher dosage of vitamin E was established."	( [Recent nutrition biochemical findings on the importance of vitamion E and selenium in man and animal]. Kolb, E, 1982)	0.26
" The amounts of NPRO formed (as estimated from the amounts excreted within 24 hr) after dosing 325 mg nitrate (NO3-) followed by 500 mg proline, ranged from 16."	( Quantitative estimation of endogenous nitrosation in humans by monitoring N-nitrosoproline excreted in the urine. Bartsch, H; Ohshima, H, 1981)	0.26
" Over the dosage range from 0 to 20 ppm, response in tocopherol content of most tissues including platelets and red blood cells were linear."	( Comparative sensitivities of tocopherol levels of platelets, red blood cells and plasma for estimating vitamin E nutritional status in the rat. Lehmann, J, 1981)	0.26
" Testicular atrophy and cachexia developed in the dogs, but damage was not present in bone marrow, alimentary tract, kidney, and bone with the dosage schedule utilized."	( Clinical observations, cutaneous lesions, and hematologic alterations in chronic adriamycin intoxication in dogs with and without vitamin E and selenium supplementation. Ferrans, VJ; Van Vleet, JF, 1980)	0.26
"Chronic copper poisoning was induced in sheep by repeated dosing with an aqueous solution of copper sulphate."	( Creatine kinase release and muscle changes in chronic copper poisoning in sheep. Gooneratne, SR; Howell, JM, 1980)	0.26
"5 weeks, mean +/- SD) fortified with protein and minerals (FM-85, Nestle Ag, Munchen, Germany; dosage 5 g/100 ml milk) or were randomly assigned to blinded batches of an LBWI formula (Prematil, Milupa AG, Friedrichsdorf, Germany) without LCP (n = 10, 1280 +/- 229 g, 31."	( Effects of a low birthweight infant formula containing human milk levels of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids. Edenhofer, S; Koletzko, B; Lipowsky, G; Reinhardt, D, 1995)	0.29
"Comparisons of relative risk reductions (RRR) across observational studies and randomized trials, including assessment of dose-response relations."	( The antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease. A critical review of epidemiologic and clinical trial data. Farkouh, M; Flather, M; Jha, P; Lonn, E; Yusuf, S, 1995)	0.29
" In the case of congenital hypothyroidism (n = 37) application of sodium selenite in the above specified dosage yielded a mean serum selenium increase (0."	( Sodium selenite therapy and thyroid-hormone status in cystic fibrosis and congenital hypothyroidism. Dawczynski, H; Jahreis, G; Janitzky, E; Kauf, E; Winnefeld, K, 1994)	0.29
" The combined supplement containing the same level of beta-carotene as the single dosage achieved comparative levels of uptake in plasma."	( Levels of antioxidant nutrients in plasma and low density lipoproteins: a human volunteer supplementation study. Bizzotto, M; Bruckdorfer, KR; Calzada, C; Diplock, AT; Miller, NJ; Paganga, G; Rice-Evans, CA, 1995)	0.29
" The optimal dosage of vitamin E will be further assessed."	( [Protective effects of vitamin E on impaired neutrophil phagocytic function in patients with severe burn]. Chai, J; Guo, Z; Sheng, Z, 1995)	0.29
" The vitamins were analyzed by nonaqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography after a 15-min extraction of the dosage form with supercritical carbon dioxide at 40 degrees C and at a pressure of 250 atm."	( Determination of vitamin A, vitamin E, and their esters in tablet preparations using supercritical fluid extraction and HPLC. Bonina, F; Ruberto, G; Scalia, S, 1995)	0.29
" The dose-response curve of low density lipoprotein peroxidation induced by Cu2+ shifted to the left in this group as compared with the curve in the other three groups."	( Susceptibility of plasma low density lipoprotein to cupric ion-induced peroxidation in patients with variant angina. Fujita, M; Miwa, K; Miyagi, Y, 1995)	0.29
"Before the widespread use of vitamin E in any dosage regimen can be recommended for the prevention of CAD, more information on its efficacy and adverse effects must be obtained."	( Vitamin E and the risk of coronary artery disease. Frazier, JL; Young, EG, 1995)	0.29
" Further, a dosage of 200 to 300 mg of quinine every night has not been shown to cause significant side effects."	( Is quinine effective and safe in leg cramps? Abernathy, T; Mandal, AK; Nelluri, SN; Stitzel, V, 1995)	0.29
" In gerbils on the standard diet at 6 wk after dosing with iron, in situ hybridization analysis documented a dramatic increase of signal for collagen mRNA around iron foci onto liver fat storing cells (FSC), as identified by immunocytochemistry with desmin antibody."	( Molecular and cellular aspects of iron-induced hepatic cirrhosis in rodents. Casalgrandi, G; Gualdi, R; Montosi, G; Pietrangelo, A; Ventura, E, 1995)	0.29
" Further, a significant dose-response relationship between smoking and vitamin C status was observed."	( Relationship between smoking and antioxidant nutrient status. Ahmed, F; Faruque, MO; Khan, MR; Rahman, MM, 1995)	0.29
" These findings were correlated with the dosage of vitamin E since the vitamin E content was greatly reduced by 46."	( Preservation of cortical microcirculation after kidney ischemia-reperfusion: value of an iron chelator. Defraigne, JO; Detry, O; Franssen, C; Limet, R; Meurisse, M; Pincemail, J, 1994)	0.29
" Groups of Wistar rats of equal male: female ratio (n = 24) were fed alcohol by gavage twice daily to achieve a dosage of 15 g/kg body weight."	( Lipid peroxidation in rats chronically fed ethanol. Greenfield, SM; Miller, N; Punchard, NA; Rice-Evans, CA; Teare, JP; Thompson, RP; Watson, D, 1994)	0.29
" Tissue changes correlated with dosage and duration of vitamin E administration and suggested massive accumulation of vitamin E in cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system."	( Vitamin E toxicity in neonatal piglets. Habersang, RW; Hale, TW; Harkey, C; Montgomery, DL; Rais-Bahrami, K, 1995)	0.29
" Tocotrienol showed a more pronounced effect at a dosage of greater than 50 microM tocotrienol at 1-3 days in culture compared to the control."	( Glutathione S-transferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in cultured rat hepatocytes treated with tocotrienol and tocopherol. Khalid, AK; Marzuki, A; Md Top, AG; Ong, FB; Shamaan, NA; Wan Ngah, WZ, 1993)	0.29
" Pretreatment with TR enhanced the effect of EGF on DNA synthesis but did not change the dose-response relationship for EGF-mediated DNA synthesis."	( Enhancement by tocoretinate of epidermal growth factor-induced DNA synthesis in human intestinal epithelial cells. Kawamura, N; Kojima, I; Kurokawa, K; Miki, K, 1994)	0.29
" 2"-O-GIV exhibited a dose-response effect but alpha-tocopherol did not."	( Inhibitory effect of 2"-O-glycosyl isovitexin and alpha-tocopherol on genotoxic glyoxal formation in a lipid peroxidation system. Hagiwara, H; Hagiwara, Y; Nishiyama, T; Shibamoto, T, 1994)	0.29
" Radioactivity in lymph was measured in four additional wethers dosed intraruminally (100 microCi) with the same tritiated compounds."	( Metabolism of tritiated D-alpha-tocopherol and D-alpha-tocopheryl succinate in intraruminally dosed sheep. Hidiroglou, M; Ivan, M; Toutain, PL, 1994)	0.29
" Administration of vitamin E or beta-carotine both prevented the increase of retinal lipid peroxide with amelioration of the photic injury to the retinal structures, though the effects were closely related to the dosage and time of medication."	( [Photogenic retinal damage and its medicinal prevention: lipid peroxide studies]. Chen, WH; Zhang, HR, 1994)	0.29
" Bioefficiencies were calculated by comparison of the dose-response curves."	( Bioefficiency of different tocopherols in chicken as assessed by haemolysis test and microsomal pentane production. Balthazary, ST; Fuhrmann, H; Sallmann, HP, 1994)	0.29
" It reached the peak level 3 days after dosing and remained at an elevated level up to 14 days."	( Aflatoxin B1-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Lee, HP; Ong, CN; Shen, HM; Shi, CY, 1994)	0.29
" The in vitro cholesterol-biosynthesis-inhibitory and HMGR-suppressive activities in HepG2 cells of an expanded series of benzopyran and tetrahydronaphthalene isosteres and the hypocholesterolemic activity of selected compounds assessed in orally dosed chickens are presented."	( Inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. 2. Hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activities of benzopyran and tetrahydronaphthalene analogues of the tocotrienols. Deason, ME; Dischino, DD; Gillespie, E; Parker, RA; Pearce, BC; Qureshi, AA; Volk, K; Wright, JJ, 1994)	0.29
" Carnitine, in the novel dosage form, accumulated to a higher extent in the liver (156%) and spleen (336%), while the concentration in lung (52%), heart (55%) and muscle tissue (54%) decreased markedly relative to the standard."	( Pharmacokinetics and organ distribution of liposome-encapsulated L-carnitine in rats. Jäger, W; Koch, HP, 1993)	0.29
" The other described toxic effects of BHA and BHT are less characteristic and often occur only after high dosage and long-term treatment."	( [Toxicology of the synthetic antioxidants BHA and BHT in comparison with the natural antioxidant vitamin E]. Kahl, R; Kappus, H, 1993)	0.29
"The two groups receiving 15,000 IU/d of vitamin A had on average a slower rate of decline of retinal function than the two groups not receiving this dosage (P = ."	( A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa. Berson, EL; Hayes, KC; Nicholson, BW; Rosner, B; Sandberg, MA; Weigel-DiFranco, C; Willett, W, 1993)	0.29
" We judged the evidence in support of causal relationships based upon consistency of results across studies, strength of association, and evidence of a dose-response relationship."	( Epidemiologic studies of antioxidants and cancer in humans. Coates, RJ; Flagg, EW; Greenberg, RS, 1995)	0.29
" During each period, the subjects consumed a 15-g supplement of fish oil and either 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg TA/d in a balanced, single square dosing order."	( alpha-Tocopherol influences in vivo indices of lipid peroxidation in postmenopausal women given fish oil. Du, SH; Ketchum, SO; Rowe, KE; Wander, RC, 1996)	0.29
" At baseline, no appreciable differences of dietary intake of vitamin E and plasma alpha-tocopherol were observed among the three dosage groups."	( Effects of dietary supplementation of alpha-tocopherol on plasma glutathione and DNA repair activities. Berwick, M; Boorstein, R; Chandiramani, M; Dubin, N; Hu, JJ; Mahabir, S; Roush, GC, 1996)	0.29
" Preliminary trials of a combination treatment with these two drugs is a new avenue which has shown in preliminary trials to yield synergistic effects which might allow the dosage of tetracycline to be reduced."	( Treatment of actinic prurigo in Chimila Indians. Bernal, J; Durán, MM; Ordoñez, CP; Prieto, JC, 1996)	0.29
" In vivo studies from our laboratory with potent antioxidants in dosage regimes inhibiting LP, however, were in contrast with that hypothesis."	( Depression of liver microsomal glucose 6-phosphatase activity in carbon tetrachloride-poisoned rats. Potential synergistic effects of lipid peroxidation and of covalent binding of haloalkane-derived free radicals to cellular components in the process. Castro, JA; de Toranzo, EG; González Padrón, A, 1996)	0.29
" The equimolar mixtures show an antimutagenic effect at both dosage used with a synergistic effect at lower dosage and an additive antimutagenic activity at higher dosage."	( Effects of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol on photogenotoxicity induced by 8-methoxypsoralen: the role of oxygen. Bianchi, L; Melli, R; Pizzala, R; Quarta, S; Rehak, L; Stivala, LA; Vannini, V, 1996)	0.29
" Each patient ingested alpha-tocopherol daily with monthly dosage increases (400, 800, 1,600, 3,200, 4,000 IU/day)."	( Alpha-tocopherol in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease patients: dose-response study and correlations with plasma levels. Carvey, PM; Goetz, CG; Ling, ZD; Lipton, JW; Pappert, EJ; Stebbins, GT; Tangney, CC, 1996)	0.29
" A clear dose-response curve occurred in plasma, with statistically significant increases over baseline developing even with 400 IU/d."	( Alpha-tocopherol in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease patients: dose-response study and correlations with plasma levels. Carvey, PM; Goetz, CG; Ling, ZD; Lipton, JW; Pappert, EJ; Stebbins, GT; Tangney, CC, 1996)	0.29
" Ingestion of vitamin E in high dosage has been shown to reduce the susceptibility of LDL to copper-induced oxidation, as assessed ex vivo."	( What dose of vitamin E is required to reduce susceptibility of LDL to oxidation? Balasubramaniam, S; Simons, LA; Von Konigsmark, M, 1996)	0.29
"We performed the following studies: (1) a cross-sectional comparison of smokers and control subjects, (2) an examination of the dose-response relationship, (3) an exploration of the effect of smoking cessation (3 weeks) and nicotine patch supplementation, (4) the effect of aspirin consumption, and (5) the effects of 5 days' dosing with vitamin E (100 and 800 U), vitamin C (2 g), and their combination."	( Modulation of oxidant stress in vivo in chronic cigarette smokers. Delanty, N; FitzGerald, GA; Lawson, JA; Reilly, M, 1996)	0.29
" However, Pt was detected in the cerebral cortex of mice pretreated with either a low dosage of allopurinol or heat-denatured catalase."	( Free radical scavengers suppress the accumulation of platinum in the cerebral cortex. Ichii, M; Kawaki, H; Minami, T; Okazaki, J; Okazaki, Y, )	0.13
" Dose-response studies using the pure compounds indicated that caffeic acid was the most active antioxidant with an IC50 < 1 mumol/l for copper-initiated low-density lipoprotein oxidation."	( Phenolic content of various beverages determines the extent of inhibition of human serum and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro: identification and mechanism of action of some cinnamic acid derivatives from red wine. Abu-Amsha, R; Beilin, LJ; Croft, KD; Proudfoot, JM; Puddey, IB, 1996)	0.29
" The increase in AT serum levels was not proportional with increasing doses of AT, which may explain the lack of a dose-response effect of AT on 13cRA toxicity."	( Phase I trial of alpha-tocopherol effects on 13-cis-retinoic acid toxicity. Dimery, IW; Fritsche, HA; Guillory-Perez, C; Hong, WK; Lee, JJ; Lippman, SM; Pham, F, 1997)	0.3
" In contrast, treatment with a diet enriched with 2% (wt/wt) of vitamin E, yielding an approximate daily dosage of 2 g/kg of vitamin E, clearly restored both embryonic and fetal morphology."	( Vitamin E decreases the occurrence of malformations in the offspring of diabetic rats. Eriksson, UJ; Simán, CM, 1997)	0.3
" Groups sc(SeM+E) and imSeM+orE were stressed by dosing with protected polyunsaturated fatty acids from day 56 onwards."	( Effectiveness of alpha-tocopherol and selenium supplements in preventing lupinosis-associated myopathy in sheep. Allen, JG; Smith, GM, 1997)	0.3
" The purpose of the study was to determine the dose-response effects of olestra on fat-soluble vitamins and selected water-soluble micronutrients."	( Olestra dose response on fat-soluble and water-soluble nutrients in the pig. Berry, DA; Cooper, DA; King, D; Kiorpes, AL; Peters, JC; Spendel, VA, 1997)	0.3
" The pellet diet was supplemented by oral dosing with a solution containing either maintenance dietary levels of ascorbic acid and iron, or one of three regimens that increased the dosage of these substances ten fold."	( Effects of co-supplementation of iron with ascorbic acid on antioxidant--pro-oxidant balance in the guinea pig. Collis, CS; Diplock, AT; Hallinan, T; Rice-Evans, CA; Yang, M, 1997)	0.3
" Hence, the aim of the present study was to examine the relative effects of RRR-AT and all-rac-AT on plasma antioxidant levels and LDL oxidation in healthy persons in a dose-response study."	( Dose-response comparison of RRR-alpha-tocopherol and all-racemic alpha-tocopherol on LDL oxidation. Adams-Huet, B; Devaraj, S; Fuller, CJ; Jialal, I, 1997)	0.3
" A formal meta-analysis was not performed because very significant differences among study populations, type (supplemental versus dietary) and dosage of antioxidant vitamins, duration of follow-up and overall study design exist for both epidemiological investigations and clinical trials, and the pooling of study results could be misleading."	( Is there a role for antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases? An update on epidemiological and clinical trials data. Lonn, EM; Yusuf, S, 1997)	0.3
" Urinary 8-epi-PGF2 alpha was unchanged after 2-week dosing with aspirin and indobufen despite complete suppression of TX metabolite excretion."	( In vivo formation of 8-Epi-prostaglandin F2 alpha is increased in hypercholesterolemia. Alessandrini, P; Bon, GB; Bucciarelli, T; Ciabattoni, G; Cipollone, F; Costantini, F; Davi, G; Mezzetti, A; Minotti, G; Patrono, C, 1997)	0.3
"A dose-response study of bolus intravenous (i."	( Vitamin E reduces oxidant injury to mitochondria and the hepatotoxicity of taurochenodeoxycholic acid in the rat. Devereaux, MW; Everson, G; Goff, MC; Han, D; McKim, JM; Packer, L; Ruyle, SZ; Sokol, RJ, 1998)	0.3
" Dose-response studies in humans have reported that 400 IU/day vitamin E increased its levels in plasma two-fold and prolonged the lag time before LDL oxidation."	( Effect of supplementation with vitamin E on LDL oxidizability and prevention of atherosclerosis. Ayaori, M; Hisada, T; Ishikawa, T; Nakamura, H; Shige, H; Suzukawa, M, 1998)	0.3
" Differences in natural and synthetic vitamin E concentrations were measured directly under equal dosage conditions using an equimolar mixture of deuterated RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate."	( Human plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E. Acuff, RV; Burton, GW; Hughes, L; Ingold, KU; Kayden, H; Traber, MG; Walters, DN, 1998)	0.3
" Our data suggested that conventional dosage of alpha-tocopherol at 100 IU/kg chow lowered kidney TGF beta 1 to control values and increasing the dose by 2 1/2-fold or even 5-fold resulted in no further reduction in TGF beta 1 mRNA."	( alpha-Tocopherol reduces proteinuria, oxidative stress, and expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 in IgA nephropathy in the rat. Chan, JC; Chan, W; Krieg, RJ; Norkus, EP, 1998)	0.3
" The infarct volume of the group with the highest repletion dosage was significantly reduced by 81%."	( Protective effect of vitamin E in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Eichinger, A; Schlachter, M; Stangassinger, M; Stohrer, M, )	0.13
" The tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) of palm oil inhibited growth of MCF7 cells in both the presence and absence of estradiol with a nonlinear dose-response but such that complete suppression of growth was achieved at 8 microg/mL."	( Tocotrienols inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells irrespective of estrogen receptor status. Darbre, P; Dils, R; Nesaretnam, K; Stephen, R, 1998)	0.3
"; they got another treatment with half of the dosage in the fourth week of life."	( [Effects of a selenium/vitamin E substitution on the development of newborn calves on selenium-deficient farms]. Feldmann, M; Höltershinken, M; Jachens, G; Scholz, H, 1998)	0.3
" Lindane treatment in euthyroid rats at a dosage of 20mg/kg did not modify the content of liver microsomal cytochromes P450 and b5, the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, and the production of superoxide radical (O2."	( Liver microsomal parameters related to oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in hyperthyroid rats subjected to acute lindane treatment. Junqueira, VB; Rodrigues, L; Rodrigues, T; Simon Giavarotti, KA; Videla, LA, 1998)	0.3
" Riboflavin decreased SCEs induced by Trp-P-2 in all treatment schedules, although statistically confirmed minima were observed in the dose-response curves, except in post-treatment experiments."	( Effects of beta-carotene, retinal, riboflavin, alpha-tocopherol and vitamins C and K1 on sister-chromatid exchanges induced by 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) and cyclophosphamide in human lymphocyte cultures. Dunkelberg, H; Edenharder, R; Kerkhoff, G, 1998)	0.3
" Female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with diethylnitrosamine (15 mg/kg) at 24 h of age."	( Effect of dietary lipid on gamma-glutamyl transferase-positive foci during hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Chen, HW; Ko, JJ; Lii, CK, 1998)	0.3
" In liver, the maximum accumulation of the carotenoid was reached after 2 wk of dosing in female mice and after 6 wk in male mice."	( Supplementation with canthaxanthin affects plasma and tissue distribution of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols in mice. Bartoli, GM; Calviello, G; Moscato, P; Palozza, P; Serini, S, 1998)	0.3
" A significant reverse dose-response relationship with arsenic-related ISHD was observed for serum level of alpha- and beta-carotene, but not for serum levels of retinol, lycopene and alpha-tocopherol."	( Low serum carotene level and increased risk of ischemic heart disease related to long-term arsenic exposure. Chen, CJ; Chiou, HY; Hsueh, YM; Huang, YL; Tseng, CH; Wu, WL, 1998)	0.3
" 8-iso-PGF2alpha was unchanged after 2-week dosing with aspirin and indobufen despite profound suppression of TXM excretion."	( In vivo formation of 8-iso-prostaglandin f2alpha and platelet activation in diabetes mellitus: effects of improved metabolic control and vitamin E supplementation. Bucciarelli, T; Capani, F; Ciabattoni, G; Consoli, A; Costantini, F; Davì, G; Falco, A; Mezzetti, A; Patrono, C; Pennese, E; Santarone, S; Vitacolonna, E, 1999)	0.3
" A dose-response relationship was observed after cell incubation with vitamin E (0."	( Nerve growth factor, ganglioside and vitamin E reverse glutamate cytotoxicity in hippocampal cells. Cunha, GM; França, MC; Moraes, GA; Moraes, MO; Moraes, RA; Viana, GS, 1999)	0.3
" One experimental group of 5 pigs was dosed orally for 26 weeks starting 26 weeks after irradiation with 1600 mg/120 kg body weight of pentoxifylline (PTX) included in the reconstituted food during its fabrication, and another group of 5 was dosed orally for the same period with a daily dose of 1600 mg/120 kg body weight of PTX combined with 2000 IU/120 kg body weight of alpha-tocopherol."	( Striking regression of subcutaneous fibrosis induced by high doses of gamma rays using a combination of pentoxifylline and alpha-tocopherol: an experimental study. Delanian, S; Lefaix, JL; Leplat, JJ; Martin, M; Tricaud, Y; Vozenin, MC, 1999)	0.3
" No modifications were observed in the block of fibrotic scar tissue of pigs dosed with PTX alone."	( Striking regression of subcutaneous fibrosis induced by high doses of gamma rays using a combination of pentoxifylline and alpha-tocopherol: an experimental study. Delanian, S; Lefaix, JL; Leplat, JJ; Martin, M; Tricaud, Y; Vozenin, MC, 1999)	0.3
"To investigate the dose-response relationship between cholesterol lowering and three different, relatively low intake levels of plant sterols (0."	( Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Hendriks, HF; Meijer, GW; van Vliet, T; Weststrate, JA, 1999)	0.3
" From the dose-response curves obtained it was concluded that both duration of treatment and the concentration of the chemicals are important parameters."	( Effect of alpha-tocopherol and silibin dihemisuccinate on the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts. Azzi, A; Basaga, H; Boscoboinik, D; Onat, D, 1999)	0.3
" One such set is that of Sir Austin Bradford Hill, which includes criteria such as strength of association, dose-response relation, consistency of association, temporally correct association, specificity of association, and biological plausibility."	( Vitamin E and heart disease: a case study. Kushi, LH, 1999)	0.3
" Blood samples were taken from animals at the end of the dosage period and biochemical parameters in serum samples and haematological parameters in total blood were determined."	( Effects of intraperitoneally-administered vitamin E and selenium on the blood biochemical and haematological parameters in rats. Cay, M; Naziroğlu, M, 1999)	0.3
" If vitamin E supplementation is initiated, the literature suggests dosages of 100 to 400 IU/d, with the higher dosage considered in patients with documented CAD."	( Vitamin E and coronary artery disease. Carson, DS; Crouch, MA; Spencer, AP, 1999)	0.3
" Carcass characteristics and the meat quality of pork chops from longissimus muscle (LM) at the last lumbar vertebra were evaluated on eight barrows from each dosage group."	( Influence of dietary vitamin E supplementation on "heavy" pig carcass characteristics, meat quality, and vitamin E status. Corino, C; Oriani, G; Pantaleo, L; Pastorelli, G; Salvatori, G, 1999)	0.3
"001) reduced compared to the hypertensive control and maximum reduction of blood pressure was shown by the dosage of 34 mg of alpha-tocopherol/kg diet (C: 209."	( alpha-Tocopherol increased nitric oxide synthase activity in blood vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Gapor, A; Muslim, N; Nawal, NN; Newaz, MA; Rohaizan, CH, 1999)	0.3
" Current evidence suggests that patients with CHD would probably benefit from taking vitamin E in a dosage of 400 IU per day and vitamin C in a dosage of 500 to 1,000 mg per day."	( Antioxidant vitamins and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Adams, AK; McBride, PE; Wermuth, EO, 1999)	0.3
"Previous studies have shown that oral administration of 300 mg alpha-tocopherol/day to healthy volunteers decreases platelet function and enhances their sensitivity to the platelet inhibitor, prostaglandin E(1), when full dose-response curves to a range of agonist concentrations are made."	( Moderate supplementation with natural alpha-tocopherol decreases platelet aggregation and low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Bruckdorfer, KR; Mabile, L; Rice-Evans, C, 1999)	0.3
" The concentrations of the different antioxidants were: 1 mM for thioproline and N-acetylcysteine and 5 microM for ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol, which induced a maximum effect in our previous dose-response experiments."	( Effects in vitro of several antioxidants on the natural killer function of aging mice. Correa, R; De la Fuente, M; Del Rio, M; Ferrández, MD, 1999)	0.3
" In ex vivo studies, no changes were seen in lipid peroxide levels following acute dosage with L-arginine."	( Lack of antioxidant activity of the antiatherogenic compound L-arginine. Adams, MR; Celermajer, DS; Phu, CV; Stocker, R, 1999)	0.3
"120 consecutive patients affected by biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis C who had been non-responders to a previous course of alpha-interferon, administered at the dosage of 3-6 million units (MU) three times a week (tiw) for 6 months."	( Antioxidant drugs combined with alpha-interferon in chronic hepatitis C not responsive to alpha-interferon alone: a randomized, multicentre study. Airoldi, A; Bellobuono, A; Benetti, G; Bissoli, F; Cestari, C; Colombo, E; Del Poggio, P; Fracassetti, O; Idéo, G; Lazzaroni, S; Marelli, A; Mondazzi, L; Paris, B; Prada, A; Rainer, E; Roffi, L; Tempini, S, 1999)	0.3
"The patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups of treatment: group A, natural interferon-alphaN3, 6 or 9 MU tiw, when the body weight was < 60 kg or > or = 60 kg, respectively; group B, the same dosage of natural interferon-alphaN3 in association with oral administration of N-acetyl cysteine 1200 mg/day and vitamin E 600 mg/day."	( Antioxidant drugs combined with alpha-interferon in chronic hepatitis C not responsive to alpha-interferon alone: a randomized, multicentre study. Airoldi, A; Bellobuono, A; Benetti, G; Bissoli, F; Cestari, C; Colombo, E; Del Poggio, P; Fracassetti, O; Idéo, G; Lazzaroni, S; Marelli, A; Mondazzi, L; Paris, B; Prada, A; Rainer, E; Roffi, L; Tempini, S, 1999)	0.3
" Important design issues for the clinical trials include: defining cataract and AMD, estimating event rates, determining the type and dosage of vitamins and minerals to be tested for each condition, and identifying the parameters necessary for monitoring safety and efficacy."	( The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): design implications. AREDS report no. 1. , 1999)	0.3
" Thank to the development of methods allowing the routine dosage of all these parameters, general practitioners can now easily establish the oxidative stress status of their patients and, as fonction of getting patterns, detect populations at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases."	( [Determination of plasma concentrations of antioxidants, antibodies against oxidized LDL, and homocysteine in a population sample from Liège]. Chantillon, AM; Chapelle, JP; Cheramy-Bien, JP; Christiaens, G; Defraigne, JO; Gielen, J; Limet, R; Paulissen, G; Pincemail, J; Siquet, J, )	0.13
" (a) In uncontrolled stage, (b) At controlled stage and (c) After 4 weeks of vitamin E supplementation in dosage of 400 mg daily."	( An evaluation of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus during uncontrolled and controlled state and after vitamin E supplementation. Chugh, SN; Kakkar, R; Kalra, S; Sharma, A, 1999)	0.3
" Because antioxidant vitamins are inexpensive and free of side effects, additional research using a variety of antioxidant vitamin combinations and dosing regimens is needed."	( Measurement feasability of advanced glycated end-products from skin samples after antioxidant vitamin supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Kirk, JK; Konen, JC; Summerson, JH, 2000)	0.31
" Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was inversely associated with all subsites and subtypes of gastric cancer in a significant dose-response manner (all p<0."	( Dietary antioxidant intake and the risk of cardia cancer and noncardia cancer of the intestinal and diffuse types: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Ekström, AM; Hansson, LE; Nyrén, O; Serafini, M; Wolk, A; Ye, W, 2000)	0.31
" A positive correlation between alpha-tocopherol acetate intake and serum alpha-tocopherol levels was observed, the increase being linked to both the dosage and length of treatment."	( High dietary intake of alpha-tocopherol acetate enhances the non-specific immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Esteban, MA; Meseguer, J; Ortuño, J, 2000)	0.31
" Neonates are at high risk of oxidative injury in the lung and other organs because of a low vitamin E concentration, but the optimal timing of the application, a safe application form, and the optimal dosage of vitamin E are not known at present."	( HDL and vitamin E in plasma and the expression of SR-BI on lung cells during rat perinatal development. Kolleck, I; Rüstow, B; Sinha, P; Wissel, H; Witt, W, 2000)	0.31
" Ewes receiving vit E were orally dosed daily, 32 to 0 d before lambing."	( Evaluation of ewe and lamb immune response when ewes were supplemented with vitamin E. Bowman, JG; Burgess, DE; Daniels, JT; Hatfield, PG; Kottt, RW, 2000)	0.31
" Fruit and vegetable intake reflected plasma concentrations of antioxidants, which showed a dose-response relationship to frequency of consumption."	( Frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption and blood antioxidants in the Caerphilly cohort of older men. Coulter, J; Davis, A; Elwood, PC; Fehily, A; Kennedy, O; Mulholland, CW; Robson, PJ; Strain, JJ; Thurnham, DI, 2000)	0.31
" Short-term studies with guinea pigs treated intra-peritoneally with alpha-T showed that at low dosage (5 mg) the HMGCR activity was inhibited by 46% whereas increasing the dosage of alpha-T to 20 mg yielded lesser inhibition (18%) as compared to that of the control."	( Effects of administration of alpha-tocopherol and tocotrienols on serum lipids and liver HMG CoA reductase activity. Khor, HT; Ng, TT, 2000)	0.31
" An additional group of 20 males and 20 females received basal diet mixed with fish oil (Arista) to provide a target dosage of 1628 mg/kg/day, an amount of fat comparable to that received by rats administered the highest dose of DRM."	( Safety assessment of DHA-rich microalgae from Schizochytrium sp. Hammond, BG; Mast, RW; Mayhew, DA; Naylor, MW; Ruecker, FA; Sander, WJ, 2001)	0.31
" Increased dosage of alpha INF-2B resulted in increased severity of flu-like symptoms when compared to the lower (1 x 10(6) units) biweekly dosage."	( Combined intralesional interferon alpha 2B and oral vitamin E in the treatment of Peyronie's disease. Bryan, W; Hellstrom, WJ; Novak, TE; Sikka, S; Templeton, L, 2001)	0.31
" We tested the hypothesis that oral alpha-tocopherol in a dosage regimen used in secondary prevention trials would reduce directly observed oxidatively induced single-strand breaks in lymphocyte DNA in Type II diabetes."	( Increased DNA oxidative susceptibility without increased plasma LDL oxidizability in Type II diabetes: effects of alpha-tocopherol supplementation. Astley, S; Davies, IR; Hughes, DA; Richardson, T; Sampson, MJ; Southon, S; Willis, G, 2001)	0.31
" The stability and the homogeneity of the dosing solutions were tested under study conditions."	( Subchronic toxicity of fish oil concentrates in male and female rats. Alam, HZ; Chirtel, SJ; Duvall, RE; Jackson, RC; Rabbani, PI; Ruffin, G, 2001)	0.31
" Therefore, alcoholics should abstain from alcohol drinking, and should take as supplements suitable dosage of antioxidants per day such as VC, VE, beta-CAR and others to moderate potential oxidative damages in their bodies."	( Studies on the oxidative stress in alcohol abusers in China. Chen, P; Zhou, JF, 2001)	0.31
" In the abstaining from heroin dependence, therefore, it should consider that sufficient quantum antioxidants such as VC, VE and beta-CAR are dosed to the HAs so as to abate the injuries to their bodies."	( Primary studies on heroin abuse and injury induced by oxidation and lipoperoxidation. Cai, D; Ding, D; Ma, S; Peng, F; Ruan, Z; Si, P; Sun, L; Xu, S; Yan, X; Yuan, H; Zhou, J, 2001)	0.31
" Results show that red palm oil groups recorded more gain in retinol and beta-carotene levels compared to other dosage groups, and that administration of 10 ml did not offer any substantial improvement over the 5-ml daily dose."	( Impact of vitamin A supplementation through different dosages of red palm oil and retinol palmitate on preschool children. Alwin Jayakumar, Y; Arumughan, C; Damodaran, M; Deepa, SS; Jayalekshmy, A; Raman Kutty, V; Sankara Sarma, P; Sivan, YS; Soban Kumar, DR; Soman, CR; Suja, KP; Sundaresan, A, 2002)	0.31
"The dose-response curves of platelet aggregation, dense body secretion, phospholipase C activation and calcium mobilization were measured in aspirin-treated platelets with and without added vitamin E (50 and 100 M)."	( Vitamin E potentiates the antiplatelet activity of aspirin in collagen-stimulated platelets. Celestini, A; Frati, G; Gazzaniga, PP; Lenti, L; Pignatelli, P; Pulcinelli, FM; Violi, F, 2002)	0.31
" Ewes that received supplemental vitamin E were orally dosed every other day with 660 IU of DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate in a gelatin capsule beginning on d 1 and continuing to d 63 of the study."	( Serum alpha-tocopherol and immune function in yearling ewes supplemented with zinc and vitamin E. Daniels, JT; Hatfield, PG; Kott, RW; Minikhiem, DL; Robinson, BL; Roth, NI; Swenson, CK, 2002)	0.31
" Some of the available data on the efficacy of VE as an oral drug for male infertility or as an additive during in vitro manipulations of spermatozoa were reviewed here, observing that they are often contradictory, possibly because: (1) antioxidant therapy could be ineffective in certain studies not concentrated on men in whom oxidative stress is implicated as an infertility factor, and (2) the VE antioxidant therapy is a double-edged sword strictly depending on the dosage or the in vitro concentration of the vitamin."	( The controversial efficacy of vitamin E for human male infertility. Bolle, P; Evandri, MG; Saso, L, 2002)	0.31
" In Experiment 2, we examined whether sesaminol caused enhanced absorption of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol in a dosage regimen supplying T-mix and sesaminol on alternating days and observed significantly higher levels of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol in rats fed sesaminol, even without simultaneous intake, compared to those in rats without sesaminol."	( Effect of sesaminol on plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol concentrations in rats fed a vitamin E concentrate rich in tocotrienols. Iizuka, Y; Ikeda, I; Ikeda, S; Yamashita, K, 2002)	0.31
" Data suggest that supplemental alpha-TA may be needed to counteract SSCS-induced oxidative stress, but that potential side effects introduced by high dosage of this synthetic compound should be considered."	( Immunomodulatory effects of high-dose alpha-tocopherol acetate on mice subjected to sidestream cigarette smoke. Sun, NN; Wang, S; Watson, RR; Witten, ML; Zhang, J, 2002)	0.31
" Among the reliability assays 1 of 3 brands of vitamin E, 1 of 2 brands of selenium and 1 of 2 brands of saw palmetto demonstrated statistical differences in interlot dosage (p <0."	( Analytical accuracy and reliability of commonly used nutritional supplements in prostate disease. Feifer, AH; Fleshner, NE; Klotz, L, 2002)	0.31
" The dose-response relationship of liver injury induced by various doses of econazole was observed simultaneously from serum biochemical assay of SGOT and SGPT, and also from hepatohistological microscopic examination, by determination of the hepatoprotective effects of various concentrations of TMP on SGOT and SGPT elevation induced by a hepatotoxic dose of econazole (300 mg/kg)."	( Hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects of tetramethylpyrazine on acute econazole-induced liver injury. Lin, CC; Lin, SC; Liu, CF; Ng, LT, 2002)	0.31
" A dosage of 30-40 ng/mL TCDD induced maximal intracellular production of H2O2 at 30 minutes and led to severe cell death (0-31% survival) at two hours."	( Alpha-tocopherol protects cultured human cells from the acute lethal cytotoxicity of dioxin. Hirai, K; Kanamaru, T; Koyama, J; Pan, JH; Shimada, H; Shui, YB; Simamura, E, 2002)	0.31
"High dosage of fructose induces insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and alterations in plasma lipid profile in normal rats."	( Taurine modulates antioxidant potential and controls lipid peroxidation in the aorta of high fructose-fed rats. Anitha Nandhini, AT; Anuradha, CV; Balakrishnan, SD, 2002)	0.31
" With a view to study the ameliorative action of some antioxidants against this effect, vitamins C and E were used separately and in combination along with hydrocortisone treatment, at different dosage and for different durations, on human lymphocyte cultures."	( Additive action of vitamins C and E against hydrocortisone-induced genotoxicity in human lymphocyte chromosomes. Afzal, M; Ahmad, S; Hoda, A, 2002)	0.31
" In order to investigate this hypothesis further and to understand the role of antioxidant supplementation, peripheral blood lymphocytes were taken from 36 dialysis patients before and after Vitamin E supplementation in a dosage of 600 mg per day (2x300 mg) for 14 weeks and examined in the alkaline Comet assay for DNA strand breakage."	( Assessment of DNA strand breakage by the alkaline COMET assay in dialysis patients and the role of Vitamin E supplementation. Bali, M; Başaran, N; Kan, E; Undeğer, U, 2002)	0.31
" Among followed strategies to attenuate adriamycin toxicity are dosage optimisation, synthesis and use of analogues or combined therapy with antioxidants."	( Antioxidant nutrients and adriamycin toxicity. Battino, M; Huertas, JR; Mataix, J; Quiles, JL; Ramírez-Tortosa, MC, 2002)	0.31
" Groups 3, 4 and 5 received four subcutaneous injections at six-hour intervals for total dosage of 10 mg/kg melatonin, 150 mg/kg vitamin E and 22 microg/kg octreotide respectively."	( The protective effects of melatonin, vitamin E and octreotide on retinal edema during ischemia-reperfusion in the guinea pig retina. Celebi, S; Kükner, AS; Yilmaz, T, )	0.13
" The dosage stimulated the activity of helper-inducing and cytotoxic T-cells."	( [Effect of small doses of ionizing radiation on selected antioxidant and immunologic parameters in patients with cervical cancer]. Frantsiiants, EM; Rozenko, LIa; Zakora, GI; Zlatnik, EIu, 2002)	0.31
" Pharmacologists warn against high dosage of vitamin E because of its pro-oxidative effects on low-density lipoprotein with consecutive cardiac risks."	( Severe tardive dyskinesia in affective disorders: treatment with vitamin E and C. Arolt, V; Erfurth, A; Michael, N; Sourgens, H, 2002)	0.31
" Regardless of the dosage of GO, the high-FO diet increased CYP1A1, CYP3A1 and CYP2E1 levels compared with the high- and low-MO diets."	( The combined effects of garlic oil and fish oil on the hepatic antioxidant and drug-metabolizing enzymes of rats. Chen, HW; Kuo, WW; Lii, CK; Liu, CT; Tsai, CW; Yang, JJ, 2003)	0.32
" For patients using supplements, we also noted duration of use, reason for use, who recommended use, and type and dosage of supplements (including vitamin, mineral and herbal supplements)."	( Current use of dietary supplementation in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Chang, CW; Chu, G; Greve, MD; Hinz, BJ, 2003)	0.32
" The immunological effects of more modest doses of n-3 PUFA in human subjects are unclear, dose-response relationships between n-3 PUFA supply and immune function have not been established and whether ALNA has the same effects as its long-chain derivatives is not known."	( Comparison of the effects of linseed oil and different doses of fish oil on mononuclear cell function in healthy human subjects. Calder, PC; Miles, EA; Wallace, FA, 2003)	0.32
" To test the discriminative properties of the biomarkers, the dosage regimens were designed with an expected difference in therapeutic efficacy in favour of danofloxacin."	( Putative biomarkers for evaluating antibiotic treatment: an experimental model of porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection. Angen, Ø; Friis, C; Lauritzen, B; Lykkesfeldt, J; Nielsen, JP; Skaanild, MT, 2003)	0.32
"05) and a significant positive dose-response with frequency of orange juice consumption (P=0."	( Dietary intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and risk of melanoma in two cohorts of women. Colditz, GA; Feskanich, D; Hunter, DJ; Willett, WC, 2003)	0.32
"In this investigation we describe the preparation, physical characterisation and in vivo behaviour of solid dispersions of a liquid nutraceutical, alpha-tocopherol, in Gelucire 44/14 with a view to establishing whether dispersion in this matrix may provide a means of formulating a liquid drug in a solid dosage form while also improving the oral bioavailability."	( An investigation into the structure and bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol dispersions in Gelucire 44/14. Barker, SA; Craig, DQ; McCoy, CP; Murphy, JR; Yap, SP; Yuen, KH, 2003)	0.32
"Acetaminophen, a safe analgesic when dosed properly but hepatotoxic at overdoses, has been reported to induce DNA strand breaks but it is unclear whether this event preceeds hepatocyte toxicity or is only obvious in case of overt cytotoxicity."	( Antioxidants protect primary rat hepatocyte cultures against acetaminophen-induced DNA strand breaks but not against acetaminophen-induced cytotoxicity. El-Bahay, C; Hanelt, S; Kahl, R; Lewerenz, V; Nastevska, C; Röhrdanz, E, 2003)	0.32
" The efficiency of Vitamin E therapy in dialysis patients was also assessed by re-evaluating antioxidant status of the same patients after supplementation of the vitamin E in a dosage of 600 mg/daily for 14 weeks."	( The effect of vitamin E supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation levels in hemodialysis patients. Bali, M; Basaran, N; Giray, B; Hincal, F; Kan, E, 2003)	0.32
"9) activity in plasma, red blood cells (RBC), livers, and kidneys of rabbits dosed with cadmium (Cd)."	( Role of dietary vitamin E in cadmium-induced oxidative damage in rabbit's blood, liver and kidneys. Aksakal, M; Beytut, E; Kamiloglu, NN; Yuce, A, 2003)	0.32
"The dose-response effect of dietary fish oil was investigated in the photochemically induced thrombosis model in guinea pigs."	( Fish oil inhibits photochemically induced thrombosis in the guinea pig in a dose dependent manner. Curiel-Martos, A; Jerling, JC; Kloots, W; Kroner, C, 2003)	0.32
" Because of the complexity of this protocol, the authors suggest that a parenteral multivitamin product designed for VLBW infants which uses weight-based dosing should be developed."	( A modified vitamin regimen for vitamin B2, A, and E administration in very-low-birth-weight infants. Adcock, E; Greene, H; Porcelli, PJ, 2004)	0.32
" Analysis of their constituents showed that, although over 75% contained all the constituents used in AREDS, only two matched the dosage profiles recommended in the study."	( Eye nutrient products for age-related macular degeneration: what do they contain? Arora, S; Mukherji, S; Musadiq, M; Yang, YC, 2004)	0.32
" The subjects received an escalating dosage of coenzyme Q10--1200, 1800, 2400, and 3000 mg/day with a stable dosage of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) 1200 IU/day."	( Pilot trial of high dosages of coenzyme Q10 in patients with Parkinson's disease. Flint Beal, M; Fontaine, D; Shults, CW; Song, D, 2004)	0.32
" Ethanol was administered to rats at a dosage of 3 g/kg body weight twice daily and taurine was provided in the diet (10 g/kg diet)."	( Taurine restores ethanol-induced depletion of antioxidants and attenuates oxidative stress in rat tissues. Anuradha, CV; Mahalakshmi, K; Pushpakiran, G, 2004)	0.32
"To perform a meta-analysis of the dose-response relationship between vitamin E supplementation and total mortality by using data from randomized, controlled trials."	( Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Appel, LJ; Dalal, D; Guallar, E; Miller, ER; Pastor-Barriuso, R; Riemersma, RA, 2005)	0.33
" A dose-response analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between vitamin E dosage and all-cause mortality, with increased risk of dosages greater than 150 IU/d."	( Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Appel, LJ; Dalal, D; Guallar, E; Miller, ER; Pastor-Barriuso, R; Riemersma, RA, 2005)	0.33
" The combined usual dosage of vitamins C and E supplements was found to improve the endothelial function in chronic smokers."	( Effect of chronic oral supplementation with vitamins on the endothelial function in chronic smokers. Ayaori, M; Etsuda, H; Hamabe, A; Ishihara, M; Kurita, A; Kusano, H; Matsushima, Y; Ohsuzu, F; Takase, B; Uehata, A, )	0.13
"This survey showed a lack of uniformity of dosing of intravenous vitamin E in VLBW infants."	( Variability in the dose of intravenous vitamin E given to very low birth weight infants. Bell, EF; Brion, LP; Raghuveer, TS, 2005)	0.33
" Furthermore, dose-response studies show that growth inhibitory doses of tocotrienols are 5-6 times lower than their corresponding lethal doses, suggesting that the antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of tocotrienols are mediated through different mechanisms."	( Mechanisms mediating the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of vitamin E in mammary cancer cells. Shah, SJ; Sylvester, PW, 2005)	0.33
" The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a daily dosage of 1000 mg vitamin C, 800 mg vitamin E, and 10 mg folate on markers of vascular function in 31 young healthy male adults."	( Cardiovascular effects of oral Supplementation of vitamin C, E and folic acid in young healthy males. Huisman, HW; Jerling, JC; Oosthuizen, W; Schutte, AE; van Rooyen, JM, 2004)	0.32
"Considering that the excessive usage of vitamin E causes hypervitaminosis and thus reduces blood erythrocyte concentrations, therefore it is worth studying how its pharmacological dosage affects the activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme found in erythrocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in vitro and in vivo."	( Effect of vitamin E on carbonic anhydrase enzyme activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) erythrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Aras-Hisar, S; Beydemir, S; Gülçin, I; Hisar, O; Yanik, T, 2004)	0.32
" First, dose-response relationships of each of diclofenac, piroxicam and alpha-tocopherol were evaluated using bone marrow lymphocytes counts and monoamines levels in plasma, brain and spleen."	( Effects of diclofenac, piroxicam and alpha-tocopherol on monoaminelymphopoietic interfacing in mice. Hamed, MR; Hasan, WA; Hassanein, NM, 2004)	0.32
"The objective of this study was to assess the dose-response effect of almond intake on plasma and red blood cell tocopherol concentrations in healthy adults enrolled in a randomized, crossover feeding trial."	( Almonds in the diet simultaneously improve plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations and reduce plasma lipids. Haddad, E; Jambazian, PR; Rajaram, S; Sabaté, J; Tanzman, J, 2005)	0.33
" Plasma and urine samples were obtained on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 (7 days after the final supplement) of each dosing period and the strength of the underlying association between responses determined using Kendall's tau_b test."	( Inter- and intra-individual vitamin E uptake in healthy subjects is highly repeatable across a wide supplementation dose range. Kelly, FJ; Lee, R; Mudway, IS, 2004)	0.32
" Tocopherol dosage was 600 IU three times daily."	( Treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome with isolated del(5q) including bands q31-q33 with a combination of all-trans-retinoic acid and tocopherol-alpha: a phase II study. Aivado, M; Aul, C; Büsche, G; Ganser, A; Germing, U; Giagounidis, AA; Grabenhorst, U; Grips, KH; Haase, S; Heinsch, M; Kreipe, HH; Lübbert, M; Rothmann, F; Schlegelberger, B; Wilkens, L; Wysk, J, 2005)	0.33
" The combination of PLGA/TPGS/PEG as safe pharmaceutical excipient to formulate particulate delivery system is beneficial in improving the pharmaceutical properties for further powder dosage application."	( Novel powder formulations for controlled delivery of poorly soluble anticancer drug: application and investigation of TPGS and PEG in spray-dried particulate system. Feng, SS; Mu, L; Ning, HZ; Tan, CS; Teo, MM, 2005)	0.33
" Rats, fasted overnight, were dosed with indomethacin (20 mg/kg) by gavage and sacrificed 24 h later."	( Indomethacin induces free radical-mediated changes in renal brush border membranes. Balasubramanian, KA; Basivireddy, J; Jacob, M, 2005)	0.33
" After adjusting for age and duration of abstinence, there was no dose-response association between any DFI outcome and any antioxidant intake measure."	( Effect of antioxidant intake on sperm chromatin stability in healthy nonsmoking men. Block, G; Eskenazi, B; Evenson, DP; Silver, EW; Wyrobek, AJ; Young, S, )	0.13
" Based on the transcriptional dose-response data, EC50 and IC50 values were determined for each of these genes."	( Comparative quantification of pharmacodynamic parameters of chiral compounds (RRR- vs. all-rac-alpha tocopherol) by global gene expression profiling. Barella, L; Frank, J; Muller, PY; Netscher, T; Rimbach, G; Stoecklin, E, 2005)	0.33
"An in vitro dose-response curve of human A549 lung cancer tumors to VES was established."	( Vitamin E succinate decreases lung cancer tumor growth in mice. Boley, T; Engle, D; Grasch, A; Hazelrigg, S; Litwiller, A; Peralta, E; Quin, J, 2005)	0.33
"We observed a linear increase in SOD activity in the first dosing group, which was significant (p<0."	( Paradoxical dose- and time-dependent regulation of superoxide dismutase and antioxidant capacity by vitamin E in rat. Dehpour, AR; Golestani, A; Khaghani, S; Pasalar, P; Payabvash, SM; Rastegar, R; Salmasi, AH; Shariftabrizi, A, 2006)	0.33
" Parameters studied were biopsies of the soleus muscle, dosing of creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, potassium, calcium and arterial blood gasometry."	( Histological and biochemical serum effects of alpha-tocopherol on ischemia/reperfusion-related injuries induced in the pelvic limb of rats. Castro, AA; Costa, Rde F; Juliano, Y; Miranda, F; Peixoto, E; Pitta, Gde B; Ramos, EA; Silva, MG, )	0.13
" As to dosing of calcium and lactate dehydrogenase, the pH, pO2 and pCO2 values were not significant for all groups studied."	( Histological and biochemical serum effects of alpha-tocopherol on ischemia/reperfusion-related injuries induced in the pelvic limb of rats. Castro, AA; Costa, Rde F; Juliano, Y; Miranda, F; Peixoto, E; Pitta, Gde B; Ramos, EA; Silva, MG, )	0.13
"To investigate the influences of vitamin E (VE) at different dosage on peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) proliferation and anti-DNA oxidative damage activities and erythrocyte membrane fluidity."	( [Study on influence of different dosage of vitamin E on peripheral blood cell activities in rats]. Ma, AG; Sun, YY; Wang, QZ; Xue, ML; Zhang, X, 2005)	0.33
" Thus, this system may provide a useful dosage form for oral water-insoluble drug without food effect."	( A new self-emulsifying formulation of itraconazole with improved dissolution and oral absorption. Hong, JY; Kim, CK; Kim, JK; Park, JS; Song, YK, 2006)	0.33
" Adult male rats were dosed for 30 days with daily intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 2 mg/kg Aroclor or vehicle (corn oil)."	( Studies on the protective role of vitamin C and E against polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254)--induced oxidative damage in Leydig cells. Arunakaran, J; Balasubramanian, K; Murugesan, P; Muthusamy, T, 2005)	0.33
"To investigate the in vivo effect of short-term, moderate dosage synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate supplementation on platelet aggregation, coagulation profile, and simulated bleeding time in healthy individuals."	( Short-term, moderate dosage Vitamin E supplementation may have no effect on platelet aggregation, coagulation profile, and bleeding time in healthy individuals. Bash, DS; Brophy, CM; Dereska, NH; McLemore, EC; Tessier, DJ, 2006)	0.33
" Moderate dosage Vitamin E (800 IU of dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate) was then self-administered for 14 days with reevaluation of platelet aggregation and coagulation profile, and simulated bleeding time after 14 days of Vitamin E supplementation."	( Short-term, moderate dosage Vitamin E supplementation may have no effect on platelet aggregation, coagulation profile, and bleeding time in healthy individuals. Bash, DS; Brophy, CM; Dereska, NH; McLemore, EC; Tessier, DJ, 2006)	0.33
"Dietary supplementation with moderate dosage synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate did not significantly prolong bleeding or platelet aggregation in vivo."	( Short-term, moderate dosage Vitamin E supplementation may have no effect on platelet aggregation, coagulation profile, and bleeding time in healthy individuals. Bash, DS; Brophy, CM; Dereska, NH; McLemore, EC; Tessier, DJ, 2006)	0.33
" Adult female rats were fed a diet containing additional selenium (1 ppm), additional vitamin E (225 IU/kg) or a combination of the two for 4 weeks before oral dosing of MeHg (1."	( Co-consumption of selenium and vitamin E altered the reproductive and developmental toxicity of methylmercury in rats. Beyrouty, P; Chan, HM, )	0.13
"The study aimed to assess the efficacy of vitamin E-fortified apples as a low-fat vitamin E delivery system, the influence of fat on vitamin E absorption, and human vitamin E requirements by using plasma alpha-tocopherol kinetics at a dosage of alpha-tocopherol found in food."	( Human vitamin E requirements assessed with the use of apples fortified with deuterium-labeled alpha-tocopheryl acetate. Bruno, RS; Leonard, SW; Park, SI; Traber, MG; Zhao, Y, 2006)	0.33
" A therapeutical scheme (omeprazole, metronidazole, amoxicilline) obtained a further pathogenetic substantiation of B type CG patient treatment with additional antioxidant vitamin E use at the dosage of 300 mg/day for three weeks."	( [Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in treatment dynamics of patients with chronic gastritis]. Postavnyĭ, VE, 2005)	0.33
" Groups 3, 4 and 5 received four subcutaneous injections at six-hour intervals for total dosage of 800 IU/kg alpha-tocopherol, 1000 IU/kg gamma-tocopherol and 750 IU/kg TPGS, respectively."	( Protective effects of vitamin E forms (alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol and d-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) on retinal edema during ischemia-reperfusion injury in the guinea pig retina. Aydemir, O; Celebi, S; Kükner, AS; Yekeler, H; Yilmaz, T, )	0.13
" These data demonstrate that this level of fish oil supplementation in dogs does not require vitamin E supplementation above recommended dosage and may prove beneficial in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in the dog."	( Effect of dietary fish oil and vitamin E supplementation on hematologic and serum biochemical analytes and oxidative status in young dogs. Bauer, JE; Hosgood, G; LeBlanc, CJ; Mauldin, GE, 2005)	0.33
"Data on the various vitamin E formulations, concentrations, optimal dosing and toxicity lack consistency."	( [Vitamin E mixture for children--treatment with a blindfold?]. Kalikstad, B; Westergren, T, 2006)	0.33
" As in humans, most tissue lycopene was in the cis-isomer conformation, whereas 77% trans-lycopene was used in the dosing material."	( Combined lycopene and vitamin E treatment suppresses the growth of PC-346C human prostate cancer cells in nude mice. Bolder, CA; de Ridder, CM; Krämer, K; Limpens, J; Obermüller-Jevic, UC; Schröder, FH; van Weerden, WM; Wildhagen, MF, 2006)	0.33
" In some diseases supplementation of antioxidants in the proper form and dosage may be irrelevant."	( [The role of antioxidants in prevention]. Feher, J; Lengyel, G; Nagy, V; Németh, E, 2006)	0.33
" This study demonstrates that lifelong intake of a low dosage of CoQ(10) enhances plasma levels of CoQ(9), CoQ(10), alpha-tocopherol and retinol."	( Life-long supplementation with a low dosage of coenzyme Q10 in the rat: effects on antioxidant status and DNA damage. Battino, M; Frías, ML; Gutierrez-Rios, P; Huertas, JR; Mataix, J; Nepomuceno, EA; Ochoa, JJ; Quiles, JL, 2005)	0.33
" In the present study we demonstrate that CoQ(10) supplementation reduces the dosage of corticosteroids in these patients."	( Coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces corticosteroids dosage in patients with bronchial asthma. Bartkovjaková, M; Gazdík, FE; Gazdíková, K; Gvozdjáková, A; Kucharská, J, 2005)	0.33
" A reduction in the dosage of corticosteroids required by the patients following antioxidant supplementation was observed, indicating lower incidence of potential adverse effects of the drugs, decreased oxidative stress."	( Coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces corticosteroids dosage in patients with bronchial asthma. Bartkovjaková, M; Gazdík, FE; Gazdíková, K; Gvozdjáková, A; Kucharská, J, 2005)	0.33
"The objectives of the present research investigations were to (i) elucidate the mechanism for the oxidative degradation of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in polymer matrix systems prepared by a hot-melt fabrication procedure, and (ii) study the potential for controlling these mechanisms to reduce the degradation of THC in solid dosage formulations."	( Polymeric systems for amorphous Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol produced by a hot-melt method. Part II: Effect of oxidation mechanisms and chemical interactions on stability. Elsohly, MA; Munjal, M; Repka, MA, 2006)	0.33
" High alpha-tocopherol dosing (100 IU/kg bw) showed a clear antioxidant effect, abolished cell proliferation, and promoted an early and progressive apoptosis, despite vitamin E also enhancing levels of endogenous antioxidants."	( Rate of oxidant stress regulates balance between rat gastric mucosa proliferation and apoptosis. Aranda-Fraustro, A; Contreras-Zentella, M; El-Hafidi, M; Escamilla, JE; Hernández-Muñoz, R; Mendieta-Condado, E; Olguín-Martínez, M, 2006)	0.33
"8 micromol/L at a dosage of 100 mg/day RRR-alpha-tocopherol, whereas healthy subjects showed a significant (54%) increase to 39."	( Alpha-tocopherol distribution in lipoproteins and anti-inflammatory effects differ between CHD-patients and healthy subjects. Leichtle, A; Teupser, D; Thiery, J, 2006)	0.33
" Further, administration of DMSO could be delayed by up to 4 h after MK-801 dosing and still achieve between 80 and 86% reduction in neuronal loss."	( Antioxidants attenuate MK-801-induced cortical neurotoxicity in the rat. Ray, DE; Willis, CL, 2007)	0.34
"The aim of this study was to test the effect of supranutritional dosage of the natural antioxidant vitamin E (VitE) on phenytoin (PHT) induced developmental toxicity and possible long-term effects in rat offspring."	( Vitamin E supplementation in phenytoin induced developmental toxicity in rats: postnatal study. Dubovický, M; Kovacovský, P; Mach, M; Navarová, J; Ujházy, E, 2006)	0.33
" Dietary vitamins E and C were statistically significantly protective for both colon and rectal cancer at all levels of consumption, and for both vitamins there was a dose-response effect of increasing protection, particularly so for colon cancer."	( Colorectal cancer protective effects and the dietary micronutrients folate, methionine, vitamins B6, B12, C, E, selenium, and lycopene. Kune, G; Watson, L, 2006)	0.33
" Moreover, the use of vitamin E-bonded hemodialyzers reduced atherosclerotic changes, erythropoietin dosage and muscular cramps in patients on hemodialysis (HD)."	( Vitamin E in renal therapeutic regiments. Chan, JC; Thabet, MA, 2006)	0.33
" Adult male rats were dosed for 30 days with daily intraperitoneal (i."	( Effects of vitamins C and E on steroidogenic enzymes mRNA expression in polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) exposed adult rat Leydig cells. Arunakaran, J; Balasubramanian, K; Murugesan, P; Muthusamy, T, 2007)	0.34
" Serum samples were obtained from the animals during the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th weeks of pregnancy or during diestrus for the dosage of antioxidant molecules (vitamin E, vitamin A, zinc and magnesium) and oxidative stress markers (TBARS and carbonyl protein)."	( Antioxidant compounds and oxidative stress in female dogs during pregnancy. Jordao, AA; Vannucchi, CI; Vannucchi, H, 2007)	0.34
" Vitamin E supplement at the current dosage and duration could not prevent atheroma formation."	( Higher glutathione peroxidase expression in thoracic aorta as a protective factor against oxidative stress and atherosclerosis in rabbits. Chen, MF; Hsu, HC; Lee, BC; Lee, YT; Li, HY; Lin, LC; Lin, MS, 2007)	0.34
"Male Hartley guinea pigs were orally dosed with a marginal amount of AA and fed a diet deficient (Se-D/MC), marginal (Se-M/MC) or normal (Se-N/MC) in Se."	( Sparing effects of selenium and ascorbic acid on vitamin C and E in guinea pig tissues. Bertinato, J; Bonacci, G; Cockell, KA; Giles, N; Giroux, A; Hayward, S; Hidiroglou, N; Iskandar, M; Jee, P; L'Abbé, MR; Madère, R; Peace, R; Trick, KD, 2007)	0.34
" Male Sprague Dawley rats (N = 4 per group; approximately 200 g) were cannulated via the left jugular and dosed intravenously (IV) with the rapamycin control and micelle formulations (10 mg/kg, 1:9 ratio for rapamycin to PEG-b-PCL)."	( Pharmacometrics and delivery of novel nanoformulated PEG-b-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) micelles of rapamycin. Davies, NM; Forrest, ML; Kwon, GS; Ohgami, Y; Yáñez, JA, 2008)	0.35
" In the latter seven cases, vasoconstriction of the proximal MCA in response to the pressure test was eliminated by increasing the vitamin E dosage to 100 mg/day."	( Effects of vitamin E on the response of the fetal middle cerebral artery to the pressure test. Cajal, Y; Martínez, RO; Ramón, CL, 2007)	0.34
" Dose-response curves to ACh or SNP were performed in the presence or absence of melatonin or vitamin E (10-5 mol/1) in 10 or 44 mmol/1 glucose medium."	( Comparative effects of melatonin and vitamin E in restoring aortic relaxation in pancreatectomized rats. Albornoz, LE; Cardinali, DP; Linares, LM; Obaya-Naredo, D; Reyes-Toso, CF; Ricci, CR; Wallinger, ML, 2006)	0.33
" The daily dosage of gentamicin amounted to 240 mg and that of vitamin E to 2800 mg."	( Does vitamin E prevent gentamicin-induced ototoxicity? Davitashvili, O; Kevanishvili, Z; Kharkheli, E; Maglakelidze, T; Schacht, J, 2007)	0.34
" A dose-response relationship between lifetime exposure and tooth loss was seen (P for trend <0."	( Relationship between smoking status and tooth loss: findings from national databases in Japan. Aoyama, H; Hanioka, T; Ojima, M; Tanaka, K, 2007)	0.34
" It was concluded that the influence of CLA on lipid autoxidation is dependent on supplement type, supplement dosage and chosen indicator, including its tissue and determination methodology."	( Supplementation with commercial mixtures of conjugated linoleic acid in association with vitamin E and the process of lipid autoxidation in rats. Botelho, AP; de Oliveira, AC; Santos-Zago, LF, 2007)	0.34
" A control group (saline, group 1, n = 5) was compared with dogs that were administrated gentamicin by intramuscular injection, at dosage of 20 mg/kg, once daily for 9 days (groups 2-5, n = 5 per group)."	( Effect of silymarin and vitamin E on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in dogs. Avizeh, R; Esmailzadeh, S; Givi, ME; Morovvati, H; Shahriari, A; Varzi, HN, 2007)	0.34
" No significant differences were observed in the dosage of medicines or other clinical data during the treatment."	( Zinc supplementation prevents the increase of transaminase in chronic hepatitis C patients during combination therapy with pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin. Kakibuchi, N; Kawakami, T; Kawashima, A; Kita, K; Koyabu, T; Murakami, Y; Okita, M; Takaguchi, K, 2007)	0.34
" In the dose-ranging study there was a linear trend between the dosage of vitamin E and percentage reduction in plasma F2-isoprostane concentrations which reached significance at doses of 1600 IU (35+/-2%, p<0."	( The relationship between dose of vitamin E and suppression of oxidative stress in humans. Fazio, S; Gross, MD; Linton, MF; Meador, BP; Morrow, JD; Oates, JA; Roberts, LJ; Shyr, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Vitamin E TPGS (VeTPGS), a non-ionic surfactant, has been used in both liquid and solid dosage forms to solubilize compounds and improve their bioavailability."	( An investigation of the thermodynamic miscibility between VeTPGS and polymers. Chiappetta, D; Li, J, 2008)	0.35
" Well-designed trials are required to delineate the potential clinical usefulness of these agents through issues, such as determining the optimal period and route of administration, systemic bioavailability, optimal dosing and toxicity of the agent, and single or combinatorial approach."	( Chemoprevention of prostate cancer through dietary agents: progress and promise. Afaq, F; Khan, N; Mukhtar, H; Syed, DN, 2007)	0.34
" While earlier no treatment was available, in the recent decade an antioxidant therapy became very popular using combinations of high dosage antioxidant vitamins C, E, beta carotene and zinc."	( [Metabolic therapy for early treatment of age-related macular degeneration]. Corrado Balacco, G; Fehér, J; Kovács, B; Kovács, I; Schvöller, M, 2007)	0.34
" Regression analysis showed a linear dose-response relationship."	( Relationships between different types of fruit and vegetable consumption and serum concentrations of antioxidant vitamins. Bertrais, S; Czernichow, S; Dauchet, L; Estaquio, C; Faure, H; Favier, A; Galan, P; Hercberg, S; Kesse-Guyot, E; Péneau, S; Vergnaud, AC, 2008)	0.35
", one consisting of patients who underwent radiotherapy alone (radiotherapy was given at the dosage of 6000 cGy in five fractions per week for a period of 6 weeks); and the other group treated with radiotherapy plus alpha-tocopherol supplementation (alpha-tocopherol was supplemented at a dosage of 400 IU/day) for the entire period of radiotherapy."	( Effect of alpha-tocopherol on pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzyme status in radiation-treated oral squamous cell carcinoma. Chitra, S; Shyamala Devi, CS, 2008)	0.35
"To determine the useful dosage of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol against oxidative stress and DNA damage in the elderly."	( High dosage of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol is not useful for diminishing oxidative stress and DNA damage in healthy elderly adults. Altamirano-Lozano, M; Casanueva, E; González-Torres, C; Mendoza-Núñez, VM; Retana-Ugalde, R, 2008)	0.35
" Surprisingly, the uptake of Tac was found to be similar to that of Tol, and in both cases, the dose-response plots suggest that protein-mediated transport processes were involved."	( Alpha-tocopheryl acetate is absorbed and hydrolyzed by Caco-2 cells comparative studies with alpha-tocopherol. Ajandouz, el H; Brisson, L; Castan, S; Fontbonne, H; Nicoletti, C; Puigserver, A, 2008)	0.35
" Thus, a concentration of 1 mM of both indolamines was sufficient to inhibit in approximately 70% of the light emission in mitochondria, whereas a greater dosage of 10 times (10 mM) was necessary to produce the same effect in microsomes."	( Relative efficacies of alpha-tocopherol, N-acetyl-serotonin, and melatonin in reducing non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation of rat testicular microsomes and mitochondria. Catalá, A; Gavazza, M, 2009)	0.35
" Our objective was to obtain pilot safety and dosing data from 14 allergic asthmatic volunteers examining the effect of daily combination oral therapy with 500 mg alpha-tocopherol (alpha T) and 2 g vitamin C for 12 wk."	( Combination treatment with high-dose vitamin C and alpha-tocopherol does not enhance respiratory-tract lining fluid vitamin C levels in asthmatics. Alexis, NE; Crissman, K; Hatch, G; Hernandez, M; Peden, D; Robinette, C; Zhou, B; Zhou, H, 2009)	0.35
" The results obtained suggest that in a pathophysiological condition, such as PE, the deleterious effect of reactive oxygen species may be counteract by an antioxidant therapy, and there is the need to investigate the optimum dosing and timing of antioxidants administration, since an inappropriate antioxidant treatment in pregnant women may have deleterious consequences, reducing placental cells proliferation until to cell death."	( Effects of vitamin E and C on placental oxidative stress: an in vitro evidence for the potential therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of preeclampsia. Capasso, A; Fiore, G, 2008)	0.35
" Dose-response meta-analyses were conducted for beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E from food sources."	( Antioxidant vitamins and the risk of endometrial cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis. Bandera, EV; Gifkins, DM; Kushi, LH; McCullough, ML; Moore, DF, 2009)	0.35
" Animals dosed with raloxifene and TPPG 1000 experienced an increase in raloxifene oral bioavailability versus a control group which received no inhibitor."	( Inhibiting efflux with novel non-ionic surfactants: Rational design based on vitamin E TPGS. Buchanan, CM; Caflisch, GB; Edgar, KJ; Large, SE; Lightner, JW; Little, JL; Rice, PJ; Ruble, KM; Wacher, VJ; Wempe, MF; Wright, C, 2009)	0.35
" No statistically significant dose-response relationship was observed between intake of beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E and the risk of ALS."	( Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan. Inaba, Y; Kihira, T; Kobashi, G; Miyake, Y; Nagai, M; Okamoto, K; Sakamoto, N; Sasaki, S; Washio, M; Yokoyama, T, 2009)	0.35
" DAS was administered intraperitoneally at a dosage of 150 mg/kg body weight once daily for 6 days."	( Diallyl sulfide enhances antioxidants and inhibits inflammation through the activation of Nrf2 against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Arumugam, M; Kalayarasan, S; Manikandan, R; Prabhu, PN; Sriram, N; Sudhandiran, G, 2009)	0.35
" DHA was incorporated in a dose-response fashion in platelet phospholipids."	( Increasing intakes of the long-chain omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid: effects on platelet functions and redox status in healthy men. Caillet, E; Calzada, C; Guillot, N; Lagarde, M; Laville, M; Véricel, E, 2009)	0.35
"Oral vitamin E is used in several childhood diseases, but dosage recommendations differ."	( Dosage and formulation issues: oral vitamin E therapy in children. Kalikstad, B; Westergren, T, 2010)	0.36
" Dosages used in clinical studies and dosage recommendations in handbooks differ considerably."	( Dosage and formulation issues: oral vitamin E therapy in children. Kalikstad, B; Westergren, T, 2010)	0.36
"The differences in dosing recommendations in children may be due to lack of systematic studies."	( Dosage and formulation issues: oral vitamin E therapy in children. Kalikstad, B; Westergren, T, 2010)	0.36
" Few studies have evaluated feasibility of formulating TPGS in conventional solid dosage forms such as tablets due to processing challenges resulting from its waxy nature and low melting point (approximately 37 degrees C)."	( Tabletability assessment of conventional formulations containing Vitamin E tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate. Jin, F; Tatavarti, A, 2010)	0.36
"This study suggests that Ambrotose AO(R) capsules appear to be safe and most effective at a dosage of 4 capsules/day."	( A forced titration study of the antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects of Ambrotose AO supplement. Brooks, L; Cheras, PA; Conellan, P; Morris, C; Myers, SP; O'Connor, J; Rolfe, M; Stevenson, L, 2010)	0.36
" Vitamins A and E at prophylactic dosage (400 and 200 IU/kg/day, respectively) were orally administered to the rats, separately, in the last 2 weeks of exposure."	( Vitamins A and E reverse gasoline vapors-induced hematotoxicity and weight loss in female rats. Ebong, PE; Eteng, MU; Uboh, FE; Umoh, IB, 2010)	0.36
" Improving human milk feeding rates and vitamin dosing options may affect ROP surgery rates."	( The influence of early postnatal nutrition on retinopathy of prematurity in extremely low birth weight infants. Porcelli, PJ; Weaver, RG, 2010)	0.36
"A phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in patients undergoing therapy with neurotoxic chemotherapy, utilizing twice daily dosing of vitamin E (400 mg)/placebo."	( The use of vitamin E for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: results of a randomized phase III clinical trial. Berg, AR; Johnson, DB; Kottschade, LA; Loprinzi, CL; Mazurczak, MA; Murphy, BP; Rowland, KM; Sloan, JA; Smith, DA; Stella, PJ, 2011)	0.37
"Use of oil-in-water adjuvant contributed to a high VE with reduced antigen dosage in children and young adults."	( Age-specific effectiveness of an oil-in-water adjuvanted pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccine against confirmed infection in high risk groups in England. Andrews, N; Miller, E; Waight, P; Yung, CF, 2011)	0.37
" The most commonly used quinine dosage was 300 mg/day (range 200 to 500 mg)."	( Quinine for muscle cramps. Al Musa, T; El-Tawil, S; El-Tawil, T; Lunn, MP; Valli, H; Weber, M, 2010)	0.36
" Although ESA dosage remained stable during the observation periods in both groups, ERI was significantly reduced in the Vit E PS group from 10."	( A vitamin E-coated polysulfone membrane reduces serum levels of inflammatory markers and resistance to erythropoietin-stimulating agents in hemodialysis patients: results of a randomized cross-over multicenter trial. Angelini, D; Barsotti, G; Beati, S; Bernabini, G; Biagioli, M; Bianchi, S; Bigazzi, R; Boracelli, D; Braccagni, B; Casani, A; Daini, R; Donadio, C; Donati, G; Ferrandello, P; Finato, V; Garosi, G; Grazi, G; Grimaldi, C; Imperiali, P; Manca Rizza, G; Mannarino, A; Migliori, M; Moriconi, L; Mura, C; Panichi, V; Pansa, F; Paoletti, S; Parrini, M; Petrone, I; Rosati, A; Rossi, A; Sansoni, E; Sidoti, A, 2011)	0.37
"Treatment with Vit E PS membranes seems to lead to a reduction in ESA dosage in HD patients; in addition, a low chronic inflammatory response may contribute to a sparing effect on exogenous ESA requirements."	( A vitamin E-coated polysulfone membrane reduces serum levels of inflammatory markers and resistance to erythropoietin-stimulating agents in hemodialysis patients: results of a randomized cross-over multicenter trial. Angelini, D; Barsotti, G; Beati, S; Bernabini, G; Biagioli, M; Bianchi, S; Bigazzi, R; Boracelli, D; Braccagni, B; Casani, A; Daini, R; Donadio, C; Donati, G; Ferrandello, P; Finato, V; Garosi, G; Grazi, G; Grimaldi, C; Imperiali, P; Manca Rizza, G; Mannarino, A; Migliori, M; Moriconi, L; Mura, C; Panichi, V; Pansa, F; Paoletti, S; Parrini, M; Petrone, I; Rosati, A; Rossi, A; Sansoni, E; Sidoti, A, 2011)	0.37
" Adenosine triphosphatase activities were analysed in oral cancer patients before and after radiotherapy (at a dosage of 6000 cGY in five fractions per week for a period of six weeks) and after supplemented with α-tocopherol (400 IU per day for entire period of radiotherapy)."	( Modulatory action of α-tocopherol on erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatase against radiation damage in oral cancer. Chitra, S; Shyamaladevi, CS, 2011)	0.37
"03); an inverse dose-response was evident in women (P-trend=0."	( Vitamin E intake and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pooled analysis of data from 5 prospective cohort studies. Ascherio, A; Kolonel, LN; Logroscino, G; McCullough, ML; O'Reilly, ÉJ; Schatzkin, A; Wang, H; Weisskopf, MG, 2011)	0.37
" Exposure was highly dependent on food and dosing frequency."	( Use of an adaptive study design in single ascending-dose pharmacokinetics of A0001 (α-tocopherylquinone) in healthy male subjects. Hawi, A; Heald, S; Sciascia, T, 2012)	0.38
" The daily dosage was 2 and 1 mg respectively."	( [Cholesterol metabolism and lipid peroxidation processes in hypodynamia. Effect of using ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol]. Elikov, AV; Tsapok, PI, 2010)	0.36
" Interventions Daily dosing of 800 IU of vitamin E (58 patients), 1000 mg of metformin (57 patients), or placebo (58 patients) for 96 weeks."	( Effect of vitamin E or metformin for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: the TONIC randomized controlled trial. Abrams, SH; Brunt, EM; Chalasani, N; Clark, JM; Hoofnagle, JH; Kleiner, DE; Lavine, JE; Molleston, JP; Murray, KF; Robuck, PR; Rosenthal, P; Sanyal, AJ; Scheimann, AO; Schwimmer, JB; Tonascia, J; Ünalp, A; Van Natta, ML, 2011)	0.37
" Considering the rapid formation of SN-38, the proportional increase in exposure levels, and its longer elimination half-life, less frequent dosing of SN2310 emulsion may be considered for the treatment of patients with advanced solid malignancies."	( Pharmacokinetics of SN2310, an injectable emulsion that incorporates a new derivative of SN-38 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Anderson, K; Burris, HA; Jones, S; Marier, JF; Pheng, L; Porubek, D; Trinh, MM; Warner, S, 2011)	0.37
"We conducted a phase I clinical trial of the combination of SCH 66336 with temozolomide administered on the standard 5-day dosing schedule."	( A phase I trial of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor, SCH 66336, with temozolomide for patients with malignant glioma. Coan, AD; Desjardins, A; Friedman, AH; Friedman, HS; Herndon, JE; Peters, KB; Reardon, DA; Threatt, S; Vredenburgh, JJ, 2011)	0.37
"To comprehensively summarize the associations between retinol, vitamins A, C, and E and breast cancer, and quantitatively estimate their dose-response relationships."	( Retinol, vitamins A, C, and E and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Baina, WY; Changxing, J; Chunqing, L; Da, P; Dandan, L; Dianjun, S; Fan, W; Fulan, H; Tong, W; Wencui, Z; Yashuang, Z, 2011)	0.37
" No significant dose-response relationship was observed in the higher intake of these vitamins with reduced breast cancer risk."	( Retinol, vitamins A, C, and E and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Baina, WY; Changxing, J; Chunqing, L; Da, P; Dandan, L; Dianjun, S; Fan, W; Fulan, H; Tong, W; Wencui, Z; Yashuang, Z, 2011)	0.37
" The dosage of a daily curcumin supplement at 500 mg is more effective than 6 g, although vitamin E is also considered to be an effective antioxidant supplement."	( Effect of different curcuminoid supplement dosages on total in vivo antioxidant capacity and cholesterol levels of healthy human subjects. Pungcharoenkul, K; Thongnopnua, P, 2011)	0.37
" The dosage of vitamin supplementation did not increase after transplant."	( Increased serum vitamin A and E levels after lung transplantation. Brotherwood, M; Chaparro, C; Cortes, D; Gupta, S; Ho, T; Keshavjee, S; Robert, R; Stephenson, A; Tullis, E; Verjee, Z, 2011)	0.37
" Serum docosahexaenoyl-glycerophosphocholine concentration was increased by feeding fish oil in a dose-response manner."	( Dietary fish oil alters the lysophospholipid metabolomic profile and decreases urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B₂ concentration in healthy Beagles. Brockman, JA; Hall, JA; Jewell, DE, 2011)	0.37
" The primary endpoints were the rHuEPO requirement and the erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) index, which was defined by the ratio between weekly EPO dosage (IU/kg/week) and Hb levels (g/dl)."	( Evaluation of the impact of a new synthetic vitamin E-bonded membrane on anemia and rHuEPO requirement in ESRD patients with central venous catheters: a pilot study. Bucci, R; Corradi, B; Farina, M; Galli, F; Mandolfo, S; Pilolli, F, 2012)	0.38
" Additional research is needed to establish dose-response relationships of various interventions and to develop cost-effective, culturally-appropriate, and targeted programs."	( Vitamin E deficiency in developing countries. Allen, LH; Dror, DK, 2011)	0.37
"83 mmHg) was comparable with that by eye drops with similar drug dosing (4."	( Drug delivery by contact lens in spontaneously glaucomatous dogs. Ben-Shlomo, A; Chauhan, A; Mackay, EO; Peng, CC; Plummer, CE, 2012)	0.38
" Two weeks after treatment (day 15), rats in the control group and three test groups exhibited no clinical signs of toxicity during the dosing period or during the 14-day post-treatment period."	( Acute toxicity study of liposomal antioxidant formulations containing N-acetylcysteine, α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol in rats. Alipour, M; Pucaj, K; Smith, MG; Suntres, ZE, 2012)	0.38
" Our results showed that the lowest piquiá dose caused the largest decrease in DNA damage and the highest dose caused the smallest decrease, demonstrating an inverse dose-response of piquiá pulp."	( Antigenotoxic effects of piquiá (Caryocar villosum) in multiple rat organs. Aissa, AF; Almeida, MR; Antunes, LM; Bianchi, ML; Chisté, RC; Darin, JD; Hernandes, LC; Mercadante, AZ, 2012)	0.38
" Rats in group I were given corn oil, while those in group III were dosed with vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight (b."	( Acute effects of methiocarb on oxidative damage and the protective effects of vitamin E and taurine in the liver and kidney of Wistar rats. Alpertunga, B; Bolkent, S; Catalgol, B; Gezginci-Oktayoglu, S; Karatug, A; Ozden, S, 2013)	0.39
"We included only randomized controlled trials in which supplementation with one or more antioxidant vitamins (beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E) in any form, dosage or combination for at least one year was compared to another antioxidant vitamin or to placebo."	( Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract. Davis, RM; Ervin, AM; Mathew, MC; Tao, J, 2012)	0.38
"Twenty-eight male Sprauge-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control group and three dosing groups."	( Time- and dose-dependent differential regulation of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase enzymatic activity and mRNA level by vitamin E in rat blood cells. Frouzandeh, M; Ghannadian, N; Golestani, A; Hajiani, M; Khaghani, S; Owji, AA; Pasalar, P; Razi, F; Shariftabrizi, A, 2012)	0.38
"Mn-SOD activity was significantly increased in the 100 and 30 mg/kg dosing groups after 4 and 6 weeks, with corresponding significant increase in their mRNA levels."	( Time- and dose-dependent differential regulation of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase enzymatic activity and mRNA level by vitamin E in rat blood cells. Frouzandeh, M; Ghannadian, N; Golestani, A; Hajiani, M; Khaghani, S; Owji, AA; Pasalar, P; Razi, F; Shariftabrizi, A, 2012)	0.38
" However, their pharmacokinetic (PK) properties remain poorly characterized, and high dosage animal studies may provide further information on their in vivo functions and pharmacological effects."	( Plasma and tissue concentrations of α-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol following high dose dietary supplementation in mice. Baxter, LL; Incao, A; Marugan, JJ; McKew, JC; Pavan, WJ; Xiao, J; Zheng, W, 2012)	0.38
" Three groups of diabetic animals were orally administered daily with seed extract (SME) at a dosage of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg BW."	( Antioxidative and hypolipidemic efficacy of alcoholic seed extract of Swietenia macrophylla in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Kalpana, K; Pugalendi, KV, 2011)	0.37
" AT was given at 20 mg/kg/day dosage for 7 days to the groups."	( The effects of α-tocopherol on oxidative damage and serum levels of Clara cell protein 16 in aspiration pneumonitis induced by bile acids. Alaçam, H; Alici, O; Avci, B; Güzel, A; Karli, R; Kozan, A; Mertoglu, C; Murat, N; Sahin, M; Salis, O, 2013)	0.39
"The objective of this study is to investigate processing challenges associated with the incorporation of Vitamin E TPGS (d-α tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) into solid pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Processing challenges with solid dosage formulations containing vitamin E TPGS. Bindra, DS; Gour, S; Hamey, R; Pandey, P; Sinko, PD; Vema-Varapu, C, 2013)	0.39
" The dogs in the control group (EL) and three test groups exhibited no signs of toxicity during the dosing period or day 15 post treatment."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic studies of liposomal antioxidant formulations containing N-acetylcysteine, α-tocopherol or γ-tocopherol in beagle dogs. Alipour, M; Bolger, G; Mitsopoulos, P; Pucaj, K; Smith, MG; Suntres, ZE, 2013)	0.39
" Collectively, these data suggest that this solid dosage form may be suitable for oral administration after radionuclide contamination."	( Preparation of alginate beads containing a prodrug of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. Di Pasqua, AJ; He, W; Jay, M; Sueda, K; Tsai, T; Yang, YT; Zhang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Post-oral administration of sesamol at the dosage of 50 mg/kg BW remarkably decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hepatic marker enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation products and also enhanced the antioxidant activity."	( Modulatory effect of sesamol on DOCA-salt-induced oxidative stress in uninephrectomized hypertensive rats. Hemalatha, G; Pugalendi, KV; Saravanan, R, 2013)	0.39
" The potential solid dispersions would enable an oral solid dosage form as a monotherapy or combination product of MK-0364."	( Development of amorphous solid dispersion formulations of a poorly water-soluble drug, MK-0364. McKelvey, C; Moser, J; Rege, B; Sotthivirat, S; Xu, W; Zhang, D, 2013)	0.39
" The oral administration of MFGEs (300 mg/kg body weight per day) for 8 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in blood levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and LDL-C/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio compared to the control and lovastatin supplement group of a dosage of 20mg/kg per day (p<0."	( Effects of Monascus-fermented grain extracts on plasma antioxidant status and tissue levels of ubiquinones and α-tocopherol in hyperlipidemic rats. Pyo, YH; Seong, KS, 2013)	0.39
"The paclitaxel nanosuspensions prepared in this study could markedly enhance the tolerance dosage in mice, and manifest different pharmacokinetic properties compared with the solution."	( Paclitaxel nanosuspensions coated with P-gp inhibitory surfactants: I. Acute toxicity and pharmacokinetics studies. Gao, L; Kang, J; Liu, G; Ma, J; Niu, M; Wang, H; Wang, X; Wang, Z, 2013)	0.39
"Hydrophilic matrices are a principal technology used for extended release (ER) oral dosage forms and a recent review concluded that their development is currently one of the most important challenges in pharmaceutical research."	( The influence of vitamin E succinate on the stability of polyethylene oxide PEO controlled release matrix tablets. Cumming, I; Kaialy, W; Nokhodchi, A; Shojaee, S, 2013)	0.39
" When evaluating the efficacy of vitamin E prophylactic or therapeutic use in previous and future studies, it is critical to consider dosage to be administered, form of vitamin E and source (such as whether from synthetic or purified from natural sources)."	( Vitamin E: a dark horse at the crossroad of cancer management. Cardenas, E; Ghosh, R, 2013)	0.39
"5%, respectively, in a dose-response manner."	( The effect of Cirsium arvense extract on antioxidant status in quail. Akdemir, F; Borawska, MH; Hayirli, A; Isidorov, VA; Markiewicz-Zukowska, R; Orhan, C; Sahin, K; Sahin, N, 2013)	0.39
"40 pregnant rats were randomly divided into five groups (positive control, negative control, low, middle and high dosage of vitamin E groups)."	( [Interference of vitamin E on the brain tissue damage by electromagnetic radiation of cell phone in pregnant and fetal rats]. Cui, X; Gao, X; Lian, Z; Liu, T; Luo, R; Ma, B; Wang, H; Zhang, J, 2013)	0.39
"Compared with the negative control group, the chondriosomes in neuron and neuroglia of brain tissues was swelling, mild edema was found around the capillary, chromatin was concentrated and collected, and bubbles were formed in vascular endothelial cells (VEC) in the positive fetal rat control group, whereas the above phenomenon was un-conspicuous in the middle and high dosage of vitamin E groups."	( [Interference of vitamin E on the brain tissue damage by electromagnetic radiation of cell phone in pregnant and fetal rats]. Cui, X; Gao, X; Lian, Z; Liu, T; Luo, R; Ma, B; Wang, H; Zhang, J, 2013)	0.39
" Blood samples were taken for measurement of serum tocopherol levels by high-performance liquid chromatography before dosing and 24 hours and 7 days after dosing."	( Serum tocopherol levels in very preterm infants after a single dose of vitamin E at birth. Acarregui, MJ; Bell, EF; Brion, LP; Carlo, WA; Carlton, DP; Crawford, MM; Das, A; Ehrenkranz, RA; Ellsbury, DL; Faix, RG; Goldberg, RN; Hale, EC; Hansen, NI; Higgins, RD; Johnson, KJ; Kennedy, KA; Laptook, AR; Messina, LA; Poindexter, BB; Shankaran, S; Van Meurs, KP; Walsh, MC; Watterberg, KL, 2013)	0.39
" Antileishmanial activity as revealed from selectivity index in wild-type strain was found to be significant for AGnp with TPGS in about one-tenth of the dosage of the free AG and one-third of the dosage of the AGnp without TPGS."	( In vitro susceptibilities of wild and drug resistant leishmania donovani amastigote stages to andrographolide nanoparticle: role of vitamin E derivative TPGS for nanoparticle efficacy. Bera, T; Das, S; Halder, A; Mondal, S; Mukherjee, A; Roy, P, 2013)	0.39
" Unfortunately, despite their very significant radioprotectant activity, tocotrienols have very short plasma half-lives and require dosing at very high levels to achieve necessary therapeutic benefits."	( Molecular dynamics guided design of tocoflexol: a new radioprotectant tocotrienol with enhanced bioavailability. Boerma, M; Breen, PJ; Compadre, CM; Ghosh, S; Hauer-Jensen, M; Kiaei, M; Singh, A; Thakkar, S; Varughese, KI; Zheng, G, 2014)	0.4
" Three possible reasons high dosage of αTF can be detrimental to bone include its interference with Vitamin K function on bone, the blocking of the entry of other Vitamin E isomers beneficial to bone, and the role of αTF as a prooxidant."	( The effects of α-tocopherol on bone: a double-edged sword? Chin, KY; Ima-Nirwana, S, 2014)	0.4
"037), with no evidence of dose-response or a U-shaped association."	( Plasma vitamin D and prostate cancer risk: results from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. Goodman, GE; Goodman, PJ; Klein, EA; Kristal, AR; Meyskens, FL; Minasian, LM; Neuhauser, ML; Parnes, HL; Schenk, JM; Song, X; Tangen, CM; Thompson, IM; Till, C, 2014)	0.4
"Two dosing strategies (Group1: single dose, n = 28."	( High level antibody avidity is achieved in HIV-seropositive recipients of an inactivated split adjuvanted (AS03A) influenza vaccine. Cooper, C; Gipson, E; Haase, D; Halperin, S; Klein, M; Scheifele, D; Walmsley, S; Ward, BJ; Yam, KK, 2014)	0.4
" Both control (CT-SAL) group and pair-fed (CT-VIT) group received the same dosage of CMC and vitamin complex, respectively."	( Vitamins C and E reverse melamine-induced deficits in spatial cognition and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in rats. An, L; Zhang, T, 2014)	0.4
" This was illustrated in the context of application of quality-by-design concepts on development of a stability indicating gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of vinpocetine and α-tocopheryl acetate in a capsule dosage form."	( Three-dimensional desirability spaces for quality-by-design-based HPLC development. Abdel-Salam, RA; Hadad, GM; Mokhtar, HI, 2015)	0.42
" OPTN could be acted as a novel and new dosage form to be used in cancer treatment study."	( A novel oleanolic acid-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticle for liver cancer treatment. Bao, X; Chu, QC; Gao, M; Guan, X; Jiang, N; Liu, KX; Tian, Y; Xu, H; Zhang, CH, 2015)	0.42
" The main objective of present work was to design a rapidly releasing synthetic antioxidant tablet dosage form comprising of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc in combination with lecithin (a phospho-lipid) that can fulfill human health and nutritional requirement and to perform stability studies."	( Formulation and stability evaluation of immediate release antioxidant tablet. Haque, N; Hasan, SM; Hassan, F; Israr, F; Sultana, A, 2014)	0.4
" The present study investigated the protective efficacy of α-tocopherol on the peroxidative damage and abnormal antioxidant levels in the myocardial tissue of camptothecin (CPT), administered at the dosage of 6 mg/kg/day in male Wistar rats."	( α-Tocopherol mediated amelioration of camptothecin-induced free radical damage to avert cardiotoxicities. Bhori, M; Marar, T; Singh, K, 2015)	0.42
" This was achieved by evaluating plasma, liver and adrenal gland concentrations of d-α-tocopheryl succinate (TS) and d-α-tocopherol as well as oxidative status of plasma following oral dosing of TPGS-containing vehicles, intraperitoneal (IP) dosing of TS or ex vivo treatment of blood with H2O2."	( D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-containing vehicles provide no detectable chemoprotection from oxidative damage. Baumgart, BR; Bunch, RT; Davies, MH; Donegan, M; Lange, RW; Lentz, K; Salcedo, TW; Sanderson, TP; Simic, D; Van Vleet, TR, 2015)	0.42
" However, the choices of excipient, dosage form, and ingredient chemistry as well as the patient physiologies and pathologies can influence bioavailability and efficacy."	( Bioavailability of AREDS1 micronutrients from softgel capsules and tablets: a pilot study. Johnson, EJ; Lang, JC; Rasmussen, HM; Vishwanathan, R, 2014)	0.4
"The results suggest modestly contradictory requirements in the dosage form for water-soluble and lipid-soluble ingredients, as based on a goal of improved bioavailability."	( Bioavailability of AREDS1 micronutrients from softgel capsules and tablets: a pilot study. Johnson, EJ; Lang, JC; Rasmussen, HM; Vishwanathan, R, 2014)	0.4
" We found that the surface modification of microparticles with HPMC and TPGS can be an effective formulation strategy for new dosage forms of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to provide higher solubility and dissolution."	( Fabrication and evaluation of celecoxib microparticle surface modified by hydrophilic cellulose and surfactant. Baek, IH; Cho, W; Choo, GH; Ha, ES; Hwang, SJ; Jeong, HY; Jung, YS; Kim, JS; Kim, MS; Noh, J; Ok, J, 2015)	0.42
"Randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing any preparation of vitamin E supplementation to placebo or no supplement, regardless of dosage or duration."	( Vitamin E supplementation in people with cystic fibrosis. Barrett, J; Kansra, S; Okebukola, PO, 2014)	0.4
" The dose-response relationship was assessed by a restricted cubic spline model."	( Vitamin E and risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis. Jiang, W; Wu, W; Xie, Z; Zhang, D; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" The findings from dose-response analysis showed evidence of a non-linear association between dietary vitamin E intake and ARC."	( Vitamin E and risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis. Jiang, W; Wu, W; Xie, Z; Zhang, D; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" The cellular uptake of α-T3 was higher than α-TP at the same treatment dosage after 24h."	( Comparative hepatoprotective effects of tocotrienol analogs against drug-induced liver injury. Fong, CW; Ho, HK; Saw, TY; Tan, CY, 2015)	0.42
"This large prospective cohort study in CEE populations with low prevalence of vitamin supplementation did not find a strong, dose-response evidence for protective effects of antioxidant vitamin intake."	( Antioxidant vitamin intake and mortality in three Central and Eastern European urban populations: the HAPIEE study. Bobak, M; Grosso, G; Kubinova, R; Malyutina, S; Micek, A; Nikitin, Y; Pająk, A; Peasey, A; Pikhart, H; Stefler, D; Stepaniak, U; Topor-Madry, R, 2016)	0.43
" However, no dose-response relationship was evident for vitamin E, statistical significance depended on one study, while the levels of supplement were far above recommended intakes."	( Effects of supplementation with the fat-soluble vitamins E and D on fasting flow-mediated vasodilation in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Joris, PJ; Mensink, RP, 2015)	0.42
" The results revealed that LE scavenged free radical in a dose-response manner in vitro."	( Antioxidant effects of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) extract during aging of longissimus thoracis muscle in Tan sheep. Chen, Y; Jia, H; Liu, K; Luo, H; Wang, Z; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
"Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health concern, and new therapies are needed to overcome the problems associated with dosing frequency, patient compliance, and drug resistance."	( Antitubercular Nanocarrier Combination Therapy: Formulation Strategies and in Vitro Efficacy for Rifampicin and SQ641. D'Addio, SM; Einck, L; Liu, Y; Prud'homme, RK; Reddy, VM; Sinko, PJ, 2015)	0.42
" the synthetic form) and dosage (40, 80, or 120 mg/kg) on α-tocopherol concentration in plasma and muscle, antioxidant capacity, and breast meat quality in turkeys."	( Effect of micellized natural (D-α-tocopherol) vs. synthetic (DL-α-tocopheryl acetate) vitamin E supplementation given to turkeys on oxidative status and breast meat quality characteristics. Cerisuelo, A; López-Bote, CJ; Olivares, A; Piñeiro, C; Rey, AI; Segura, J, 2015)	0.42
" The most commonly used quinine dosage was 300 mg/day (range 200 to 500 mg)."	( Quinine for muscle cramps. Al Musa, T; Brassington, R; El-Tawil, S; El-Tawil, T; Lunn, MP; Valli, H; Weber, M, 2015)	0.42
"There is no evidence to judge optimal dosage or duration of quinine treatment."	( Quinine for muscle cramps. Al Musa, T; Brassington, R; El-Tawil, S; El-Tawil, T; Lunn, MP; Valli, H; Weber, M, 2015)	0.42
" Linear regression models were calculated; first, the exposure to regular nutrient intake was treated with a binary response (yes/no); then regularly ingested amounts were divided into quartiles to examine dose-response relationships."	( Vitamin E supplementation is associated with lower levels of C-reactive protein only in higher dosages and combined with other antioxidants: The Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F4 study. Heier, M; Kastenmüller, G; Koenig, W; Peters, A; Schneider, A; Schwab, S; Thorand, B; Waldenberger, M; Zierer, A, 2015)	0.42
"A dose-response meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association of vitamin C, D, E with risk of bladder cancer."	( Association of vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and risk of bladder cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis. Chen, F; Li, Q; Qu, Y; Shi, F; Yang, W; Yu, Y, 2015)	0.42
" In a dose-response analysis, a clear inverse association between αT:TC and mean CAL, mean PPD, and TPD was observed among participants with relatively low αT:TC."	( Serum α-Tocopherol Has a Nonlinear Inverse Association with Periodontitis among US Adults. Dietrich, T; Griffiths, HR; Newson, RS; Scott, AE; Zock, PL; Zong, G, 2015)	0.42
" The dose-response relationship followed a logarithmic curve, with a saturation of tissue TOL concentration in all the studied tissues."	( A meta-analysis to assess the effect of the composition of dietary fat on α-tocopherol blood and tissue concentration in pigs. Borel, P; Desmarchelier, C; Devillard, E; Prévéraud, DP; Rouffineau, F, 2015)	0.42
" Our results suggest that the use of a hybrid system may allow a decrease in the dosage regimen without the loss of therapeutic effect."	( Novel nanosystem to enhance the antitumor activity of lapatinib in breast cancer treatment: Therapeutic efficacy evaluation. Huo, ZJ; Liu, K; Liu, P; Pang, B; Wang, SJ; Wang, ZQ; Zuo, WS, 2015)	0.42
" The use of vitamin E TPGS, however, in solid dosage forms is limited because of the processing challenges resulting from its waxy nature and low melting temperature (∼37°C)."	( An Extrusion Spheronization Approach to Enable a High Drug Load Formulation of a Poorly Soluble Drug with a Low Melting Surfactant. Kesisoglou, F; Tatavarti, A, 2015)	0.42
" In conclusion, the concentrations of vitamin E congeners and the expression of genes related to vitamin E status follow characteristic time-related changes during the transition from late gestation to early lactation but are unaffected by CLA supplementation at the dosage used."	( Tocopherols and tocotrienols in serum and liver of dairy cows receiving conjugated linoleic acids or a control fat supplement during early lactation. Dänicke, S; Frank, J; Meyer, U; Rehage, J; Sadri, H; Sauerwein, H, 2015)	0.42
" In the anticancer efficacy test with MCF-7/ADR tumor bearing nude mice, the DOX-loaded TPGS 2K micelles displayed significantly higher antitumor activity compared with free DOX solution at the same DOX dosage but less toxicity evaluated by the change of body weight and histological examination."	( Micelles of d-α-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol 2000 Succinate (TPGS 2K) for Doxorubicin Delivery with Reversal of Multidrug Resistance. Chen, D; Hao, T; Li, Z; Liu, K; Liu, Y; Qi, Y; Sun, P; Tian, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Meta-regression test demonstrated that HOMA index may have not been influenced by the year of publication, dosage or duration of treatment."	( Effect of vitamins C and E on insulin resistance in diabetes: a meta-analysis study. Amini, P; Farzadfar, F; Khodaeian, M; Larijani, B; Qorbani, M; Tabatabaei-Malazy, O, 2015)	0.42
"In conclusion, EPTN could be used in the treatment of liver cancer acted as a kind of promising intravenous dosage forms."	( A Promising Emodin-Loaded Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid)-d-α-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate Nanoparticles for Liver Cancer Therapy. Deng, S; Gao, M; Guan, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Tian, Y; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" We further formulated the amorphous solid dispersions into tablet dosage forms and evaluated their performance in a bio-relevant dissolution media."	( Effect of hydrophilic additives on the dissolution and pharmacokinetic properties of itraconazole-enteric polymer hot-melt extruded amorphous solid dispersions. Lang, B; Liu, S; McGinity, JW; Williams, RO, 2016)	0.43
" Tocotrienols were measured in heart, liver and adipose tissue showing that chronic oral dosage delivered tocotrienols to these organs despite low or no detection of tocotrienols in plasma."	( Anti-inflammatory γ- and δ-tocotrienols improve cardiovascular, liver and metabolic function in diet-induced obese rats. Brown, L; Fong, CW; Ward, LC; Wong, WY; Yap, WN, 2017)	0.46
" In addition, FO attenuated the d-galactose-induced protein expression of Aβ and beta-site amyloid precursor cleaving enzyme of the whole brain in a dose-response manner."	( Fructo-oligosaccharide improved brain β-amyloid, β-secretase, cognitive function, and plasma antioxidant levels in D-galactose-treated Balb/cJ mice. Chen, HL; Wang, CH; Wu, WT; Yen, CH, 2017)	0.46
" The fat-soluble vitamins are very sensitive to over- or under-supply because they interact with each other with respect to dose-response and chemical form."	( Interactions between retinol, α-tocopherol and cholecalciferol need consideration in diets for farmed mink (Mustela vison). Clausen, TN; Hymøller, L; Jensen, SK, 2016)	0.43
" The liver-targeting RPTN, which displayed enhanced pharmacological effects and decreased toxicity for the loaded drug RBG, is therefore a promising intravenous dosage form that may be useful in the treatment of liver cancer."	( Liver-targeting Resibufogenin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate nanoparticles for liver cancer therapy. Chu, Q; Deng, S; Gao, M; Guan, X; Huo, X; Liu, H; Liu, K; Ma, X; Tian, Y; Xu, H, 2016)	0.43
" Group III was co-treated with GAR at a therapeutic dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight per day."	( Garlic capsule and selenium-vitamins ACE combination therapy modulate key antioxidant proteins and cellular adenosine triphosphate in lisinopril-induced lung damage in rats. Akintunde, DG; Akintunde, JK; Bolarin, OE, 2016)	0.43
" All formulations were dosed to rats at 20 mg/kg in suspension."	( Evaluation of Three Amorphous Drug Delivery Technologies to Improve the Oral Absorption of Flubendazole. Backx, K; Boeykens, P; Bone, S; Brewster, ME; Ceulemans, J; Hillewaert, V; Jager, C; Kesselaers, E; Lachau-Durand, S; Mackie, C; Meurs, G; Novoa de Armas, H; Psathas, P; Smulders, S; Van Geel, K; Van Hove, B; Van Speybroeck, M; Verheyen, L; Verreck, G; Vialpando, M; Vodak, D; Voets, M; Weuts, I, 2016)	0.43
" This may be due to different patient populations, study designs, timing, dosing regimens, and duration of the intervention and outcome measures evaluated."	( Antioxidant Vitamins and Trace Elements in Critical Illness. Koekkoek, WA; van Zanten, AR, 2016)	0.43
"Vitamin E administration for the treatment of paediatric CHB at the tested dosage has no significant side effects and may induce anti-HBe seroconversion."	( Vitamin E for the treatment of E-antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B in paediatric patients: results of a randomized phase 2 controlled study. Andreone, P; Bacchi Reggiani, ML; Badia, L; Bernardi, M; Comparcola, D; Cursaro, C; Fiorino, S; Galli, S; Grandini, E; Loggi, E; Maselli, S; Pavoni, M; Puggioli, C; Verucchi, G; Viale, P; Vukotic, R, 2017)	0.46
" In this study, TPGS induced apoptotic cell death in Jurkat cells, but not in PBL, in a dose-response manner with increasing nuclear DNA fragmentation, increasing cell cycle arrest, and decreasing ΔΨm."	( Vitamin E synthetic derivate-TPGS-selectively induces apoptosis in jurkat t cells via oxidative stress signaling pathways: implications for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Jimenez-Del-Rio, M; Lopez-Osorio, B; Ruiz-Moreno, C; Sierra-Garcia, L; Velez-Pardo, C, 2016)	0.43
" Therefore, we evaluated the effect of low dosage of α-tocopherol on PH-induced changes in polyamine metabolism."	( Putrescine treatment reverses α-tocopherol-induced desynchronization of polyamine and retinoid metabolism during rat liver regeneration. Hernández-Muñoz, R; Mendieta-Condado, E; Sánchez-Sevilla, L, 2016)	0.43
" Future studies are warranted to further examine the dose-response relationships between individual vitamin E isomers and bone metabolism."	( Associations between serum vitamin E concentration and bone mineral density in the US elderly population. Hu, X; Zhang, J, 2017)	0.46
" The control group (group C) was injected with normal saline at the equivalent dosage and times as the aforementioned two groups."	( Inhibitory effects of vitamin E on osteocyte apoptosis and DNA oxidative damage in bone marrow hemopoietic cells at early stage of steroid-induced femoral head necrosis. Jia, YB; Jiang, DM; Liang, ZH; Ren, YZ; Wang, YX; Zhao, ZQ, 2017)	0.46
"Randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing any preparation of vitamin E supplementation to placebo or no supplement, regardless of dosage or duration."	( Vitamin E supplementation in people with cystic fibrosis. Barrett, J; Kansra, S; Okebukola, PO, 2017)	0.46
"To evaluate serum, CSF and muscle α-TP concentrations in an 8-week dosing regimen in which horses were transitioned from WD RRR-α-TP to RRR-α-TP acetate."	( Effects of feeding two RRR-α-tocopherol formulations on serum, cerebrospinal fluid and muscle α-tocopherol concentrations in horses with subclinical vitamin E deficiency. Brown, JC; Finno, CJ; Hogg, M; Valberg, SJ, 2017)	0.46
" In the presence of 50 μM of RA, dose-response for CA shifted to IC50 value of 11."	( Rosmarinic acid potentiates carnosic acid induced apoptosis in lung fibroblasts. Bahri, S; Ben Ali, R; Jameleddine, S; Mc Entee, K; Mies, F; Mlika, M; Shlyonsky, V, 2017)	0.46
" However, the reviewed studies had several biases and differences in the dosage of the supplements and antibiotics administered."	( Assessment of the use of vitamin C and E supplements concomitantly to antibiotic treatment against Helicobacter pylori: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Caicedo Ochoa, EY; Cortes Motta, HF; Guio Guerra, SA; Méndez Fandiño, YR; Quintero Moreno, CO; Sánchez Fonseca, SC, 2018)	0.48
" Its tissue distribution in rats may change with different dosage forms, which therefore shall be studied after ARS-TPGS-Lipo was injected."	( [Tissue distribution of TPGS modified artesunate liposome and its metabolites in rats]. An, R; Hu, C; Liang, K; Wang, XH; You, LS, 2018)	0.48
"Soluplus® is a graft amphiphilic copolymer that is frequently used as an excipient in solid dosage forms as a dissolution and a solubility enhancer."	( The rheological and textural characterization of Soluplus®/Vitamin E composites. Nazzal, S; Salawi, A, 2018)	0.48
" The nonlinear dose-response meta-analyses demonstrated a linear inverse association in the analyses of dietary β-carotene and total antioxidant capacity, as well as in the analyses of circulating α-carotene, β-carotene, selenium, vitamin C, and total carotenoids."	( Dietary Antioxidants, Circulating Antioxidant Concentrations, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies. Jayedi, A; Parohan, M; Rashidy-Pour, A; Shab-Bidar, S; Zargar, MS, 2018)	0.48
" Although it has demonstrated significant improvements in wear resistance, bio-tribology, and oxidative resistance, little is known about the effect of antioxidants and dosage of cross-linking on the mechanical strength."	( Elastoplastic behavior of highly cross-linked and vitamin E-stabilized polyethylene - A biomechanical study. Chang, TK; Huang, CH; Lu, YC; Wu, CY, 2018)	0.48
" Although the oral bioavailability of suspensions of its solid forms is poor, addition of vitamin E D-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate to dosing vehicles improves the fraction absorbed of the compound in vivo."	( Overcoming the Bile Salt-Mediated Formation of Nanocolloids That Inhibit Oral Absorption of VX-985. Bransford, P; Dworakowski, W; Kumar, S; Medek, A; Mudunuri, P; Peresypkin, A; Randles, EG; Snyder, PW; Song, B, 2019)	0.51
"Findings from observational studies on the associations between vitamin E intake and stroke risk remain controversial, and the dose-response relationship between vitamin E intake and risk of stroke remains to be determined."	( Vitamin E intake and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. Chen, S; Cheng, P; Lin, H; Liu, Z; Ning, S; Wang, L; Zhu, J, 2018)	0.48
"Overall, the nano-complex may serve as a promising local therapeutic patch against MDR CRC with one-time dosing to achieve a long-term tumor control."	( A personalized and long-acting local therapeutic platform combining photothermal therapy and chemotherapy for the treatment of multidrug-resistant colon tumor. Chen, Y; Chen, ZS; Gao, W; Jiang, Y; Lin, Z; Wang, B; Wu, S; Yang, X, 2018)	0.48
" Dose-response relations were assessed with the use of generalized least-squares trend estimation."	( Dietary vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of age-related cataract. Guo, F; Jiang, H; Li, M; Liu, Y; Ma, L; Wu, CR; Yin, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Dose-response meta-analyses demonstrated that the circulating biomarkers of antioxidants were more strongly associated with risk of CVD mortality than dietary intakes."	( Dietary and circulating vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and risk of total cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Jayedi, A; Parohan, M; Rashidy-Pour, A; Shab-Bidar, S; Zargar, MS, 2019)	0.51
"Determine whether serum α-tocopherol (the predominant form of vitamin E) is related to long-term overall and cause-specific mortality and elucidate the dose-response relationships with better quantification of the associations."	( Relationship Between Serum Alpha-Tocopherol and Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality. Albanes, D; Huang, J; Männistö, S; Weinstein, SJ; Yu, K, 2019)	0.51
" In addition, exudate collection from the ulcers was performed in the beginning and after 12 weeks of treatment to determine the dosage of metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1)."	( Effect of Hydrogel Enriched With Alginate, Fatty Acids, and Vitamins A and E on Pressure Injuries: A Case Series. Carvalho, VF; Paggiaro, AO; Rosa, CA, )	0.13
" Proxelan® suppositories were prescribed for each patient for a month with a daily dosage of 1 suppository at bed-time."	( Pumpkin seeds, Centella asiatica, Boswellia, Helichrysum, acetate vitamin E, Melaleuca alternifolia and hyaluronic acid phytocomplex monotherapy effects in patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Bartoletti, R; Caglieresi, C; Canale, D; Di Vico, T; Durante, J; Morelli, G; Polito, C; Tognarelli, A, 2020)	0.56
" The in vivo anesthesia antinociception study displayed that NLCs showed stronger and longer anesthesia antinociceptive effect when compared with single drugs loaded NLCs and drugs solution even at a lower dosage of drugs."	( Topical anesthetic analgesic therapy using the combination of ropivacaine and dexmedetomidine: hyaluronic acid modified long-acting nanostructured lipid carriers containing a skin penetration enhancer. Chao, L; Liu, Y; Qiu, D; Yang, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Due to its extremely low solubility in water, it was difficult to develop an injectable liquid dosage form."	( Injected laquinimod D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate polymeric micelles for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Chen, R; Tong, M; Wang, L; Xu, H; Xue, P; Yang, W; Yao, Q; Yuan, J; Zhao, Y; ZhuGe, D, 2020)	0.56
" Generally, offspring in the SeMet groups had higher total Se-concentrations in plasma than those from sows fed selenite, and showed a dose-response effect on plasma Se-concentrations."	( Beneficial antioxidant status of piglets from sows fed selenomethionine compared with piglets from sows fed sodium selenite. Bernhoft, A; Falk, M; Framstad, T; Fuhrmann, H; Lebed, P; Oropeza-Moe, M; Reinoso-Maset, E; Salbu, B, 2020)	0.56
"Twenty-four male Wistar-Kyoto rats (220-240 g, 12 weeks old) were dosed with 50 μL of 10 nm GNPs administered intraperitoneally with or without 200 mg/kg/day Vit E or 200 mg/kg/day α-Lip."	( The Protective Roles of Vitamin E and α-Lipoic Acid Against Nephrotoxicity, Lipid Peroxidation, and Inflammatory Damage Induced by Gold Nanoparticles. Abdelhalim, MAK; Al-Mohy, YH; Ghannam, MM; Qaid, HA, 2020)	0.56
" It was interesting that dosage of HMG were significant lower in group B compared with those in group A and group C (P<0."	( Effect of a short-term vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress in infertile PCOS women under ovulation induction: a retrospective cohort study. Chen, J; Chi, L; Guo, Q; Hu, RK; Pei, YH; Ren, QL; Tan, Y, 2020)	0.56
"A short-term supplementation of vitamin E can improve oxidative stress, and reduce exogenous HMG dosage to lower the economic cost with a similar pregnancy rate in the ovulation induction cycle."	( Effect of a short-term vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress in infertile PCOS women under ovulation induction: a retrospective cohort study. Chen, J; Chi, L; Guo, Q; Hu, RK; Pei, YH; Ren, QL; Tan, Y, 2020)	0.56
"31), and this improvement was affected linearly by increasing the dosage administered."	( A meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effects of vitamin E supplementation on serum enrichment, udder health, milk yield, and reproductive performance of transition cows. Alamouti, AA; Imani, M; Moghimi-Kandelousi, M; Zebeli, Q, 2020)	0.56
"Decreased plasma FFA in critically ill patients who receive TPN may result from increased insulin sensitivity with a better effect in group G, owing to higher insulin and glucose dosing and no lipid emulsions."	( The Impact of Glucose-Based or Lipid-Based Total Parenteral Nutrition on the Free Fatty Acids Profile in Critically Ill Patients. Blaha, V; Fortunato, J; Horacek, JM; Manak, J; Skorepa, P; Sobotka, L; Sobotka, O; Ticha, A; Vanek, J, 2020)	0.56
" Caspases 9 and 3 were efficiently activated by GT3 on both cell lines irrespective of androgen sensitivity, but not in cells dosed with AT."	( Upregulation of pERK and c-JUN by γ-tocotrienol and not α-tocopherol are essential to the differential effect on apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Krishnan, K; Lightner, J; Mahboob, R; Moore, C; Palau, VE; Stone, W, 2020)	0.56
" Oral vitamin E supplements are an accepted treatment, but detailed dosage recommendations and reports on long-term therapeutic results are scarce."	( First Recognized Patient with Genetic Vitamin E Deficiency Stable after 36 Years of Controlled Supplement Therapy. Bley, A; Finckh, B; Hübner, C; Kohlschütter, A; Nickel, M, 2020)	0.56
"Randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing any preparation of vitamin E supplementation to placebo or no supplement, regardless of dosage or duration."	( Vitamin E supplementation in people with cystic fibrosis. Barrett, J; Kansra, S; Okebukola, PO, 2020)	0.56
" Dose-response analyses showed that dietary vitamin E intake was inversely associated with hyperuricemia in a nonlinear manner."	( Dietary Vitamin E Intake Was Inversely Associated with Hyperuricemia in US Adults: NHANES 2009-2014. Ma, P; Shi, X; Sun, Y; Yu, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, P, 2020)	0.56
" VE is an effective antioxidant agent that exhibits a dose-response effect, for ameliorating the negative effects of GCs."	( Effects of vitamin E in a glucocorticoid induced cataract model in chicken embryos. Atay, E; Bilir, A; Bozkurt, E; Ertekin, A; Sabaner, MC; Vurmaz, A, 2021)	0.62
" Subgroup analyses were performed under each category (total stroke, fatal stroke and non-fatal stroke) and included the following subgroups (types of prevention, source and dosage of vitamin E and vitamin E alone vs control)."	( Effects of vitamin E on stroke: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Abdul Karim Khan, N; Chuan, DR; Kah Hay, Y; Lee, KW; Lim, R; Loh, HC; Looi, I; Ooi, CY, 2021)	0.62
" This may be related to factors such as the population and the dosage and time of taking natural products involved in different studies."	( Natural products: The role and mechanism in low-density lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis. Chen, W; Feng, X; Li, L; Xu, S; Zhang, L; Zhang, S, 2021)	0.62
" RLX fails to be developed into injectable dosage forms due to poor solubility."	( Bioadhesive polymer/lipid hybrid nanoparticles as oral delivery system of raloxifene with enhancive intestinal retention and bioavailability. Du, X; Gao, N; Song, X, 2021)	0.62
"Delivering therapeutics to the brain using conventional dosage forms is always a challenge, thus the present study was aimed to formulate mucoadhesive nanoemulsion (MNE) of aripiprazole (ARP) for intranasal delivery to transport the drug directly to the brain."	( Antipsychotic Potential and Safety Profile of TPGS-Based Mucoadhesive Aripiprazole Nanoemulsion: Development and Optimization for Nose-To-Brain Delivery. Choudhury, H; Gorain, B; Kokare, CR; Kumbhar, SA; Shrivastava, B, 2021)	0.62
"Based on the optimization of particle size and embedding rate of PTX-loaded mixed NPs, the appropriate dosage ratio of FA-F87-PLGA to TPGS was finally determined to be 5:3."	( Preparation and In Vitro/Vivo Evaluation of Folate-conjugated Pluronic F87-PLGA/TPGS Mixed Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery. Gong, Y; Li, Y; Li, Z; Wu, T; Xiong, X, 2021)	0.62
" This could be due to the wide variety of study designs regarding the dosage and duration of vitamin E supplementation."	( Enjoy Carefully: The Multifaceted Role of Vitamin E in Neuro-Nutrition. Dziewas, R; Meuth, SG; Nelke, C; Regner-Nelke, L; Ruck, T; Schroeter, CB; Warnecke, T, 2021)	0.62
" An effect of the grape pomace dosage was observed, with the supplementation at 5% being more effective."	( Effects of grape pomace supplementation on the diet of lactating ewes as compared to vitamin E on the meat shelf life of suckling lambs. Guerra-Rivas, C; Manso, T; Martínez, B; Rubio, B; Vieira, C, 2022)	0.72
"Topical eye drops still face challenges of low-drug treatment effects and frequent dosing in ophthalmic applications due to the low preocular retention rate and low transcorneal permeability."	( Mucoadhesive phenylboronic acid conjugated chitosan oligosaccharide-vitamin E copolymer for topical ocular delivery of voriconazole: Synthesis, in vitro/vivo evaluation, and mechanism. Feng, J; Han, J; Li, K; Li, Y; Sai, S; Sheng, Y; Sun, X; Tian, B; Zhang, J, 2022)	0.72
" In addition, a dose-response relation was examined between antioxidant intake and PD risk."	( Dietary Antioxidants and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. Ghoreishy, SM; Jayedi, A; Mohammadi, H; Talebi, S; Travica, N, 2022)	0.72
" In addition, the high dosage of vitamin E intensified the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin."	( Effects of Vitamin E on Doxorubicin Cytotoxicity in Human Breast Cancer Cells in Vitro. Ahmadi, M; Alizadeh-Navaei, R; Amjadi, O; Besharat, Z; Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A; Kelidari, H; Saeedi, M; Zaboli, E, 2022)	0.72
" This study aimed to refine the palm-pressed mesocarp fiber oil and determine the optimum dosage of phosphoric acid for acid-degumming of palm-pressed mesocarp fiber oil while retaining its phytonutrients."	( Phosphorus Removal and Phytonutrients Retention in the Refining of Solvent Extracted Palm-Pressed Mesocarp Fiber Oil. Chan, MK; Lau, HLN; Tee, YS; Teh, SS, 2022)	0.72
" This study aimed to explore the dose-response association between micronutrient intake and periodontitis."	( Abnormal Micronutrient Intake Is Associated with the Risk of Periodontitis: A Dose-response Association Study Based on NHANES 2009-2014. Chen, Q; Li, W; Peng, J; Shang, Q; Xu, H; Yang, D; Zhao, H, 2022)	0.72
" As currently TBZ is prescribed on a weight-based dosage regimen, it is imperative to develop a dose-customizable fast dissolving pediatric formulation."	( Development of a safe pediatric liquisolid self-nanoemulsifying system of triclabendazole for the treatment of fascioliasis. Daware, S; Palekar, S; Patel, K; Patki, M; Saraswat, A, 2022)	0.72
" We conducted dose-response meta-analyses to assess potential linear and non-linear dose-response relationships."	( Effect of antioxidant intake patterns on risks of dementia and cognitive decline. Liu, T; Xie, X; Zhang, H; Zhou, F, 2023)	0.91
" A restricted cubic splines model was used to evaluate the dose-response relationship between dietary VE intake and cognitive function."	( Non-linear relationship between dietary vitamin E intake and cognitive performance in older adults. Chen, Z; Li, S; Li, W; Lu, J; Lyu, J; Shang, Y; Yan, G; Zhuang, W, 2023)	0.91
" An irregular L-shaped dose-response relationship was observed between dietary VE intake and cognitive impairment risk."	( Non-linear relationship between dietary vitamin E intake and cognitive performance in older adults. Chen, Z; Li, S; Li, W; Lu, J; Lyu, J; Shang, Y; Yan, G; Zhuang, W, 2023)	0.91
" In the subgroup analyses, we detected that fibrosis scores notably decreased when vitamin E dosage was >600 IU/day (ES -0."	( Vitamin E supplementation in the treatment on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Evidence from an umbrella review of meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials. Găman, MA; Prabahar, K; Wang, MY; Zhang, JL, )	0.13
" Fibrosis scores were significantly reduced when vitamin E dosage exceeded 600 IU/day or with a treatment duration of at least 12 months."	( Vitamin E supplementation in the treatment on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Evidence from an umbrella review of meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials. Găman, MA; Prabahar, K; Wang, MY; Zhang, JL, )	0.13
"Notably, on day 35, after drug treatment, we observed that mice that received vitamin E at a dosage of 50 mg/kg (3."	( In vivo ameliorative effects of vitamin E against hydralazine-induced lupus. Githaiga, FM; Ngugi, MP; Omwenga, GI, 2023)	0.91

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Item	Process	Frequency
Plant-based milk alternatives	core-ingredient	23
Plant-based beverages	core-ingredient	23
Milk substitutes	core-ingredient	23
Dairy substitutes	core-ingredient	23
Beverages	core-ingredient	23
Plant-based foods and beverages	core-ingredient	23
Almond-based drinks	core-ingredient	7
Nut-based drinks	core-ingredient	7
Nuts and their products	core-ingredient	7
Plant-based foods	core-ingredient	7
Dietary supplements	core-ingredient	5
Vitamins	core-ingredient	2
Gym	core-ingredient	1
Plant-based milk	core-ingredient	1
L	core-ingredient	1
Laits d'amande	core-ingredient	1
Boissons végétales de fruits à coque	core-ingredient	1
Boissons végétales	core-ingredient	1
Boissons à base de végétaux	core-ingredient	1
Fruits à coques et dérivés	core-ingredient	1
Substituts du lait	core-ingredient	1
Substituts de produits laitiers	core-ingredient	1
Aliments d'origine végétale	core-ingredient	1
Boissons	core-ingredient	1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux	core-ingredient	1
Vitamin mineral combinations	core-ingredient	1

Role	Description
antioxidant	A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
nutraceutical	A product in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance.
antiatherogenic agent	A cardiovascular drug that prevents atherogenesis, the accumulation of lipid-containing plaques on the innermost layers of the arteries. Compare with antiatherosclerotic agent.
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor	An EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein kinase C (EC 2.7.11.13).
anticoagulant	An agent that prevents blood clotting.
immunomodulator	Biologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system.
antiviral agent	A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses.
micronutrient	Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions.
algal metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae.
plant metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
alpha-tocopherol	A tocopherol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a 4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl group at position 2.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Metabolism	1496	1108
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors	146	155
Metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins	26	23
Vitamin E	1	1
vitamin E biosynthesis (tocopherols)	0	17
Renz2020 - GEM of Human alveolar macrophage with SARS-CoV-2	0	490
vitamin E biosynthesis (tocopherols)	5	18
u03B1-tocopherol degradation	1	6
vitamin E biosynthesis	0	15
Folic acid network	0	70
AtMetExpress overview	0	109
Selenium micronutrient network	0	95
Vitamin B12 metabolism	0	50
Ferroptosis	1	33
Vitamin E biosynthesis	5	14

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
USP1 protein, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	3.9811	0.0316	37.5844	354.8130	AID504865
Microtubule-associated protein tau	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	3.5481	0.1800	13.5574	39.8107	AID1468
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	6.2333	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID1259243; AID1259247; AID743035; AID743036; AID743042
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	37.9083	0.0123	7.9835	43.2770	AID1645841
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	43.0814	0.0030	41.6115	22,387.1992	AID1159552; AID1159555
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	11.6885	0.0015	30.6073	15,848.9004	AID1224841; AID1224849
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	4.9882	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID743069
activating transcription factor 6	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.1452	0.1434	27.6121	59.8106	AID1159516
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.1452	19.7391	45.9784	64.9432	AID1159509
heat shock protein beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	4.3994	0.0420	27.3789	61.6448	AID743210
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.4581	5.8048	36.1306	65.1308	AID540253
snurportin-1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.4581	5.8048	36.1306	65.1308	AID540253
GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.4581	5.8048	16.9962	25.9290	AID540253
lamin isoform A-delta10	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.1122	0.8913	12.0676	28.1838	AID1487
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.0119	6.3096	60.2008	112.2020	AID720707
Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	14.4322	0.0023	19.5956	74.0614	AID651631
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.5000	0.0512	1.7019	4.0000	AID1384566
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	2.4200	2.4200	2.4200	2.4200	AID454510
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
angiogenesis	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune response	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
associative learning	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
Rap protein signal transduction	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular signal transduction	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of GTPase activity	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of angiogenesis	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of angiogenesis	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein export from nucleus	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of stress fiber assembly	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
establishment of endothelial barrier	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cAMP	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transduction	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretion	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transduction	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replication	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespan	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substance	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-ray	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
viral process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibiotic	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behavior	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-C	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin D	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processing	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to reactive oxygen species	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of acute inflammatory response	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein kinase activity	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin metabolic process	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione metabolic process	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
central nervous system development	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of biosynthetic process	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of superoxide anion generation	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
common myeloid progenitor cell proliferation	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide storage	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of MAP kinase activity	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of MAPK cascade	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of JUN kinase activity	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
linoleic acid metabolic process	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
hepoxilin biosynthetic process	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of leukocyte proliferation	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharide	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular oxidant detoxification	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione derivative biosynthetic process	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic placenta development	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid metabolic process	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substance	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin transport	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of establishment of blood-brain barrier	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
intermembrane lipid transfer	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of amyloid-beta clearance	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin E metabolic process	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific binding	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP binding	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protease binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
p53 binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transferase activity	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione peroxidase activity	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid binding	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
JUN kinase binding	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
kinase regulator activity	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
S-nitrosoglutathione binding	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
dinitrosyl-iron complex binding	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide binding	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin E binding	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate binding	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate binding	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid transfer activity	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cortical actin cytoskeleton	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
endomembrane system	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
lamellipodium	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
filopodium	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replication fork	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
centrosome	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
PML body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand break	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
vesicle	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule lumen	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
ficolin-1-rich granule lumen	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
TRAF2-GSTP1 complex	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Glutathione S-transferase P	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
late endosome	Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID356109	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 12 uM after 30 mins	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita.
AID1179728	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction in mouse CRL2181 cells-mediated human LDL oxidation by measuring TBARS level at 10 uM after 18 hrs	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 22, Issue:15	Synthesis, antioxidant and cytoprotective evaluation of potential antiatherogenic phenolic hydrazones. A structure-activity relationship insight.
AID690612	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS+ free radical scavenging activity by TEAC assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21	Tocotrienamines and tocopheramines: reactions with radicals and metal ions.
AID380374	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 20 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometric assay	2000	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 63, Issue:6	Galloylglucosides from berries of Pimenta dioica.
AID1467652	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced cytotoxicity in mouse NIH/3T3 cells assessed as LDH release at 100 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by spectrophotometric method (Rvb = 63.34 +/- 1.85%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID85742	Tested in vitro for neurotoxicity on murine HT-22 hippocampal cell culture, monitored by LDH assay.	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-18, Volume: 9, Issue:20	Synthesis of novel orthoalkylaminophenol derivatives as potent neuroprotective agents in vitro.
AID292585	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 25 uM	2007	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 70, Issue:7	Kadsuphilols A-H, oxygenated lignans from Kadsura philippinensis.
AID665149	Cytoprotective activity against DEM-induced ROS production in human CEM cells treated prior DEM challenge after 16 hrs by DCFH-DA-based flow cytometry relative to alpha-tocopherol	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 20, Issue:11	Simplified bicyclic pyridinol analogues protect mitochondrial function.
AID227510	Glutathione peroxidase-like activity at 10x(E -2) M concentration as NADP+/L/min	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-04, Volume: 43, Issue:9	Screening of new antioxidant molecules using flow cytometry.
AID119179	Time of recovery of righting reflux (RRT) in seconds was measured after administration of 100 mg/kg orally in mice for the promotional effect on recovery from coma	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Novel cerebroprotective agents with central nervous system stimulating activity. 1. Synthesis and pharmacology of 1-amino-7-hydroxyindan derivatives.
AID762725	Antioxidant activity against ferric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation using egg lecithin at 2.5 ug/ml after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID1325476	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of Meo-AMVN-derived peroxyl radicals-induced fucoxanthin consumption at 50 uM	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22	Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID607705	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition microsomal lipid peroxidation at 100 ug/ml by thiobarbituric acid test	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 21, Issue:15	Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of novel biscoumarin-chalcone hybrids.
AID225222	Antioxidative property against stable murine-murine hybridoma (Mark 3) cell line	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-04, Volume: 43, Issue:9	Screening of new antioxidant molecules using flow cytometry.
AID420982	Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG Pasteur after 6 days by microdilution resazurin assay	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 44, Issue:6	Diversity-oriented synthesis of furo[3,2-f]chromanes with antimycobacterial activity.
AID119180	Time of recovery of righting reflux (RRT) in seconds was measured after administration of 100 mg/kg orally in mice for the promotional effect on recovery from coma.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Novel cerebroprotective agents with central nervous system stimulating activity. 2. Synthesis and pharmacology of the 1-(acylamino)-7-hydroxyindan derivatives.
AID194997	Inhibitory concentration required to inhibit cholesterol synthesis in isolated rat Hepatocytes; no inhibition	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-02, Volume: 35, Issue:20	Hypocholesterolemic activity of synthetic and natural tocotrienols.
AID1079943	Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID1467641	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced oxidative stress in mouse NIH/3T3 cells assessed as cell survival at 10 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by MTT assay (Rvb = 42.71 +/- 2.10%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID1268239	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 26, Issue:2	Synthesis of novel ethyl 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-7-(fatty amido)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylate derivatives and their biological evaluation.
AID454510	Displacement of NBD-Toc from human recombinant alphaTTP	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 17, Issue:24	Interaction studies between human alpha-tocopherol transfer protein and nitric oxide donor tocopherol analogues with LDL-protective activity.
AID437944	Inhibition of catalase in Wistar rat brain	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1	Synthesis, spectral characterization and biological evaluation of phosphorylated derivatives of galanthamine.
AID478243	Antioxidant activity in Wistar albino rat assessed as reduced glutathione activity	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis, spectral characterization and bioassay of 3,3'-(1,4-phenylene)-bis[2-alkoxycarbonyl-alkyl)-2-thio-benzoxa-phosphinines].
AID234581	Inhibition time for 20 uM during peroxidation of methyl linoleate / DMVN in TBA /methanol medium at 40 degree Centigrade	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 36, Issue:10	Long-chain-substituted uric acid and 5,6-diaminouracil derivatives as novel agents against free radical processes: synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID250422	inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production in mouse MMGT12 cells at 1e-5 M to 1e-7 M concentration; No effect	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-20, Volume: 14, Issue:24	Tocopherol long chain fatty alcohols decrease the production of TNF-alpha and NO radicals by activated microglial cells.
AID396342	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of hydroxyl radical at 100 ug/mL	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 43, Issue:11	Novel keto-enamine Schiffs bases from 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-benzo[h] chromene-8,10-dicarbaldehyde as potential antidyslipidemic and antioxidant agents.
AID119259	Time of recovery of spontaneous movement (SMT) in seconds was measured after administration of 100 mg/kg orally in mice for the promotional effect on recovery from coma.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Novel cerebroprotective agents with central nervous system stimulating activity. 2. Synthesis and pharmacology of the 1-(acylamino)-7-hydroxyindan derivatives.
AID736486	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of ABTS radical formation for 15 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 62	Exploring nature profits: development of novel and potent lipophilic antioxidants based on galloyl-cinnamic hybrids.
AID181705	Compound was evaluated for prevention of spontaneous lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1	A cardioselective, hydrophilic N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium alpha-tocopherol analogue that reduces myocardial infarct size.
AID478247	Antioxidant activity in Wistar albino rat assessed as superoxide dismutase level	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis, spectral characterization and bioassay of 3,3'-(1,4-phenylene)-bis[2-alkoxycarbonyl-alkyl)-2-thio-benzoxa-phosphinines].
AID1079934	Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID54305	Tested for antioxidant activity using bovine heart mitochondria and iron(II) / dihydroxy fumaric acid (DHF) at 100 uM	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 36, Issue:10	Long-chain-substituted uric acid and 5,6-diaminouracil derivatives as novel agents against free radical processes: synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID678276	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of DPPH radical generation	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 22, Issue:18	Design, synthesis, stereochemistry and antioxidant properties of various 7-alkylated 2,4-diaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-ones.
AID1467645	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced cytotoxicity in human Hep3B cells assessed as LDH release at 1 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by spectrophotometric method (Rvb = 60.94 +/- 1.18%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID1474167	Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status	2016	Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4	DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID356306	Antioxidant activity in egg yolk liposomes assessed as inhibition of ADP/Fe(2+)-induced lipid peroxidation after 15 mins by TBARS method	2003	Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 66, Issue:8	Antioxidant activity of a new capsaicin derivative from Capsicum annuum.
AID1467653	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced cytotoxicity in mouse NIH/3T3 cells assessed as decrease in LDH release treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by spectrophotometric method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID63632	Concentration required for 50% inhibitory effect on Dopamine receptor D2 determined in competition experiments with [3H]raclopride; NT denotes not tested	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 43, Issue:18	Discovery of (2S)-1-(4-amino-2,3,5- trimethylphenoxy)-3-[4-[4-(4- fluorobenzyl)phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]-2-propanol dimethanesulfonate (SUN N8075): a dual Na(+) and Ca(2+) channel blocker with antioxidant activity.
AID300695	Cytoprotective effect on HMEC1 cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 15, Issue:18	Synthesis of ferulic ester dimers, functionalisation and biological evaluation as potential antiatherogenic and antiplasmodial agents.
AID412559	Cytoprotective activity against 20 uM rotenone-induced intracellular ROS production in human U937 cells at 100 uM pretreated for 5 hrs by 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein dye reduction assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-08, Volume: 52, Issue:1	Total synthesis and cytoprotective properties of dykellic acid.
AID1326569	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID1877475	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in serum ALT level at 60 mg/kg checked in presence of 30 to 100 mg/kg JBP485	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID78571	Percentage inhibition of cell growth in the presence of compound in H69/LX4 cells with B669 as inhibitor; reversal of inhibition	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Inhibitors of multidrug resistance (MDR) have affinity for MDR substrates.
AID1525242	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity measured after 30 mins	2019	Journal of natural products, 05-24, Volume: 82, Issue:5	Structure and Absolute Configuration of Abietane Diterpenoids from Salvia clinopodioides: Antioxidant, Antiprotozoal, and Antipropulsive Activities.
AID197786	Compound was evaluated for the inhibition of recombinant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase; No data	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-03, Volume: 10, Issue:1	Antioxidant function of phenethyl-5-bromo-pyridyl thiourea compounds with potent anti-HIV activity.
AID762739	Antioxidant activity assessed as reducing power of ferric ion at 10 ug/ml after 20 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID1256761	Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MTCC 300 DAH7PS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using 25 to 125 uM PEP/100 uM E4P as substrate up to 50 nM by spectrophotometric analysis	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 105	Inhibition of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: in silico screening and in vitro validation.
AID464438	Neuroprotective activity against glutamate-mediated oxidative stress-induced cell death in mouse HT22 cells assessed as survival after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3	Synthesis of tropolone derivatives and evaluation of their in vitro neuroprotective activity.
AID345789	Radical scavenging activity assessed as rate constant	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 16, Issue:24	Characterization of novel furan compounds on the basis of their radical scavenging activity and cytoprotective effects against glutamate- and lipopolysaccharide-induced insults.
AID308942	Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells by MTT assay	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 15, Issue:18	Second generation of alpha-tocopherol analogs-nitric oxide donors: Synthesis, physicochemical, and biological characterization.
AID450088	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide anion scavenging activity by NBT reduction assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 17, Issue:18	Antioxidant activity of 5,10-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]indoles containing substituents on dihydroindeno part.
AID180509	Tested in vitro for the inhibition of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation against rat brain homogenates, by malondialdehyde (MDA) formation assay	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 35, Issue:23	2-(Aminomethyl)chromans that inhibit iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and protect against central nervous system trauma and ischemia.
AID1335315	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 2 hrs by spectrophotometric analysis	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124	New piperidine-hydrazone derivatives: Synthesis, biological evaluations and molecular docking studies as AChE and BChE inhibitors.
AID422293	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2009	Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3	Antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity evaluation of ent-kaurane diterpenoids from Sideritis arguta.
AID290179	Inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging activity	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5	Synthesis of O-prenylated and O-geranylated derivatives of 5-benzylidene2,4-thiazolidinediones and evaluation of their free radical scavenging activity as well as effect on some phase II antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes.
AID377786	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 15 ug/mL after 30 to 45 mins	2005	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4	Antioxidant phenolic glycosides from Moricandia arvensis.
AID599477	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 0.2 mM after 20 mins by UV spectrophotometry	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 19, Issue:12	20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2, not 20(S), is a selective osteoclastgenesis inhibitor without any cytotoxicity.
AID195193	Compound was tested in vitro for [Ca2+] antagonistic activity in K+-depolarized isolated rat aorta	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 42, Issue:16	Novel calcium antagonists with both calcium overload inhibition and antioxidant activity. 2. Structure-activity relationships of thiazolidinone derivatives.
AID478241	Antioxidant activity in Wistar albino rat assessed as inhibition of catalase activity	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis, spectral characterization and bioassay of 3,3'-(1,4-phenylene)-bis[2-alkoxycarbonyl-alkyl)-2-thio-benzoxa-phosphinines].
AID762735	Antioxidant activity against ferric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation using egg lecithin at 100 ug/ml after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID1182518	Radioprotective activity against gamma-irradiated human MOLT4 cells preincubated for 1 hr at <50 uM before gamma-irradiation measured after 18 hrs by erythrosine B dye-exclusion test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 22, Issue:15	Design and synthesis of 8-hydroxyquinoline-based radioprotective agents.
AID356117	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of FeSO4-induced lipid peroxidation at 16 uM by TBARS assay	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita.
AID1877479	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in LDH level at 60 mg/kg checked in presence of JBP485	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID771144	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction of K3FeCN6 at 1 to 500 uM by spectrophotometric analysis in presence of FeCl3	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 23, Issue:19	Synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of (S,S)- and (R,R)-secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDGs).
AID665150	Cytoprotective activity against DEM-induced ROS production in human CEM cells assessed as reduction in lipid peroxidation at 2.5 to 5 uM treated prior DEM challenge measured after 16 hrs by C11-BODIPY581/591-based flow cytometry relative to alpha-tocopher	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 20, Issue:11	Simplified bicyclic pyridinol analogues protect mitochondrial function.
AID1179730	Cytoprotection in mouse CRL2181 cells assessed as reduction in UV-oxidized LDL-induced cytotoxicity by measuring cell viability at 10 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to untreated control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 22, Issue:15	Synthesis, antioxidant and cytoprotective evaluation of potential antiatherogenic phenolic hydrazones. A structure-activity relationship insight.
AID1725772	Anti-ferroptotic activity in FRDA patient-derived Lymphocyte assessed as reduction in RSL3-induced lipid peroxidation incubated for overnight followed by RSL3 stimulation and measured after 90 mins by FACS analysis	2020	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-12, Volume: 11, Issue:11	Antiferroptotic Activity of Phenothiazine Analogues: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Oxidative Stress Related Disease.
AID256806	Cytotoxic effect of LDL oxidized by HMEC1 cells at 10 uM by MTT assay expressed as percentage of viability in unstimulated control	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-29, Volume: 48, Issue:26	Design, synthesis, and evaluation of pharmacological properties of cinnamic derivatives as antiatherogenic agents.
AID354424	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2003	Journal of natural products, Feb, Volume: 66, Issue:2	Polyprenylated benzophenones from Garcinia assigu and their potential cancer chemopreventive activities.
AID380376	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 5 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometric assay	2000	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 63, Issue:6	Galloylglucosides from berries of Pimenta dioica.
AID1292310	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 20 mins	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 24, Issue:10	Synthesis and molecular docking of N'-arylidene-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazides as novel hypoglycemic and antioxidant dual agents.
AID762731	Antioxidant activity against ferric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation using egg lecithin at 0.05 ug/ml after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID397831	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 20 mins by UV-visible spectrophotometry	2002	Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 65, Issue:12	An extract of Tagetes lucida and its phenolic constituents as antioxidants.
AID356135	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Acetophenone derivatives from Acronychia pedunculata.
AID1326574	Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID450089	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 17, Issue:18	Antioxidant activity of 5,10-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]indoles containing substituents on dihydroindeno part.
AID42807	Inhibition of [Fe(2+)]/ascorbate-induced oxidation of bovine heart membranes(antioxidant BHMLO)	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 42, Issue:2	Novel esters and amides of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory carboxylic acids as antioxidants and antiproliferative agents.
AID51430	Compound is evaluated for the effect on lipid metabolism in 6-week-old male chickens at a concentration of 20 ppm in the diet and measured for total cholesterol	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-02, Volume: 35, Issue:20	Hypocholesterolemic activity of synthetic and natural tocotrienols.
AID398887	Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsome	1997	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 60, Issue:7	New indole derivatives with free radical scavenging activity from Agrocybe cylindracea.
AID248585	Inhibitory concentration against glycation in rat was determined; Not active from 3.80 nM to 1.00 mM	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 15, Issue:4	2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinones and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinones: glycation inhibitors with lipid peroxidation activity.
AID1877461	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in steatosis at 60 mg/kg checked in presence of 30 to 100 mg/kg JBP485 by H and E staining based assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID292583	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 100 uM	2007	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 70, Issue:7	Kadsuphilols A-H, oxygenated lignans from Kadsura philippinensis.
AID1179805	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity after 16 hrs by UV spectrophotometry	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 24, Issue:15	Antioxidant effects of the highly-substituted carbazole alkaloids and their related carbazoles.
AID247699	Inhibitory concentration against lipid peroxidation in rat	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 15, Issue:4	2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinones and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinones: glycation inhibitors with lipid peroxidation activity.
AID360575	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of endothelial cell-induced human LDL oxidation	1995	Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 58, Issue:12	Synthesis and evaluation of 3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxyflavones as potential inhibitors of low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation.
AID392229	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction in lipid peroxidation in microsomes at 100 ug/mL measured as malondialdehyde formation by spectrophotometry relative to control	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 19, Issue:2	Syntheses and evaluation of glucosyl aryl thiosemicarbazide and glucosyl thiosemicarbazone derivatives as antioxidant and anti-dyslipidemic agents.
AID648929	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at 2.5 mM by electron spin resonance method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 20, Issue:6	Cyclic dipeptides exhibit potency for scavenging radicals.
AID287012	Antioxidant activity in rat liver microsomes assessed as inhibition of ferrous-cystine-induced lipid peroxidation after 15 mins	2007	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 70, Issue:5	Glycosides from the stem bark of Fraxinus sieboldiana.
AID376722	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of rate of formation of phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides at 2.2 uM by phosphatidylcholine oxidation assay	1999	Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 62, Issue:12	A new vitamin E (alpha-tocomonoenol) from eggs of the Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus keta.
AID232873	Free radical scavenging assessed as color reduction of DPPH	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Synthesis and characterization of a series of novel monoacylated ascorbic acid derivatives, 6-O-acyl-2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acids, as skin antioxidants.
AID345798	Neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced neuronal cell death in Sprague-Dawley rat primary cortical neuron at 2.5 uM pretreated for 24 hrs prior to glutamate challenge measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 16, Issue:24	Characterization of novel furan compounds on the basis of their radical scavenging activity and cytoprotective effects against glutamate- and lipopolysaccharide-induced insults.
AID1877449	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in liver index at 60 mg/kg	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID68460	Inhibitory activity against lipid peroxidation of egg-phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposome caused by lipid-soluble radical initiator [2,2'-azobis(2,4- dimethylvaleronitrile] (AMVN)	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-21, Volume: 8, Issue:14	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of novel amphipathic derivatives of tea polyphenol.
AID232978	Glutathione peroxidase-like activity in relation to Ebselen glutathione peroxidase-like activity	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-04, Volume: 43, Issue:9	Screening of new antioxidant molecules using flow cytometry.
AID425214	Protective activity against histamine-induced increase in macromolecular permeability in po dosed golden hamster cheek pouch administered for 10 days	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11	N-tert-butyl and N-methyl nitrones derived from aromatic aldehydes inhibit macromolecular permeability increase induced by ischemia/reperfusion in hamsters.
AID230361	Reducing activity to scavenge 10 uM 1, 1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH)	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 36, Issue:10	Long-chain-substituted uric acid and 5,6-diaminouracil derivatives as novel agents against free radical processes: synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID403308	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity by HPLC	2004	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 67, Issue:7	New lamellarin alkaloids from the Indian ascidian Didemnum obscurum and their antioxidant properties.
AID1443229	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenged per mole of compound after 20 mins	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Chemical synthesis, redox transformation, and identification of sonnerphenolic C, an antioxidant in Acer nikoense.
AID1326577	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 300 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID287996	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide radical anion scavenging activity	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 15, Issue:10	Highly oxygenated and unsaturated metabolites providing a diversity of hispidin class antioxidants in the medicinal mushrooms Inonotus and Phellinus.
AID762741	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml after 20 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID1256763	Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MTCC 300 DAH7PS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using 25 to 125 uM PEP/100 uM E4P as substrate by spectrophotometric analysis	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 105	Inhibition of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: in silico screening and in vitro validation.
AID678024	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain homogenates assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation by spectrophotometry based TBARS assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 20, Issue:17	Synthesis, cytotoxic and antioxidant evaluations of amino derivatives from perezone.
AID1079938	Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID323925	Antiviral activity against HCV assessed as suppression of HCV RNA replication in ORN/3-5B/KE/poly cells after 72 hrs by luciferase reporter assay	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Comprehensive analysis of the effects of ordinary nutrients on hepatitis C virus RNA replication in cell culture.
AID492140	Antioxidant activity assessed as formazan formation induced absorbance changes at 25 ppm at 570 nm at 37 degC for 6 hrs by MTT assay	2010	Journal of natural products, Jul-23, Volume: 73, Issue:7	An efficient and economical MTT assay for determining the antioxidant activity of plant natural product extracts and pure compounds.
AID478248	Antioxidant activity in Wistar albino rat assessed as catalase level	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis, spectral characterization and bioassay of 3,3'-(1,4-phenylene)-bis[2-alkoxycarbonyl-alkyl)-2-thio-benzoxa-phosphinines].
AID494206	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 45, Issue:8	Structure-activity relationship studies of acridones as potential antipsoriatic agents. 1. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of simple N-unsubstituted 10H-acridin-9-ones against human keratinocyte growth.
AID1877483	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in total cholesterol level at 60 mg/kg	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID403309	DPPH radical scavenging activity assessed as ratio of IC50 for trolox to IC50 for test compound	2004	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 67, Issue:7	New lamellarin alkaloids from the Indian ascidian Didemnum obscurum and their antioxidant properties.
AID288085	Effect on 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine level in V79 cells at 30 uM after 24 hrs	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 15, Issue:10	On the cytotoxicity and status of oxidative stress of two novel synthesized tri-aza macrocyclic diamides as studied in the V79 cell lines.
AID323924	Antiviral activity against HCV assessed as suppression of HCV RNA replication in ORN/C-5B/KE/poly cells after 72 hrs by luciferase reporter assay	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Comprehensive analysis of the effects of ordinary nutrients on hepatitis C virus RNA replication in cell culture.
AID1320281	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 2 mM incubated for 40 mins in dark condition	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 26, Issue:20	A diastereoselective synthesis of tetrahydro- and dihydro-pyrido[2,3-c]coumarin derivatives via a one-pot three-component Povarov reaction catalyzed by bismuth(III) chloride.
AID1325479	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of AAPH-derived peroxyl radicals-induced PGR consumption	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22	Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID119554	Antihypoxic effect tested by the survival time (SVT) in mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Novel cerebroprotective agents with central nervous system stimulating activity. 1. Synthesis and pharmacology of 1-amino-7-hydroxyindan derivatives.
AID1079933	Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID166114	In vitro inhibition of rabbit LDL oxidation by soybean lipoxygenase at 0.5 uM	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 41, Issue:22	Novel calcium antagonists with both calcium overload inhibition and antioxidant activity. 1. 2-(3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(aminopropyl)thiazolidinones.
AID1326583	Cytotoxicity against hamster AG17-1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 300 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID195012	Percent inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in rat hepatocytes at a concentration of 210 (micro g/mL)	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-02, Volume: 35, Issue:20	Hypocholesterolemic activity of synthetic and natural tocotrienols.
AID357936	Antioxidant activity in rat liver microsomes assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation by TBA method	2001	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 64, Issue:9	Coumarins with monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity and antioxidative coumarino-lignans from Hibiscus syriacus.
AID81332	Compound was evaluated for in vitro inhibition of proliferation measured by inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation by HMVEC-L cells	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 42, Issue:2	Novel esters and amides of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory carboxylic acids as antioxidants and antiproliferative agents.
AID375988	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity relative to control	2006	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 69, Issue:4	Vanillic acid glycoside and quinic acid derivatives from Gardeniae Fructus.
AID183784	Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular tachycardia (VT), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, incidence at 3 mg/kg; 8/10	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID119258	Time of recovery of spontaneous movement (SMT) in seconds was measured after administration of 100 mg/kg orally in mice for the promotional effect on recovery from coma	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Novel cerebroprotective agents with central nervous system stimulating activity. 1. Synthesis and pharmacology of 1-amino-7-hydroxyindan derivatives.
AID292587	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 6.25 uM	2007	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 70, Issue:7	Kadsuphilols A-H, oxygenated lignans from Kadsura philippinensis.
AID464441	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of ABTS free radical scavenging activity after 6 mins by TRAP assay	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3	Synthesis of new spiroindolinones incorporating a benzothiazole moiety as antioxidant agents.
AID1320279	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 0.5 mM incubated for 40 mins in dark condition	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 26, Issue:20	A diastereoselective synthesis of tetrahydro- and dihydro-pyrido[2,3-c]coumarin derivatives via a one-pot three-component Povarov reaction catalyzed by bismuth(III) chloride.
AID85735	Maximum tolerated concentration required for neurotoxicity on murine HT-22 hippocampal cell culture, monitored by LDH assay tested in vitro	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-18, Volume: 9, Issue:20	Synthesis of novel orthoalkylaminophenol derivatives as potent neuroprotective agents in vitro.
AID770338	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation at 200 ug/mL by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 68	Hybrid benzofuran-bisindole derivatives: new prototypes with promising anti-hyperlipidemic activities.
AID454509	Displacement of NBD-Toc from human recombinant alphaTTP at 1 to 2 uM	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 17, Issue:24	Interaction studies between human alpha-tocopherol transfer protein and nitric oxide donor tocopherol analogues with LDL-protective activity.
AID1326582	Cytotoxicity against mouse LMTK cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 300 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID1467644	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced cytotoxicity in human Hep3B cells assessed as LDH release at 0.1 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by spectrophotometric method (Rvb = 60.94 +/- 1.18%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID292625	Cytotoxicity against human A431 cells	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 17, Issue:18	Antitumor agents. 258. Syntheses and evaluation of dietary antioxidant--taxoid conjugates as novel cytotoxic agents.
AID762730	Antioxidant activity against ferric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation using egg lecithin at 0.1 ug/ml after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID762740	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 50 ug/ml after 20 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID489932	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition non-enzymatic reactants generated hydroxyl radical production at 100 ug/ml by spectrophotometry	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 20, Issue:14	Novel coumarin derivatives as potential antidyslipidemic agents.
AID1467651	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced cytotoxicity in mouse NIH/3T3 cells assessed as LDH release at 10 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by spectrophotometric method (Rvb = 63.34 +/- 1.85%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID648931	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide radical scavenging activity at 2.5 mM by electron spin resonance method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 20, Issue:6	Cyclic dipeptides exhibit potency for scavenging radicals.
AID1405935	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156	Current progress on antioxidants incorporating the pyrazole core.
AID376397	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 20 uM after 30 mins	1999	Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 62, Issue:11	Diterpenes from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia.
AID1368751	Inhibition of NOX4 in human ARPE19 cells assessed as suppression of 4-HNE-induced superoxide production at 10 uM pre-incubated for 1 hr before 4-HNE addition for 1 hr by lucigenin chemiluminescence assay	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2	Protective effects of 6-ureido/thioureido-2,4,5-trimethylpyridin-3-ols against 4-hydroxynonenal-induced cell death in adult retinal pigment epithelial-19 cells.
AID1877469	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in liver fibrosis at 60 mg/kg by sirius red staining based assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID421702	Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induced human SH-SY5Y cell damage assessed as increase in cell viability at 10 uM pretreated 2 hrs before H2O2 challenge relative to control	2009	Journal of natural products, Feb-27, Volume: 72, Issue:2	Sesquiterpenoids and phenylpropanoids from pericarps of Illicium oligandrum.
AID650645	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 20, Issue:7	Tea catechins and flavonoids from the leaves of Camellia sinensis inhibit yeast alcohol dehydrogenase.
AID68587	Inhibitory activity against lipid peroxidation of egg-phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposome caused by water-soluble radical initiator [2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride] (AAPH)	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-21, Volume: 8, Issue:14	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of novel amphipathic derivatives of tea polyphenol.
AID1877465	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse at 60 mg/kg checked in presence of 30 to 100 mg/kg JBP485 by Oil red-O staining based assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID248562	Inhibitory concentration against bovine serum albumin glycation; Not active from 3.80 nM to 1.00 mM	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 15, Issue:4	2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinones and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinones: glycation inhibitors with lipid peroxidation activity.
AID1330333	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity measured after 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-15, Volume: 26, Issue:24	Radical scavenging and antibacterial activity of caffemides against gram positive, gram negative and clinical drug resistance bacteria.
AID1467634	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced oxidative stress in human Hep3B cells assessed as cell survival at 0.1 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by MTT assay (Rvb = 41.51 +/- 1.39%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID1155643	Antioxidant activity assessed as 150 uM DPPH free radical scavenging activity under dark condition after 30 mins by microplate reader analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Lignans from the fruit of Schisandra glaucescens with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties.
AID1368752	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 10 uM by spectrphotomery	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2	Protective effects of 6-ureido/thioureido-2,4,5-trimethylpyridin-3-ols against 4-hydroxynonenal-induced cell death in adult retinal pigment epithelial-19 cells.
AID633940	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radicle scavenging activity after 30 mins by spectrometric analysis	2011	Journal of natural products, Dec-27, Volume: 74, Issue:12	Naphthoquinone-like polyketide isolated from Streptomyces sp. RI-77 and its predicted biosynthetic pathway.
AID1326573	Cytotoxicity against human U937 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID228869	Free radical scavenging assessed as 50% reduction in DPPH absorbance (516 nm)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Synthesis and characterization of a series of novel monoacylated ascorbic acid derivatives, 6-O-acyl-2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acids, as skin antioxidants.
AID311873	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH reducing activity	2007	Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 70, Issue:12	Triterpene, antioxidant, and antimicrobial compounds from Melissa officinalis.
AID1877490	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in malondialdehyde level at 60 mg/kg checked in presence of JBP485	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID437950	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain assessed as catalase content	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1	Synthesis, spectral characterization and biological evaluation of phosphorylated derivatives of galanthamine.
AID85736	Maximum tolerated concentration required for neurotoxicity on murine HT-22 hippocampal cell culture, monitored by MTT reduction assay tested in vitro	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-18, Volume: 9, Issue:20	Synthesis of novel orthoalkylaminophenol derivatives as potent neuroprotective agents in vitro.
AID189715	In vitro inhibitory activity against rat microsomal lipid peroxidation (m-LPO)	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 32, Issue:2	Studies on hindered phenols and analogues. 1. Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic agents with ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation.
AID478245	Antioxidant activity in Wistar albino rat assessed as lipid peroxidation level	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis, spectral characterization and bioassay of 3,3'-(1,4-phenylene)-bis[2-alkoxycarbonyl-alkyl)-2-thio-benzoxa-phosphinines].
AID1467636	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced oxidative stress in human Hep3B cells assessed as cell survival at 1 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by MTT assay (Rvb = 41.51 +/- 1.39%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID78574	Percentage inhibition of cell growth in the presence of compound in H69/LX4 cells with verapamil as inhibitor; reversal of inhibition	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Inhibitors of multidrug resistance (MDR) have affinity for MDR substrates.
AID397153	Antioxidant activity against Cu2+-induced lipid peroxidation in human plasma LDL preincubated for 1 hr before Cu2+ challenge	2001	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 64, Issue:4	Specific antioxidant activity of caffeoyl derivatives and other natural phenolic compounds: LDL protection against oxidation and decrease in the proinflammatory lysophosphatidylcholine production.
AID1467639	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced oxidative stress in human Hep3B cells assessed as increase in cell survival treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by MTT assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID1877468	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in liver lobular inflammation at 60 mg/kg by H and E staining based assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID671788	Prodrug conversion in human NHEK cells assessed as dl-alpha-tocopherol level at 10 uM after 24 hrs	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 20, Issue:12	Improvement by sodium dl-α-tocopheryl-6-O-phosphate treatment of moisture-retaining ability in stratum corneum through increased ceramide levels.
AID437942	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain assessed as reduction in glutathione content	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1	Synthesis, spectral characterization and biological evaluation of phosphorylated derivatives of galanthamine.
AID1474166	Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index	2016	Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4	DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID323927	Enhancement of HCV RNA replication in ORN/3-5B/KE/poly cells after 72 hrs by luciferase reporter assay	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Comprehensive analysis of the effects of ordinary nutrients on hepatitis C virus RNA replication in cell culture.
AID1325477	Antioxidant activity in 10% C57BL/6J mouse plasma assessed as inhibition of AAPH-derived peroxyl radicals-induced pyranine consumption at 50 uM	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22	Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID169998	Effect of AOS scavenger on premeture ventricular complexes PVCs, arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, duration at 3 mg/kg	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID1079942	Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID676984	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain homogenates assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation at 0.32 uM by spectrophotometry based TBARS assay relative to untreated control	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 20, Issue:17	Synthesis, cytotoxic and antioxidant evaluations of amino derivatives from perezone.
AID1143924	Antioxidant activity assessed as suppression of microsomal lipid peroxidation measured as MDA formation at 200 ug/ml after 90 mins by spectrophotometry relative to control	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 81	Design and synthesis of novel indole-chalcone fibrates as lipid lowering agents.
AID422292	Antioxidant activity against beta-carotene and linoleic acid assessed as inhibition of bleaching of beta-carotene	2009	Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3	Antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity evaluation of ent-kaurane diterpenoids from Sideritis arguta.
AID1326578	Cytotoxicity against human RPMI8226 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 300 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID330329	Increase of hepatitis C virus replication in Huh7-K2040 cells in fetal calf serum medium in presence of arachidonate by RT-PCR relative to control	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Nov-20, Volume: 104, Issue:47	Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by peroxidation of arachidonate and restoration by vitamin E.
AID1877482	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in triglyceride level at 60 mg/kg	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID377784	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity after 15 mins by TEAC method	2005	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4	Antioxidant phenolic glycosides from Moricandia arvensis.
AID1326579	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 300 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID678026	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain homogenates assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation at 31.62 uM by spectrophotometry based TBARS assay relative to untreated control	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 20, Issue:17	Synthesis, cytotoxic and antioxidant evaluations of amino derivatives from perezone.
AID1326564	Genotoxicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA102 harboring hysG428 mutant assessed as frequency of reversion from histidine auxotrophy to prototrophy at 30 mM after 48 hrs by Ames test (Rvb = 209 +/- 10 No _unit)	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID1326576	Cytotoxicity against hamster AG17-1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID1179807	Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells assessed as reduction cell viability at 100 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 24, Issue:15	Antioxidant effects of the highly-substituted carbazole alkaloids and their related carbazoles.
AID735840	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity by ELISA	2013	Journal of natural products, Apr-26, Volume: 76, Issue:4	Antioxidant lignans and chromone glycosides from Eurya japonica.
AID1605744	Agonist activity at LXR-beta (unknown origin) at 10 uM by coactivator recruitment based Alpha-screen assay	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-09, Volume: 63, Issue:7	Garcinoic Acid Is a Natural and Selective Agonist of Pregnane X Receptor.
AID1269943	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 24, Issue:4	An appraisal on recent medicinal perspective of curcumin degradant: Dehydrozingerone (DZG).
AID292586	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 12.5 uM	2007	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 70, Issue:7	Kadsuphilols A-H, oxygenated lignans from Kadsura philippinensis.
AID772993	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalents of ABTS radical scavenging activity at pH 7.4 by spectrophotometry	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 68	Chemopreventive and antioxidant activity of 6-substituted imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID263481	Effect on CumOOH-induced oxidative damage of herring sperm DNA assessed as reduction in 8-OHdG level	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 16, Issue:7	Polyhydroxylated 4-thiaflavans as multipotent antioxidants: protective effect on oxidative DNA damage in vitro.
AID481290	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition microsomal lipid peroxidation assessed as malondialdehyde formation at 20 ug/ml by thiobarbituric acid test	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 20, Issue:10	Synthesis of novel benzocoumarin derivatives as lipid lowering agents.
AID690597	Antioxidant activity assessed as ferric ion reducing power by FRAP method	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21	Tocotrienamines and tocopheramines: reactions with radicals and metal ions.
AID1326567	Antioxidant activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA102 harboring hysG428 mutant assessed as inhibition of t-BuO2H-dependant mutant formation at 3 uM preincubated with compound followed by t-BuO2H addition after 48 hrs by Ames test	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID376367	Antioxidant activity in brain homogenate assessed as drug level require to inhibit 50% of spontaneous lipid peroxidation relative to control	1999	Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 62, Issue:11	Dihydrochalcones and flavonolignans from Iryanthera lancifolia.
AID624619	Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT2B7	2000	Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40	Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID642426	Cytoprotective activity against BSO-induced human FRDA primary patient fibroblasts compound pretreated 12 hrs prior to BSO-induction measured after 48 hrs by calcein-AM-based cell viability assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 22, Issue:1	Towards a modern definition of vitamin E-evidence for a quinone hypothesis.
AID356119	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of FeSO4-induced lipid peroxidation at 82 uM by TBARS assay	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita.
AID678614	Metal chelating activity of the compound assessed as ratio of Fe2+ concentration to compound concentration	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 22, Issue:18	Synthesis and biological evaluation of optically active conjugated γ- and δ-lactone derivatives.
AID1659542	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of Fe(II)-induced lipid peroxidation at 200 uM after 30 mins by TBARS assay	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 28, Issue:9	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new antioxidant and antiproliferative chalcogenobiotin derivatives for bladder carcinoma treatment.
AID588212	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID292626	Cytotoxicity against MDR human KB-VIN cells expressing P-glycoprotein	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 17, Issue:18	Antitumor agents. 258. Syntheses and evaluation of dietary antioxidant--taxoid conjugates as novel cytotoxic agents.
AID709671	Antioxidant activity in Sprague-Dawley albino rat brain homogenate assessed as inhibition of hydroxyl radical dependent lipoperoxidation measuring malondialdehyde production at 100 uM after 30 mins by TBARS assay	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-13, Volume: 55, Issue:23	Benzofuroxane derivatives as multi-effective agents for the treatment of cardiovascular diabetic complications. Synthesis, functional evaluation, and molecular modeling studies.
AID1405934	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 50 ug/ml relative to control	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156	Current progress on antioxidants incorporating the pyrazole core.
AID1079932	Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID360662	Antioxidant activity in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated human HL60 cells assessed as inhibition of exogenous hydrogen peroxide-catalyzed oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate at 50 ug/mL pretreated 30 mins before PMA challenge	2001	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 64, Issue:6	A new dehydrogeranylgeraniol antioxidant from Saururus cernuus that inhibits intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)-catalyzed oxidation within HL-60 cells.
AID276003	Superoxide anion radical scavenging activity by xanthine/xanthine oxidase method	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21	Free radical scavengers from the medicinal mushroom Inonotus xeranticus and their proposed biogenesis.
AID1416210	Inhibition of PTP1B (1 to 298 residues) (unknown origin) using DifMUP as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by fluorescence assay	2017	MedChemComm, Jun-01, Volume: 8, Issue:6	PAIN-less identification and evaluation of small molecule inhibitors against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B.
AID195009	Percent inhibition at 250 ug/mL of binary mixtures of compound and alpha-tocotrienol on cholesterol synthesis in rat hepatocytes	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-02, Volume: 35, Issue:20	Hypocholesterolemic activity of synthetic and natural tocotrienols.
AID443182	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation at 100 ug/mL	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridines as novel antidyslipidemic and antioxidant agents.
AID676988	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain homogenates assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation at 0.1 uM by spectrophotometry based TBARS assay relative to untreated control	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 20, Issue:17	Synthesis, cytotoxic and antioxidant evaluations of amino derivatives from perezone.
AID179368	Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular tachycardia (VT), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, frequency, times at 3 mg/kg	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID454511	Displacement of NBD-Toc from human recombinant alphaTTP at 10 to 15 uM	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 17, Issue:24	Interaction studies between human alpha-tocopherol transfer protein and nitric oxide donor tocopherol analogues with LDL-protective activity.
AID478242	Antioxidant activity in Wistar albino rat assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis, spectral characterization and bioassay of 3,3'-(1,4-phenylene)-bis[2-alkoxycarbonyl-alkyl)-2-thio-benzoxa-phosphinines].
AID671789	Prodrug conversion in human NHEK cells assessed as dl-alpha-tocopherol level at 50 uM after 24 hrs	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 20, Issue:12	Improvement by sodium dl-α-tocopheryl-6-O-phosphate treatment of moisture-retaining ability in stratum corneum through increased ceramide levels.
AID7131	Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase of rat basophilic leukemia cells at 30 uM	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 41, Issue:4	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of conformationally constrained aci-reductone mimics of arachidonic acid.
AID355800	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity by TLC autoradiographic assay	2003	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 66, Issue:5	Marine natural products as novel antioxidant prototypes.
AID376723	Antioxidant activity in methanolic solution at 83 uM at 37 degC	1999	Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 62, Issue:12	A new vitamin E (alpha-tocomonoenol) from eggs of the Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus keta.
AID1467646	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced cytotoxicity in human Hep3B cells assessed as LDH release at 10 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by spectrophotometric method (Rvb = 60.94 +/- 1.18%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID403038	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2005	Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 68, Issue:8	Constituents of Vittaria anguste-elongata and their biological activities.
AID53443	Tested for anticonvulsant effects on audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice; administered intra peritonealy; NT denotes not tested	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 43, Issue:18	Discovery of (2S)-1-(4-amino-2,3,5- trimethylphenoxy)-3-[4-[4-(4- fluorobenzyl)phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]-2-propanol dimethanesulfonate (SUN N8075): a dual Na(+) and Ca(2+) channel blocker with antioxidant activity.
AID762729	Antioxidant activity against ferric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation using egg lecithin at 0.25 ug/ml after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID1877499	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as decrease in IL-17A expression at 60 mg/kg checked in presence of JBP485 by flow cytometry	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID181514	Ability to inhibit iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate using MDA (malondialdehyde) formation assay	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 33, Issue:4	Novel 21-aminosteroids that inhibit iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and protect against central nervous system trauma.
AID762742	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 10 ug/ml after 20 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID642429	Therapeutic index, ratio of LC50 to GI50 for human FRDA primary patient fibroblasts	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 22, Issue:1	Towards a modern definition of vitamin E-evidence for a quinone hypothesis.
AID292621	Cytotoxicity against human 1A9 cells by sulforhodamine B assay	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 17, Issue:18	Antitumor agents. 258. Syntheses and evaluation of dietary antioxidant--taxoid conjugates as novel cytotoxic agents.
AID736487	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of DPPH radical formation measured every min for 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 62	Exploring nature profits: development of novel and potent lipophilic antioxidants based on galloyl-cinnamic hybrids.
AID400525	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2004	Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Antityrosinase principles and constituents of the petals of Crocus sativus.
AID1335317	Antioxidant activity assessed as cupric reducing capacity after 1 hr by spectrophotometric analysis	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124	New piperidine-hydrazone derivatives: Synthesis, biological evaluations and molecular docking studies as AChE and BChE inhibitors.
AID603957	Octanol-water partition coefficient, log P of the compound	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 43, Issue:4	QSPR modeling of octanol/water partition coefficient for vitamins by optimal descriptors calculated with SMILES.
AID1877448	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in liver index at 60 mg/kg checked in presence of 30 to 100 mg/kg JBP485	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID1368750	Inhibition of NOX4 in human ARPE19 cells assessed as protection against 4-HNE-induced cell death by measuring cell viability recovery at 10 uM incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2	Protective effects of 6-ureido/thioureido-2,4,5-trimethylpyridin-3-ols against 4-hydroxynonenal-induced cell death in adult retinal pigment epithelial-19 cells.
AID1467642	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced oxidative stress in mouse NIH/3T3 cells assessed as cell survival at 100 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by MTT assay (Rvb = 42.71 +/- 2.10%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID300693	Effect on HMEC1 cells-mediated LDL oxidation at 10 uM after 6 hrs by TBARS assay	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 15, Issue:18	Synthesis of ferulic ester dimers, functionalisation and biological evaluation as potential antiatherogenic and antiplasmodial agents.
AID173159	Antilipid peroxidation was determined	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID690600	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21	Tocotrienamines and tocopheramines: reactions with radicals and metal ions.
AID751084	Antioxidant activity in rat liver microsome assessed as inhibition of Fe2+-cysteine-induced lipid peroxidation after 15 mins	2013	Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6	Sesquiterpenes and alkaloids from the roots of Alangium chinense.
AID402708	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of copper-induced lipid peroxidation by Fe3(CN)6 method at 300 uM	2005	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 68, Issue:7	A labdane diterpene glucoside from the rhizomes of Curcuma mangga.
AID1079944	Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID188642	PD2 value was calculated as -log value of the concentration of the test compound to inhibit 60 mM KCl-induced contractions to 50% expressed as calcium antagonistic activity; No data	2002	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-05, Volume: 12, Issue:15	Novel diphenylalkyl piperazine derivatives with dual calcium antagonistic and antioxidative activities.
AID1326563	Genotoxicity in Escherichia coli PQ37 expressing lacZ gene assessed as ratio of inducible beta-galactosidase activity to alkaline phosphatase activity at 3 mM after 2 hrs by SOS-chromotest relative to control	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID1256762	Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MTCC 300 DAH7PS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using 25 to 125 uM PEP/100 uM E4P as substrate at 10 uM by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 105	Inhibition of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: in silico screening and in vitro validation.
AID412765	Cytoprotective activity against 20 uM rotenone-induced intracellular ROS production in human U937 cells at 100 uM pretreated for 5 hrs by dihydroethidium dye reduction assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-08, Volume: 52, Issue:1	Total synthesis and cytoprotective properties of dykellic acid.
AID227512	Glutathione peroxidase-like activity at 10x(E -4) M concentration measured as NADP+/L/min	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-04, Volume: 43, Issue:9	Screening of new antioxidant molecules using flow cytometry.
AID478244	Antioxidant activity in Wistar albino rat assessed as inhibition of superoxide dismutase activity	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis, spectral characterization and bioassay of 3,3'-(1,4-phenylene)-bis[2-alkoxycarbonyl-alkyl)-2-thio-benzoxa-phosphinines].
AID323926	Enhancement of HCV RNA replication in ORN/C-5B/KE/poly cells after 72 hrs by luciferase reporter assay	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Comprehensive analysis of the effects of ordinary nutrients on hepatitis C virus RNA replication in cell culture.
AID379523	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins by multilabel counter	2006	Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 69, Issue:11	Terpenoids and a diarylheptanoid from Zingiber ottensii.
AID181702	Evaluated for its antioxidative effect using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method in rat	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 37, Issue:13	Synthesis and topical antiinflammatory and antiallergic activities of antioxidant o-aminophenol derivatives.
AID678613	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat liver microsomes assessed as reduction of lipid peroxidase activity by TBA assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 22, Issue:18	Synthesis and biological evaluation of optically active conjugated γ- and δ-lactone derivatives.
AID374048	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition microsomal lipid peroxidation at 100 ug/ml by thiobarbituric acid test	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 44, Issue:4	Antidyslipidemic and antioxidative activities of 8-hydroxyquinoline derived novel keto-enamine Schiffs bases.
AID248417	inhibitory concentration against auto-oxidative lipid peroxidation in canine brain homogenate	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-16, Volume: 14, Issue:16	Antioxidative activities of novel diphenylalkyl piperazine derivatives with high affinities for the dopamine transporter.
AID1384566	Inhibition of human GSTP1-1	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-13, Volume: 61, Issue:17	Reviewing Hit Discovery Literature for Difficult Targets: Glutathione Transferase Omega-1 as an Example.
AID195001	Compound is evaluated for the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes at the concentration 500 ug/mL	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-02, Volume: 35, Issue:20	Hypocholesterolemic activity of synthetic and natural tocotrienols.
AID174773	Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular tachycardia (VT), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, duration at 3 mg/kg	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID762727	Antioxidant activity against ferric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation using egg lecithin at 0.75 ug/ml after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID85747	The concentration producing 50% toxicity in HT-22 hippocampal cell line; No data	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 10, Issue:9	New quinolinic derivatives as centrally active antioxidants.
AID91550	Evaluated for neuronal cell protectivity against beta-amyloid (25,35) insult towards IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cell; No protection	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-17, Volume: 11, Issue:18	Total synthesis of Calebin-A, preparation of its analogues, and their neuronal cell protectivity against beta-amyloid insult.
AID598648	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 10 ug/ml by UV-visible spectrophotometry	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 21, Issue:12	Synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of new substituted bis(1,3,4-oxadiazoles), 3,5-bis(substituted) pyrazoles and isoxazoles.
AID590703	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 46, Issue:4	Antioxidant xanthone derivatives induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and enhance cell death induced by cisplatin in NTUB1 cells associated with ROS.
AID437943	Inhibition of superoxide dismutase in Wistar rat brain	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1	Synthesis, spectral characterization and biological evaluation of phosphorylated derivatives of galanthamine.
AID1320280	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 1 mM incubated for 40 mins in dark condition	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 26, Issue:20	A diastereoselective synthesis of tetrahydro- and dihydro-pyrido[2,3-c]coumarin derivatives via a one-pot three-component Povarov reaction catalyzed by bismuth(III) chloride.
AID187612	Reducing activity determined by the use of stable radical alpha,alpha-di-phenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID380372	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 80 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometric assay	2000	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 63, Issue:6	Galloylglucosides from berries of Pimenta dioica.
AID1335316	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity by spectrophotometric analysis	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124	New piperidine-hydrazone derivatives: Synthesis, biological evaluations and molecular docking studies as AChE and BChE inhibitors.
AID1659540	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of Fe(II)-induced lipid peroxidation after 30 mins by TBARS assay	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 28, Issue:9	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new antioxidant and antiproliferative chalcogenobiotin derivatives for bladder carcinoma treatment.
AID464263	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2010	Journal of natural products, Feb-26, Volume: 73, Issue:2	Flavanone and diphenylpropane glycosides and glycosidic acyl esters from Viscum articulatum.
AID465638	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 10 mins	2010	Journal of natural products, Feb-26, Volume: 73, Issue:2	Saponins and polyphenols from Fadogia ancylantha (makoni tea).
AID1433310	Antioxidant activity in LPS induced mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as superoxide anion scavenging activity at 10 uM after 24 hrs by HE probe based HPLC-MS analysis relative to control	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124	Synthesis and evaluation of xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of 2-arylbenzo[b]furan derivatives based on salvianolic acid C.
AID771138	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 5 to 500 uM incubated for 20 mins under dark condition by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 23, Issue:19	Synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of (S,S)- and (R,R)-secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDGs).
AID1659541	Antioxidant activity assessed as half life of DPPH radical scavenging activity at 500 uM for 180 mins measured every 30 mins relative to control	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 28, Issue:9	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new antioxidant and antiproliferative chalcogenobiotin derivatives for bladder carcinoma treatment.
AID276002	ABTS radical scavenging activity	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21	Free radical scavengers from the medicinal mushroom Inonotus xeranticus and their proposed biogenesis.
AID380373	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 40 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometric assay	2000	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 63, Issue:6	Galloylglucosides from berries of Pimenta dioica.
AID420984	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 44, Issue:6	Diversity-oriented synthesis of furo[3,2-f]chromanes with antimycobacterial activity.
AID408062	Protection against oxidized LDL-induced cytotoxicity in HMEC1 cells assessed as residual cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to control	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 51, Issue:11	Development of novel antiatherogenic biaryls: design, synthesis, and reactivity.
AID50632	Compound is evaluated for the effect on lipid metabolism in 6-week-old male chickens at a concentration of 20 ppm in the diet and measured for HDL cholesterol	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-02, Volume: 35, Issue:20	Hypocholesterolemic activity of synthetic and natural tocotrienols.
AID292624	Cytotoxicity against human HCT8 cells	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 17, Issue:18	Antitumor agents. 258. Syntheses and evaluation of dietary antioxidant--taxoid conjugates as novel cytotoxic agents.
AID119552	Antihypoxic effect by the survival time (SVT) in mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally in mice	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Novel cerebroprotective agents with central nervous system stimulating activity. 1. Synthesis and pharmacology of 1-amino-7-hydroxyindan derivatives.
AID45821	The compound was evaluated for percent reduction of H2O2-induced H2DCFDA fluorescence in human CEM T-cells; No data	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-03, Volume: 10, Issue:1	Antioxidant function of phenethyl-5-bromo-pyridyl thiourea compounds with potent anti-HIV activity.
AID1877462	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in liver ballooning degeneration at 60 mg/kg checked in presence of 30 to 100 mg/kg JBP485 by H and E staining based assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID288080	Effect on glutathione peroxidase activity in V79 cells at 30 uM after 24 hrs	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 15, Issue:10	On the cytotoxicity and status of oxidative stress of two novel synthesized tri-aza macrocyclic diamides as studied in the V79 cell lines.
AID377785	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction of F3+/ferricyanide complex after 20 mins	2005	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4	Antioxidant phenolic glycosides from Moricandia arvensis.
AID376400	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 10 uM after 30 mins	1999	Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 62, Issue:11	Diterpenes from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia.
AID407779	Antioxidant activity in HMEC1 cells assessed as inhibition of LDL oxidation at 10 uM after 6 hrs by TBARS assay relative to control	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 51, Issue:11	Development of novel antiatherogenic biaryls: design, synthesis, and reactivity.
AID360861	Antioxidant activity in human HL60 cells assessed as inhibition of endogenous hydrogen peroxide-catalyzed oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate at 50 ug/mL by flow cytometry	2001	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 64, Issue:6	A new dehydrogeranylgeraniol antioxidant from Saururus cernuus that inhibits intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)-catalyzed oxidation within HL-60 cells.
AID1877476	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in serum AST level at 60 mg/kg checked in presence of 30 to 100 mg/kg JBP485	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID1079940	Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1882445	Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced oxidative injury in rat PC-12 cells assessed as cell viability at 10 uM incubated for 24 hrs (Rvb = 46.91 +/- 3.74%)
AID314540	Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in Sprague-Dawley rat brain after 30 mins by TBARS assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 18, Issue:5	Synthesis and antioxidant activities of 3,5-dialkoxy-4-hydroxycinnamamides.
AID330326	Restoration of hepatitis C virus replication in Huh7-K2040 cells in delipidated fetal calf serum medium assessed as increase in viral DNA level 40 nM in absence of arachidonate by RT-PCR relative to control	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Nov-20, Volume: 104, Issue:47	Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by peroxidation of arachidonate and restoration by vitamin E.
AID762723	Antioxidant activity against ferric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation using egg lecithin at 5 ug/ml after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID376398	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 40 uM after 30 mins	1999	Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 62, Issue:11	Diterpenes from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia.
AID1202555	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of ABTS free radical scavenging activity after 10 mins by spectrophotometry relative to control	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 96	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of quinazoline derivatives as anti-trypanosomatid and anti-plasmodial agents.
AID1269942	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain homogenate assessed as inhibition of Fe(II)-induced lipid peroxidation	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 24, Issue:4	An appraisal on recent medicinal perspective of curcumin degradant: Dehydrozingerone (DZG).
AID356110	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 23 uM after 30 mins	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita.
AID119425	Antihypoxic effect by the ratio of survival time (SVT) of test mice to that of control group at a dose of 100 mg/kg administered orally.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Novel cerebroprotective agents with central nervous system stimulating activity. 2. Synthesis and pharmacology of the 1-(acylamino)-7-hydroxyindan derivatives.
AID642427	Growth inhibition of human FRDA primary patient fibroblasts after 48 hrs by calcein-AM-based cell viability assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 22, Issue:1	Towards a modern definition of vitamin E-evidence for a quinone hypothesis.
AID85745	The concentration producing 50% protection against L-HCA-mediated neurotoxicity in HT-22 hippocampal cell line.	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 10, Issue:9	New quinolinic derivatives as centrally active antioxidants.
AID195010	Percent inhibition at 250 ug/mL of binary mixtures of compound and delta-tocotrienol on cholesterol synthesis in rat hepatocytes	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-02, Volume: 35, Issue:20	Hypocholesterolemic activity of synthetic and natural tocotrienols.
AID1079936	Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID330325	Increase of hepatitis C virus replication in Huh7-K2040 cells in delipidated fetal calf serum medium in presence of arachidonate by RT-PCR relative to control	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Nov-20, Volume: 104, Issue:47	Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by peroxidation of arachidonate and restoration by vitamin E.
AID256805	Ability to inhibit HMEC1-mediated LDL oxidation at 10 uM evaluated by TBARS formation in the presence of copper	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-29, Volume: 48, Issue:26	Design, synthesis, and evaluation of pharmacological properties of cinnamic derivatives as antiatherogenic agents.
AID463979	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins by spectrometric assay method	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3	Synthesis and antioxidant properties of enone core based dendrimers with carbazole as surface group.
AID195018	The concentration of compound required to inhibit generation of superoxide by 50 percent in rat liver	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 33, Issue:5	Studies on hindered phenols and analogues. 2. 1,3-Benzoxathioles having SRS-A inhibiting activity.
AID437949	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain assessed as superoxide dismutase content	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1	Synthesis, spectral characterization and biological evaluation of phosphorylated derivatives of galanthamine.
AID356112	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 115 uM after 30 mins	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita.
AID78573	Percentage inhibition of cell growth in the presence of compound in H69/LX4 cells with as GG918 inhibitor; reversal of inhibition	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Inhibitors of multidrug resistance (MDR) have affinity for MDR substrates.
AID356115	Superoxide radical scavenging activity assessed as trolox equivalents by photochemiluminescence assay	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita.
AID276004	DPPH radical scavenging activity	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21	Free radical scavengers from the medicinal mushroom Inonotus xeranticus and their proposed biogenesis.
AID1079931	Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID48968	Concentration of the test compound required to inhibit the auto oxidative lipid peroxidations in canine brain homogenates by 50% was determined	2002	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-05, Volume: 12, Issue:15	Novel diphenylalkyl piperazine derivatives with dual calcium antagonistic and antioxidative activities.
AID1467640	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced oxidative stress in mouse NIH/3T3 cells assessed as cell survival at 1 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by MTT assay (Rvb = 42.71 +/- 2.10%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID1168138	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation after 1 hr by TBARS assay	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	PASS-assisted design, synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of new butylated hydroxytoluene derivatives.
AID776227	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction of microsomal lipid per-oxidation level by measuring formation of malondialdehyde at 200 ug/ml after 90 mins by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69	Synthesis of new andrographolide derivatives and evaluation of their antidyslipidemic, LDL-oxidation and antioxidant activity.
AID762737	Antioxidant activity assessed as reducing power of ferric ion at 50 ug/ml after 20 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID380375	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 10 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometric assay	2000	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 63, Issue:6	Galloylglucosides from berries of Pimenta dioica.
AID598649	Anti-lipid peroxidation activity ferric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation using egg yolk homogenate at 40 ug/ml by TBARS assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 21, Issue:12	Synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of new substituted bis(1,3,4-oxadiazoles), 3,5-bis(substituted) pyrazoles and isoxazoles.
AID676962	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain homogenates assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation at 100 uM by spectrophotometry based TBARS assay relative to untreated control	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 20, Issue:17	Synthesis, cytotoxic and antioxidant evaluations of amino derivatives from perezone.
AID1326568	Antioxidant activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA102 harboring hysG428 mutant assessed as inhibition of t-BuO2H-dependant mutant formation at 30 uM preincubated with compound followed by t-BuO2H addition after 48 hrs by Ames test	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID626113	Antioxidant activity against microsomal lipid peroxidation assessed as malondialdehyde formation at 200 mg/ml after 90 mins by thiobarbituric acid method	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 21, Issue:21	Synthesis of novel N-(2-hydroxy-2-p-tolylethyl)-amide and N-(2-oxo-2-p-tolylethyl)-amide derivatives and their antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activity.
AID379803	Antioxidant activity in rat liver microsomes assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation by TBARS assay	1999	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 62, Issue:5	Two bioactive pentacyclic triterpene esters from the root bark of Hibiscus syriacus.
AID1335314	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of beta carotene/ linoleic acid peroxidation after 120 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124	New piperidine-hydrazone derivatives: Synthesis, biological evaluations and molecular docking studies as AChE and BChE inhibitors.
AID1364694	Neuroprotective activity against Abeta (25 to 35)-induced cytotoxicity in human SH-SY5Y cells at 50 uM pre-incubated for 2 hrs before Abeta (25 to 35) addition for 14 hrs by MTT assay (Rvb = 60.2%)	2017	Journal of natural products, 04-28, Volume: 80, Issue:4	Neuroprotective Lignans from the Fruits of Schisandra bicolor var. tuberculata.
AID437951	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain assessed as lipid peroxidation	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1	Synthesis, spectral characterization and biological evaluation of phosphorylated derivatives of galanthamine.
AID194999	Compound is evaluated for the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes at the concentration 250 (ug/mL)	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-02, Volume: 35, Issue:20	Hypocholesterolemic activity of synthetic and natural tocotrienols.
AID1467647	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced cytotoxicity in human Hep3B cells assessed as LDH release at 100 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by spectrophotometric method (Rvb = 60.94 +/- 1.18%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID1467638	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced oxidative stress in mouse NIH/3T3 cells assessed as cell survival at 0.1 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by MTT assay (Rvb = 42.71 +/- 2.10%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID103204	Compound was tested for antiproliferative activity against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 in MTT assay	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-22, Volume: 8, Issue:18	Design and synthesis of analogs of vitamin E: antiproliferative activity against human breast adenocarcinoma cells.
AID1326572	Cytotoxicity against human CEM13 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID1877464	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in liver fibrosis at 60 mg/kg checked in presence of 30 to 100 mg/kg JBP485 by sirius red staining based assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID292584	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 50 uM	2007	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 70, Issue:7	Kadsuphilols A-H, oxygenated lignans from Kadsura philippinensis.
AID356120	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of FeSO4-induced lipid peroxidation at 164 uM by TBARS assay	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita.
AID640885	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2	Antioxidative oligostilbenes from Caragana sinica.
AID377412	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation at 300 uM by ferric thiocyanate method	2005	Journal of natural products, Feb, Volume: 68, Issue:2	Antioxidative constituents of Etlingera elatior.
AID1079941	Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID1725773	Inhibition of erastin-induced cell death in FRDA patient-derived fibroblast assessed as depletion of cellular ATP incubated for 12 hrs followed by erastin stimulation and measured after by luciferase-linked ATPase enzymatic assay	2020	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-12, Volume: 11, Issue:11	Antiferroptotic Activity of Phenothiazine Analogues: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Oxidative Stress Related Disease.
AID1234555	Antioxidant activity in soybean large unilamellar vesicles assessed as inhibition of AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation compound added prior to AAPH induction measured after 90 mins by UV-visible absorption spectrometric analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15	Lipocarbazole, an efficient lipid peroxidation inhibitor anchored in the membrane.
AID1467649	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced cytotoxicity in mouse NIH/3T3 cells assessed as LDH release at 0.1 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by spectrophotometric method (Rvb = 63.34 +/- 1.85%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID1877466	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in steatosis at 60 mg/kg by H and E staining based assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID1659538	Antioxidant activity assessed as half life of GPx-like activity to decompose hydrogen peroxide at 450 uM measured for 20 mins by spectrophotometer method	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 28, Issue:9	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new antioxidant and antiproliferative chalcogenobiotin derivatives for bladder carcinoma treatment.
AID1877467	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in liver ballooning degeneration at 60 mg/kg by H and E staining based assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID356108	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 6 uM after 30 mins	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita.
AID1877485	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in total cholesterol level at 60 mg/kg checked in presence of JBP485	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID182346	Compound was tested for antioxidative activity using TBA method at a concentration of 200 ug/mL.	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-03, Volume: 8, Issue:21	Hepatoprotective, superoxide scavenging, and antioxidative activities of aromatic constituents from the bark of Betula platyphylla var. japonica.
AID1439894	Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced cell injury in HUVEC assessed as increase in cell viability at 100 uM pretreated for 24 hrs followed by H2O2-stimulation after 2 hrs by MTT assay	2017	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-13, Volume: 8, Issue:4	Antioxidant Properties of Novel Dimers Derived from Natural β-Elemene through Inhibiting H
AID1882444	Antioxidant activity assessed as AAPH radical scavenging activity at 12.5 uM ORAC assay
AID1877498	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as decrease in IL-2 expression at 60 mg/kg checked in presence of JBP485 by flow cytometry	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID195549	In vitro inhibition of lipid autoxidation (TBARS formation) of rat brain homogenate	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-03, Volume: 38, Issue:3	2,3-Dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-ols as analogues of alpha-tocopherol that inhibit in vitro and ex vivo lipid autoxidation and protect mice against central nervous system trauma.
AID227649	Inhibition of low-threshold (T-type) Calcium [Ca2+] currents in primary cultured rat cerebrocortical neurons using whole-cell voltage-clamp recording technique; (not tested)	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 43, Issue:18	Discovery of (2S)-1-(4-amino-2,3,5- trimethylphenoxy)-3-[4-[4-(4- fluorobenzyl)phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]-2-propanol dimethanesulfonate (SUN N8075): a dual Na(+) and Ca(2+) channel blocker with antioxidant activity.
AID307147	Protective effect against ischemia/reperfusion-induced microvascular damages in golden hamster assessed as number of leakage site per cm^2 at 10 mg/kg, po after 15 mins by cheek pouch assay	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 15, Issue:10	Alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) derivatives: synthesis and protective action against microvascular damages induced by ischemia/reperfusion.
AID1079939	Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1467650	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced cytotoxicity in mouse NIH/3T3 cells assessed as LDH release at 1 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by spectrophotometric method (Rvb = 63.34 +/- 1.85%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID298198	Antioxidant activity in Sprague-Dawley Albino rat brain assessed as inhibition of TBARS production at 100 uM relative to control	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-04, Volume: 50, Issue:20	Pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives as a novel class of selective aldose reductase inhibitors exhibiting antioxidant activity.
AID1179729	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction in mouse CRL2181 cells-mediated human LDL oxidation by measuring TBARS level at 1 uM after 18 hrs	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 22, Issue:15	Synthesis, antioxidant and cytoprotective evaluation of potential antiatherogenic phenolic hydrazones. A structure-activity relationship insight.
AID1506745	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of Fe2+-induced phosphatidylcholine oxidation incubated for 1 hr by TBARS assay	2017	MedChemComm, Feb-01, Volume: 8, Issue:2	Synthesis, antioxidant and antitumoral activities of 5'-arylchalcogeno-3-aminothymidine (ACAT) derivatives.
AID195714	Compound was tested for its inhibitory concentration against formation of lipid peroxides in rat brain homogenates by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay according to the method of Stocks.	2002	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-16, Volume: 12, Issue:18	Synthesis and evaluation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid amides and 4-hydroxycinnamamides as antioxidants.
AID160738	Inhibition of Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 from sheep placenta at 300 uM	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 41, Issue:4	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of conformationally constrained aci-reductone mimics of arachidonic acid.
AID1877463	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in liver lobular inflammation at 60 mg/kg checked in presence of 30 to 100 mg/kg JBP485 by H and E staining based assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID307146	Protective effect against ischemia/reperfusion-induced microvascular damages in golden hamster assessed as number of leakage site per cm^2 at 10 mg/kg, po after 10 mins by cheek pouch assay	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 15, Issue:10	Alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) derivatives: synthesis and protective action against microvascular damages induced by ischemia/reperfusion.
AID691692	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 50 uM	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 22, Issue:20	Antioxidant properties of Mannich bases.
AID309192	DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 17, Issue:19	Synthetic tyrosyl gallate derivatives as potent melanin formation inhibitors.
AID288082	Effect on catalase activity in V79 cells at 30 uM after 24 hrs	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 15, Issue:10	On the cytotoxicity and status of oxidative stress of two novel synthesized tri-aza macrocyclic diamides as studied in the V79 cell lines.
AID287995	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 15, Issue:10	Highly oxygenated and unsaturated metabolites providing a diversity of hispidin class antioxidants in the medicinal mushrooms Inonotus and Phellinus.
AID1079937	Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID162158	Inhibition of Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 isolated from ram (sheep) seminal vesicle at 300 uM	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 41, Issue:4	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of conformationally constrained aci-reductone mimics of arachidonic acid.
AID1467635	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced oxidative stress in human Hep3B cells assessed as cell survival at 100 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by MTT assay (Rvb = 41.51 +/- 1.39%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID1877470	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse at 60 mg/kg by Oil red-O staining based assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID691690	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 22, Issue:20	Antioxidant properties of Mannich bases.
AID292622	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells by sulforhodamine B assay	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 17, Issue:18	Antitumor agents. 258. Syntheses and evaluation of dietary antioxidant--taxoid conjugates as novel cytotoxic agents.
AID365747	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 16, Issue:16	Inhibitory effects of polymethoxy flavones isolated from Citrus reticulate on degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3: enhanced inhibition by their combination.
AID195011	Percent inhibition at 250 ug/mL of binary mixtures of compound and gamma-tocotrienol on cholesterol synthesis in rat hepatocytes	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-02, Volume: 35, Issue:20	Hypocholesterolemic activity of synthetic and natural tocotrienols.
AID690614	Antioxidant activity assessed as formation of DPPH breakdown product at 0.5 mM incubated for 20 mins by HPLC	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21	Tocotrienamines and tocopheramines: reactions with radicals and metal ions.
AID287997	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 15, Issue:10	Highly oxygenated and unsaturated metabolites providing a diversity of hispidin class antioxidants in the medicinal mushrooms Inonotus and Phellinus.
AID770339	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of hydroxyl radical generation at 200 ug/mL after 90 mins by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 68	Hybrid benzofuran-bisindole derivatives: new prototypes with promising anti-hyperlipidemic activities.
AID406379	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging	2008	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6	Phloroglucinols with antioxidant activity and xanthonolignoids from the heartwood of Hypericum geminiflorum.
AID429185	Antioxidant activity assessed as radical DPPH scavenging activity	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15	Inhibitory effects of flavonoids isolated from Fragaria ananassa Duch on IgE-mediated degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3.
AID588211	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID762736	Antioxidant activity against ferric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation using egg lecithin at 10 ug/ml after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID1605741	Agonist activity at His-tagged PXR-LBD/SRC-1p (unknown origin) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) at 10 uM by coactivator recruitment based Alpha-screen assay	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-09, Volume: 63, Issue:7	Garcinoic Acid Is a Natural and Selective Agonist of Pregnane X Receptor.
AID356118	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of FeSO4-induced lipid peroxidation at 33 uM by TBARS assay	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita.
AID166113	In vitro inhibition of rabbit LDL oxidation by soybean lipoxygenase at 5 uM	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 41, Issue:22	Novel calcium antagonists with both calcium overload inhibition and antioxidant activity. 1. 2-(3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(aminopropyl)thiazolidinones.
AID647574	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2012	Journal of natural products, Jan-27, Volume: 75, Issue:1	JBIR-94 and JBIR-125, antioxidative phenolic compounds from Streptomyces sp. R56-07.
AID323921	Enhancement of HCV RNA replication in OR6 cells after 72 hrs by luciferase reporter assay	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Comprehensive analysis of the effects of ordinary nutrients on hepatitis C virus RNA replication in cell culture.
AID288083	Effect on malondialdehyde level in V79 cells at 30 uM after 24 hrs	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 15, Issue:10	On the cytotoxicity and status of oxidative stress of two novel synthesized tri-aza macrocyclic diamides as studied in the V79 cell lines.
AID1877500	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as decrease in IFN expression at 60 mg/kg checked in presence of JBP485 by flow cytometry	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID721640	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of DPPH radical scavenging activity by spectroscopic analysis	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 60	Monocyclic β-lactams as antibacterial agents: facing antioxidant activity of N-methylthio-azetidinones.
AID1172936	Inhibition of H2O2-induced LDH release in rat PC12 cells at 20 uM incubated for 24 hrs prior to H2O2 challenge measured after 2 hrs relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Protective effects of aloe-emodin on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice and H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.
AID437952	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain assessed as glutathione content	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1	Synthesis, spectral characterization and biological evaluation of phosphorylated derivatives of galanthamine.
AID420986	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli CIP188631 after 24 hrs by twofold serial dilution method	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 44, Issue:6	Diversity-oriented synthesis of furo[3,2-f]chromanes with antimycobacterial activity.
AID356116	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of FeSO4-induced lipid peroxidation at 8 uM by TBARS assay	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita.
AID1504878	Antioxidant activity against H2O2-induced cell damage in rat PC12 cells assessed as cell viability at 1 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay (Rvb = 64.34 +/- 1.02 %)	2017	Journal of natural products, 12-22, Volume: 80, Issue:12	Sesqui- and Diterpenoids from the Radix of Curcuma aromatica.
AID288084	Effect on dityrosine level in V79 cells at 30 uM after 24 hrs	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 15, Issue:10	On the cytotoxicity and status of oxidative stress of two novel synthesized tri-aza macrocyclic diamides as studied in the V79 cell lines.
AID283657	Reduction in incidence of 600 mg/kg, sc ciprofloxacin-induced cartilage lesions in vitamin E-enriched diet fed immature Wistar rat after 10 days	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	Diminished ciprofloxacin-induced chondrotoxicity by supplementation with magnesium and vitamin E in immature rats.
AID375989	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide anion scavenging activity by xanthine oxidase oxidation system relative to control	2006	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 69, Issue:4	Vanillic acid glycoside and quinic acid derivatives from Gardeniae Fructus.
AID356427	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity	2003	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 66, Issue:9	Constituents from the leaves of Phellodendron amurense var. wilsonii and their bioactivity.
AID687694	Antioxidant activity in microsomes assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation by measuring MDA level at 200 ug/ml by spectrophotometry based TBARS method	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 57	Discovery of amide based fibrates as possible antidyslipidemic and antioxidant agents.
AID300696	Cytoprotective effect on HMEC1 cells assessed as cell viability at 10 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 15, Issue:18	Synthesis of ferulic ester dimers, functionalisation and biological evaluation as potential antiatherogenic and antiplasmodial agents.
AID464442	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction of F3+/ferricyanide complex after 20 mins by spectrophotometry	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3	Synthesis of new spiroindolinones incorporating a benzothiazole moiety as antioxidant agents.
AID195017	LPO-lowering activity was estimated by the IC50 value of compound in rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 33, Issue:5	Studies on hindered phenols and analogues. 2. 1,3-Benzoxathioles having SRS-A inhibiting activity.
AID78572	Percentage inhibition of cell growth in the presence of compound in H69/LX4 cells with Clofazemine as inhibitor; reversal of inhibition	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Inhibitors of multidrug resistance (MDR) have affinity for MDR substrates.
AID1079945	Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID179395	Concentration required for 50% inhibitory effect on automatic oxidation in plasma membrane of rat brain homogenates by measuring malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals using peroxidized lipid colorimetric assay kit.	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 43, Issue:18	Discovery of (2S)-1-(4-amino-2,3,5- trimethylphenoxy)-3-[4-[4-(4- fluorobenzyl)phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]-2-propanol dimethanesulfonate (SUN N8075): a dual Na(+) and Ca(2+) channel blocker with antioxidant activity.
AID292623	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 17, Issue:18	Antitumor agents. 258. Syntheses and evaluation of dietary antioxidant--taxoid conjugates as novel cytotoxic agents.
AID1326570	Cytotoxicity against human RPMI8226 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID588213	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1326580	Cytotoxicity against human CEM13 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 300 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID450085	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 17, Issue:18	Antioxidant activity of 5,10-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]indoles containing substituents on dihydroindeno part.
AID375991	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride-induced lipid peroxidation at 3.125 ug/ml by ferric thiocyanate system relative to control	2006	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 69, Issue:4	Vanillic acid glycoside and quinic acid derivatives from Gardeniae Fructus.
AID78013	Antioxidative activity was evaluated by using the lipid peroxidation of guinea pig liver microsomes	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7	Total synthesis of an antioxidant isolated from yeast via palladium-catalyzed coupling and its application for related compounds.
AID762738	Antioxidant activity assessed as reducing power of ferric ion at 100 ug/ml after 20 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID690601	Antioxidant activity assessed as rate constant for DPPH free radical scavenging activity by stopped flow spectroscopy	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21	Tocotrienamines and tocopheramines: reactions with radicals and metal ions.
AID263482	Effect on glutathione/ferric ion-induced oxidative damage of herring sperm DNA assessed as reduction in 8-OHdG level	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 16, Issue:7	Polyhydroxylated 4-thiaflavans as multipotent antioxidants: protective effect on oxidative DNA damage in vitro.
AID678612	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 10 to 80 uM	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 22, Issue:18	Synthesis and biological evaluation of optically active conjugated γ- and δ-lactone derivatives.
AID771137	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 20 mins under dark condition by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 23, Issue:19	Synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of (S,S)- and (R,R)-secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDGs).
AID85743	Tested in vitro for neurotoxicity on murine HT-22 hippocampal cell culture, monitored by MTT reduction assay	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-18, Volume: 9, Issue:20	Synthesis of novel orthoalkylaminophenol derivatives as potent neuroprotective agents in vitro.
AID1377035	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at test compound/DPPH volume ratio 1:1 after 1 hr by UV-spectrophotometric method	2017	Journal of natural products, 06-23, Volume: 80, Issue:6	Derivatives of the Lignan 7'-Hydroxymatairesinol with Antioxidant Properties and Enhanced Lipophilicity.
AID1326566	Antioxidant activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA102 harboring hysG428 mutant assessed as inhibition of t-BuO2H-dependant mutant formation at 0.3 uM preincubated with compound followed by t-BuO2H addition after 48 hrs by Ames test	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID1326575	Cytotoxicity against mouse LMTK cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.
AID246424	Effective concentration required for scavenging of superoxide anion radical generation from the tentical protein of jellyfish	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-16, Volume: 15, Issue:10	Radical scavenging activity of protein from tentacles of jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum.
AID500081	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2010	Journal of natural products, Aug-27, Volume: 73, Issue:8	Flavonoids in the poisonous plant Oxytropis falcata.
AID450086	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 17, Issue:18	Antioxidant activity of 5,10-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]indoles containing substituents on dihydroindeno part.
AID762726	Antioxidant activity against ferric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation using egg lecithin at 1 ug/ml after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID357923	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/mL	2001	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 64, Issue:9	Suillusin, a unique benzofuran from the mushroom Suillus granulatus.
AID678023	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain homogenates assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation at 10 uM by spectrophotometry based TBARS assay relative to untreated control	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 20, Issue:17	Synthesis, cytotoxic and antioxidant evaluations of amino derivatives from perezone.
AID356113	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 230 uM after 30 mins	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita.
AID1467633	Proliferative activity against human Hep3B cells assessed as cell viability after 4 days by cell counting method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID398697	Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in Sprague-Dawley rat heart mitochondria assessed as inhibition of FeSO4-induced malondialdehyde formation	1995	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 58, Issue:9	Effect of anthraquinone derivatives on lipid peroxidation in rat heart mitochondria: structure-activity relationship.
AID1155644	Antioxidant activity assessed as 300 uM DPPH free radical scavenging activity under dark condition after 30 mins by microplate reader analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Lignans from the fruit of Schisandra glaucescens with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties.
AID196205	Compound was tested for [Ca2+] overload inhibitory activity in the veratridine-induced [Ca2+] overload model of rat cardiac myocytes.	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 42, Issue:16	Novel calcium antagonists with both calcium overload inhibition and antioxidant activity. 2. Structure-activity relationships of thiazolidinone derivatives.
AID144633	The compound was evaluated for percent reduction of H2O2-induced H2DCFDA fluorescence in NALM-6-B-cells;No data	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-03, Volume: 10, Issue:1	Antioxidant function of phenethyl-5-bromo-pyridyl thiourea compounds with potent anti-HIV activity.
AID527350	Antioxidant activity against diethyl maleate-induced intracellular ROS accumulation in human CEM cells at 5 uM pretreated for 1 hr before diethyl maleate challenge measured after 30 mins by flow cytometry	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 18, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and evaluation of an α-tocopherol analogue as a mitochondrial antioxidant.
AID355801	Antioxidant activity against TPA-induced ROS production in human HL60 cells by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate cellular-based assay	2003	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 66, Issue:5	Marine natural products as novel antioxidant prototypes.
AID1877489	Anti-NASH activity in CCl4-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis C57BL mouse assessed as reduction in malondialdehyde level at 60 mg/kg	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 56	Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of prodrug form JBP485 and Vitamin E for alleviation of NASH.
AID1257005	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH scavenging activity at 10 to 60 ug/ml after 30 mins	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 25, Issue:23	Synthesis of donepezil-based multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID676986	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain homogenates assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation at 1 uM by spectrophotometry based TBARS assay relative to untreated control	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 20, Issue:17	Synthesis, cytotoxic and antioxidant evaluations of amino derivatives from perezone.
AID425212	Protective activity against ischemia/reperfusion-induced increase in macromolecular permeability in po dosed golden hamster cheek pouch administered for 10 days	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11	N-tert-butyl and N-methyl nitrones derived from aromatic aldehydes inhibit macromolecular permeability increase induced by ischemia/reperfusion in hamsters.
AID1079949	Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID360576	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of copper-induced human LDL oxidation	1995	Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 58, Issue:12	Synthesis and evaluation of 3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxyflavones as potential inhibitors of low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation.
AID356114	ABTS radical scavenging activity assessed as trolox equivalents by TEAC assay	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita.
AID318324	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 51, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological activity of a 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl ester analogue of epicatechin-3-gallate.
AID1882443	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins
AID376418	Antioxidation activity assessed as inhibition of peroxidation of liposome at 4.31 ug/mL	1999	Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 62, Issue:11	Phenolic glycosides from Dirca palustris.
AID1172929	Cytoprotective effect against H2O2-induced cell death in rat PC12 cells at 20 uM incubated for 24 hrs prior to H2O2 challenge measured after 2 hrs by MTT assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Protective effects of aloe-emodin on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice and H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.
AID1172940	Inhibition of intracellular ROS generation in rat PC12 cells at 20 uM incubated for 24 hrs prior to H2O2 challenge measured after 2 hrs by fluorescence assay relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Protective effects of aloe-emodin on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice and H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.
AID398700	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 90 mins	1995	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 58, Issue:9	Effect of anthraquinone derivatives on lipid peroxidation in rat heart mitochondria: structure-activity relationship.
AID354825	Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes	1996	Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 59, Issue:11	Betulinans A and B, two benzoquinone compounds from Lenzites betulina.
AID227511	Glutathione peroxidase-like activity at 10x(E -3) M concentration as NADP+/L/min	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-04, Volume: 43, Issue:9	Screening of new antioxidant molecules using flow cytometry.
AID437941	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1	Synthesis, spectral characterization and biological evaluation of phosphorylated derivatives of galanthamine.
AID50641	picomoles of mevalonic acid synthesized per minute per mg of microsomal protein	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-02, Volume: 35, Issue:20	Hypocholesterolemic activity of synthetic and natural tocotrienols.
AID398696	Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in Sprague-Dawley rat heart mitochondria assessed as inhibition of FeSO4-induced oxygen consumption	1995	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 58, Issue:9	Effect of anthraquinone derivatives on lipid peroxidation in rat heart mitochondria: structure-activity relationship.
AID179358	Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular fibrillation (VF), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, frequency, times at 3 mg/kg	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID762733	Antioxidant activity against ferric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation using egg lecithin at 0.01 ug/ml after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID183773	Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular fibrillation (VF), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, incidence at 3 mg/kg; 8/10	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID227651	Inhibition of veratridine-induced depolarization of rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes using a membrane potential sensitive fluorescent dye, rhodamine 6G; NT denotes not tested	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 43, Issue:18	Discovery of (2S)-1-(4-amino-2,3,5- trimethylphenoxy)-3-[4-[4-(4- fluorobenzyl)phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]-2-propanol dimethanesulfonate (SUN N8075): a dual Na(+) and Ca(2+) channel blocker with antioxidant activity.
AID420983	Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 6 days by microdilution resazurin assay	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 44, Issue:6	Diversity-oriented synthesis of furo[3,2-f]chromanes with antimycobacterial activity.
AID1467637	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced oxidative stress in human Hep3B cells assessed as cell survival at 10 uM treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by MTT assay (Rvb = 41.51 +/- 1.39%)	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID402077	Antioxidant activity assessed as peroxide value relative to control	1998	Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 61, Issue:8	Antioxidative bromoindole derivatives from the mid-intestinal gland of the muricid gastropod Drupella fragum.
AID1172934	Inhibition of H2O2-induced NO production in rat PC12 cells at 20 uM incubated for 24 hrs prior to H2O2 challenge measured after 2 hrs relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Protective effects of aloe-emodin on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice and H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.
AID1467648	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced cytotoxicity in human Hep3B cells assessed as decrease in LDH release treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by spectrophotometric method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID234580	Inhibition time for 20 uM during peroxidation of liposomal suspension of dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DPLC) indicated by DMVN at 40 degree centigrade; inactive	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 36, Issue:10	Long-chain-substituted uric acid and 5,6-diaminouracil derivatives as novel agents against free radical processes: synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID676963	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain homogenates assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation at 3.16 uM by spectrophotometry based TBARS assay relative to untreated control	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 20, Issue:17	Synthesis, cytotoxic and antioxidant evaluations of amino derivatives from perezone.
AID308943	Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 cells by MTT assay	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 15, Issue:18	Second generation of alpha-tocopherol analogs-nitric oxide donors: Synthesis, physicochemical, and biological characterization.
AID1168139	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation at 100 uM after 1 hr by TBARS assay	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	PASS-assisted design, synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of new butylated hydroxytoluene derivatives.
AID396343	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation at 100 ug/mL	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 43, Issue:11	Novel keto-enamine Schiffs bases from 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-benzo[h] chromene-8,10-dicarbaldehyde as potential antidyslipidemic and antioxidant agents.
AID1079947	Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1525239	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain homogenate assessed as inhibition of FeCl2-induced lipid peroxidation by measuring reduction in TBARS level preincubated for 30 mins followed by FeCl2/ascorbic acid addition and measured after 1 hr	2019	Journal of natural products, 05-24, Volume: 82, Issue:5	Structure and Absolute Configuration of Abietane Diterpenoids from Salvia clinopodioides: Antioxidant, Antiprotozoal, and Antipropulsive Activities.
AID50653	Compound is evaluated for the effect on lipid metabolism in 6-week-old male chickens at a concentration of 20 ppm in the diet and measured for LDL cholesterol	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-02, Volume: 35, Issue:20	Hypocholesterolemic activity of synthetic and natural tocotrienols.
AID1179806	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ after 3 mins by PAO-SO method	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 24, Issue:15	Antioxidant effects of the highly-substituted carbazole alkaloids and their related carbazoles.
AID1467643	Cytoprotective activity against GOX-induced oxidative stress in mouse NIH/3T3 cells assessed as increase in cell survival treated for 5 hrs with 15 mU/ml GOX challenge by MTT assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14	Minor phenolics from Angelica keiskei and their proliferative effects on Hep3B cells.
AID665154	Cytoprotective activity against DEM-induced ROS production in human CEM cells at 1 to 5 uM pretreated for 16 hrs prior DEM challenge measured after 5.5 hrs by trypan blue exclusion method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 20, Issue:11	Simplified bicyclic pyridinol analogues protect mitochondrial function.
AID76079	Inhibition of CCl4 induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) of guinea pig hepatic microsomes at 300 uM concentration	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 41, Issue:4	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of conformationally constrained aci-reductone mimics of arachidonic acid.
AID330324	Restoration of hepatitis C virus replication in Huh7-K2040 cells in presence of delipidated fetal calf serum medium in absence of arachidonate by RT-PCR relative to control	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Nov-20, Volume: 104, Issue:47	Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by peroxidation of arachidonate and restoration by vitamin E.
AID1179731	Cytoprotection in mouse CRL2181 cells assessed as reduction in UV-oxidized LDL-induced cytotoxicity by measuring cell viability at 1 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to untreated control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 22, Issue:15	Synthesis, antioxidant and cytoprotective evaluation of potential antiatherogenic phenolic hydrazones. A structure-activity relationship insight.
AID228862	Antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the inhibition of oxidation of ABTS to ABTS+ by metmyoglobin in the presence of H2O2.	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-03, Volume: 10, Issue:1	Antioxidant function of phenethyl-5-bromo-pyridyl thiourea compounds with potent anti-HIV activity.
AID85737	Compound was tested in vitro for its neuroprotective activity against L-homocysteic acid(L-HCA) cytotoxicity in murine HT-22 hippocampal cell culture monitored by MTT reduction assay	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-18, Volume: 9, Issue:20	Synthesis of novel orthoalkylaminophenol derivatives as potent neuroprotective agents in vitro.
AID330319	Increase in hepatitis C virus replication in Huh7-K2040 cells in presence of delipidated fetal calf serum medium at 0.3 uM by RT-PCR relative to control	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Nov-20, Volume: 104, Issue:47	Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by peroxidation of arachidonate and restoration by vitamin E.
AID156509	Evaluated for neuronal cell protectivity against beta-amyloid (25,35) insult towards PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cell; No protection	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-17, Volume: 11, Issue:18	Total synthesis of Calebin-A, preparation of its analogues, and their neuronal cell protectivity against beta-amyloid insult.
AID1079935	Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID174640	Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular fibrillation (VF), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, duration at 3 mg/kg	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID771143	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction of K3FeCN6 by spectrophotometric analysis in presence of FeCl3	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 23, Issue:19	Synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of (S,S)- and (R,R)-secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDGs).
AID356111	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 58 uM after 30 mins	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita.
AID235827	Safety index (MTC/PC50)	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-18, Volume: 9, Issue:20	Synthesis of novel orthoalkylaminophenol derivatives as potent neuroprotective agents in vitro.
AID1079948	Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID85744	The minimum tolerated concentration by MTT reduction assay in HT-22 hippocampal cell line.	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 10, Issue:9	New quinolinic derivatives as centrally active antioxidants.
AID380377	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 2.5 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometric assay	2000	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 63, Issue:6	Galloylglucosides from berries of Pimenta dioica.
AID1326571	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Antioxidant and antitumor activity of trolox, trolox succinate, and α-tocopheryl succinate conjugates with nitroxides.

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	7459 (24.80)	18.7374
1990's	6461 (21.48)	18.2507
2000's	8207 (27.29)	29.6817
2010's	6385 (21.23)	24.3611
2020's	1566 (5.21)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	2,903 (9.02%)	5.53%
Reviews	2,769 (8.60%)	6.00%
Case Studies	441 (1.37%)	4.05%
Observational	44 (0.14%)	0.25%
Other	26,041 (80.88%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	10.25	13	1	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	4.96	12	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.42	2	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene with chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 4.	2.04	1	0	trichlorobenzene
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	2.4	2	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-hydroxyglutarate 2-hydroxyglutarate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.. 2-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.42	2	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	2.66	3	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	3.73	10	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
3-aminopropionaldehyde 3-aminopropionaldehyde: structure given in first source. 3-aminopropanal : A propanal having an amino substituent at the 3-position	2.02	1	0	omega-aminoaldehyde; propanals
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.. 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.. 3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.	5.19	6	0	aminobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-hydroxykynurenine 3-hydroxykynurenine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxykynurenine that is kynurenine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.. hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxy-amino acid that is kynurenine substituted by a single hydroxy group at unspecified position. A "closed" class.	2.31	1	0	hydroxykynurenine	human metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	2.39	2	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	8.69	20	1	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	4.88	6	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	3.49	8	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	3.31	6	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	4.74	11	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	3.37	7	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.05	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	3.67	10	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	5.03	13	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.	2.49	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	food acidity regulator; human xenobiotic metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	8.77	15	5	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	5.33	7	2	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	2.03	1	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	5.08	10	1	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	4.16	3	1	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.25	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	3.46	8	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	4.68	5	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	4.02	4	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	6.59	14	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	aryl phosphate
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.74	3	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
butyraldehyde [no description available]	2.46	2	0	butanals	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	3.45	7	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	4.48	7	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	4.38	6	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	7.35	13	3	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	1.96	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	13.99	83	13	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	3.48	8	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	3.92	12	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlordecone [no description available]	2.38	2	0	cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound	insecticide; persistent organic pollutant
choline [no description available]	9.43	49	3	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aconitic acid Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.	2.53	2	0	tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	4.44	21	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	8.21	47	2	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.09	5	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	3.32	7	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
2-cresol 2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	1.93	1	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	5.46	20	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
3-methylcatechol 3-methylbenzene-1,2-diol: structure in first source. dihydroxytoluene : Any hydroxytoluene that has two hydroxy substituents. 3-methylcatechol : A methylcatechol carrying a methyl substituent at position 3. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by some bacteria capable of degrading nitroaromatic compounds present in pesticide-contaminated soil samples.	2.05	1	0	methylcatechol	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2.64	3	0	alkane	xenobiotic
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	2.49	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	7.74	49	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	4.37	6	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
2-nitropropane 2-nitropropane: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitropropane : A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).	1.98	1	0	secondary nitroalkane	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent; xenobiotic
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.72	3	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	3.1	1	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
dihydrolipoic acid dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.	5.21	19	0	thio-fatty acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	6.28	13	3	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.89	3	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	3.04	5	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	2.17	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from L-methionine via the action of methionine transaminase.	2.67	3	0	omega-(methylthio)-2-oxocarboxylic acid
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.37	2	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
n(1)-acetylspermidine N(1)-acetylspermidine : An acetylspermidine having the acetyl group at the N1-position.	2.38	2	0	acetylspermidine	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	7.46	13	4	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.07	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	2.59	2	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.08	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	4.59	8	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	3.59	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
creatine [no description available]	9.6	59	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	2.71	3	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	12.3	127	12	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	2.03	1	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylglycine dimethylglycine: metabolic product of calcium pangamate; mutagen when mixed with nitrite; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethylglycine : An N-methylglycine that is glycine carrying two N-methyl substituents.	2.08	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	10.55	66	2	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	4.4	21	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	11.67	48	2	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.4	2	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	7.8	36	2	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	5.51	8	2	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
glycocyamine glycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine.	2.36	2	0	guanidinoacetic acids; zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.95	1	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	6.91	16	1	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.73	3	0
histamine [no description available]	5.56	23	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
homogentisic acid Homogentisic Acid: Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with hydroxyls at the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring.. homogentisic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 5-positions.	4.2	5	0	dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; hydroquinones	human metabolite; plant metabolite
thiocyanic acid thiocyanic acid : A hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom.	2.41	2	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	6	35	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	7.41	15	1	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
indole [no description available]	3.06	1	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	3.26	6	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	6.44	34	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	3.08	5	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	5.64	6	1	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	17.17	180	26	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.37	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	5.89	7	1	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	8.33	51	2	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	3.38	7	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	8.98	42	1	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	15.06	143	7	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	3.2	6	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
n-acetylserotonin N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.	3.4	7	0	acetamides; N-acylserotonin; phenols	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
naphthalene [no description available]	4.49	7	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
naringenin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; trihydroxyflavanone
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	4.36	20	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	13.01	70	6	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	14.74	71	13	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	12.89	101	7	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.05	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	5.07	13	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	13.78	109	10	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	5.58	5	1	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
n,n-dimethylaniline N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	3.1	1	0	dimethylaniline; tertiary amine
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.08	1	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	4.64	6	1	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	4.08	16	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.69	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	9.61	20	3	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	3.81	3	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
hexadecanal [no description available]	1.98	1	0	2,3-saturated fatty aldehyde; long-chain fatty aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	8.87	33	3	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	3.45	2	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	2.73	3	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	2.51	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	6.26	19	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.48	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	4.47	8	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.41	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	4.06	4	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
porphobilinogen [no description available]	2.35	2	0	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
pqq cofactor PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.	4.69	6	1	orthoquinones; pyrroloquinoline cofactor; tricarboxylic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; water-soluble vitamin (role)
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	5.53	15	1	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	6.47	14	1	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	4.31	4	1	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	2.65	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	1.99	1	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	3.59	9	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	3.82	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	2.69	3	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	2.65	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal [no description available]	3.51	1	1	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	5.08	14	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	16.09	160	10	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	5.43	20	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	6.95	13	1	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.01	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	2.04	1	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	3.77	11	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	1.95	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	2.92	4	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	5.36	18	0	selenium oxoacid
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	5.18	49	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	5.02	13	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	3.5	8	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	3.51	8	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	9.61	28	2	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	1.97	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	3.06	5	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	9.65	68	1	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	15.47	171	5	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	3.5	2	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	5.51	13	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
tryptophan [no description available]	3.1	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; aminoalkylindole; aromatic amino acid; polar amino acid	Daphnia magna metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	4.9	8	1	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	16.84	282	38	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	10.13	55	3	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	4.34	6	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	6.54	18	1	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isocitric acid isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.	1.93	1	0	secondary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
catechin [no description available]	4.03	4	0	hydroxyflavan
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	1.99	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.71	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	1.99	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
1h-3-benzazepin-7-ol, 8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl- 1H-3-benzazepin-7-ol, 8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-: stereoselective antagonist of dopamine receptor	1.99	1	0	benzazepine
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	1.96	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	3.17	1	0	quinolone
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	3.53	2	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.4	2	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	4.14	16	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.05	1	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	10.7	42	3	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	6.2	17	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
edelfosine edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.	3.1	5	0	glycerophosphocholine
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2	1	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.69	3	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.44	2	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.89	4	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	2.44	2	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
2-aminofluorene [no description available]	3.1	1	0
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	4.27	19	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.07	1	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.	2.89	4	0	benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.71	3	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	3.49	8	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
tramiprosate tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.	2.25	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; GABA agonist; nootropic agent
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	3.74	3	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
meglutol Meglutol: An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura.	2.45	2	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid; tertiary alcohol	anticholesteremic drug; antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	5.15	15	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.94	4	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
4'-bromoflavone 4'-bromoflavone: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
ro 5-4864 4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor	1.98	1	0
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	2.02	1	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	5.98	8	1	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nonylphenol 4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.	2.42	2	0	phenols	environmental contaminant
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	3.86	12	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	7.03	27	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	2.88	4	0	long-chain fatty acid
ethylisopropylamiloride ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.	2.4	2	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	3.36	7	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-hydroxymelatonin 6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.	3.5	2	0	acetamides; tryptamines	metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-methoxytryptoline 6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.41	2	0
7,8-dihydroxyflavone 7,8-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8. A dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8. A naturally occurring flavonoid produced by several plants, including the weed Tridax procumbens (coalbuttons or tridax daisy) and the tree Godmania aesculifolia, In animal models, it has shown efficacy against several diseases of the nervous system, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyflavone	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
4',7-dihydroxyflavanone [no description available]	2.15	1	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; polyphenol	Brassica napus metabolite; fungal xenobiotic metabolite
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	2.02	1	0
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	3.54	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	5.98	11	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	1.99	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	10.96	130	5	monoazo compound
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	3.59	2	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	10.37	44	2	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.	2.05	1	0	acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.59	2	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
adrenic acid adrenic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	docosatetraenoic acid	mouse metabolite
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.	2.34	2	0
tyrphostin 25 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	benzenetriol
alaproclate alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	3.23	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole [no description available]	3.59	2	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	5.23	3	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	3.23	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
alosetron alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.	3.23	1	0	imidazoles; pyridoindole	antiemetic; gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic antagonist
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure	1.99	1	0
tocopheroxy radical tocopheroxy radical: RN given refers to radical ion (1+), (2R-(2R(4R,8R*)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 12/90	5.42	19	0	tocopherol
alpha-tocopherol acetate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	tocol
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	3.23	1	0	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.	3.23	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	4.95	4	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.	3.23	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	2.71	3	0	aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	3.55	2	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	6.38	13	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	2.41	2	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	4.16	16	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	4.2	5	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	5.81	12	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	4.99	12	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
dan 2163 [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	4.86	6	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	6	8	1	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	2.4	2	0	barbiturates
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	2	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	3.23	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.5	2	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	3.91	3	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.	2.4	2	0	methoxybenzenes
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	5.07	10	1	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	4.71	9	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	5.45	7	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.01	1	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	18.23	178	43	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.31	1	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	4.03	4	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	3.32	6	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.	3.09	5	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid	fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	4.02	4	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.49	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
baclofen [no description available]	6.74	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	2.05	1	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.05	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
bemegride Bemegride: A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.	2.36	2	0	piperidones
bencyclane Bencyclane: A vasodilator agent found to be effective in a variety of peripheral circulation disorders. It has various other potentially useful pharmacological effects. Its mechanism may involve block of calcium channels.	3.34	1	1	benzenes
bendazac bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.	3.59	2	0	indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger
bendiocarb bendiocarb: FICAM 80W contains 80% of the above chemical cpd as the active ingredient	2.59	2	0	benzodioxoles; carbamate ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	3.23	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	5.22	3	1	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzethonium Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.	2.41	1	0	alkylbenzene
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	7.6	44	1	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	1.99	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzyl isothiocyanate benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma	2.51	2	0	benzenes; isothiocyanate	antibacterial drug
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	5.3	21	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	6.3	10	1	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	2.06	1	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	3.49	2	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
propiolactone Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.	1.95	1	0	propan-3-olide
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	3.34	1	1	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
betaxolol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	4.22	2	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	4.35	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	2.05	1	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
biperiden Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.	3.23	1	0	piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antidote to sarin poisoning; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	3.51	2	0	diarylmethane
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.02	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.69	3	0
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	3.91	3	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bromisovalum Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.	2.68	3	0	N-acylurea; organobromine compound
brotizolam brotizolam: structure	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
bumetanide [no description available]	4.72	5	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	2.74	3	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	3.59	2	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	5.89	7	1	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital	3.23	1	0	barbiturates
butalbital butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates	analgesic; sedative
caffeine [no description available]	8.16	41	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	11.73	48	5	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
pantogab pantogab: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym hopantenic acid refers to (R)-isomer; synonym pantogam refers to Ca salt (2:1), ((R)-isomer	2.36	2	0
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.05	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	2.05	1	0	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.57	2	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	6.54	8	1	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbazochrome carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename	3.75	2	1
carbinoxamine carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.	3.23	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.95	4	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	4.89	4	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	3.85	12	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	2.05	1	0	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carvedilol [no description available]	6.15	9	1	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.9	4	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	1.99	1	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	7.51	15	1	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	3.59	2	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	3.11	5	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.41	2	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.41	2	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	3.79	3	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	3.59	2	0	benzodiazepine
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.	3.59	2	0	1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	7.95	27	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	3.23	1	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	4.35	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	7.22	18	1	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	4.01	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	4.21	16	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	3.23	1	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	3.59	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
ciglitazone ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; thiazolidinone	antineoplastic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol [no description available]	5.49	4	1	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	4.37	6	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cinoxacin Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.	2.05	1	0	cinnolines; oxacycle; oxo carboxylic acid	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate [no description available]	4.49	7	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	6.83	19	1	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	2.05	1	0	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	3.59	2	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	3.08	5	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	2.42	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	3.09	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	8.66	20	2	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	5	7	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene [no description available]	3.59	2	0	tertiary amine	estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	3.23	1	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	5.11	5	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	5.73	8	0	clonidine; imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide [no description available]	3.1	1	0	sulfonamide
chlorazepate clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.	3.23	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug
clotiazepam clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
clotrimazole [no description available]	3.59	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cloxyquin cloxyquin: has antitubercular activity; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinolines
coumaphos Coumaphos: A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.	1.94	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organochlorine compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antinematodal drug; avicide; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	3.1	1	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cyclandelate Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.	2.05	1	0	carboxylic ester; secondary alcohol	vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	3.23	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	3.91	12	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	4.87	4	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cystamine [no description available]	3.25	6	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
danthron danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.	3.53	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.02	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	5.8	12	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	3.81	3	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone: ubiquinol analog. 6-decylubiquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,3-dimethoxybenzoquinone which has been substituted at positions 5 and 6 by decyl and methyl groups.	2.01	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	4.1	3	1	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	10.68	107	1	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
dequalinium Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.	2.1	1	0	quinolinium ion	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	4.54	4	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	3.84	3	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	5.05	5	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist	2.01	1	0	diarylmethane
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	5.05	13	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	4.01	13	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	3.59	2	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	2.97	4	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
dicamba Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; methoxybenzoic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; synthetic auxin; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	8.21	19	5	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	3.92	13	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.	3.23	1	0	dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	4.21	5	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	3.23	1	0	carboxylic ester; tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	3.43	1	1	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	5.3	17	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	4.35	3	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dilazep Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.	2.36	2	0	benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes	cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	4.96	7	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	4.82	7	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	4.55	4	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	4.18	6	0	organic cation
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.38	2	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	7.23	18	1	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram [no description available]	5.52	13	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.03	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	7.46	22	1	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	1.97	1	0
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.	2.06	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	14.19	39	10	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.	3.23	1	0	morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	3.23	1	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	4.35	3	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.	4.05	2	0	pyridines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	4.04	4	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.	3.23	1	0	oxopurine; propane-1,2-diols	bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	5.36	18	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.69	3	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	3.23	1	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.44	2	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	4.86	10	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	3.76	10	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	2.42	2	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.05	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	6.39	39	0
estazolam Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.	3.59	2	0	triazoles; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
etanidazole Etanidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy.. etanidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	5.23	6	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.73	3	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethion ethion: minor descriptor (73-82); online & Index Medicus search INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (73-82). ethion : An organic thiophosphate that is S,S'-methanediyl bis[dihydrogen (phosphorodithioate)] in which all the hydroxy groups have been converted to their corresponding ethyl esters respectively. Ethion is an organophosphate insecticide with inhibitory activity towards the enzyme acetylcholinesterase ( EC 3.1.1.7).	2.47	2	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	4.08	2	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.	3.23	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
ethoxyquin Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.. ethoxyquin : A quinoline that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline bearing three methyl substituents at position 2, 2 and 4 as well as an ethoxy substituent at position 6.	5.84	31	0	aromatic ether; quinolines	antifungal agrochemical; food antioxidant; genotoxin; geroprotector; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activator
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester [no description available]	4.68	3	2
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	1.96	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	3.55	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	4.1	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810 [no description available]	3.83	3	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	2.95	4	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.59	2	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	3.89	3	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	8.25	14	4	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	3.23	1	0	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.	4.05	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	3.1	1	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2.7	3	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fenvalerate fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	3.23	6	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; monochlorobenzenes	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	3.61	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level	3.23	1	0	benzodioxoles
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	3.05	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
flavoxate Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.	3.23	1	0	carboxylic ester; flavones; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	5.07	7	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	3.59	2	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	4.86	6	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	4.05	4	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	2.42	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.	4.05	2	0	benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	11.72	32	5	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	4.25	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.	2	1	0	decanoate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; prodrug
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	3.23	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	4.21	5	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	3.85	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	4.21	5	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	3.23	1	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	3.06	5	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furegrelate furegrelate: structure given in UD 35:175:d	2.88	1	0	benzofurans
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	5.9	8	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	8.13	12	1	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	8.3	21	5	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	6.52	25	2
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	3.09	5	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.	3.59	2	0	aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	4.5	5	1	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	5.19	3	1	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	2.68	3	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	2.05	1	0	piperidines
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	6.48	13	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzenes
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	3.33	6	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	7.01	14	1
granisetron [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
guaiazulene guaiazulene: structure	2.43	2	0	sesquiterpene
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	4.84	10	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	3.23	1	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	3.23	1	0	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.56	2	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.68	3	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.05	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	8.49	25	3	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	5.81	12	2	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
2,2',3,3',4,4'-hexahydroxy-1,1'-biphenyl-6,6'-dimethanol dimethyl ether 2,2',3,3',4,4'-hexahydroxy-1,1'-biphenyl-6,6'-dimethanol dimethyl ether: potent inhibitor of protein kinase C; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	tannin
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.87	4	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	3.73	3	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexestrol [no description available]	2.39	2	0	stilbenoid
hexetidine Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)	2.05	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	2.7	3	0	barbiturates
beta-thujaplicin beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.	2.05	1	0	cyclic ketone; enol; monoterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiplasmodial drug; plant metabolite
hexamethylene bisacetamide N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208	1.99	1	0	acetamides
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	3.81	11	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	4.29	5	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.59	2	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	3.23	1	0	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	4.51	4	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	4.8	10	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	3.81	3	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	7.62	30	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	3.59	2	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	5.99	11	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
alverine alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.	2.05	1	0	tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug
idebenone [no description available]	6.84	27	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0	piperidines
ifosfamide [no description available]	3.59	2	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	4.56	4	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	3.59	2	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	4.02	4	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.48	2	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	11.3	96	3	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	5.87	2	2	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	4.35	4	1	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	3.86	2	1	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iodipamide Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.	2.05	1	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound; secondary carboxamide	radioopaque medium
ioversol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
indolepropionic acid indolepropionic acid: structure in third source. 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid : An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3.	2.05	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; plant metabolite
iproniazid [no description available]	3.59	2	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	3.59	2	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)	3.23	1	0	benzenes
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	6.57	9	6	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	5.79	12	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.5	8	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	6.29	48	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.	4	4	0	alkylbenzene
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	3.82	3	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
itraconazole [no description available]	3.59	2	0	piperazines
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	6.63	6	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	5.2	15	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	6.41	7	1	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	3.23	1	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	3.8	3	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	7.08	10	3	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	4.2	5	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kojic acid [no description available]	4.22	5	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
mimosine Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.	2.11	1	0	alpha-amino acid
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor	2	1	0
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	4.56	4	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lamotrigine [no description available]	4.76	5	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	6.72	6	3	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.42	2	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	7.11	5	2	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	3.59	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	3.59	2	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; dibenzoazepine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	3.53	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
lomustine [no description available]	4.38	6	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	4.95	2	1	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	4.31	3	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	6.3	6	1	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loviride loviride: structure given in first source; inhibits virion and recombinant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	2.05	1	0
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	4.31	3	0	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.73	3	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mafenide Mafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.	1.96	1	0	aromatic amine
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	4.82	7	1	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	isopropyl ester
manidipine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	diarylmethane
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	3.23	1	0	anthracenes
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
edaravone [no description available]	4.64	8	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	4.24	5	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	3.84	3	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	4.33	6	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.	3.87	3	0	diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.91	4	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.	4.17	5	0	monocarboxylic acid
medazepam Medazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used in the treatment of anxiety. It has sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. One of its metabolites is DIAZEPAM and one of its excretion products is OXAZEPAM.	3.34	1	1	organic molecular entity
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.84	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
memantine [no description available]	10.66	14	3	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	4.38	20	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mepenzolate mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	4.35	3	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenesin Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; glycerol ether
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	3.59	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	3.59	2	0	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	3.78	3	0	organic molecular entity
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	5.34	10	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.	3.23	1	0	phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	3.52	2	0	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	15.85	54	14	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.79	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	5.76	6	1	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methamidophos methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.	2.13	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	2.49	2	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	5.2	9	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methoxychlor Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.	2.04	1	0	organochlorine insecticide
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	2.05	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)	3.23	1	0	benzothiadiazine
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	4.1	3	1	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	2.75	3	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.44	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	3.59	2	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
methyprylon methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	3.59	2	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolachlor metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.11	1	0	aromatic amide; benzenes; ether; organochlorine compound
metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.	3.23	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	3.83	3	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	6.72	6	3	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	4.03	4	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	4.05	2	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2.96	4	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.94	4	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	5.5	4	1	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.	3.23	1	0	amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol	alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone [no description available]	3.23	1	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	4.27	5	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	4.1	4	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	3.59	2	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	5.59	9	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	6.68	17	1	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	3.59	2	0	monoterpenoid
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	3.6	9	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	3.59	2	0	methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
nadolol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	tetralins
nafronyl Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.	2	1	0	naphthalenes
nalidixic acid [no description available]	3.59	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
naratriptan naratriptan: structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	heteroarylpiperidine; sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.62	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ubiquinone q1 Ubiquinone Q1: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex. ubiquinone-1 : A compound composed of the standard 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzoquinone nucleus common to ubiquinones; and a side chain of a single isoprenoid unit.	3.03	1	0	ubiquinones
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	5.48	4	1	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	3.59	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	4.35	3	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niceritrol Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.	2.41	2	0	organic molecular entity
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	7.9	13	2	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.05	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nilutamide [no description available]	3.59	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	4.07	4	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	6.04	8	1	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	3.84	3	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitidine nitidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym NSC 146397 refers to chloride; structure	2.31	1	0	phenanthridines
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	11.08	28	12	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nizatidine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; carboxamidine; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; cholinergic drug; H2-receptor antagonist
nizofenone nizofenone: protects experimental mice & rats against cerebral anoxia	1.96	1	0	benzophenones
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	3.23	1	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)	4.08	4	0	catechols; lignan; tetrol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; plant metabolite
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	4.43	6	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	4.35	3	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	2.03	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
nylidrin Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.	4.89	2	1	alkylbenzene
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	3.91	3	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	8.68	15	6	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	3.84	3	0	carbazoles
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	4.37	3	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	2.05	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.59	2	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	4.35	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxethazaine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino acid amide
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.95	13	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	3.1	5	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	5.88	3	2	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	3.53	2	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	4.35	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	6.06	15	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	2	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
pamidronate [no description available]	3.23	1	0	phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	5.71	6	1	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
4-dichlorobenzene dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene	insecticide
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.37	2	0	aromatic amine
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	2.08	1	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pd 169316 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole: p38 MAP kinase inhibitor	2.08	1	0	imidazoles
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.41	7	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.	3.59	2	0	1,3-oxazoles	central nervous system stimulant
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	4.01	4	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	16.18	75	15	oxopurine
perazine Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.	2.05	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.	3.23	1	0	piperidines	cardiovascular drug
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	3.59	2	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.65	3	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
pheniramine Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.	3.1	1	0	pyridines; tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	10.5	57	2	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.	3.53	2	0	phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	3.1	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	4	4	0	aromatic amine
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	3.77	3	0	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	3.63	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	2.71	3	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	4.76	10	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin [no description available]	2.15	1	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
picotamide picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure	2	1	0	benzamides
pifithrin pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.05	1	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	3.23	1	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	17.16	67	19	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pipamperone pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone; bipiperidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
pipemidic acid Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.	2.05	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; pyridopyrimidine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	7.7	11	2	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenoxine pirenoxine: structure given in second source	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	3.1	1	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
polythiazide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.79	11	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	1.98	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
duodote duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents	3.23	1	0	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	3.86	3	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	4.22	5	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	3.84	3	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	3.59	2	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	3.92	13	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	4.72	5	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	13.16	139	4	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	4.01	4	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	3.45	8	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	4.32	6	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	3.59	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.	3.23	1	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	5.45	12	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	3.58	2	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	3.23	1	0	xanthenes
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	3.51	8	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	9.98	17	5	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propoxur Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	9.02	24	2	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	6.1	40	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.73	3	0
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	3.23	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	2.05	1	0	pyridines
pyridostigmine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	pyridinium ion
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	4.07	4	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134 quazepam: structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	benzodiazepine
quetiapine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	dibenzothiazepine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone: structure in first source. quinalizarin : A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone having the four hydroxy groups at the 1-, 2-, 5- and 8-positions.	3.1	1	0	tetrahydroxyanthraquinone	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	3.23	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.	3.23	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aralkylamine
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	2.42	2	0	secondary carboxamide
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.38	2	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	6.27	6	1	benzothiazoles
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	3.23	1	0	alkylamine
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	5.23	6	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate	3.23	1	0	tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	2.72	3	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	3.07	5	0	methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib [no description available]	6.13	3	1	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ropinirole [no description available]	4.14	2	0	indolones; tertiary amine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.41	2	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	2	1	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	3.53	2	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.71	3	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sarpogrelate sarpogrelate: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	hemisuccinate; stilbenoid
salicylsalicylic acid salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.	3.23	1	0	benzoate ester; benzoic acids; phenols; salicylates	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.47	2	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sebacic acid sebacic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.	2.1	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	3.5	2	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	5.06	5	2	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	3.59	2	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	4.06	4	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	5.46	15	1	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	4.23	17	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	1.96	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	3.09	5	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	3.23	1	0	pyridines
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	3.59	2	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; orphan drug; prodrug
ponalrestat [no description available]	1.98	1	0	phthalazines
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	8.9	15	3	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
imatinib [no description available]	3.56	2	0	aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	4.31	5	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	5.17	3	1	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure	1.92	1	0	1,3-thiazoles
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	3.53	2	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfaguanidine Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine	1.92	1	0	sulfonamide antibiotic	antiinfective agent
sulfamerazine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfameter Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; leprostatic drug; renal agent
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.	3.59	2	0	sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.05	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.86	4	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	2.45	2	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	6.34	6	1
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	4.05	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	6.08	5	1	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.37	2	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	3.62	8	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol [no description available]	3.59	2	0	alkylbenzene
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	4.09	4	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	3.8	3	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.95	4	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.05	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.	3.12	1	0	acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane	keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent
tegafur [no description available]	2.39	2	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	4.35	3	0	benzodiazepine
temozolomide [no description available]	5.46	4	1	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	3.23	1	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.59	2	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	3.83	3	0	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.05	1	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	5.01	7	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	5.76	8	3	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	3.59	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	7.47	5	1	thiazolidenedione
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	3.59	2	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	3.52	2	0	aziridines
thiothixene Thiothixene: A thioxanthine used as an antipsychotic agent. Its effects are similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.	1.97	1	0	thioxanthenes
thonzylamine thonzylamine: major descriptor (72-84); file-maintained to PYRIMIDINES	3.1	1	0	methoxybenzenes
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.	3.53	2	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	5.01	7	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	3.23	1	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tinoridine tinoridine: proposed anti-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS seach PYRIDINES (75-86)	1.95	1	0	thienopyridine
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	6.18	10	1	N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	3.59	2	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)	2.65	3	0	pyridinecarboxamide
tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.83	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	1.93	1	0	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	4.01	4	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolperisone Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.	2.58	2	0	N-substituted diamine; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	apoptosis inducer; chelator; copper chelator
ultram 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	6.27	5	0	amino acid
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	3.59	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	3.23	1	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	3.23	1	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
triclosan [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	2.37	2	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trifluoperazine [no description available]	4.7	5	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	3.53	2	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.	3.82	3	0	amine
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	4.36	3	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethobenzamide trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.	3.23	1	0	benzamides; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	3.59	2	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.	3.23	1	0
trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.	3.23	1	0	dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trioxsalen Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.	1.95	1	0	psoralens	dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	3.47	2	0	aromatic amine
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	7.13	27	1	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.	2.68	3	0
tyramine [no description available]	4.17	5	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	3.23	1	0	aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urethane [no description available]	3.58	9	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
usnic acid [no description available]	2.5	2	0	benzofurans
venlafaxine venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.	3.59	2	0	cyclohexanols; monomethoxybenzene; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; serotonin uptake inhibitor; xenobiotic
vesnarinone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
vigabatrin [no description available]	3.59	2	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	2.39	2	0
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	3.09	5	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	3.47	2	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate: structure given in first source; inhibits DMBA-induced carcinogenesis by inhibiting DMBA-DNA adduct formation	2.42	2	0
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	3.59	2	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.	3.23	1	0	nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	3.85	3	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	3.59	2	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zomepirac zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.1	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; pyrroles	cardiovascular drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	4.42	3	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
guanidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic chloride salt	protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.43	2	0	cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.	3.59	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	4.36	6	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	6.18	43	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	8.23	52	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	5.84	7	1	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	5.11	8	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.4	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	4.19	5	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	7.6	19	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	5.25	20	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	7.58	30	2	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	2.05	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	3.5	8	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	2.04	1	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
2-aminophenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.	2.05	1	0	nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines	mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.	2.05	1	0
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	4.77	31	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.	2.05	1	0
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	9.93	69	5	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	3.59	2	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	3.24	6	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.	2.4	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	9.18	8	3	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer	2.72	3	0	corticosteroid hormone
cyclobarbital cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
aldosterone [no description available]	5.21	9	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
allobarbital allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	8.05	23	1	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	5.69	7	3	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
lynestrenol Lynestrenol: A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.65	3	0	steroid
cysteine [no description available]	3.54	2	0	cysteine zwitterion; cysteine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flour treatment agent; human metabolite
tetrahydrocortisol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	7.83	19	2	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
tetrahydrocortisone [no description available]	3.1	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	7.74	17	2	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	3.59	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
androsterone [no description available]	3.75	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	3.75	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	10.9	31	4	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene	mutagen
nad [no description available]	2.05	1	0	NAD	geroprotector
hydroxyacetylaminofluorene Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene: A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action.	3.1	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	3.36	7	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
adrenochrome Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.	3.75	2	1	indoles
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	4.52	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	5.72	15	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	4.1	15	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	8.62	42	2	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	4.34	20	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
methyldimethylaminoazobenzene Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene: A very potent liver carcinogen.. 3-methyl-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene : A member of the class of azobenzenes that is azobenzene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group, while the other is substituted at position 4 by a dimethylamino group. It is a potent liver carcinogen.	2.35	2	0
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.88	4	0	dialkyl phosphate
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	9.5	131	1	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	6.09	16	2	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	3.79	11	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	2.08	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
benz(a)anthracene benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	3.52	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.9	4	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	7.75	17	1	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	3.61	9	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	12.69	25	7	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	10.04	30	3	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.	2.05	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	detergent; surfactant
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	5.83	18	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
dimazine dimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,1-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine substituted by two methyl groups at position 1.	2.41	1	0	hydrazines	carcinogenic agent; fuel; teratogenic agent
chlorobutanol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	tertiary alcohol
vincristine [no description available]	3.85	3	0	acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	5.08	5	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	9.53	49	8	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	4.57	8	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	3.2	6	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	3.76	2	1	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	8.68	58	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	5.14	8	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	4.92	12	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	6.45	14	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	5.36	5	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	3.5	8	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	11.46	78	6	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	2.05	1	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
uridine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	3.59	2	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.89	12	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	4.8	31	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.26	6	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	5.58	17	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
n-nitrosomorpholine N-nitrosomorpholine : A nitrosamine that is morpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. A carcinogen and mutagen, it is found in snuff tobacco.	3.37	7	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	10.49	33	7	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	9.35	64	2	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tributyrin tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.	2.04	1	0	butyrate ester; triglyceride	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug; protective agent
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	3.22	6	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	9	27	3	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	12.24	103	2	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	8.02	22	1	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.	3.23	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.	3.23	1	0	phenothiazines
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.28	10	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	3.23	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	4.97	40	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	6.15	16	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	3.24	6	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	3.1	5	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	3.1	1	0	anilines; primary arylamine
calcium acetate calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.	3.23	1	0	calcium salt	chelator
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	5.26	20	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	5.21	3	1	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.4	2	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.39	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	7.34	19	2	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	13.45	134	11	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	4.84	33	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	5.57	17	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	5.88	19	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	11.85	30	4	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.99	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
mebanazine mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.23	1	0	benzenes
n-hexanal [no description available]	5.08	16	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	3.23	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	5.34	18	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	5.16	18	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	4.05	15	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	2.1	1	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	4.17	5	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	4.16	5	0	oxo steroid
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	3.23	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.	1.96	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
benziodarone benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)	3.59	2	0	aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	3.1	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	4.56	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	10.67	74	2	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	4.02	4	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.41	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	5.03	3	1	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
diethyl sulfoxide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.39	2	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-thiomalic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	7.53	16	1	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	4.08	4	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	2.04	1	0	chloroethanes	polar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	8.54	12	6	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	5.71	6	1	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	3.34	7	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.	2.05	1	0	quinazolines	GABA agonist; sedative
alizarin [no description available]	3.5	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)	1.94	1	0	chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	xenobiotic metabolite
trypan blue VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.	2.05	1	0
methandrostenolone Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)	1.94	1	0	organic molecular entity
cordycepin [no description available]	2.73	3	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	11.42	57	2	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	3.8	3	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.	5.98	36	0	N-substituted diamine; secondary amino compound	antioxidant
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	14.49	108	15	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	8.52	28	5	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	3.25	6	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	1.99	1	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.07	1	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	2.4	2	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
ethyl chloride Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.	2.04	1	0	chloroethanes	antipruritic drug; inhalation anaesthetic; local anaesthetic
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	4.11	15	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.94	4	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	2.89	4	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	3.04	1	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
boron trifluoride [no description available]	2.07	1	0	boron fluoride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
propylene oxide propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.21	1	0	epoxide
bromotrichloromethane Bromotrichloromethane: A potent liver poison. In rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride.	3.07	5	0
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.39	2	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
trichlorofluoromethane trichlorofluoromethane: refrigerant, aerosol propellant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trichlorofluoromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by three chlorine and one fluorine atom.	2.04	1	0	chlorofluorocarbon; halomethane	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound; NMR solvent; refrigerant
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	7.09	80	1	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
pentachloroethane [no description available]	2.04	1	0	chloroethanes	non-polar solvent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.7	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
perflutren Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	3.23	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	3.06	5	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.	3.23	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; fluorinated steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
allylpropymal allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	2.69	3	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	3.59	9	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
butobarbital butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
methsuximide methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
divinyl sulfone divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.	2.46	2	0	sulfone	cross-linking reagent
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	4.08	4	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.76	3	0
tri-o-cresyl phosphate tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140	2.86	4	0
triparanol Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.	3.03	1	0	stilbenoid	anticoronaviral agent
azobis(isobutyronitrile) azobis(isobutyronitrile): blowing agent for elastomers & plastics; initiator for free radical reactions; structure	2.9	4	0
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	4.03	4	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isopentane [no description available]	2.04	1	0	alkane	refrigerant
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	3.21	6	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
isobutyl alcohol isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	3.14	5	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	6.76	17	1	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	3.25	5	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	2.04	1	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane: see also record for tetrachloroethane. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1, 2 and 2.	2.04	1	0	chloroethanes
methacrylamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	acrylamides; primary carboxamide
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	3.34	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	11.19	60	1	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
tetrabromobisphenol a tetrabromobisphenol A: a brominated flame retardant. 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A : A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant.	2.03	1	0	brominated flame retardant; bromobisphenol
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	3.7	8	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	4.76	31	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
dicumyl peroxide [no description available]	2.17	1	0
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	2.38	2	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	3.99	14	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
1-amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone 1-amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone: intermediate in the production of dyes	2.05	1	0	anthraquinone
1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source. quinizarin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone having the two hydroxy substituents at the 1- and 4-positions; formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxy groups	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	dye
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.76	3	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
1-aminoanthraquinone [no description available]	1.98	1	0
cyclizine Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.	3.1	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine	antiemetic; central nervous system depressant; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic
quinophthalone quinophthalone: found in hair preparations; causes contact dermatitis. quinoline yellow : A quinoline derivative with a 1,3-dioxoindan-2-yl substituent at C-2.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; quinolines	dye
acenaphthene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	acenaphthenes
skatole [no description available]	3.99	4	0	methylindole	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	9.52	33	1	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	4.25	18	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
7,8-dimethyl-10-[(2R,3R,4S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl]benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione [no description available]	2.04	1	0	flavin
2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source. anthraflavic acid : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene substituted by hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-7 and oxo groups at C-9 and C-10.	3.5	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	antimutagen; plant metabolite
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	3.5	2	0	anthraquinone
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	4.33	6	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
santowhite powder 4,4'-butylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol): putatively both an androgen and estrogen antagonist; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
brompheniramine Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	3.23	1	0	organobromine compound; pyridines	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fluorene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
carbazole carbazole: structure in first source	1.97	1	0	carbazole
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	5.73	3	2	penicillin allergen; penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	3.59	2	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
1,2,3-trichlorobenzene trichlorobenzene: commercial grade of trichlorobenzene containing 70% 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene & 30% 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene; see also record for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. trichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying three chloro substituents at unspecified positions.. 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.	2.04	1	0	trichlorobenzene
hexamethylbenzene hexamethylbenzene : A methylbenzene that is benzene in which all six hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.	2.04	1	0	methylbenzene
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.37	2	0
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	5.39	22	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	alkylbenzene
1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene [no description available]	2.39	2	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.44	2	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	4.59	8	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
1-methylnaphthalene 1-methylnaphthalene : A methylnaphthalene carrying a methyl substituent at position 1.	2.04	1	0	methylnaphthalene	carcinogenic agent; plant metabolite
1-chloronaphthalene 1-chloronaphthalene: word preservative; in xylamon the active ingredient is 60% 1-chloronaphthalene; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2126	2.04	1	0
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	3.79	3	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
1-naphthylphenylamine N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine: RN given refers to 1-naphthylamine cpd; structure	2.02	1	0	naphthalenes
2-aminodiphenyl aminobiphenyl : Any member of the class of biphenyls in which the biphenyl skeleton is substituted by at least one amino group.	3.1	1	0
2-phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.	3.1	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; environmental food contaminant
xanthone xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.	2.01	1	0	xanthones	insecticide
pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	3.23	1	0	phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
diethylpropion Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ketone; tertiary amine	appetite depressant
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	5.63	14	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	3.86	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
2-methylnaphthalene 2-methylnaphthalene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-methylnaphthalene : A methylnaphthalene carrying a methyl substituent at position 2.	2.04	1	0	methylnaphthalene
2-chloronaphthalene 2-chloronaphthalene: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	3.79	3	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
3,3'-dichlorobenzidine 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine: A material used in the manufacture of azo dyes that is toxic to skin and carcinogenic in several species.	1.97	1	0	biphenyls; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine compound
naphthacene tetracene : An acene that consists of four ortho-fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.	2.04	1	0	acene; tetracenes
phenidone phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.01	1	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.88	4	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
4-biphenylamine 4-biphenylamine: used in detection of sulfates, & as a carcinogen in cancer research; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-4-amine : An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	aminobiphenyl	carcinogenic agent
4-phenylphenol 4-phenylphenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. biphenyl-4-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	3.26	6	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	2.9	4	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	3.1	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl biphenyl-4,4'-diol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl with hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4'.	3.1	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls
n,n-diethyl 4-phenylenediamine N,N-diethyl 4-phenylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
veratric acid veratric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3.	2.49	2	0	benzoic acids	allergen; plant metabolite
synephrine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	4.99	7	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	6.87	12	1	carbonyl compound
2-xylene 2-xylene: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-xylene : A xylene substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.04	1	0	xylene
2-chlorotoluene 2-chlorotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
2-dichlorobenzene 2-dichlorobenzene: structure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene	hepatotoxic agent; metabolite
2-bromophenol bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.	2.11	1	0	bromophenol	marine metabolite
pseudocumene 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.	2.48	2	0	trimethylbenzene	neurotoxin
durene durene: structure. durene : A tetramethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5.	2.04	1	0	tetramethylbenzene
1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene : A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5.	2.04	1	0	tetrachlorobenzene
dilactide dilactide: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	dioxanes
alpha-chlorohydrin alpha-Chlorohydrin: A chlorinated PROPANEDIOL with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents.. 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol : A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.	2.31	1	0	chloropropane-1,2-diol
thioglycerol thioglycerol: potentiates action of bradykinin in guinea-pig ileum; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. monothioglycerol : A thiol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups is replaced by a thiol group.	1.96	1	0	propane-1,2-diols; thiol	reducing agent; vulnerary
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.34	4	1	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
2,4-di-tert-butylphenol 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol: structure given in first source. 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.05	1	0	alkylbenzene; phenols	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.44	2	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
tert-butylbenzene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
butylphen butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	phenols	allergen
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	4.6	8	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
cumene cumene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group.	2.46	2	0	alkylbenzene
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	1.99	1	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	3.46	7	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl gallate methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum. methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.	2.1	1	0	gallate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
sym-trinitrobenzene Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.	1.95	1	0	trinitrobenzene	explosive
3-dinitrobenzene dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.	2	1	0	dinitrobenzene	neurotoxin
4-bromophenacyl bromide 4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure	2.41	2	0
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	3.1	1	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	2.04	1	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-isopropylphenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	phenols	flavouring agent
4-hydroxyacetophenone 4-hydroxyacetophenone: promotes secretion of bile & bile salts, which promotes griseofulvin absorption in the duodenum. 4'-hydroxyacetophenone : A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.	3.1	1	0	monohydroxyacetophenone	fungal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
dimethyl-4-toluidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.02	1	0	diamine; substituted aniline
4-chloronitrobenzene [no description available]	2.39	2	0	C-nitro compound
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	1.97	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
ethylbenzene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	4.02	4	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
nicotinyl alcohol Nicotinyl Alcohol: Alcohol analog of NICOTINIC ACID which is a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened GANGRENE.. 3-pyridinemethanol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 .	5.35	4	1	aromatic primary alcohol; pyridines	antilipemic drug; vasodilator agent
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	3.23	6	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	2.35	2	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	4.03	3	1	pyridinium salt
4-benzylphenol 4-benzylphenol: metabolite of diphenylmethane; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	1	0
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic amine	allergen; carcinogenic agent
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	4.27	1	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
boric acid [no description available]	2.21	1	0	boric acids	astringent
1,2-dihydrostilbene 1,2-dihydrostilbene: intermdiate in biosynthesis of dihydrophenanthrenes from phenylalanine. 1,2-dihydrostilbene : A diphenylethane that is the 1,2-dihydro derivative of stilbene.	2.04	1	0	diphenylethane
n-propylbenzene n-propylbenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. propylbenzene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene having one of its aromatic hydrogens substituted by a propyl group.	2.04	1	0	alkylbenzene
benzonatate benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.	3.23	1	0	benzoate ester; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anaesthetic; antitussive
n-butylbenzene butylbenzene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted by a butyl group at position 1.	2.04	1	0	alkylbenzene
2-ethylhexanol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	primary alcohol	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-anisidine 4-anisidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-anisidine : A substituted aniline that is aniline in which the hydrogen para to the amino group has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is used as a reagent for the detection of oxidation products such as aldehydes and ketones in fats and oils.	3.38	6	0	methoxybenzenes; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	genotoxin; reagent
1,4-dibromobenzene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	dibromobenzene
4-xylene p-xylene : A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.	2.04	1	0	xylene
4-chlorotoluene 4-chlorotoluene: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.04	1	0	monochlorobenzenes
4-toluidine 4-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is para to the methyl group.	2.25	1	0	aminotoluene
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	1.93	1	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
ethylene dibromide Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.	3.37	7	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	algal metabolite; carcinogenic agent; fumigant; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen
butane butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.	2.04	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant; refrigerant
1-butene but-1-ene : A butene with unsaturation at position 1.	2.04	1	0	butene
acrolein [no description available]	5.48	15	1	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2	1	0	alkylamine
propionitrile propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.	2.04	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
acrylonitrile [no description available]	4.63	6	1	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	3.36	7	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	2.4	2	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
dimethyldioctadecylammonium dimethyldioctadecylammonium: a cationic lipid analog; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.54	2	0
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	4.31	19	0	alkane
deanol Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.	2.11	1	0	ethanolamines; tertiary amine	curing agent; radical scavenger
vinyl acetate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	acetate ester
succinic anhydride [no description available]	2.6	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; tetrahydrofurandione
3-xylene m-xylene : A xylene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.	2.04	1	0	xylene
2,6-lutidine 2,6-dimethylpyridine : A member of the class of methylpyridines that is pyridine carrying methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.02	1	0	methylpyridines
mesitylene mesitylene: structure. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.	2.48	2	0	trimethylbenzene
1,3,5-trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene: structure in first source. 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	trichlorobenzene
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	2.5	2	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
bromobenzene [no description available]	3.5	8	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene [no description available]	2.43	2	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.46	2	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	2.72	3	0	aryl thiol
3-hydroxypyridine 3-hydroxypyridine: RN given refeirs to parent cpd. 3-pyridinol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It has been detected as a thermal degradation product from the smoke of the burning leaves of Salvia divinorum, a Mexican psychoactive plant.	5.18	3	1	monohydroxypyridine
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
dibutyl sebacate dibutyl sebacate: used in retail packaging of foods	2.04	1	0	fatty acid ester
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	9.59	42	6	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
1-pentene 1-pentene: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
butyl chloride butyl chloride: structure	2.04	1	0
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	9.62	39	13	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.39	2	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.05	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	4.09	15	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	2.73	3	0	fatty acid ester
2-heptanone heptan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone with methyl and pentyl as the alkyl groups.	2.08	1	0	dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone	mouse metabolite; pheromone
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	3.51	8	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
pentanal pentanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.	2.02	1	0	saturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
1,4-butanediol butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).	2.15	1	0	butanediol; glycol	neurotoxin; prodrug; protic solvent
2-ethoxyethanol 2-ethoxyethanol : A hydroxyether that is the ethyl ether derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.78	3	0	glycol ether; primary alcohol	protic solvent; teratogenic agent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.04	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2.04	1	0	cycloalkene
morpholine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
thiodipropionic acid thiodipropionic acid: structure	2.21	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
diethylenetriamine diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine
ethyl stearate stearic acid ethyl ester: structure in first source. ethyl octadecanoate : An octadecanoate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of octadecanoic (stearic) acid and the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester; octadecanoate ester	plant metabolite
heptanal heptanal : An n-alkanal resulting from the oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of heptan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde. An endogenous aldehyde coming from membrane lipid oxidation, it is found in the blood of lung cancer patients and has been regarded as a potential biomarker of lung cancer.	2	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	biomarker
n-butoxyethanol n-butoxyethanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-butoxyethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.	2.41	2	0	glycol ether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
nonane iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.	2.04	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
carbitol carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.	3.16	5	0	diether; glycol ether; hydroxypolyether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile: lathyrogen; RN refers to parent cpd; blocks axoplasmic transport of neurofilament proteins with subsequent axon swelling typical of some motor neuron diseases	4	4	0
pelargonic acid pelargonic acid: K salt acts as cariostatic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nonanoic acid : A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.	2.05	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antifeedant; Daphnia magna metabolite; plant metabolite
undecanoic acid undecanoic acid : A straight-chain, eleven-carbon saturated medium-chain fatty acid found in body fluids; the most fungitoxic of the C7:0 - C18:0 fatty acid series.. undecanoate : A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of undecanoic acid; used in tandem with testosterone cation in the treatment of male hypogonadism. Major species at pH 7.3.	2.05	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antifungal agent; human metabolite
n-dodecane dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).	2.15	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite
dodecanol Dodecanol: A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). dodecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twelve carbon atoms.. dodecan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.	2.64	3	0	dodecanol; primary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; cosmetic; insect attractant; insecticide; pheromone; plant metabolite
dodecylmercaptan dodecylmercaptan: used in polymerization of neoprenes; structure	1.98	1	0
behenic acid behenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. docosanoic acid : A straight-chain, C22, long-chain saturated fatty acid.	3.81	2	1	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
eicosane icosane : A straight chain alkane composed of 20 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the leaves of Agave attenuata.	2.08	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	2.05	1	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
methylergonovine Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.23	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
imipramine hydrochloride [no description available]	1.97	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant
neostigmine bromide neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.	2.05	1	0	bromide salt
n(1)-acetylphenylhydrazine [no description available]	3.35	1	1
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.4	2	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
3-hydroxy-3-methylbutene 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutene: narcotic, sleep-producing principle from hops; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-ene : A tertiary alcohol that is 3-methylbut-1-ene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 3.	3.13	1	0	olefinic compound; tertiary alcohol	animal metabolite; fragrance; pheromone; plant metabolite
2,2,2-trichloroethanol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	chloroethanol	mouse metabolite
dicofol Dicofol: An organochlorine insecticide.. dicofol : A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.97	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine acaricide; tertiary alcohol
mephobarbital Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant
linalyl acetate linalyl acetate: structure in first source; RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation. linalyl acetate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-linalyl acetate. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.. 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-yl acetate : A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester of linalool. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.	2.01	1	0	acetate ester; monoterpenoid
anthrarufin 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone: used in ferric ion sensing as an inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin; structure in first source. anthrarufin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 5.	3.5	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
2-aminoanthraquinone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	anthraquinone
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	4.06	14	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid : A benzoic acid derivative carrying 3-, 4- and 5-methoxy substituents.	2	1	0	benzoic acids; methoxybenzenes	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
2-ethylhexyl salicylate 2-ethylhexyl salicylate: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	benzoate ester; phenols
maltol maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure	1.99	1	0	4-pyranones	metabolite
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	2.97	4	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
2-toluic acid 2-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. o-toluic acid : A methylbenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	3.1	1	0	methylbenzoic acid	xenobiotic metabolite
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.05	1	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	6.16	10	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
isoquinoline [no description available]	2.1	1	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
scoparone scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; coumarins	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antilipemic drug; immunosuppressive agent; plant metabolite
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.04	1	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
dibenzoylmethane dibenzoylmethane : A beta-diketone that is acetylacetone (acac) in which both methyl groups have been replaced by phenyl groups. It is a minor constituent of the root extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and exhibits antimutagenic and anticancer effects.	2	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	antimutagen; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	3.1	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole : An aromatic ether that is 4-methoxyphenol in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	3.54	8	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	tertiary amine
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	3.17	5	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	5.13	5	2	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
monobutyl phthalate monobutyl phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.44	2	0	phthalic acid monoester
cinchophen cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94	3.59	2	0	quinolines
solasulfone solasulfone: used in drug therapy of leprosy; structure	2	1	0
menthyl anthranilate menthyl anthranilate: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	monoterpenoid
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	3.5	2	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	4.45	7	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	4.28	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrosodimethylaniline 4-nitrosodimethylaniline: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline : A member of the class of dimethylanilines that is N,N-dimethylaniline having a nitroso group at the 4-position.	1.99	1	0	dimethylaniline; nitroso compound; tertiary amino compound
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	4.3	19	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	2.03	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
diphenylcarbazide Diphenylcarbazide: Used as an indicator in titrating iron and for the colorimetric determination of chromium and the detection of cadmium, mercury, magnesium, aldehydes, and emetine.	1.96	1	0	phenylhydrazines
p-cresyl acetate [no description available]	2.33	2	0	benzoate ester; phenols
nithiamide [no description available]	3.39	1	1	acetamides; aromatic amide
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	3.1	1	0	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	3.54	8	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexanoic acid hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	3.52	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.46	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	2.43	2	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
pregnenolone [no description available]	3.77	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	6.24	11	1	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	1.95	1	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.	3.23	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
pentoxyl Pentoxyl: 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil.	1.99	1	0	pyrimidone
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	7.62	19	1	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.28	6	0	organic molecular entity
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.53	2	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	3.62	9	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	3.23	1	0	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)	2.05	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
dydrogesterone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	progestin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	11.78	120	7	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	4.15	5	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
phenetidine Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	drug metabolite
homoarginine L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.	2.11	1	0	homoarginine; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; human metabolite; rat metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
1,12-benzoperylene 1,12-benzoperylene: structure; see also record for benzoperylene	2.04	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
dibenzo(a,l)pyrene dibenzo(a,l)pyrene: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	human metabolite; mutagen
benzo(e)pyrene benzo(e)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzo[e]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. It is listed as a Group 3 carcinogen by the IARC.	2.04	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	3.24	6	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
benzo(j)fluoranthene benzo(j)fluoranthene: dihydrodiol metabolites identified as mutagens; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	naphthalenes
benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo[b]fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene that consists of a benzene ring fused with a acephenanthrylene ring.	2.04	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	mutagen
fluoranthene fluoranthene: structure. fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.	2.42	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
benzo(k)fluoranthene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	naphthalenes
triphenylene triphenylene: structure. triphenylene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	2.04	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene
chrysene chrysene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2252. chrysene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene found commonly in the coal tar.	2.04	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene	plant metabolite
dibenzo(aj)anthracene dibenzo(aj)anthracene: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	phenanthrenes
benzo(a)fluorene benzo(a)fluorene: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	carbotetracyclic compound
benzo(b)fluorene benzo(b)fluorene: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	carbotetracyclic compound
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	3.17	5	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	5.16	11	1	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	3.17	5	0	indazole
triethylenediamine triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.	3.07	5	0	bridged compound; diamine; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent; tertiary amino compound	antioxidant; catalyst; reagent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.47	2	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	4.41	20	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	4.05	4	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	4.78	7	1	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	10.16	91	3	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	4.36	6	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
cyclooctane [no description available]	2.04	1	0
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	5.33	18	0	organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	1.98	1	0	organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.	2	1	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines
calcium gluconate [no description available]	3.2	6	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	5.57	5	1	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
allylisopropylacetamide Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.	1.98	1	0
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	4.76	31	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	2.68	3	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.05	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
perfluorodecalin perfluorodecalin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. perfluorodecalin : A fluorocarbon that is decalin in which every hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. Capable of dissolving large quantities of oxygen, it has been used as the basis of an artificial blood substitute.	1.97	1	0	fluorocarbon	blood substitute; solvent
paraoxon [no description available]	3.04	1	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
perfluorotributylamine perfluorotributylamine: perfluorochemical (3M Co) artificial O(2) carrier. perfluorotributylamine : An organofluorine compound that is tributylamine in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorine atoms.	1.99	1	0	organofluorine compound	blood substitute; greenhouse gas; solvent
dexamethasone 21-phosphate dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.	2.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	glucocorticoid receptor agonist
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	3.6	9	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.52	2	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	heptanoate ester; sterol ester	androgen
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	4.2	5	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	3.88	3	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	1.98	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
perfluorodecanoic acid perfluorodecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid.	1.98	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbutamide Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)	2.42	2	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
glymidine glymidine: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONAMIDES 1975-90); GLIDIAZINE & GLYCODIAZINE were see GLYMIDINE 1975-92; use SULFONAMIDES to search GLYMIDINE 1975-92; a sulfonamide hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. glymidine : A sulfonamide that is N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring by a 2-methoxyethoxy group. It is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.	1.99	1	0	diether; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	hypoglycemic agent
diethyl sulfide ethyl sulfide : An aliphatic sulfide in which the sulfur atom is bonded to at least one ethyl group.. diethyl sulfide : An ethyl sulfide compound having two ethyl groups attached to a sulfur atom.	2.04	1	0	ethyl sulfide
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	6.94	9	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	4.04	4	0	steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.4	2	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	4.03	2	0	ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; butanamides; butyrate ester	agonist; cardiotonic drug; vasodilator agent
kynuramine Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.	2.02	1	0	kynurenamines; primary amino compound	metabolite
trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride trans-1,4-Bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane Dihydrochloride: An anti-cholesteremic agent that inhibits delta 7-reductase, delta 14 reductase, and sterol biosynthesis.	2	1	0
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	6.05	10	1	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	4.88	11	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
4-hydroxyphenobarbital [no description available]	3.1	1	0	barbiturates
prenylamine Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	1.98	1	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.	2.7	3	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound	blood substitute; radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	2.97	4	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	4.23	5	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	4.56	8	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0	alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfur-containing amino acid; thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antidote; antioxidant; hepatoprotective agent
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2	1	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	4.67	9	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorphentermine Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)	2.66	3	0	amphetamines
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.44	2	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
homocystine [no description available]	2.68	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocystines	human metabolite
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	2.94	3	0	ketene
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	3.59	2	0	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	4.63	6	1	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.21	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
glycyrrhetinic acid [no description available]	2.44	2	0	cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	immunomodulator; plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	8.74	19	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.38	2	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
naphthazarin naphthazarin: fish toxin; isolated for first time from the walnut onigurmi, Juglans mandshurica maxim var. Sieboldiana Makino; structure. naphthazarin : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 8 are replaced by hydroxy groups.	1.99	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; plant metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.75	3	0
cholanthrene cholanthrene: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
epitestosterone Epitestosterone: The 17-alpha isomer of TESTOSTERONE, derived from PREGNENOLONE via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse.. epitestosterone : An androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone.	3.1	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen antagonist; human metabolite
plumbagin plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.02	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols	anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	2.92	4	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	2.1	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	3.5	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
menadiol [no description available]	2.91	4	0	methylnaphthalenes; naphthalenediols; naphthohydroquinone
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.21	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
retene retene: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)	2.05	1	0	phthalazines
reticulin Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.	1.94	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; isoquinolinol	plant metabolite
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.38	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	5.14	14	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
topanol 354 Topanol 354: structure	2.4	2	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	3.37	6	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	2.05	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
coumaran 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is the 2,3-dihydroderivative of benzofuran.	1.92	1	0	1-benzofurans	metabolite
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.05	1	0	butenolide
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	3.76	3	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid lutidinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 2 and 4.	1.99	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	1.99	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
3-pyridinaldehyde pyridine-3-carbaldehyde : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine substituted by a formyl group at position 3.	2.11	1	0	pyridinecarbaldehyde
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	2.34	2	0	quinone imine	dye
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	4.82	7	1	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
phloretic acid phloretic acid: structure. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester : An ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide.. phloretic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.	2.05	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.58	2	0	epsilon-lactone
4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.23	1	0	4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative
azomethane azomethane: structure	1.97	1	0
oxetane oxetane: structure. oxetane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.	2.13	1	0	oxetanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
phorone phorone: an industrial solvent; structure	3.25	6	0	dialkenyl ketone
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2.05	1	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	5.82	12	2	thiazolidine
isophytol isophytol: structure in first source	2.34	2	0
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.78	3	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
margaric acid margaric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. heptadecanoic acid : A C17 saturated fatty acid and trace component of fats in ruminants.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; mammalian metabolite
arachidic acid icosanoic acid : A C20 striaght-chain saturated fatty acid which forms a minor constituent of peanut (L. arachis) and corn oils. Used as an organic thin film in the production of liquid crystals for a wide variety of technical applications.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2.4	2	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	4.95	11	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	3.59	2	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
periplogenin periplogenin: structure	2.51	2	0
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.42	2	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.05	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.92	12	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	6.28	6	2	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
androstenediol Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.	3.1	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	3.82	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	6.19	18	2
physcione physcione: structure. physcion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.	1.98	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	3.1	5	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
hemimellitene hemimellitene: structure. 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 3. It has been found in Centaurium erythraea.	2.04	1	0	trimethylbenzene	neurotoxin; plant metabolite
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	6.27	4	2	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	7.64	10	4	organic molecular entity
2,4,6-trimethylphenol [no description available]	2.06	1	0	hydroxytoluene
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.91	4	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	2	1	0	cellobiose	epitope
chamazulene chamazulene: structure	2.1	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol: structure in first source	3.1	1	0
syringic acid syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.	2.78	3	0	benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
herniarin herniarin: methoxy analog of umbelliferone; structure. herniarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a methoxy group at position 7.	2.05	1	0	coumarins	fluorochrome
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	2.05	1	0	thiazoles
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	2.05	1	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
pyrithiamine Pyrithiamine: A thiamine antagonist due to its inhibition of thiamine pyrophosphorylation. It is used to produce thiamine deficiency.. pyrithiamine : A pyridinium ion that is 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridine substituted at position 1 by a (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.	2.01	1	0
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	2.11	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	6.39	12	1	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
tricaprylin tricaprylin: 13C-labeled trioctanoin used in breath tests to detect fat malabsorption. trioctanoin : A triglyceride obtained by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by octanoic acid. Used as an alternative energy source to glucose for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.	2.47	2	0	octanoate ester; triglyceride	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	2.36	2	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
4-iodophenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	iodophenol
1-chloropropane 1-chloropropane: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
2,2,4-trimethylpentane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane: nephrotoxic. isooctane : An alkane that consists of pentane bearing two methyl substituents at position 2 and a single methyl substituent at position 4.	2.64	3	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	fuel additive; nephrotoxin; non-polar solvent
uranyl acetate uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
levocarnitine (R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.	3.23	1	0	carnitine	antilipemic drug; nootropic agent; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; water-soluble vitamin (role)
1,3-dichlorobenzene 1,3-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	21.72	1,525	203	dialdehyde	biomarker
cadmium acetate cadmium acetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
1-chlorohexane [no description available]	2.04	1	0
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	6.61	8	2	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
triethylenephosphoramide Triethylenephosphoramide: An insect chemosterilant and an antineoplastic agent.	3.04	1	0	phosphoramide
sulfanilylurea sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure	3.23	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	3.62	9	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.77	3	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.43	2	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.01	1	0	phenoxazine
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.03	1	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	3.48	8	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	3.5	8	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
aniline mustard Aniline Mustard: Alkylating anti-neoplastic agent.	2.06	1	0
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	1.96	1	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	2.37	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
tristearin tristearoylglycerol : A triglyceride that is glycerol in which all three hydroxy groups have been formally esterified with stearic acid.	2.1	1	0	triacylglycerol 54:0	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
tripalmitin tripalmitin: structure. tripalmitin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.44	2	0	triglyceride
trimyristin trimyristin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by myristic (tetradecanoic) acid.	2.15	1	0	tetradecanoate ester; triglyceride
prenol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	alkenyl alcohol; prenols
lignoceric acid lignoceric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetracosanoic acid : A C24 straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.05	1	0	straight-chain saturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.	3.1	1	0	terpineol; tertiary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
thallium acetate thallium acetate: RN given refers to Tl(+1) salt. thallium(I) acetate : An acetate salt comprising equal numbers of acetate and thallium ions.	1.96	1	0	acetate salt; thallium molecular entity	apoptosis inducer; neurotoxin
2-hydroxybutyric acid 2-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. hydroxybutyric acid : Any compound comprising a butyric acid core carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.. 2-hydroxybutyric acid : A hydroxybutyric acid having a single hydroxyl group located at position 2; urinary secretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid is increased with alcohol ingestion or vigorous physical exercise and is associated with lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis in humans and diabetes in animals.	2.1	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
1,4-dimethylnaphthalene 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene : A dimethylnaphthalene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.	2.04	1	0	dimethylnaphthalene
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	2.07	1	0	bis(azo) compound
lactulose [no description available]	3.59	2	0	glycosylfructose	gastrointestinal drug; laxative
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	2.44	2	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	6.8	19	1	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
6-hydroxyquinoline quinolin-6-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6.	3.1	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline
3-hydroxybiphenyl 3-hydroxybiphenyl: structure given in first source. biphenyl-3-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is phenol in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group.	3.1	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls
2,6-dimethylnaphthalene 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene : A dimethylnaphthalene carrying methyl groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.04	1	0	dimethylnaphthalene	environmental contaminant
1,2-dibromobenzene dibromobenzene : Any member of the class of bromobenzenes that consists of a benzene or a substituted benzene ring carrying two bromo groups at unspecified positions.	2.04	1	0	dibromobenzene
allethrins Allethrins: Synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.41	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	pyrethroid ester insecticide
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	2.41	2	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
terpinolene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	p-menthadiene	insect repellent; plant metabolite; sedative; volatile oil component
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	3.1	1	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
isovalerylaldehyde isovalerylaldehyde: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5093. 3-methylbutanal : A methylbutanal that is butanal substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It occurs as a volatile constituent in olives.	2.25	1	0	methylbutanal	flavouring agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; volatile oil component
iodobenzene iodobenzene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.04	1	0
levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.	2.6	1	0	oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
1-hexene 1-hexene: structure in first source. 1-hexene : An alkene that is hexane carrying a double bond at position 1.	2.04	1	0	alkene
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	3.62	9	0	organic sulfide
n-methylhydroxylamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
megestrol acetate [no description available]	4.14	3	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
2-chloropropionic acid 2-chloropropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified chlorine locant; structure	2	1	0
ethylmalonic acid ethylmalonic acid: don't confuse with diethyl malonate, which is a diester. ethylmalonate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of ethylmalonic acid.. ethylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid obtained by substitution of one of the methylene hydrogens of malonic acid by an ethyl group.	2.01	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.59	2	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
4-chloro-1-naphthol 4-chloro-1-naphthol: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants	2.1	1	0
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	3.79	3	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pamabrom [no description available]	3.23	1	0
galactitol [no description available]	3.1	5	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentachlorobenzene pentachlorobenzene: structure. pentachlorobenzene : A member of the class of pentachlorobenzenes that is benzene in which five of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. Now classed as a persistent organic pollutant under the Stockholm Convention.	2.04	1	0	pentachlorobenzenes	persistent organic pollutant
2-methylanthracene 2-methylanthracene: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
1-penten-3-ol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	alcohol
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	18.34	257	25	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
chorismic acid Chorismic Acid: A cyclohexadiene carboxylic acid derived from SHIKIMIC ACID and a precursor for the biosynthesis of UBIQUINONE and the AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS.. chorismic acid : The (3R,4R)-stereoisomer of 5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid.	2.31	1	0	5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-nitroso(di-n-propyl)amine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	nitroso compound
glycine ethyl ester glycine ethyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
6-methyluracil 6-methyluracil: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 6-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group at position 6.	3.82	2	1	pyrimidone	metabolite
3-methylglutaric acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	metabolite
4-hydroxypyridine 4-pyridone: structure in first source. 4-hydroxypyridine : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.. 4-pyridone : The simplest member of the class of pyridin-4-ones, that is 1,4-dihydropyridine in which the hydrogens at position 4 have been replaced by an oxo group.	2.07	1	0	4-pyridones; monohydroxypyridine
1,4-cyclohexadiene [no description available]	1.97	1	0	cyclohexadiene
amyl acetate amyl acetate: sources do not specify n-isomer. pentyl acetate : An acetate ester of pentanol.	2.07	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite
n-tetradecane tetradecane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 14 carbon atoms.	2.08	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nonacosane nonacosane: constituent of Apocynum venetum leaf. nonacosane : A straight-chain alkane comprising of 29 carbon atoms.	2.6	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.38	2	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester	hepatic steatosis inducing agent
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.37	2	0
clopenthixol Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	1.98	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; primary alcohol; thioxanthenes	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene : A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2 , 3 and 4.. tetrachlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying four chloro groups at unspecified positions.	2.04	1	0	tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene : A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2, 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	tetrachlorobenzene
phytane [no description available]	3.16	1	0	diterpene
tridecanoic acid tridecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of tridecanoic acid.. tridecanoic acid : A C13 straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
glycochenodeoxycholic acid Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.	2.93	4	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
erythromycin stearate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminoglycoside
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	4.35	6	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
precocene ii precocene II: has antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, and antioxidant activities; from plants of genus Ageratum; an antiallotropin compound capable of inhibiting juvenile hormone biosynthesis	2.11	1	0	chromenes	precocenes
4-propylphenol 4-propylphenol: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0	alkylbenzene
nonadecanoic acid nonadecanoic acid : A C19 straight-chain fatty acid of plant or bacterial origin. An intermediate in the biodegradation of n-icosane, it has been shown to inhibit cancer growth.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	fungal metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	6.31	5	3	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diisopropylamine dichloroacetate diisopropylamine dichloroacetate: stimulates smooth muscle & strongly inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity	2.02	1	0	carboxylic acid; organohalogen compound
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	1.96	1	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
dibutyldichlorotin [no description available]	2.06	1	0
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	5.38	19	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
2,3,5-trimethylquinol 2,3,5-trimethylquinol: reducing agent. 2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is hydroquinone substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.6	1	0	hydroquinones; methylbenzene
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2.92	4	0
2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol [no description available]	2.06	1	0
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.92	4	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
9-methylanthracene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
9,10-dimethylanthracene 9,10-dimethylanthracene: RN given refers to parent ion	2.48	2	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	5.98	4	2	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
calcium citrate Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.	2.1	1	0	organic calcium salt	flavouring agent; food additive; food preservative; nutraceutical
8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline 8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	hydroxyquinoline
vinblastine [no description available]	2.44	2	0
potassium citrate Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.	2.02	1	0	potassium salt	diuretic
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	3.4	7	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
n-methylpyrrolidone 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.	2.11	1	0	lactam; N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones	polar aprotic solvent
diphenyl disulfide [no description available]	2	1	0	benzenes
diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.	3.23	1	0	ethyl ester; nitrile; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amine	antidiarrhoeal drug
hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.	3.1	1	0	organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol	drug metabolite
dibutylnitrosamine dibutylnitrosamine: structure	1.99	1	0	nitroso compound
1-methylpyridinium 1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.45	1	1	methylpyridines
nitrosobenzylmethylamine nitrosobenzylmethylamine: structure	4.62	10	0
methidathion methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops	3.27	6	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
deoxycytidine [no description available]	7.53	16	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	3.77	2	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol 2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.	1.96	1	0	dichlorobenzene; quinone imine
estradiol valerate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	steroid ester
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	2.48	2	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	2.17	1	0
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	3.23	1	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylglyoxal [no description available]	3.07	1	0	phenylacetaldehydes
pyrithioxin Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.	2.36	2	0	methylpyridines
tetradecyltrimethylammonium tetradecyltrimethylammonium: cationic surfactant; used to determine thermal stability of DNA; Catrimox-14 is the tradename of the oxalate; Catrimox-14 lyses cells and simultaneously precipitates RNA and was demonstrated useful in isolating RNA from whole blood	2.38	2	0
undecane undecane : A straight-chain alkane with 11 carbon atoms.	2.04	1	0	alkane
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.01	1	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
citiolone citiolone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.68	3	0	N-acyl-amino acid
2-hydroxyquinoxaline quinoxalin-2-ol : A hydroxyquinoxaline that consists of quinoxaline having a single hydroxy substituent located at position 2.	2.02	1	0	hydroxyquinoxaline	metabolite
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	2.13	1	0
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.45	2	0
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	2.66	3	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.1	5	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	9.66	24	6	zinc molecular entity
vanadium pentoxide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	vanadium oxide
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	3.44	7	0
sorbitan monostearate sorbitan monostearate: Stearic Acid was the HM (74-82), no longer an active MH	2.41	1	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	4.26	5	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.69	3	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	22.38	1,357	73
mesterolone Mesterolone: 17 beta-Hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. A synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic activities.	1.95	1	0	3-oxo-5alpha-steroid
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	3.11	5	0	aliphatic nitrile
selenomethionine [no description available]	13.28	51	17	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
ibufenac ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
2,4-dinitrothiocyanatobenzene 2,4-dinitro-1-thiocyanatobenzene : A thiocyanate compound having a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom.	1.99	1	0	C-nitro compound; thiocyanates	hapten; tolerogen
vincamine Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.	1.95	1	0	alkaloid ester; hemiaminal; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; vinca alkaloid	antihypertensive agent; metabolite; vasodilator agent
fenchol fenchol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	3.1	1	0
4-n-Butylphenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	phenols
metaxalone [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether
diphenyldiselenide diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source	3.01	4	0
4-hydroxyazobenzene 4-hydroxyazobenzene: structure in first source	3.1	1	0
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	3.23	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
6-methylchrysene 6-methylchrysene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	carbopolycyclic compound
decane decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.	2.04	1	0	alkane
nitrofen nitrofen: structure	3.41	7	0	organic molecular entity	EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
stearylamine stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.43	2	0	primary aliphatic amine	film-forming compound
4-nitrothiophenolate 4-nitrothiophenolate: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	1	0
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.	3.1	1	0	androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	8.86	69	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
pristane pristane: structure. pristane : A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.	3.16	1	0	long-chain alkane; norterpene	biomarker; immunological adjuvant
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.31	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	4.16	16	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	6.63	25	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	3.85	12	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
2,4-d amine 2,4-D amine: (1:1) combination of above cpds	2.01	1	0
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	4.36	6	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
methiocarb Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.	2.47	2	0	aryl sulfide; carbamate ester; methyl sulfide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; molluscicide; xenobiotic
diallyl trisulfide [no description available]	2.01	1	0	organic trisulfide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	3.59	2	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
irganox 1076 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
7-hydroxychlorpromazine 7-hydroxychlorpromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	phenothiazines
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	3.8	2	1	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	2.15	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	2.95	4	0	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
menthol (+-)-menthol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-menthol. Both (+-)- and (-)-menthol are used to relieve symptoms of conditions such as bronchitis and sinusitis. When applied to the skin, menthol dilates the blood vessels, giving a sensation of coldness followed by an analgesic effect that relieves itching. It is therefore used in creams and ointments for the relief of pruritis and urticaria.. (-)-menthol : A p-menthan-3-ol which has (1R,2S,5R)-stereochemistry. It is the most common naturally occurring enantiomer.	3.1	1	0	p-menthan-3-ol	antipruritic drug; antispasmodic drug; antitussive
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	2.71	3	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	3.29	6	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
heneicosanoic acid henicosanoic acid : A long-chain fatty acid that is henicosane in which one of the methyl groups has been oxidised to give the corresponding carboxylic acid.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	1.96	1	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
nile blue Nile Blue: RN given refers to chloride; structure. nile blue A : An organic chloride salt having 5-amino-9-(diethylamino)benzo[a]phenoxazin-7-ium as the couterion. fluorescent dye which is also a potent photosensitiser for photodynamic therapy.	2.06	1	0
didecyldimethylammonium didecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; deciquam 222 refers to bromide	2.15	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
dexbrompheniramine dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	3.23	1	0	brompheniramine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol: RN given refers to cpd with locants	2.39	2	0
12-methylbenzanthracene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
tricosanoic acid tricosanoic acid : A very long-chain fatty acid that is tricosane in which one of the methyl groups has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	2.52	2	0	straight-chain saturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.02	1	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
2-methylphenanthrene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
7-methylbenzanthracene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
benzyl acetone benzyl acetone: a dominant floral attractant	3.23	1	0	ketone
7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene: structure given in first source	2.45	2	0
victoria blue b victoria blue: no other info available 7/84. victoria blue B : An iminium salt composed of 4-{(4-anilinonaphthalen-1-yl)[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. It binds to nucleic acids and can be used in standardised staining techniques suitable for automated cell-pattern recognition.	1.97	1	0	iminium salt; organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	1.97	1	0	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ethamsylate Ethamsylate: Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.	8.35	8	3	organosulfur compound; sulfonic acid derivative
acadesine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
n,n-dimethylacrylamide [no description available]	2	1	0
tetramethylthiourea [no description available]	1.99	1	0	thioureas
hydroxyphenytoin hydroxyphenytoin: main metabolite of diphenylhydantoin; reduces Na(+) inhibition at high Na:K ratios; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 4-hydroxyphenytoin : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing phenyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at position 5.	3.1	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; phenols	metabolite
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	4.26	5	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	2.05	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	3.23	1	0	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
ornithylaspartate ornithylaspartate: used therapeutically in hepatic coma	2.41	1	0
didodecyldimethylammonium didodecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.47	2	0
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.77	10	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	6.6	15	1	thujene	plant metabolite
alpha-eicosene arachidene: mixture of ethyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids	2.37	2	0
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.95	4	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	5.79	35	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
palmatine burasaine: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	plant metabolite
iproclozide iproclozide: structure	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	3.23	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dimethyl trisulfide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic trisulfide
5-methylchrysene 5-methylchrysene: methylchrysenes in tobacco smoke are suspected to contribute to tumorigenicity of this inhalant; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	carbopolycyclic compound
5,6-dimethylchrysene 5,6-dimethylchrysene: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
7-ethylbenz(a)anthracene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
nafenopin Nafenopin: A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.. nafenopin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nafenopin. It is a peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an hypolipidemic agent.. 2-methyl-2-[4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenoxy]propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid
streptomycin [no description available]	4.03	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.9	4	0	carbon oxoanion
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.	2.38	2	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
Brilliant Blue brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0	organic molecular entity
cladribine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
alpha-tocopherol succinate [no description available]	4.09	4	0	hemisuccinate; tocol
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.1	1	0	phthalic acid monoester
2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane: structure in first source. 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane : A branched alkane that is nonane carrying seven methyl substituents at positions 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 8 and 8.	3.8	2	1	alkane
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	5.46	15	1
ethylene dimethanesulfonate ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure	2.03	1	0
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	3.23	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
1-naphthalenemethanol 1-naphthalenemethanol: structure given in first source. (1-naphthyl)methanol : A naphthylmethanol that is methanol in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a naphthalen-1-yl group.	3.1	1	0	naphthylmethanol	mouse metabolite
carbenicillin disodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; isoquinolines; pyridoisoquinoline	antileishmanial agent; antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug
benorilate benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin	2.05	1	0	carbonyl compound
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	2.68	3	0	aromatic amine
dexpropranolol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	propranolol
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	6.05	45	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	2.05	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
clomacran clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.23	1	0	acridines
octylmethoxycinnamate octylmethoxycinnamate: a sunscreen used for prevention of DNA photodamage	2.43	2	0	cinnamate ester
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	2.47	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
mansonone c mansonone C: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	1,2-naphthoquinones; sesquiterpenoid
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	2.02	1	0	dioxolane
methenamine hippurate methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action	3.23	1	0	N-acylglycine
stearoyl-2-lactylic acid stearoyl-2-lactylic acid: RN given refers to Ca salt	2.15	1	0
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	4.25	5	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
olsalazine olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.	3.23	1	0	azobenzenes; dicarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	4.72	9	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	3.91	2	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
octyl 2-cyanoacrylate [no description available]	3.51	1	1
tert-nitrosobutane [no description available]	1.97	1	0
tiadenol tiadenol: structure	2.05	1	0	aliphatic sulfide
dimethylpropiothetin dimethylpropiothetin: has antineoplastic activity; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt. S,S-dimethyl-beta-propiothetin : A sulfonium betaine obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionic acid.	2.02	1	0	sulfonium betaine	marine metabolite; osmolyte
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2.05	1	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	2.4	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	10.62	42	2	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	5.84	18	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	8.81	14	3	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
neon Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.	2.39	2	0	monoatomic neon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	2.63	3	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	2.44	2	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	3.41	7	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	2.15	1	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.7	3	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	6.69	17	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	2.13	1	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	3.15	5	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	1.99	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	5.76	18	1	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	2.05	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	1.96	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	7.65	74	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.35	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	8.78	39	1	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	3.26	6	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	4.33	18	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2.39	2	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	2.49	2	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	5.02	12	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	3.52	2	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.11	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.45	2	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	3.44	7	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	5.08	10	1	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.87	4	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	4.16	16	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
selenium disulfide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	sulfide salt
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.73	3	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
meladrazine nitrosoproline: RN given refers to 1-nitroso-L-proline	3.07	5	0
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	4.5	23	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.1	1	0	sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.72	3	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	5.13	14	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	5.87	21	1	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	3.92	13	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	3.24	6	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	4.59	26	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
sodium pyrophosphate sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.	5.82	2	2	inorganic sodium salt	chelator; food emulsifier; food thickening agent
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	2.05	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	1.94	1	0	diatomic bromine
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	6.18	12	3	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	2.06	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2.39	2	0	inorganic sodium salt
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	2.39	2	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	2.39	2	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	3.14	5	0	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.78	11	0	iron coordination entity
lead chromate lead chromate: RN given refers to unspecified lead chromate. lead chromate : A chromium coordination entity comprising chromate and lead(2+) ions in a 1:1 ratio	2.39	2	0	chromium coordination entity; lead coordination entity	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxin; neurotoxin
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	4.06	15	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	7.69	36	5	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.39	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	4.95	12	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
sodium chromate(vi) sodium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with (MF) CR-H2-O4.Na. sodium chromate : An inorganic sodium salt consisting of sodium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	3.08	5	0	inorganic sodium salt	carcinogenic agent; diagnostic agent; oxidising agent; poison
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	3.7	10	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	12.92	65	9	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	4.18	5	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	3.21	6	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.41	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
silver perchlorate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
nickel sulfate nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.	2.47	2	0	metal sulfate	allergen
beryllium chloride beryllium chloride: RN given refers to BeCl2. beryllium dichloride : A compound of beryllium (+2 oxidation state) and chloride in the ratio 1:2.	2.04	1	0	beryllium molecular entity; inorganic chloride	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin
potassium chromate(vi) potassium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-CrH2O4. potassium chromate : A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	1.99	1	0	potassium salt	carcinogenic agent; oxidising agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.39	2	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
iodine monochloride iodine monochloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0
butylated hydroxyanisole [no description available]	4.73	9	0
methyl demeton methyl mercaptophos: was MH 1972-91 (see under INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (1975-90, Prov 1972-74))	1.96	1	0
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.08	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	4.01	13	0
poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).	3.02	4	0	epoxide
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	14.54	103	10	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	2.66	3	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
thallium sulfate thallium sulfate: RN given refers to unspecified Tl salt. thallium sulfate : A metal sulfate in which the counterion is thallium and the ratio of thallium to sulfate is 2:1. It is a rodenticide used to control rats, squirrels, mice, moles, prairie dogs, ants and cockroaches. It is no longer registered for pesticide use in the United States.	2	1	0	metal sulfate; thallium molecular entity	insecticide; rodenticide
magnesium perchlorate magnesium perchlorate: structure	2.06	1	0	alkaline earth salt
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	4.43	6	0	aluminium sulfate
radon Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.	5.61	5	1	monoatomic radon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ammonium ferric sulfate ammonium ferrous sulfate: supplies nutritional iron. ferrous ammonium sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of ammonium, iron and sulfate in which the ratio of ammonium to iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 2:1:2.	2.4	2	0	ammonium salt; iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	ferroptosis inducer
chlorine dioxide chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant	2.36	2	0	chlorine dioxide
1,3-dichloro-1-propene 1,3-dichloro-1-propene: soil fumigant; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 1,3-dichloropropene : A chloropropene with two chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3 respectively..	1.98	1	0
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	11.06	77	14	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	4.51	23	0	cadmium coordination entity
calcium nitrate calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.	2.06	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic nitrate salt	fertilizer
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.45	2	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
magnesium chlorate magnesium chlorate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
camphoroquinone camphoroquinone: a natural monoterpene, non-aromatic quinone; structure given in first source. bornane-2,3-dione : A bornane monoterpenoid that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 7 and 7 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 3.	2.03	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; carbobicyclic compound
magnesium nitrate magnesium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of magnesium.	2.02	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; magnesium salt	fertilizer
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	6.51	20	0
stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.	2.43	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent; androgen
sodium bichromate sodium bichromate: RN given refers to di-Na salt	2.41	2	0	inorganic sodium salt
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	3.85	3	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
chloramine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	halide
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	2.03	1	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
chrysotile Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)	1.99	1	0
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.43	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	2.87	4	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	3.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
2',3-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl 2',3-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0
sodium selenate sodium selenate : An inorganic sodium salt having selenate as the counterion.	2.95	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	anticonvulsant; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; fertilizer
platinum tetrachloride platinum tetrachloride: see also platinum chloride	2.04	1	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	3.73	9	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
sodium tungstate(vi) sodium tungstate(VI): inactivates molybdoenzymes in Anabaena; RN given refers to tungstic acid [H2WO4], di-Na salt. sodium tungstate : An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.	2.41	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	reagent
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	1.96	1	0
beryllium nitrate [no description available]	2.73	3	0
mopidamol Mopidamol: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits platelet aggregation. Formerly used as an antineoplastic.	2.39	2	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;	3.11	1	0	anthraquinone
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.74	3	0
xipamide Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.	2.05	1	0	benzamides
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	16.37	82	31	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
phytanic acid Phytanic Acid: A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.. phytanic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.	2.38	2	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	3.85	12	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
ipronidazole Ipronidazole: An antihistomonal agent with low toxicity. It also promotes growth and feed utilization in poultry.	1.95	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
4-n-Pentylphenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	phenols
clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	3.23	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol [no description available]	2.74	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.	2.05	1	0	benzocycloheptathiophene	histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	3.61	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	2.89	4	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	2.05	1	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
ferric nitrilotriacetate ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)	4.25	18	0	iron chelate	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
n'-nitrosonornicotine N'-nitrosonornicotine: structure; a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals	2.39	2	0	pyridines; pyrrolidines
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	10.94	94	4	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	2.13	1	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
tocopheryl nicotinate alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate: RN given refers to (2R-(2R(2R(4R,8R))-isomer	6.84	25	3	tocol
sodium bisulfide sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S)	2.06	1	0
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	2.15	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
nickel sulfide nickel sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-S; see also nickel subsulfide: 12035-72-2	2.38	2	0
fluorides [no description available]	3.91	12	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	5.21	9	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
18-crown-6 18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is cyclooctadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.46	2	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	phase-transfer catalyst
9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	3.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
stilbene oxide stilbene oxide: inducer of epoxide hydratase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	epoxide
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	2.39	2	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
fenclozic acid fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	3.23	1	0
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	4.33	4	1	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane [no description available]	3.23	1	0
taurolidine [no description available]	2	1	0	thiadiazinane
calcium dobesilate Calcium Dobesilate: A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.	1.95	1	0
iodine [no description available]	3.57	9	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	5.54	13	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
aluminum phosphide [no description available]	3.53	1	1
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	2.66	3	0	N-alkylpiperazine
fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.	3.23	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	3.32	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
luteoskyrin luteoskyrin: mycotoxin from Penicillium islandicum; pollutant of stored rice; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search NAPHTHOQUINONES (75-85); RN given refers to (1S,1'S,2R,2'R,3S,3'S,9aR,9'aR)-isomer	1.97	1	0
alclofenac alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.38	2	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester	antithyroid drug; prodrug
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	7.37	11	1	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
cetalkonium chloride cetalkonium chloride: Note: Bonjela is a multimeaning drug name.	2.21	1	0
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	12.3	115	3	benzenes; phenyl acetates
n-phenylethanolamine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	aralkylamine
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	9.71	11	3	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
4-ethylphenol 4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.	3.1	1	0	phenols	fungal xenobiotic metabolite
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2	1	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
nonanal nonanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	1.97	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamide peroxide Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.	2.25	1	0	mixture	disinfectant; oxidising agent; reagent
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	4.19	5	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin [no description available]	3.59	2	0	indoles
chloroprene Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.	3.55	2	0	chloroolefin
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	3.42	7	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.04	1	0	acetamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	3.23	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	12.79	40	10	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	3.1	1	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
butylated hydroxytoluene 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.	6.34	29	0	phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; food additive; geroprotector
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.7	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.72	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
butachlor butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	3.83	2	1
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid: major metabolite of nabumetone; inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). (6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of 2-naphthylacetic acid having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position. The active metabolite of the prodrug nabumetone.	2	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; xenobiotic metabolite
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	10.67	43	5
rose bengal b disodium salt [no description available]	2.05	1	0
glisoxepide glisoxepide: oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (75-85); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	sulfonamide
alkenes [no description available]	4.38	21	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	5.37	13	1	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	11.92	62	2	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer	3.23	1	0	chlorphenamine
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	2.67	3	0	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
clometacin clometacin: structure	3.23	1	0	N-acylindole
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	3.72	10	0
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.87	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
allura red ac dye Allura Red AC Dye: new monoazo dye proposed as color additive in various food products; RN given refers to di-Na salt; structure	2.05	1	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	4.95	14	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	3.83	12	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	2.41	1	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
halofenate Halofenate: An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent.	3.05	1	0
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	8.22	12	8	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	4.57	7	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	2.66	2	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
vanadyl sulfate [no description available]	2.45	2	0	metal sulfate; vanadium coordination entity
nicergoline Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	2.42	2	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ferrozine Ferrozine: A ferroin compound that forms a stable magenta-colored solution with the ferrous ion. The complex has an absorption peak at 562 nm and is used as a reagent and indicator for iron.	2.02	1	0
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.59	2	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
carbidopa carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	3.23	1	0	catechols; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
moricizine Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.	3.23	1	0	carbamate ester; morpholines; phenothiazines	anti-arrhythmia drug
s-adenosylmethionine acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	3.86	2	1	sulfonium betaine	human metabolite
amineptin amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.	3.59	2	0	amino acid; carbocyclic fatty acid; carbotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	5.63	14	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
7-ethoxycoumarin 7-ethoxycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; coumarins
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	2.11	1	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
flubendazole flubendazole: the p-fluoro analog of mebendazole. flubendazole : A member of the class of mebendazole in which the benzoyl group is replaced by a p-fluorobenzoyl group. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; organofluorine compound	antinematodal drug; teratogenic agent
pirprofen pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure	3.59	2	0	pyrroline
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.	2.41	2	0	dichlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
procymidone procymidone : An azabicycloalkane that is 1,5-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A fungicide widely used in horticulture as a seed dressing, pre-harvest spray or post-harvest dip for the control of various diseases.	2.7	3	0
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.42	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	12.91	128	2	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
15-crown-5 15-crown-5 : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is cyclopentadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 have been replaced by oxygen atoms to give a crown ether.	2.03	1	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl tetrachlorobiphenyl : Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H6Cl4.	2.04	1	0	tetrachlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
etoposide [no description available]	7.39	20	1	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	2.92	4	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	3.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	3.84	3	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.	1.99	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
2,5-dichlorobiphenyl 2,5-dichlorobiphenyl : A dichlorobiphenyl that is p-dichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dichlorobiphenyl
2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl : A dichlorobiphenyl that is chlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobiphenyl; monochlorobenzenes
2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	2	1	0	hexachlorobiphenyl
2,4,6-trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-trichlorobiphenyl: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
halofantrine halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria	2.41	2	0	phenanthrenes
penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.	3.23	1	0	ethanolamines
iprodione iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.	2.4	2	0	benzenes; dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; nematicide
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	7.41	10	4	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	4.26	5	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.9	4	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
flunixin flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	1.97	1	0	aminopyridine; organofluorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	3.23	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic
profenofos [no description available]	2.1	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic thiophosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.59	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate [no description available]	3.09	5	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	2.05	1	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	7.49	15	1	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	2	1	0	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
triadimefon 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; hemiaminal ether; ketone; monochlorobenzenes; triazoles
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.27	6	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
lonidamine lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.	2.49	2	0	dichlorobenzene; indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; antispermatogenic agent; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
vinclozolin vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.	1.98	1	0	dicarboximide; dichlorobenzene; olefinic compound; oxazolidinone
vecuronium vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	3.23	1	0	acetate ester; androstane; quaternary ammonium ion	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	7.56	41	1	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dexibuprofen dexibuprofen: structure in first source	3.1	1	0	ibuprofen	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.	4.35	3	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	2.74	3	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril: reagent for protein iodinations; structure	2	1	0
phenazepam [no description available]	2.37	2	0
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	4.49	5	1	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
exifone [no description available]	3.54	2	0	benzophenones
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	5.21	15	0
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	1.97	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	5.42	13	1	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	3.01	4	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	11.15	213	2	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
mefloquine (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	3.23	1	0	[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol	antimalarial
diisopropanolnitrosamine diisopropanolnitrosamine: experimental carcinogen. N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is dipropylamine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group. It is a genotoxic carcinogen, targeting the lung, liver, thyroid, and kidney.	1.97	1	0	diol; nitrosamine; secondary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).	2.4	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	3.84	3	0	epoxide	intercalator
muzolimine Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	3.23	1	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	3.23	1	0	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
acarbose [no description available]	3.23	1	0	tetrasaccharide derivative	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.	3.23	1	0	aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	8.32	12	2	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
flumecinol flumecinol: liver microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme inducer	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
n-butoxyacetic acid n-butoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0	carboxylic acid
methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in seventh source	1.98	1	0
2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	3.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	5.45	5	3	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	3.82	3	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
nafazatrom [no description available]	2.39	2	0
fenarimol fenarimol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenarimol. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a fungicide for the treatment of blackspot, mildew and rust in tomatoes, peppers and melons, but is not approved for use within the European Union.. (2-chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-chlorophenyl group while the other is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	1.97	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.48	2	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).	2.7	3	0	ketone; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	3.83	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	3.83	3	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	3.59	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
foscarnet sodium trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antiviral drug
ethylcholine aziridinium ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits	2.67	3	0
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	3.25	6	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
oltipraz oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.	1.99	1	0	1,2-dithiole; pyrazines	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimutagen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; protective agent; schistosomicide drug
atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.	3.23	1	0	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.	2.05	1	0	cephalosporin; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	2.05	1	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	3.08	5	0
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	4.32	3	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	3.24	6	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	3.59	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
agreal veralipride: used in treatment of menopausal disorders; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.11	1	0	sulfonamide
encainide Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker
triclabendazole [no description available]	3.87	2	1	aromatic ether
piroctone olamine piroctone olamine: 2(1H)-pyridinone, 1-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)- combined with 2-aminoethanol; used to treat pityriasis; structure given in first source. piroctone olamine : An organoammonium salt that is the ethanolamine salt of piroctone.	3.43	1	1
fialuridine [no description available]	3.23	1	0
flucythrinate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	3.59	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
avobenzone [no description available]	2.74	3	0	dihydrochalcones
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	3.1	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	3.39	7	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
miglustat miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.	3.59	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate [no description available]	5.02	2	1	organic molecular entity
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	3.59	2	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	8.76	29	6	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
tolrestat tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	naphthalenes	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.	1.99	1	0	imidazoquinoline	carcinogenic agent
dazmegrel [no description available]	1.97	1	0
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
piritrexim piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	12.37	46	17	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
balsalazide balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.	3.23	1	0
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	11.14	24	12	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	4.21	5	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
atomoxetine atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; toluenes	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.59	2	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
alpidem [no description available]	3.23	1	0	imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	4.27	5	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
ilmofosine ilmofosine: used in treatment of colonic adenocarcinoma in rats; structure given in first source; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt	1.98	1	0
gepirone gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	3.82	3	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	4.15	15	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
5,9-dimethyldibenzo(c,g)carbazole 5,9-dimethyldibenzo(c,g)carbazole: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
fosphenytoin fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source	3.23	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	3.39	1	1	naphthoic acid
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	3.23	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.9	4	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	9.56	23	1	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	5.28	6	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
opc 14117 OPC 14117: has both brain function activating effect & protective effect against cerebral ischemia; structure given in first source	3.77	2	1
esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.	2.15	1	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid	dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	3.23	1	0	6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent
aromasil [no description available]	3.97	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sergolexole sergolexole: structure given in first source	2	1	0
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
zileuton [no description available]	4.22	5	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	4.24	5	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	3.59	2	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	3.23	1	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	3.56	2	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
eliprodil 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanol : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl group at position 1 and by a 4-fluorobenzyl group at position 4.	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.	3.59	2	0	aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	6.42	11	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
temoporfin temoporfin: used as PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY	2.44	2	0
ibutilide ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt	3.23	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	4	3	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	4.96	2	1	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin [no description available]	10.81	36	15	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	3.88	3	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	duloxetine
irinotecan [no description available]	6.19	9	1	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	3.88	3	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.23	1	0
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	3.23	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.	3.23	1	0	oxazolidinone; tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.05	1	0	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	3.23	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	biphenyls
tiludronic acid tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	organochlorine compound
tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.	3.23	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	6.44	7	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
xemilofiban xemilofiban: SC-54684A was administered as the hydrochloride salt; inhibits platelet glycoprotein GPIIB IIIA receptor; structure given in first source	2	1	0
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	5.92	19	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
ethylene brassylate ethylene brassylate: a perfume ingredient; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	macrolide
n-butyllithium [no description available]	2.08	1	0
safranal safranal: a monoterpene aldehyde; one of the main components responsible for the aroma of saffron; structure given in first source. safranal : A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.	2.76	3	0	monoterpenoid
octyl gallate [no description available]	4.03	4	0	gallate ester	food antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	2.92	4	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
monoammonium molybdate ammonium molybdate: RN given refers to unspecified ammonium molybdate salt. ammonium molybdate : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and molybdate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.03	1	0	ammonium salt	poison
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	3.26	6	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
bezitramide bezitramide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.4	1	1	nitrile
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	7.26	13	2
2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: strong mutagens found in broiled food; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	aminoquinoline
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline: strong mutagen found in broiled foods; structure given in first source. MeIQx : An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amine; imidazoquinoxaline	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; Maillard reaction product; mutagen
musk xylene musk xylene : A C-nitro compound that is m-xylene bearing three nitro substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6 as well as a tert-butyl group at position 5.	2.11	1	0	C-nitro compound	carcinogenic agent; explosive; fragrance
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.77	3	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.02	1	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
cuprous chloride cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.	2.92	4	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	agrochemical; molluscicide
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	2.91	4	0
colestipol Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.	6	3	2
halofuginone [no description available]	2.86	3	0	quinazolines
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	9.25	58	2	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
ortho-cept ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne	2.05	1	0
trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.	3.23	1	0
cefprozil [no description available]	3.59	2	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol [no description available]	3.53	2	0	stilbenoid
3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.	2.05	1	0	pentachlorobiphenyl; trichlorobenzene
caffeine, sodium benzoate drug combination caffeine, sodium benzoate drug combination: RN given refers to an equal mixture of caffeine and benzoate; Merck, 9th ed, #1628 reference for caffeine sodium benzoate	1.98	1	0
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	3.9	3	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	4.09	4	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
doxapram hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	central nervous system stimulant
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	9.19	51	3	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	2.42	2	0
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2.42	2	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	4.86	8	1
fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.62	8	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
ursolic acid [no description available]	3.29	6	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
n-methylnicotinamide N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide	metabolite
3-aminoisobutyric acid 3-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-aminoisobutyric acid : A beta-amino-acid that is isobutyric acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by an amino group.	2.1	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.	5.09	3	1	anhydro sugar	human metabolite
cyclen cyclen: macrocyclic polyamine metal-complexing agent. 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane : An azacycloalkane that is cyclododecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.08	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	4.81	32	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.	3.19	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-methylhistidine 3-methylhistidine: marker for myofibrillar-protein breakdown; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 3-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-3.. N(pros)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted by a methyl group at position 3 on the imidazole ring.	3.36	1	1	L-histidine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betulinic acid [no description available]	4.42	6	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	4.43	4	1	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	4.28	5	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
amprenavir [no description available]	4.23	5	0	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	3.91	3	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	9.11	46	3	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
homocitrulline L-homocitrulline : A L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine having a carbamoyl group at the N(6)-position. It is found in individuals with urea cycle disorders.	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ureas	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cholesteryl sulfate cholesteryl sulfate: component of human seminal plasma & spermatozoa; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesterol sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is cholesterol substituted by a sulfoxy group at position 3.	2.38	2	0	steroid sulfate	human metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.74	3	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
cholesteryl succinate cholesteryl succinate: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesteryl hemisuccinate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of cholesterol with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. A detergent that is often used to replace cholesterol in protein crystallography, biochemical studies of proteins, and pharmacology.	3.49	8	0	cholestane ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate	detergent
gallocatechol gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.	4.48	5	1	gallocatechin	antioxidant; metabolite; radical scavenger
2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide: disulfide is an important moiety in this cpd. aldrithiol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a pyridin-2-yldisulfanediyl group at position 2. It is a reagent used in molecular biology as an oxidizing agent. Also used in peptide synthesis and for detecting thiols.	1.99	1	0	organic disulfide; pyridines	oxidising agent
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	4.41	8	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	4.48	5	1
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.38	2	0
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	5.17	14	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	2.69	3	0
bathocuproine bathocuproine: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.69	3	0
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	2.51	2	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	1.97	1	0	iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2.1	1	0
neocuproine neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.	2.94	4	0	phenanthrolines	chelator; copper chelator
fructose-1-phosphate fructose-1-phosphate: RN in Chemline for alpha-D-fructopyranose-cpd:126-25-0; RN given refers to (D)-isomer. D-fructose 1-phosphate : The D-enantiomer of fructose 1-phosphate.. keto-D-fructose 1-phosphate : The open chain form of D-fructose 1-phosphate.	1.98	1	0	D-fructose 1-phosphate
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name	2.7	3	0
o-(6)-methylguanine O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.	2.68	3	0	methylguanine	mutagen
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	3.87	12	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	8.38	32	1	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	12.72	92	8	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	2.01	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
histamine phosphate histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.	3.23	1	0	phosphate salt	histamine agonist
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	3.11	5	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
16-hydroxytestosterone 16-hydroxytestosterone: RN given refers to (16alpha,17beta)-isomer. 16alpha-hydroxytestosterone : A C19-steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at the 16alpha position has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.1	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid; diol; secondary alcohol	androgen
tilbroquinol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	organohalogen compound; quinolines
2,2'-dithiodiethanesulfonic acid [no description available]	3.12	1	0
bendamustine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	benzimidazoles
erdosteine [no description available]	3.3	6	0	N-acyl-amino acid
tenilsetam tenilsetam: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
aloxistatin aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.	2.02	1	0	epoxide; ethyl ester; L-leucine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticoronaviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor
droxicam droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.	3.23	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; pyridines	cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prodrug
dicarbine dicarbine: minor descriptor (77-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBOLINES (77-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	4.3	19	0
caroverine caroverine: structure	2.42	2	0	quinoxaline derivative
lathosterol lathosterol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol : A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholest-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	3.39	1	1	3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid; Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
atrinositol [no description available]	1.97	1	0
lercanidipine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	diarylmethane
ebrotidine ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.69	3	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
mizolastine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles
telmesteine telmesteine: RN refers to (-R)-isomer	3.43	1	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
azelnidipine azelnidipine: structure given in first source	3.42	1	1	isopropyl ester
intoplicine intoplicine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	pyridoindole
raxofelast Raxofelast: prodrug of IRFI-005	6.84	20	1
repaglinide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	piperidines
lubeluzole lubeluzole: a benzothiazole compound; used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke; R-91154 is the inactive isomer	2	1	0	benzothiazoles
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	3.87	3	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nicanartine nicanartine: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
methacycline [no description available]	2.77	3	0	1,2-diglyceride
sebacoyl chloride sebacoyl chloride: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
adipic dihydrazide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	2.05	1	0	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
cetiedil cetiedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.06	1	0	azepanes
2-ethyl-2-oxazoline 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	4.74	5	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hexaconazole 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	chelator
2,3,5,6-tetrachlorohydroquinone [no description available]	2	1	0	chlorohydroquinones; tetrachlorobenzene
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0	boronic acids
porphine porphine: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
9,10-anthraquinone 2-carboxylic acid 9,10-anthraquinone 2-carboxylic acid: structure in first source	1.98	1	0
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	2.04	1	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
phenoxazine phenoxazine: RN given refers to 10H-phenoxazine. 10H-phenoxazine : A member of the class of phenoxazines that is morpholine which is ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 2-3 and 5-6.	1.98	1	0	phenoxazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
n-acetyl-l-arginine N-acetyl-L-arginine: has effect on convulsive seizures. N(alpha)-acetyl-L-arginine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is L-arginine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.1	1	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid	human metabolite
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	5.68	19	1	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	5.66	18	1	1,2,3-triazole
diazobenzenesulfonic acid diazobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.41	2	0
deuteroporphyrin-ix [no description available]	2.05	1	0
rubrene [no description available]	2.05	1	0
maclurin maclurin: from Maclura pomifera; composed of two isoforms (isolectins); some sequence similarity to jacalin; potent non-specific blood-group hemagglutinin; do not confuse with dye of the same name	2.01	1	0	benzophenones
duroquinone tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure in first source. duroquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2.97	4	0	1,4-benzoquinones
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	3.1	5	0	anthocyanidin chloride
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol : 1-naphthol hydrogenated at C-5, -6, -7 and -8.	3.1	1	0	tetralins
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	3.76	10	0	benzodioxoles
7-methylxanthine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	oxopurine; purine alkaloid	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
1-octacosanol 1-octacosanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. octacosan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is octacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.02	3	1	fatty alcohol 28:0; ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol	plant metabolite
alfatradiol alfatradiol: used for treating androgenetic alopecia. 17alpha-estradiol : An estradiol that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17 (the 17alpha stereoisomer).	3.1	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; estradiol	estrogen; geroprotector
toltrazuril toltrazuril: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	2.05	1	0	imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	2.51	2	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	3.83	3	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure	2.05	1	0	aryl sulfate; pyridines
rilmenidine Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.	3.38	1	1	isourea
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	3.66	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
talinolol [no description available]	3.82	2	1	ureas
schizandrol b schizandrol B: from Schizandra chinensis, plant used as tonic in traditional Chinese medicine	2.03	1	0	tannin
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	5.06	5	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent	2.17	1	0	sulfonamide; thienothiazine	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dienogest [no description available]	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; aliphatic nitrile; steroid hormone	progesterone receptor agonist; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
drospirenone drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; steroid lactone	aldosterone antagonist; contraceptive drug; progestin
vinconate vinconate: synthetic hexa-hydrocanthane alkaloid; RN given refers to (+ -)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avai lable 8/89	1.98	1	0
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.44	2	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
dihydroxydiphenyl-pyridyl methane [no description available]	1.96	1	0
ubiquinone-o 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-p-benzoquinone: from solid-cultured Antrodia camphorata; structure in first source. ubiquinone-0 : A derivative of benzoquinone carrying a 5-methyl substituent; and methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. The core structure of the ubiquinone group of compounds.	1.99	1	0	ubiquinones	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
4-hydroxyquinoline 4-quinolone : A quinolone that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 4.	3.51	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone
1-methyluric acid 1-methyluric acid : An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by a methyl group at N-1. It is one of the metabolites of caffeine found in human urine.	1.98	1	0	oxopurine	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-chloroperbenzoic acid 3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent	2	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; peroxy acid
1,3-dimethyluric acid 1,3-dimethyluric acid : An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trionesubstituted by methyl groups at N-1 and N-3.	1.98	1	0	oxopurine	metabolite
morphazinamide morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index	2.05	1	0	morpholines; pyrazines; secondary carboxamide
monoethyl succinate monoethyl succinate: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	fatty acid ester; hemisuccinate
2-hydroxychavicol 2-hydroxychavicol: antimutagen from betel leaf; structure given in first source	2.54	2	0
etidin etidin: structure; geroprotective agent	2.38	2	0
2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde carrying hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.17	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.	3.59	2	0	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic
isaxonine isaxonine: promotes nerve growth	3.23	1	0	aminopyrimidine
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	4.54	5	1	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
emopamil emopamil: prevents renal injury after warm & cold ischemia; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
nicaraven nicaraven: an antivasospastic substance	1.96	1	0
nebivolol 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.	3.23	1	0	chromanes; diol; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lazabemide lazabemide: structure given in first source	2	1	0
uk 68798 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
danofloxacin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	quinolines
hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	3.23	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.	3.59	2	0	razoxane	antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	3.24	6	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	3.78	11	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	16.84	556	10	tocol
loperamide hydrochloride loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.21	1	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
fenoxypropazine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	3.92	3	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
avilamycin avilamycin: similar to Hygromycin B but lacking amino groups	2.02	1	0
carazolol carazolol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.02	1	0	carbazoles
buparvaquone buparvaquone: used in therapy of theileriasis; structure given in first source	2	1	0
aceclofenac [no description available]	3.23	1	0	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
secnidazole [no description available]	3.56	1	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; secondary alcohol	epitope
nitrefazole [no description available]	3.23	1	0	imidazoles
cyclobutyrol cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.	2.05	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	bile therapy drug
terlipressin terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.	2.05	1	0	polypeptide
tritoqualine tritoqualine: structure	1.96	1	0	isoquinolines
epicatechin (-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.94	4	0	catechin; polyphenol	antioxidant
gallocatechol (-)-epigallocatechin : A flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.46	2	0	catechin; flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol	antioxidant; food component; plant metabolite
hesperetin [no description available]	2.72	3	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2.41	2	0
magnolol [no description available]	2.94	4	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	3.13	5	0	biphenyls
isoflavone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	isoflavones
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	6.53	25	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.07	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
clevudine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
mesoporphyrin ix mesoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; mesoheme is the iron salt of mesoporphyrin IX. mesoporphyrin IX : A member of the class of mesoporphyrins obtained by formal hydrogenation of the two vinyl groups in protoporphyrin.	2.15	1	0
uroporphyrin i uroporphyrin I: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
leupeptin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
puupehenone [no description available]	2.01	1	0
bathophenanthroline 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two phenyl substituents at positions 4 and 7.	1.96	1	0	benzenes; phenanthrolines	chelator
neplanocin a neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase	3.35	1	0
methylene violet methylene violet: structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
xylenol orange xylenol orange: carboxylate anion which exhibits characteristic visible spectrum when attached to a metal	2.02	1	0
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.74	3	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.	1.95	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative
beta-amyrin beta-amyrin: alpha-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from oleanane that differs from alpha-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 20 position; RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer. beta-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants.	2.53	2	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; plant metabolite
(-)-catechin (-)-catechin : The (-)-enantiomer of catechin.	2.47	2	0	catechin	metabolite
pinobanksin pinobanksin: a flavonoid from propolis; RN refers to (2R-trans)-isomer. pinobanksin : A trihydroxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 3, 5 and 7.	1.99	1	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trihydroxyflavanone	antimutagen; antioxidant; metabolite
nicosulfuron nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.	2.1	1	0	N-sulfonylurea; pyridines; pyrimidines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	3.23	1	0	carbapenems
strictinin strictinin: antioxidant from green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.); structure in first source	2.02	1	0
calpeptin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	amino acid amide
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid: precursor of mutagenic nitroso cpd in soy sauce; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	harmala alkaloid
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	4.12	3	1	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	3.23	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
dicetylphosphate dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.	2	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine: adenine analog which suppresses growth of E coli & Bacillus cereus; inhibits cell growth & purine biosynthesis in rat hepatoma	1.98	1	0
octadecyl palmitate octadecyl palmitate: found in psoriatic nail, but not in normal nails. stearyl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of stearyl alcohol.	2.4	2	0	hexadecanoate ester; wax ester	coral metabolite; cosmetic
adipostatin a adipostatin A: allergen from cashew nut shell oil; as adipostatin found as inhibitor of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Streptomyces; Also found in bees; do not confuse with cardol, RN 57486-25-6, MF unknown;. cardol : Resorcinol substituted at position 5 by a pentadecyl chain.	2.08	1	0	5-alkylresorcinol	EC 1.1.5.3 (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
5,6-diamino-2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine 5,6-diamino-2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent compound. 5,6-diaminouracil : An aminouracil in which the ring hydrogens at positions 5 and 6 on uracil have been replaced by amino groups.	1.98	1	0	aminouracil; diamine; pyrimidone
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	2.42	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
4'-methoxyflavone 4'-methoxyflavone: from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae); structure in first source	2.05	1	0	ether; flavonoids
rivastigmine [no description available]	7.05	8	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan [no description available]	3.23	1	0	carbazoles
eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.	3.23	1	0	indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	5.87	12	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
5-hydroxymethyluracil [no description available]	1.99	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidone	human metabolite
4-(2-thienyl)butyric acid 4-(2-thienyl)butyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 2-thienyl group at position 4.	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	hapten
3,7-diazanonane-1,9-diamine 2,3,2-tetramine: potent copruretic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine
bexarotene [no description available]	3.61	2	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
5-ethylphenazine [no description available]	3.84	3	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	8.58	17	3	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
3,7-dimethyluric acid 3,7-dimethyluric acid: structure given in first source. 3,7-dimethyluric acid : An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by methyl groups at N-3 and N-7.	1.98	1	0	oxopurine	metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-nitrososarcosine ethyl ester [no description available]	1.97	1	0
d-aspartic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aspartic acid; D-alpha-amino acid	mouse metabolite
tetramethrin tetramethrin: structure	1.98	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; maleimides; phthalimide insecticide	pyrethroid ester insecticide
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	2.21	1	0	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	6.72	9	2	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
ferroin ferroin: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
nitrosonium ion nitrosonium ion: a nitric oxide congener. oxidonitrogen(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation resulting from the removal of the unpaired electron from nitric oxide.	2.02	1	0	monovalent inorganic cation; nitrogen oxide
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	3.99	4	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
alpha-tocopherol quinol [no description available]	5.62	18	1
3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid: metabolite of L-dopa; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid : A catechol that is the 3,4-dihydroxy derivative of mandelic acid; a metabolite of L-dopa.	2.01	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols	antioxidant; drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
v 70 [no description available]	2.69	3	0
fludioxonil fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.	2.01	1	0	benzodioxoles; nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyrroles	androgen antagonist; antifungal agrochemical; estrogen receptor agonist
alpha-tocopherol acetate [no description available]	2.44	2	0	tocol
2-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: cyclic condensation product of ribose and cysteine; structure given in first source; prodrug of L-cysteine; stimulates glutathione biosynthesis; has protective effect against radiation-induced injury and oxidative stress	1.98	1	0
we 201 We 201: synthetic lysolecithin analog; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure	2.41	2	0
methanesulfinic acid methanesulfinic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. methanesulfinic acid : An organosulfinic acid that is methane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a sulfino group.	1.98	1	0	organosulfinic acid
coenzyme a [no description available]	5.18	9	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
va 061 VA 061: a water-soluble radical initiator; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
mebeverine gamma-oryzanol: present in rice bran is associated with various physiological functions; RN given refers to gamma-oryzanol	7.87	31	1
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	8.48	43	2	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	2.02	1	0
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	11.51	39	11	iditol	fungal metabolite
moexipril [no description available]	3.23	1	0	peptide
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone 17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.	3.1	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; hydroxypregnenolone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	2.71	3	0	hydroxyisoflavans
7-ketocholesterol 7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	7.37	31	4	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; 7-oxo steroid; cholestanoid	neuroprotective agent
cholest-4-en-3-one cholest-4-en-3-one : A cholestanoid that is cholest-4-ene substituted by an oxo group at position 3.	1.95	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cholestanoid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	2.11	1	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile): free radical initiator in liposome systems	5.74	33	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	16.62	114	28	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin: metabolite of phenytoin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.1	1	0
tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	alkylbenzene
gliquidone gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	isoquinolines
1,7-dimethyluric acid 1,7-dimethyluric acid: urinary metabolite of caffeine. 1,7-dimethyluric acid : An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by methyl groups at N-1 and N-7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and is often found in human urine samples.	1.98	1	0	oxopurine	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
raiser raiser: an herbicide	2.13	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; organochlorine compound; pyrrolidines	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; herbicide
penconazole penconazole: structure given in first source. penconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-penconazole. A fungicide used to control powdery mildew, scab and other pathogenic Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]1,2,4-triazole : A member of the classof triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl group.	2.17	1	0	dichlorobenzene; triazoles
sulcotrione sulcotrione: a bleaching herbicide. sulcotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexane-1,3-dione substituted by a 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-triketone; cyclohexanones; sulfone	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
delta-tocopherol [no description available]	8.79	49	2	tocopherol; vitamin E	food antioxidant; plant metabolite
taraxerol taraxerol: structure. taraxerol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanan-3-ol lacking the methyl group at position 14, with an alpha-methyl substituent at position 13 and a double bond between positions 14 and 15.	2.02	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
1-methylhistidine 1-methylhistidine: found in muscle proteins; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 1-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-1.. N(tele)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative in which the methyl group is at N(tele)-position.	1.93	1	0	L-histidine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; zwitterion	human metabolite
lupenone lupenone: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	1	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
mci 9038 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	peptide
lopinavir [no description available]	2.52	2	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	18.96	373	46	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
11-hydroxyprogesterone, (11alpha)-isomer 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 11alpha-hydroxy steroid that is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 11.	3.1	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
brexanolone brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.	3.1	1	0	3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one	antidepressant; GABA modulator; human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
prunin protein, prunus prunin protein, Prunus: a legumin-like type of globulin; structure given in first source. naringenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.05	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	antibacterial agent; antilipemic drug; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite
annatto annatto: coloring matter from seeds of Bixa orellana L., Bixaceae; contains bixin and pigments that give carotene reactions; induces hyperglycemia	3.51	7	0
3,5-diiodothyronine, (l)-isomer [no description available]	3.1	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
arginine methyl ester arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.11	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester
4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid): a free radical initiator	1.98	1	0
perezone perezone: isolated from roots of Pereziae adnata; structure given in Merck Index	2.07	1	0
norcantharidin norcantharidin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpds without isomeric designation	2.48	2	0	furofuran
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2.01	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	5.57	9	2
mansonone e mansonone E: a potent anti-bacterial sesquiterpenoid isolated from the dried root bark of Ulmus pumila; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
alpha-tocopherol phosphate alpha-tocopherol phosphate: RN given refers to (2R(4R,8R*))-(+-)-isomer	9.79	70	3
harmol hydrochloride [no description available]	3.1	1	0
sesaminol sesaminol: structure given in first source; RN given from CAS Index Guide 1990; RN given refers to the (1S-(alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 11/90. sesaminol : A furofuran that is cis-tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by a 6-hydroxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 1S and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 4S. It is metabolite found in sesame seeds.	3.25	6	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; organic hydroxy compound	antioxidant; plant metabolite
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	3.46	7	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
dehydrodivanillin dehydrodivanillin: a lignin-related compound	2.04	1	0
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [no description available]	2.51	2	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound
2-amino-5-hydroxyvaleric acid 2-amino-5-hydroxyvaleric acid: a specific marker of oxidized arginine and proline residues in proteins; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2	1	0	alpha-amino acid
prolamins Prolamins: A group of seed storage proteins restricted to the POACEAE family. They are rich in GLUTAMINE and PROLINE.	2.17	1	0
imidazoleacetic acid imidazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without specific location of acetic acid attachment identified; structure. imidazol-5-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-5-yl group.. imidazol-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.	1.97	1	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
10-hydroxycamptothecin [no description available]	2.81	3	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
n-tert-butylhydroxylamine N-tert-butylhydroxylamine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) 6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline): structure	2.37	2	0
cholest-5-ene-3 beta,26-diol cholest-5-ene-3 beta,26-diol: isolated from human brain. 26-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol substituted at position 26 by a hydroxy group.	2.39	2	0	26-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; oxysterol	EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
diosgenin [no description available]	3.1	1	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman: a Vitamin E derivative. chromanol : Any member of the class of chromanes that is chromane substituted by one or more hydroxy groups.	7.99	66	1
cerium cholesteryl myristate : A cholesterol ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of cholesterol with the carboxy group of myristic acid.	2.07	1	0	cholesteryl ester	mouse metabolite
sarsasapogenin, (3beta,5alpha,25r)-isomer tigogenin : A widely used steroidal sapogenin isolated from several plant species and used for synthesizing steroid drugs.	3.1	1	0	sapogenin	gout suppressant; plant metabolite
aurofusarin aurofusarin: from Fusarium graminearum; structure given in first source	2.7	3	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
anthraglycoside b anthraglycoside B: from Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc; structure in first source	1.98	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
phorbolol myristate acetate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	3.16	5	0
fangchinoline fangchinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; limacine is the (1'beta)-isomer; 7-O-demethyltetrandrine is the (1S,1'S)-isomer. fangchinoline : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is (1beta)- berbaman which has been substituted by methyl groups at the 2 and 2' positions, by methoxy groups at the 6, 6', and 12 positions, and by a hydroxy group at position 7. Isolated from Stephania tetrandra, it has been found to possess neuroprotective and anti-tumour activity.	2.05	1	0
coumarin 6 coumarin 6: structure in first source	5.1	15	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
nsc 327729 S-2-(3-methylaminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
sesamolin sesamolin: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to the (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha)-isomer); inhibits proliferation of human lymphocytic leukemia cells in culture	2.48	2	0	benzodioxoles
galgravin galgravin: an anti-PAF constituent from the stems of Piper futokadsura, the Chinese drug haifengteng; structures of the isomers galgravin, galbelgin (10569-12-7) and veraguensin (19950-55-1) given in first source; RN given refers to galgravin, the (2alpha,3beta,4beta,5alpha)-isomer. galgravin : A member of the class of aryltetrahydrofurans carrying two 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as two methyl groups at positions 3 and 4.	2.15	1	0	aryltetrahydrofuran; dimethoxybenzene; lignan; ring assembly	bone density conservation agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
erythrodiol [no description available]	2.41	2	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	plant metabolite
3 alpha,17 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one 3alpha,17alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17alpha.	3.1	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; corticosteroid hormone	human urinary metabolite
pregnanetriol Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.	1.94	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
2-methoxyestriol [no description available]	3.1	1	0
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl group at C-1 and C-2 is stearoyl.	3.16	5	0	phosphatidylethanolamine zwitterion; phosphatidylethanolamine	human metabolite
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	5.99	36	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.51	8	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	4.06	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	3.26	6	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	2.02	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
desethylamiodarone desethylamiodarone: metabolite of amiodarone; structure given in first source	3.11	5	0	aromatic ketone
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination [no description available]	2.1	1	0
fotemustine fotemustine: structure given in first source. fotemustine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fotemustine. It is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of malignant melanoma.. diethyl (1-{[(2-chloroethyl)(nitroso)carbamoyl]amino}ethyl)phosphonate : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is ethyl diethylphosphonate in the hydrogen at position 1 of the ethyl group attached to the phosphorus has been replaced by a [(2-chloroethyl)(nitroso)carbamoyl]amino group.	1.99	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	3.17	5	0	oligopeptide
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	14.45	68	7
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	3.78	3	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	1.99	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
cremophor el cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A	3.55	8	0
sr141716 [no description available]	4.08	4	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol : A member of the class of nitrosamines that is butan-1-ol substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group at position 1 and by a methyl(nitroso)amino group at position 4. It is a major metabolite of nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is a carcinogen found in tobacco and responsible for inducing lung cancer in smokers.	2.13	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines; secondary alcohol	biomarker; carcinogenic agent; human urinary metabolite
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	3.59	2	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
n-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid N-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: found in human urine	1.96	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
u 74006f tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox	5.94	20	0	corticosteroid hormone
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	3.73	10	0
u 74389f U 74389F: a 21-aminosteroid antioxidant (lazaroids); inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; structure in first source	3.24	6	0
2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: directly acting genotoxic metabolite of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine. N-hydroxy-PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, hydoxyamino, and phenyl groups, respectively. The active metabolite of the dietary carcinogen PhIP.	3.1	1	0	hydroxylamine; imidazopyridine	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; neurotoxin; rat metabolite
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
laurdan laurdan: RN from CA Index Guide	2	1	0
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.7	3	0
benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dione benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dione: a metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene; structure given in first source. benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione : An o-quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of both of the hydroxy groups of benzo[a]pyrene-cis-7,8-dihydrodiol. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione is a metabolite of the widespread carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene.	2.05	1	0	orthoquinones; pyrenes	genotoxin; xenobiotic metabolite
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; selenomethionine	plant metabolite
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.98	4	0
dihydrorhodamine 123 dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes	3.26	6	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.65	3	0
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	4.52	5	1
quin2-acetoxymethyl ester Quin2-acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
1,n(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine [no description available]	2	1	0	purines
indobufen indobufen: thromboxane A2 antagonist	2.39	2	0	isoindoles
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	2.17	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
fluorocitrate fluorocitrate: competitve inhibitor of aconitase; effects morphology of kidney tubules in fluorocitrate poisoning; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	carbonyl compound
s-ethyl glutathione [no description available]	3.25	6	0	oligopeptide
u 78517f U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl	3.69	10	0
indenestrol [no description available]	2	1	0
cv 3988 CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
cyproterone acetate, ethinyl estradiol drug combination [no description available]	2.04	1	0
prodan prodan: do not confuse with prodan in Chemline, RN 16893-85-9 which is disodium hexafluorosilicate	1.99	1	0	2-acyl-6-dimethylaminonaphthalene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone: metabolite of butylated hydroxytoluene; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
propionylcarnitine propionylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.42	1	1	O-acylcarnitine	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cardiotonic drug; human metabolite; peripheral nervous system drug
cv 6209 CV 6209: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [no description available]	2.06	1	0
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets	1.99	1	0
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	3.59	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	aminosulfinic acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
geniposide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	terpene glycoside
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	9.67	32	3	proanthocyanidin
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	5.11	10	1	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	3.72	10	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.1	1	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
1-hydroxymethylmidazolam 1-hydroxymethylmidazolam: metabolite of midazolam. 1-hydroxymidazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is midazolam in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of the anesthetic, midazolam.	3.43	1	1	aromatic primary alcohol; imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	drug metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
asulacrine asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	acridines
ecopipam ecopipam: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0	benzazepine
u 74500a U 74500A: potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental CNS trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; RN given is for 3,6-bis(diethylamino) cpd; Cancer Lett 1992;64(1):61-6 uses 5,6-bis(diethylamino) cpd for U 74500A	2.67	3	0
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	2.15	1	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
fingolimod fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.	2.05	1	0	aminodiol; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; CB1 receptor antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	3.34	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
parinaric acid parinaric acid: long-chain polyenoic fatty acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. parinaric acid : An octadecatetraenoic acid containing a conjugated system of double bonds at positions 9, 11, 13 and 15.	4.29	19	0	octadecatetraenoic acid
dihydrocapsaicin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	capsaicinoid
cobaltiprotoporphyrin cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX	1.97	1	0
s-nitrosomercaptoethanol S-nitrosomercaptoethanol: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor. It is an anti-infective agent and inhibits Bacillus cereus spore outgrowth.	2	1	0
r 56865 R 56865: prevents electrical & mechanical signs of ouabain intoxication in guinea pig papillary muscle	1.99	1	0
asiaticoside [no description available]	2	1	0
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	4.66	10	0
parthenolide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	germacranolide
schizandrin b schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant	3.63	9	0
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	4.35	20	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	6.18	12	1
tadalafil [no description available]	3.64	2	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
3-chloro-L-tyrosine 3-chloro-L-tyrosine : A chloroamino acid comprising a tyrosine core with a chloro- substituent ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.02	1	0	chloroamino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monochlorobenzenes; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; human metabolite
1-glyceryloctyl ether 1-glyceryloctyl ether: non-hydrolyzable substrate analog of lipase	3.59	1	1
anserine Anserine: A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE.. anserine : A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units.	2.72	3	0	beta-alanine derivative; dipeptide; zwitterion	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine 6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine: compound used in second source was chlorhydrate; has been used as retinoprotector	4.77	7	1
5,6-dihydroxyindole [no description available]	1.99	1	0	dihydroxyindole	mouse metabolite
precirol precirol: octadecanoic acid esters; 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester mixed with 3-hydroxy-2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)propyl octadienoate & 2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)-1,3-propanediol; auxiliary in tableting; alpha glycerol palmitostearate	2.31	1	0
2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone 2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone: lignan isolated from urine of humans & other mammals; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in second source	3.81	2	1	lignan
cholesterol 7-hydroperoxide cholesterol 7-hydroperoxide: RN given refers to (3beta,7alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2	1	0
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	2.37	2	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	2.45	2	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
selenomethylselenocysteine selenomethylselenocysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.81	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; selenocysteines	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite
16-hydroxyestrone 16-hydroxyestrone: has implications in estrogen physiology & pathophysiology; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3670	1.99	1	0
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer [no description available]	3.1	1	0	ibuprofen
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	7.45	23	1
glutathione monoisopropyl ester glutathione monoisopropyl ester: prevents mitochondrial damage in muscle after marked depletion of glutathione	2.02	1	0
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	4.09	4	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
11-hydroxytestosterone 11-hydroxytestosterone: RN given refers to (11 beta,17 beta)-isomer. 11beta-hydroxytestosterone : An androstanoid that is testosterone carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at the 11beta-position.	3.1	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane 1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable	2.4	2	0	straight-chain fatty acid
1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine [no description available]	2.92	4	0
norbuprenorphine norbuprenorphine: metabolite of buprenorphine found in urine & feces; RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.1	1	0	phenanthrenes
bn 50739 BN 50739: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0
m 79175 M 79175: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
fe(ii)-edta Fe(II)-EDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	iron coordination entity
12-(1-pyrene)dodecanoic acid 12-(1-pyrene)dodecanoic acid: induces lipid storage in cultured leukemic myeloid cells	2.9	4	0
metadoxine metadoxine: combination of above cpds	3.12	1	0
3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonate 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonate: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
paliperidone 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	3.23	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine; secondary alcohol
2-iodomelatonin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	acetamides
nitisinone [no description available]	3.59	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; cyclohexanones; mesotrione	EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	2.05	1	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
asiatic acid [no description available]	2.5	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	angiogenesis modulating agent; metabolite
7-methoxytacrine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
clofarabine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
astilbin astilbin: dihydroflavonol from Kohki tea processed from Engelhardtia chrysolepis (huang-qui); astilbin is the (2R-trans)-isomer; neoisoastilbin is the (2S-cis)-isomer and is Sweetening Agents; isoastilbin is the (2R-cis)-isomer; structure in first source;. astilbin : A flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	1.99	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; alpha-L-rhamnoside; flavanone glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; tetrahydroxyflavanone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
benzo(a)pyrene-3,6-quinol [no description available]	3.1	1	0
ginsenoside rh2 ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.05	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
bay y3118 Bay Y3118: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	3.73	10	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	thiadiazole
campestanol ergostanol: structure	4.35	2	2	3beta-sterol; C28-steroid
5,6-dihydroxy-2-indolylcarboxylic acid 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid : A dihydroxyindole that is indole-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 6.	2.4	2	0	dihydroxyindole	mouse metabolite
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	2.11	1	0	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
1-hydroxyethyl radical ethoxide : An organic anion that is the conjugate base of ethanol.	2.91	4	0	organic anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	3.81	3	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
pentosidine pentosidine: structure given in first source. pentosidine : An imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively.	2.92	4	0	imidazopyridine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; cross-linking reagent
valdecoxib [no description available]	3.23	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
octenyl succinate octenyl succinate: octenyl succinate-modified food starch used as emulsion stabilizer for various food items; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.57	2	0
carboxypolymethylene carbomer: high molecular polyanionic substance	2.75	3	0
rp 48740 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1H,3H-pyrrolo(1,2-c)thiazole-7-carboxamide: platelet activating factor antagonist	1.98	1	0
mitiglinide mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
alliin alliin: nutritional supplement in diet; possible therapeutic use in anemia and splenic hypertrophy; structure. alliin : An L-alanine derivative in which one of the methyl hydrogens of L-alanine has been replaced by an (S)-allylsulfinyl group.	2.42	2	0	alpha-amino acid
xymedon xymedon: nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound; Russian patent; antiatherogenic; used for treatment of burns; used on varicose ulcer	3.41	1	1
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source	2.51	2	0
phytosphingosine phytosphingosine: differ with an additional hydroxyl at C-4 & no double bond between C-4 & C-5	2.08	1	0	amino alcohol; sphingoid; triol	mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimephosphon dimephosphon: previous RN 86003-41-0	2.41	2	0
tryptophan methyl ester tryptophan methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd(DL)-isomer	1.96	1	0
1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylethanolamine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	3.27	1	0	acetate ester	fluorochrome
emoxypine succinate emoxypine succinate: has antihypoxic effects	3.47	1	1
florox reagent Florox Reagent: reagent for analysis of ketosteroids; structure	1.98	1	0
ursocholic acid ursocholic acid: see also records for allocholic and cholic acids. ursocholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three hydroxy substituents at positions 3alpha, 7beta and 12alpha.	3.43	1	1	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7beta-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	EC 1.1.1.159 (7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite
celastrol [no description available]	2.38	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
procyanidin b2 procyanidin B2 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cat's claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine.	2.4	2	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite
aaptamine aaptamine: natural product from sea sponge Aaptos aaptos; structure given in first source; RN from CA Index Guide 1984	2.01	1	0
trichloromethyl free radical trichloromethyl free radical: able to react with amino acid esters	2.37	2	0	organic radical
3-phenylsydnone 3-phenylsydnone: structure in first source	1.98	1	0
phenoxy radical phenoxy radical : An organic radical generated from phenol.	5.64	14	0	organic radical
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.15	1	0	carbene; methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	8.14	25	2	nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	3.11	5	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	4.82	7	1	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.	3.23	1	0	indoles; sulfonamide; tertiary amine	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
gefitinib [no description available]	4.57	7	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	2.05	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
cholesterol hydroperoxide cholesterol hydroperoxide: RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer	2.69	3	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylserine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline (3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline: potent agonist at dopamine receptors mediating neuronal inhibition; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in UD indicates phenyl-imino group	2.43	2	0
4-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	fluorochrome
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	2.42	2	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	7.46	13	4	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine)propionate 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine)propionate: structural analog of gamma-butyrobetaine, also of carnitine; antianginal compound; MET-88 is dihydrate; structure given in first source. meldonium : An ammonium betaine that is beta-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a trimethylamino group. A clinically used cardioprotective drug that is used for treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis and diabetes.	2.04	1	0	ammonium betaine	cardioprotective agent; EC 1.14.11.1 (gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
pristanic acid pristanic acid : A branched, long-chain saturated fatty acid composed of pentadecanoic acid having methyl substituents at the 2-, 6-, 10- and 14-positions.	2.52	2	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid	human metabolite
alanylglutamine alanylglutamine: RN refers to (L-Glu)-isomer; dipeptiven is for parenteral use. Ala-Gln : A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-glutamine residues.	5.6	3	2	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
peroxyoxalate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
27-hydroxycholesterol (25R)-cholest-5-ene-3beta,26-diol : A 26-hydroxycholesterol in which the 25-position has R-configuration.	2.47	2	0	26-hydroxycholesterol	apoptosis inducer; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid: structure in first source. 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic acid : A furoic acid that is furan-3-carboxylic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4, a propyl group at position 5 and a 2-carboxyethyl group at position 2. It is a potent uremic toxin that has been found to accumulate in human serum of patients with chronic kidney diseases.	2.54	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; furoic acid	human metabolite; uremic toxin
dehydroalanine 2-ammonioprop-2-enoate : An amino acid zwitterion resulting from a transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of 2-aminoacrylic acid.. 2-aminoacrylic acid : A 2,3-dehydroamino acid that is alanine which has been dehydrogenated to introduce a double bond between positions 2 and 3.	2.05	1	0	2,3-dehydroamino acid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; enamine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	alkylating agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
procyanidin b5 procyanidin B5 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 6' in beta-configuration. It can be found in grape seeds, in Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) root and bark, in apple and in cacao.	2	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	metabolite
glabridin [no description available]	2.92	4	0	hydroxyisoflavans	antiplasmodial drug
tetrahydrocurcumin tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.	2.71	3	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; polyphenol	metabolite
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	3.23	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
ferric bleomycin iron bleomycin: iron-bleomycin complexes	1.96	1	0
ra 642 RA 642: has central hypertensive properties; structure	2.39	2	0
glutathionyldopa glutathionyldopa: glutathione metabolite; precursor of cysteinyldopa	2.01	1	0
n-benzoylphenylalanylphenylalinol acetate N-benzoylphenylalanylphenylalinol acetate: metabolite of Aspergillus glaucus	2.05	1	0	amphetamines
solutol hs 15 Solutol HS 15: multidrug resistance modification agent in tumor cells; polyoxyethylene esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid; previous RN 105109-85-1	2.61	2	0	aliphatic alcohol
8-oxo-dado 2'-deoxy-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenosine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
desvenlafaxine O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.	3.23	1	0	cyclohexanols; phenols; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2.45	2	0
rb 6145 RB 6145: structure given in first source; prodrug to RSU 1069; PD 144872 is the R-enantiomer of RB 6145	2.01	1	0
at 2153 probimane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
neominophagen c neominophagen C: contains above 3 cpds	3.12	1	0
ectoine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; monocarboxylic acid; zwitterion	osmolyte
methotrexate [no description available]	9.59	23	4	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
mar 99 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
2,2'-dicarbomethoxyamino-5-5'-dibenzimidazolyl ketone 2,2'-dicarbomethoxyamino-5-5'-dibenzimidazolyl ketone: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
cyclic 1,n(2)-propanodeoxyguanosine cyclic 1,N(2)-propanodeoxyguanosine: structure given in first source; RN refers to (6R-trans)-isomer	2.05	1	0
dihydroethidium dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer	3.11	5	0
delphinidin delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.	2.01	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; plant metabolite
xaliproden xaliproden : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-naphthyl)ethyl group and at position 4 by a m-trifluoromethylphenyl group.	5.44	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; tertiary amino compound; tetrahydropyridine	serotonergic agonist
2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine [no description available]	2.6	1	0
ucn 1028 a calphostin A: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	1.98	1	0
tamsulosin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
rufinamide rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source	3.23	1	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
antiprimod azaspirane: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
4-(3,4-dibutoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
gweicurculactone gweicurculactone: from Curcuma kwangsiensis; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
sulbactam [no description available]	2.05	1	0	penicillanic acids
diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine: used for determination of hydroperoxides; structure given in first source	4.1	3	1
carazostatin carazostatin: structure given in first source; MF C20-H25-N-O: free radical scavenger; isolated from Streptomyces chromofuscus DC 118	2.1	1	0
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	3.59	2	0	biphenyls
phlorofucofuroeckol a phlorofucofuroeckol A: phlorotannin from Ecklonia kurome; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid	5.44	4	1	amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide	cholinergic drug; provitamin
mdl 73404 MDL 73404: structure given in first source; a hydrophilic cardioselective free radical scavenger; analog of alpha-tocopherol	4.23	18	0
fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide	prodrug
u 92032 U 92032: inhibits lipid peroxidation; structure given in first source	2	1	0
ilomastat CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor	2.05	1	0	hydroxamic acid; L-tryptophan derivative; N-acyl-amino acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	4.99	9	1	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman: natriuretic metabolite of gamma-tocopherol; structure in first source	8.29	29	2	benzopyran	antioxidant
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	3.23	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
marsupsin marsupsin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium; RN given for (-)-isomer. marsupsin : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran-3(2H)-one, substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a 4-hydroxybenzyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 4. Isolated from the heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium, it exhibits antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities.	2.07	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; polyphenol	antilipemic drug; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	2.01	1	0	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
alpha-ergocryptine ergocryptine: a component of the ergotoxine complex; it is the main ergot alkaloid of Japanese & South American wid grasses; minor descriptor (76-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (76-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). alpha-ergocryptine : Ergotaman bearing hydroxy, isopropyl, and 2-methylpropyl groups at the 12', 2' and 5' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid. Ergocryptine discussed in the literature prior to 1967, when beta-ergocryptine was separated from alpha-ergocryptine, is now referred to as alpha-ergocryptine.	1.97	1	0	ergot alkaloid
aspartame [no description available]	2.17	1	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
barium selenate barium selenate: long-acting parenteral selenium supplement for sheep; RN given refers to [1:1]salt	1.97	1	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	3.21	6	0	D-xylose
cd 437 CD 437: selective for retinoic acid receptors gamma. CD437 : A naphthoic acid that is 6-phenylnaphthylene-2-carboxyic acid in which the phenyl substituent has been substituted at positions 3 and 4 by adamant-1-yl and hydroxy groups, respectively. It acts as a selective agonist of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)gamma and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cells.	2	1	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid; phenols	apoptosis inducer; retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist
ompi OMPI: levamisole metabolite; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.95	1	0
quinone methide quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.	2.41	2	0	quinomethane
duroquinol durohydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol carrying four methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 5 and 6.	2.25	1	0	hydroquinones; methylbenzene	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; volatile oil component
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.05	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
phytol [no description available]	4.41	22	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	6.69	30	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	3.12	5	0
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate: may also contain chlorocresol (UD 25:22R)	3.09	1	0
escitalopram Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.	3.23	1	0	1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile	antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
procyanidin b3 procyanidin B3 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (+)-catechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in alpha-configuration. It can be found in red wine, in barley, in beer, in peach or in Jatropha macrantha, the Huanarpo Macho.	2.15	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.	3.23	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pteridines; terminal acetylenic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydrate; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	8.69	71	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
atazanavir atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).	3.59	2	0	carbohydrazide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
lonafarnib lonafarnib: inhibitor of farnesyl protein transferase. lonafarnib : A 4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide that has R configuration. It is used as oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor.	3.45	1	1	4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
diquafosol diquafosol: purinoceptor P2Y(2) receptor agonist. P(1),P(4)-bis(uridin-5'-yl) tetraphosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate compound having 5'-uridinyl residues at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.	2.31	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	mouse metabolite; P2Y2 receptor agonist
peptide elongation factor 2 Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.	2.03	1	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	4.26	5	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	4.79	9	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.	3.23	1	0	carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial drug
cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.	3.23	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
conivaptan conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).	3.23	1	0	benzazepine	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
2-keto-4-mercaptobutyric acid 2-keto-4-mercaptobutyric acid: homocysteine metabolite; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrroline n-oxide [no description available]	2.41	2	0
5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone: isolated from Artemisia argyi	2.04	1	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	3.85	3	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
pralnacasan pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source	3.23	1	0
mn(iii) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(n-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin [no description available]	2.45	2	0
cyc 682 sapacitabine: structure in first source. sapacitabine : A nucleoside analogue resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the amino group of CNDAC. It is the prodrug of CNDAC and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).	2.1	1	0	nitrile; nucleoside analogue; secondary carboxamide	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug
clevidipine clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source	3.23	1	0	dihydropyridine
ruboxistaurin ruboxistaurin: inhibits protein kinase C beta; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
jtt 501 JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source	2.43	2	0
solifenacin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.	3.23	1	0	methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate	adrenergic agent
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	3.46	2	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
kolaviron kolaviron: antihepatotoxic fraction of biflavonones from Garcinia kola seeds; phalloidine antagonist. kolaflavanone : A biflavonoid isolated from the seeds of Garcinia kola that has been shown to exhibit hepatoprotective activity.	3.17	5	0	4'-methoxyflavanones; biflavonoid; dihydroflavonols; ring assembly; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
b 669 B 669: structure in first source	2.9	4	0
dehydrocrotonin dehydrocrotonin: a 19-nor-clerodane diterpene; isolated from the bark of Croton cajucara; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	5.42	11	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	11.56	94	2	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
lubiprostone [no description available]	3.23	1	0
camphora camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.	2.05	1	0	camphor
telbivudine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
malvidin malvidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; coloring agent from flowers of Malvaviscus conzatti. malvidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is delphinidin carrying methyl substituents at positions 3' and 5'.	2.01	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	biological pigment; metabolite
torcetrapib [no description available]	2.05	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; carbamate ester; quinolines	anticholesteremic drug; CETP inhibitor
celastrol methyl ester celastrol methyl ester: isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii; potent inhibitory activity on both Kir2.1 and ERG1 potassium channels, leading to LONG QT SYNDROME	2.08	1	0	carboxylic ester
titanium phosphate titanium phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified titanium phosphate	2.17	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	7.98	51	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	3.61	9	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.05	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	1.96	1	0	carbodiimide
cortolone [no description available]	3.1	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
isoflavanone isoflavanone: structure given in first source; RN from CA Index Guide. isoflavanone : Isoflavone in which the double bond between positions 2 and 3 has been reduced to a single bond.	3.16	1	0	isoflavanones
3-doxylcholestane 3-doxylcholestane: RN given refers to (5alpha)-isomer; structure	1.99	1	0
ampelopsin ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.54	2	0	dihydromyricetin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
methylselenic acid methylseleninic acid : An organoselenium compound that is seleninic acid in which the hydrogen attached to selenium is replaced by a methyl group.	2.44	2	0	one-carbon compound; organoselenium compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite
isovitexin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
cirsilineol cirsilineol: isolated from Thymus carnosus Boiss.. cirsilineol : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7 and 3' and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' respectively.	2	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
desmethylnaproxen desmethylnaproxen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. desmethylnaproxen : A member of the class of naphthols that is naproxen in which the 6-methoxy group has been demethylated.	1.98	1	0
asenapine asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.	2.21	1	0	5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino)propane [no description available]	2.43	2	0
ici 211965 ICI 211965: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
u 78518f U 78518F: a member of the lazaroid family of 21-amino steroid derivatives; RN given is for HCl	2.38	2	0
monoisoamyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate monoisoamyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate: monoisoamyl ester of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid	3.53	2	0
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	2.39	2	0
tartrazine Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.	2.15	1	0
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	2.01	1	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
2-phenyl-1,2-benzisothiazol-3-(2h)-one 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisothiazol-3-(2H)-one: structure given in first source; sulfur analog of ebselen	1.97	1	0
phacolysin phacolysin: cpd not in Chemline 7/14/83; RN in 9th CI Form Index for 5,12-dihydroquinoxalino(2,3-b)phenazine-2,9-disulfonic acid (phacolysin in Negwer, 5th ed, #3514; MF=C18H12N4O6S2): 1790-56-3; different structure given for phacolysin in UD 24:43a (C21H17NO6S2) than in Negwer, 5th ed, #3514	1.97	1	0
ferric thiocyanate [no description available]	3.44	7	0
n-(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)maleimide N-(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)maleimide: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	aminoxyls; dicarboximide; maleimides; pyrrolidines
lauroyl-coenzyme a lauroyl-CoA : A medium-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of lauric (dodecanoic) acid.	1.98	1	0	medium-chain fatty acyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	3.59	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.	3.23	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe [no description available]	2.05	1	0	monoterpenoid
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	3.37	1	1
nordihydrocapsaicin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
boswellic acid boswellic acid: ursane type; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; active principle of salai guggal; see also record for salai guggal	3.89	3	0	triterpenoid
symmetric dimethylarginine N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups at the N(omega)- and N'(omega)-positions	4.78	2	1	amino acid zwitterion; dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.	3.23	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
aminochrome 1 dopaminechrome: structure given in first source. dopaminechrome (enol form) : A member of the class of indolones that is 3,5-dihydro-2H-indole substituted by an oxo group at position 5 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. dopaminechrome (keto form) : A member of the class of indoledione that is 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-indole carrying oxo groups at positions 5 and 6; major microspecies at pH 7.3. It is an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation and can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome.	2.05	1	0	indoledione; orthoquinones	neurotoxin
bathocuproine disulfonate bathocuproine sulfonate: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd. bathocuproine disulfonic acid : A phenanthroline that consists of 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl groups at position 2 and 9 as well as two 4-sulfophenyl groups at positions 4 and 7.. copper chelator : A chelator that is any compound containing a ligand (typically organic) which is able to form a bond to a central copper atom at two or more points.	2.69	3	0	arenesulfonic acid; phenanthrolines	chelator
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	3.23	1	0
3-methyleneindolenine 3-methyleneindolenine: structure given in first source. 3-methyleneindolenine : An indole that consists of 3H-indole bearing a methylene substituent at position 3.	2.01	1	0	indoles	metabolite
isopulegol isopulegol: isolated from Mentha cardiaca structure in first source	2.25	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid	metabolite
n-acetyl-n-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine: metabolite of melatonin; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone
n,n'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(ii) N,N'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(II): structure given in first source	3.13	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	9.54	45	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	5.43	19	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
fiduxosin fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
manganese (iii) hematoporphyrin manganese (III) hematoporphyrin: potential MR contrast agent	2.02	1	0
campesterol campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure	4.51	5	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C28-steroid; phytosterols	mouse metabolite
n-formylmethionyl-methionyl-phenylalanine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
magnesium-pyridoxal-5'-phosphate glutamate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	4.32	6	0
stronger neominophagen c stronger neominophagen C: consists of glycyrrhizin, cysteine, and glycine	2	1	0
phenazopyridine lapachenole: photoaffinity label	2.07	1	0	benzochromene
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2	1	0
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	2.79	3	0	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
mesotrione mesotrione: brandname is after the Callistemon (MYRTACEAE) plant it was found in; structure in first source. mesotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexa-1,3-dione in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(methanesulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl group.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-triketone; C-nitro compound; sulfone	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
sb 203580 [no description available]	3.31	6	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erlotinib [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; protein kinase inhibitor
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	2.78	3	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	3.6	3	0	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.07	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
orbofiban orbofiban: structure in first source	2	1	0
dialuric acid dialuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dialuric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which a hydrogen attached to a ring carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.55	9	0	barbiturates
limonin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel monoxide [no description available]	2.42	2	0
betulinan a betulinan A: a lipid peroxidation inhibitor; from Lenzites betulina; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	3.77	2	1	very long-chain fatty acid
3-hydroxyglutaric acid 3-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 3 hydroxy carboxylic acid that is glutaric acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a diagnostic marker for glutaric aciduria type I.	2	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
curcudiol curcudiol: RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	2.42	2	0	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
dioxiram dioxiram: structure given in first source	3.27	1	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	7.31	33	1	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
manganese(iii) porphyrin manganese(III) porphyrin: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index	2.01	1	0
procurcumenol procurcumenol: RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3abeta,8aalpha))-isomer; epiprocurcumenol is the (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,8aalpha))-isomer; a TNF-alpha antagonist isolated from Curcuma zedoaria; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
vitamin b2 aldehyde [no description available]	1.96	1	0
ceronapril ceronapril: structure given in first source; RN given for (S)-isomer	1.99	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
deflazacort deflazacort: structure	2.01	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	4.9	2	1	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
phellamurin phellamurin: flavonone. phellamurin : A member of the class of dihydroflavonols that is (+)-dihydrokaempferol substituted by a prenyl group at position 8 and a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Phellodendron amurense and Commiphora africana, it exhibits inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein.	2.01	1	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; beta-D-glucoside; dihydroflavonols; flavanone glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavanone	metabolite
etravirine [no description available]	3.58	2	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tetranorprostanedioic acid tetranorprostanedioic acid: metabolite of prostaglandins	1.97	1	0
3-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate 3-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate: structure given in first source; isomeric probe	2.6	1	0
mdl 74270 MDL 74270: the N,N,N,-trimethylethanaminium analog of alpha-tocopherol; a hydrophilic cardioselective free radical scavenger	2.67	3	0
fe(iii)-edta Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	iron coordination entity
aspalatone aspalatone: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
chelidonine chelidonine: benzophenanthridine derived from scoulerine from Chelidonium majus; RN given refers to parent cpd (chelidonine, (5bR-(5balpha,6beta,12alpha))-isomer)	2.6	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; alkaloid fundamental parent; benzophenanthridine alkaloid
(-)-gallocatechin gallate (-)-gallocatechin gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-gallocatechin. A natural product found in found in green tea.	2.42	2	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2.43	2	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
muraglitazar muraglitazar: has glucose- and lipid-lowering activities; structure in first source; molecule composed of benzyloxazole-phenoxy-oxybenzylglycine-phenoxyl having structural analogy to PHENOXYBENZAMINE	2.04	1	0	1,3-oxazoles
dronedarone Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	3.23	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist	3.23	1	0	indanes
lapatinib [no description available]	3.62	2	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	4.11	2	1	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	3.23	1	0	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	5.24	3	1	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
dabigatran Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.	2.15	1	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines	anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.59	2	0	benzodioxoles
tolvaptan [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib [no description available]	5.19	7	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
regadenoson [no description available]	3.23	1	0	purine nucleoside
alanyl-glutamyl-aspartyl-glycine epithalamin: epiphysial polypeptoid extract	1.97	1	0
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.	3.23	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	2.01	1	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	5.12	14	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.44	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C29-steroid; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	anticholesteremic drug; antioxidant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
erythritol [no description available]	2.21	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	3.7	10	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.36	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
cortisone [no description available]	6.45	25	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
gossypol acetic acid [no description available]	3.15	1	0
mezlocillin [no description available]	2.4	2	0	indolamine
colchiceine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	cyclic ketone
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	7.61	43	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
allylestrenol Allylestrenol: A synthetic steroid with progestational activity.	2	1	0	steroid
stigmastanol stigmastanol: saturated analog of beta-sitosterol; RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. stigmastanol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 5alpha-stigmastane which is substituted at the 3beta position by a hydroxy group.	5.48	4	4	3-hydroxy steroid; phytosterols	anticholesteremic drug; plant metabolite
vincaleukoblastine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	acetate ester; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite
5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol : An androstane-3,17-diol that is 5alpha-androstane substituted by beta-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a metabolite of dihydrotestosterone.	3.1	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; androstane-3,17-diol	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
1',2'-dihydrorotenone 1',2'-dihydrorotenone: RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,6aalpha,12aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
cortol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
lanosterol [no description available]	2.37	2	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
21-hydroxypregnenolone 21-hydroxypregnenolone: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer;. 21-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone that is pregnenolone which has been substituted by a hydroxy group at position 21.	3.1	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid; hydroxypregnenolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	mouse metabolite
2-hydroxyestradiol 2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.	3.48	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-hydroxy steroid	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug
epietiocholanolone epietiocholanolone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3beta and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone.	3.1	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	androgen; animal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; rat metabolite
2-chlorobiphenyl 2-chlorobiphenyl: RN from Toxlit. 2-chlorobiphenyl : A monochlorobiphenyl carrying a single chloro substituent at position 2.. monochlorobiphenyl : A chlorobiphenyl carrying a single chloro substituent at unspecified position.. chlorobiphenyl : A chloroarene that consists of a biphenyl skeleton substituted by one or more chloro groups.	2.04	1	0	monochlorobiphenyl
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	2.08	1	0
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	1.99	1	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	9.63	46	2
benzarone benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure	3.59	2	0	1-benzofurans
estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.	3.59	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent
lupeol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
cyclovirobuxine d cyclovirobuxine D: active priciple of Buxus microphylla var. sinica; has anti-arrhythmic & arrhythmia-inducing actions	2.1	1	0
calendula Calendula: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain CAROTENOIDS, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE), flavonoids, mucilage, SAPONINS, and STEROLS. The plants are used both topically and internally. The common name of Marigold is also used for TAGETES.	3.87	2	1
metribolone Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.	2	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	androgen
poly ao-79 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.01	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
noscapine Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; cyclic acetal; isobenzofuranone; organic heterobicyclic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antitussive; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
wortmannin [no description available]	2.95	4	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2.01	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid: metabolite of caffeic acid; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.	2.7	3	0	(dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	1.99	1	0
cercosporin cercosporin: phyytotoxin from Cercospora beticola Sacc; posses photodynamic action on mice, bacteria & plants. cercosporin : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is perylo[1,12-def][1,3]dioxepine-6,11-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 12, by methoxy groups at positions 7 and 10, and by 2-hydroxypropyl groups at positions 8 and 9 (the R,R-stereoisomer). It is a phytotoxin which was first isolated from the pathogenic soybean fungus, Cercospora kikuchii and later found in multiple members of the genus Cercospora.	2.15	1	0
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.44	2	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	4.29	5	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
rosiglitazone 7,8-diacetoxy-4-methylcoumarin: possess strong antioxidant and radical scavenging activities; structure in first source. 7,8-diacetoxy-4-methylcoumarin : A coumarin substituted by a methyl group at position 4 and by acetyloxy groups at positions 7 and 8. It exhibits strong antioxidant and radical scavenging properties.	1.99	1	0	acetate ester; coumarins; diester	pro-angiogenic agent; radical scavenger
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	4.86	10	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
isoaaptamine isoaaptamine: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
nexavar [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	6.1	9	1
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	3.5	8	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
1-methoxy-10H-acridin-9-one [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acridines
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	2.41	2	0
nsc 141537 diacetoxyscirpenol: mycotoxin belonging to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; structure	1.97	1	0	trichothecene
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	3.38	7	0
carboplatin [no description available]	2.6	1	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.43	2	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
schisanhenol schisanhenol: a dibenzyl cyclooctane from kernels of Schisandra rubriflora; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	2.41	2	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.	2.03	1	0	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	mouse metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	6.49	24	0
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	4.72	11	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mannose-6-phosphate beta-D-mannose 6-phosphate : A D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	1.99	1	0	D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	3.21	6	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	4.98	7	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	2.39	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	5.16	15	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	5.84	12	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	4.2	5	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	7.03	29	3	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	5.44	24	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	3.39	7	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	5.86	17	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	6.04	8	1
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	4.02	4	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
laminaran beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.	2.01	1	0
pantetheine Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.	2.66	3	0	pantetheines; thiol	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
dithioerythritol [no description available]	2.68	3	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
theanine theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.	3.19	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine	geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
7-dehydrocholesterol [no description available]	3.54	8	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; cholestanoid; Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.42	2	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	4.32	4	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	4	14	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	1.94	1	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
stachyose stachyose: RN given refers to parent cpd. stachyose : A tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose.	2	1	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; tetrasaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	3.28	6	0	taxifolin	metabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	2.44	2	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.1	1	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	3.23	1	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
n'-formylkynurenine N'-formylkynurenine: a photochemical breakdown product of tryptophan in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; N-formylkynurenine; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	3.39	7	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
cholesteryl glucoside cholesteryl glucoside: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	monosaccharide derivative; sterol 3-beta-D-glucoside
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	2.54	2	0
24,25-dihydrolanosterol lanostenol: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer; structure. 24,25-dihydrolanosterol : A 3beta-sterol formed from lanosterol by reduction across the C-24-C-25 double bond.	1.96	1	0	3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-hydroxyestrone 2-hydroxyestrone: catechol estrogen which is a major metabolite of estradiol in man & animals; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-hydroxyestrone : A 2-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	5.39	4	1	2-hydroxy steroid; catechols	human metabolite
2-methoxyestrone 2-methoxyestrone : A 17-oxo steroid that is estrone in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a methoxy group.	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; alicyclic ketone; aromatic ether; phenolic steroid; phenols	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	8.3	38	1	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	2.38	2	0	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.95	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	2.08	1	0
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.21	1	0	cellotriose
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	4.43	5	1	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	4.5	4	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	3.59	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	6.82	11	2	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	6.08	11	3	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	3.23	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	3.04	5	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	4.41	6	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	5.41	2	1	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	3.23	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
epiandrosterone epiandrosterone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is (5alpha)-androstane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17.	3.1	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	2.05	1	0
trimethaphan camsylate trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.	2.05	1	0
miglitol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	piperidines
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	5.31	4	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
metyrosine alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.	3.23	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
erythromycin estolate Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.	2.05	1	0	aminoglycoside sulfate salt; erythromycin derivative	enzyme inhibitor
linezolid [no description available]	5.24	3	1	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2.39	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
silychristin silychristin : A flavonolignan isolated from Silybum marianum and has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activities against lipoxygenase and prostaglandin synthetase.	2	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; flavonolignan; polyphenol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
peonidin peonidin: a COX-2 inhibitor with protein kinase inhibitory and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; RN given for chloride salt. peonidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium bearing four hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 4', 5 and 7 as well as a methoxy substituent at position 3'.	2.01	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	2.42	2	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
carnosol carnosol: isolated from Lepechinia hastata	6.46	5	2	diterpenoid
ferruginol ferruginol: structure in first source. ferruginol : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 12.	2	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; meroterpenoid; phenols	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; protective agent
decursin decursin: activates protein kinase C; isolated from the root of Angelica gigas; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	coumarins
davidigenin davidigenin: has antispasmodic activity; isolated from Mascarenhasia arborescens; structure in first source. davidigenin : A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is dihydrochalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2', and 4' respectively.	2.49	2	0	dihydrochalcones; polyphenol	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
genipin [no description available]	2.52	2	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	4.92	11	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cleomiscosin a cleomiscosin A: has antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities; coumarinolignan derivative from Simaba multiflora & Soulamea soulameoides; structure in first source. cleomiscosin A : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2,3-dihydro-9H-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-h]chromen-9-one substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl group at position 3, a hydroxymethyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5 (the 2R,3R stereoisomer). It exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; primary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; metabolite
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	4.24	17	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
Rhododendrin rhododendrin: isolated from leaves of Rhododendron plants; has anti-inflammatory properties	1.99	1	0	glycoside
Pedunculagin pedunculagin: from the walnut (Juglans regia) pellicle	1.98	1	0	tannin
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	3.34	6	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	12.56	67	3
schizandrin c schizandrin C: from Schizandra chinensis Baill & Fructus schisandrae; protects liver from carbon tetrachloride injury;	2.05	1	0	tannin
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.	2.71	3	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	cysteine protease inhibitor
1-alpha-terpineol (S)-(-)-alpha-terpineol : The (S)-enantiomer of alpha-terpineol.	3.1	1	0	alpha-terpineol	plant metabolite
2-c-methylerythritol 4-phosphate 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	tetritol phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	5.29	17	0	tripeptide
geniposidic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	terpene glycoside
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
clindamycin phosphate [no description available]	3.23	1	0
diprenorphine Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	3.83	11	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
epiafzelechin epiafzelechin: antioxidant; 3'-deoxy form of epicatechin; structure in first source. (-)-epiafzelechin : A catechin derivative having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2	1	0	catechin	plant metabolite
malvidin-3-glucoside malvidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : An anthocyanin cation consisting of malvidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.	3.9	2	1	anthocyanin cation; aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside	metabolite
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.23	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
tolterodine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant
doxorubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	anthracycline
erythromycin ethylsuccinate Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.	2.05	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin derivative; ethyl ester; succinate ester
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	3.26	5	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
tibolone tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.	3.54	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	bone density conservation agent; hormone agonist
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.	3.23	1	0	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	4.54	23	0	cyclodextrin
acarbose [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino cyclitol; glycoside
ergosterol [no description available]	5.72	6	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	12.17	102	6	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	15.95	217	14	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	3.83	2	1	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.44	2	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.	2.01	1	0	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	13.72	81	4	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	27.57	3,158	299	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) : A A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) that is the dilauroyl diester of phosphatidiylcholine.	2.4	2	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	2.96	4	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.05	1	0	D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.	3.36	2	0	docosahexaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
palmitoleic acid hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.33	2	0	hexadec-9-enoic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	13.64	113	15	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	7.05	14	1	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	11.05	50	5	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	5.24	11	1	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.44	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).	3.59	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidines; statin (synthetic); sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	3.87	12	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	17.21	148	48	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.43	2	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	4.35	3	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	4.08	4	0
lycopene [no description available]	18.73	285	35	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	3.59	2	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	3.87	3	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	2.47	2	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
drf 2725 ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma	2.05	1	0
obeticholic acid obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.	8.39	14	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	farnesoid X receptor agonist; hepatoprotective agent
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	3.73	3	0
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide
violaxanthin violaxanthin: a carotene epoxide that is precursor to capsanthin; one of 3 xanthophylls involved in evolution of plastids of green plants (oxygen evolution); 3 (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin & antheraxanthin) participate in series of photo-induced interconversions known as ''violaxanthin cycle''; structure; cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids (violaxanthin) to xanthoxin, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, is the key regulatory step of ABSCISIC ACID biosynthesis. violaxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5,6:5',6'-diepoxy-beta,beta-carotene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 3'. It is the naturally occurring xanthophyll pigment found in a variety of plants.. all-trans-violaxanthin : The all-trans-stereoisomer of violaxanthin.	2.96	4	0	violaxanthin	food colouring
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	3.39	7	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	6.3	12	1	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
n-acetylmethionine N-acetylmethionine: RN given refers to L-isomer. N-acetylmethionine : A methionine derivative that is methionine in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.	2.08	1	0	L-methionine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acetylmethionine	nutraceutical
octreotide [no description available]	3.23	1	0
eptifibatide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; organic disulfide	anticoagulant; platelet aggregation inhibitor
zeatin Zeatin: An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)	2.46	2	0	zeatin	plant metabolite
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	5.07	5	2	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	2.7	3	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.37	2	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
aclarubicin Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.	2.67	3	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; methyl ester; phenols; polyketide; tetracenequinones; trisaccharide derivative; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
decitabine [no description available]	3.88	3	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
pantethine pantethine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. pantethine : An organic disulfide that consists of two molecules of pantothenic acid linked by amide bonds to a cysteamine disulfide bridging group.	2.37	2	0	organic disulfide	coenzyme; nutraceutical
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate phorbol-12,13-didecanoate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	1.97	1	0
teniposide [no description available]	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
texas red Texas red: hydrophilic Texas red; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	organic heteroheptacyclic compound	fluorochrome
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	6.41	14	1
laminaran laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan	2.41	1	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	5.1	14	0	actinomycin	mutagen
conidendrin conidendrin: RN given for (3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,9alpha,9abeta))-isomer; a phenyl-naphthyl-furanolactone	2.15	1	0	lignan	metabolite
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	6.56	25	2	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	1.99	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	1.97	1	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	4.2	5	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.73	3	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	3.87	3	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
schizandrin schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name	2.03	1	0
posaconazole [no description available]	3.73	2	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
rubitecan rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.	2.44	2	0	C-nitro compound; delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid : A lignan that is 2,3-dimethylbutane substituted by 2-methoxyphenol groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It has been isolated from the bark of Machilus robusta.	2.1	1	0	guaiacols; lignan	plant metabolite
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	3.59	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
pallidol pallidol: isolated from Ciccus pallida; structure in first source. pallidol : A tetracyclic stilbenoid that is a homodimer obtained by cyclodimerisation of resveratrol.	2.07	1	0	carbopolycyclic compound; polyphenol; stilbenoid	antifungal agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	16.91	201	15	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
ammonium metavanadate [no description available]	2.47	2	0
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	1.94	1	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	3.81	3	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	2.36	2	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.44	2	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
forsterite [no description available]	2.13	1	0
arsenic trioxide Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.	3.23	1	0	arsenic oxide	antineoplastic agent; insecticide
di-t-butyl nitroxide di-tert-butyl nitroxide : An aminoxyl that is N-tert-butyl-2-methylpropan-2-amine carrying an oxidanediyl group at the nitrogen atom.	1.97	1	0	aminoxyls	spin label
3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-n-oxyl 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-N-oxyl: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	aminoxyls; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	2.43	2	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
sodium perchlorate sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.	2.06	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
ditiocarb sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
cholestane-3,5,6-triol cholestane-3,5,6-triol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.08	5	0
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	5.33	10	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
pyrrolopyrimidine pyrrolopyrimidine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
diisononyl phthalate diisononyl phthalate: dielectric (electric insulating) fluid. diisononyl phthalate : The diisononyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.11	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	plasticiser
7-hydroxycadalin 7-hydroxycadalin: isolated from Heterotheca inuloides; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
sch 22219 alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.	3.09	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; propanoate ester; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107 fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.	3.23	1	0
carbenoxolone [no description available]	2.05	1	0
meglumine iodipamide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	organoammonium salt	radioopaque medium
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	2.02	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
calebin-a calebin-A: structure in first source	2	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.75	3	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
elaidic acid [no description available]	2.42	2	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	food component
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	3.73	10	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
anethole anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.	1.99	1	0	anethole	flavouring agent
geraniol [no description available]	3.48	2	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	2.15	1	0	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
glycosides [no description available]	4.84	33	0
benzylideneacetone benzylideneacetone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1153. trans-benzylideneacetone : The trans-isomer of benzylideneacetone. It acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) of insects like diamond back moth.. benzylideneacetone : An enone in which a phenyl ring is attached to the beta-carbon atom of but-3-en-2-one. Although both cis- and trans-isomers are possible for the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone, only the trans-isomer is observed.	3.23	1	0	benzylideneacetone	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.46	2	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.	3.12	5	0	sinapic acid	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.7	21	1	isomethyleugenol
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	1.96	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
beta-ionone beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.	3.86	4	0	ionone	antioxidant; fragrance
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	7.42	12	2	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	4.24	6	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
retinol acetate retinol acetate: structure given in first source	7.14	28	1	acetate ester
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	19.09	144	51	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	12.59	74	4	stilbene
Methyl nigakinone 4,5-dimethoxycanthin-6-one: an active metabolite of Picrasma quassiodes; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	beta-carbolines
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	2.58	2	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
thyrotropin-releasing hormone PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.	3.79	3	0	peptide hormone; tripeptide	human metabolite
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	7.2	28	0
picibanil Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.	2.36	2	0	penicillinate anion
Methylenedioxycinnamic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
discodermolide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	diterpenoid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	1.98	1	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	2.78	3	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	3.53	2	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	6.25	4	2	diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	1.98	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.05	1	0	benzamides
s 1033 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.	2.42	2	0	tetrapeptide	protease inhibitor
amygdalin [no description available]	3.55	2	0
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	2.42	2	0	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
iothalamate meglumine Iothalamate Meglumine: A radiopaque medium used for urography, angiography, venography, and myelography. It is highly viscous and binds to plasma proteins.	2.08	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
ferlixit ferlixit: used to induce siderosis in femal Wistar albino rats	2.02	1	0	polymer
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	3.44	7	0	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
tram 34 TRAM 34: inhibits IKCa1; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	organochlorine compound
tiamulin tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer. tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae.	2.39	2	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide; secondary alcohol; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary amino compound; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antibacterial drug
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.54	2	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	purine nucleoside
dithizone Dithizone: Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes.	2.06	1	0
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	7.01	13	2	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
prothionamide Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.	2.05	1	0	pyridines
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	7.55	17	1
dienestrol Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	3.48	2	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	3.59	2	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	3.82	3	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	1.93	1	0	pyrimidone
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	1.93	1	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	5.11	43	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
captax captax: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol : 1,3-Benzothiazole substituted at the 2-position with a sulfanyl group.	3.1	1	0	aryl thiol; benzothiazoles	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.	3.23	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes	antinematodal drug
phenylthiazolylthiourea Phenylthiazolylthiourea: A dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor.	1.95	1	0
ethyl ferulate ethyl ferulate: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
urocanic acid Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.	2	1	0	urocanic acid	human metabolite
isoeugenol trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.	3.56	2	0	isoeugenol	plant metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	7.96	22	4	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	4.12	3	1	diarylmethane
thiothixene [no description available]	4.05	2	0	N-methylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.	3.23	1	0	zopiclone	central nervous system depressant; sedative
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	4.45	7	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	14.31	128	4	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
hypocrellin b hypocrellin B: photosensitive pigments isolated from Hypocrella bambusae Sacc; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	3.89	2	1	thiazolidinone
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	3.51	2	0	diarylmethane
n-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-n-(4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-yl)amine N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)amine: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.34	2	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	6.94	12	2	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	3.85	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	6.14	15	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	7.29	7	6
terbinafine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.	4.17	3	1	monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
4-hydroxyphenylmethylene hydantoin 4-hydroxyphenylmethylene hydantoin: isoalted from the Red Sea sponge Hemimycale arabica; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	7	23	1	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman [no description available]	3.37	7	0
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	3.82	3	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
neotetrazolium [no description available]	1.98	1	0
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	9.86	101	4	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available]	5.1	14	0
tacrine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	5.55	23	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
sodium propionate sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	antifungal drug; food preservative
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	9.6	43	1	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	3.09	5	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	4.71	9	0
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	3.1	5	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
tungsten carbide tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF	2.43	2	0
5-doxylstearate [no description available]	3.24	6	0	aminoxyls
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	5.08	5	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	5.86	7	1	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
buthionine buthionine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
streptozocin [no description available]	3.59	2	0
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2.44	2	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	2.91	4	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	2	1	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	13.25	48	6	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	1.96	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
tocopherylquinone tocopherylquinone: RN refers to (3R-(3R,7R,11R*))-isomer; structure	11.96	131	3
nadp [no description available]	10.23	101	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	7.51	119	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	3.59	2	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
cancidas [no description available]	3.23	1	0
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.05	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
hi 236 [no description available]	2	1	0
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	3.56	2	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	2.78	3	0	dithiocarbamic acids
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.35	2	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
uc-781 [no description available]	2.96	4	0
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	3.54	2	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
aplaviroc aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
thiambutosine thiambutosine: thiourea antileprotic agent used in patients who cannot tolerate sulfones; minor descriptor (77-85); on-line & Index Medicus PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (77-85)	1.93	1	0
hmr 3647 [no description available]	3.59	2	0
maraviroc [no description available]	3.23	1	0	tropane alkaloid
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	4.37	3	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.14	5	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
zinc oxide Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	3.82	2	1
dieckol dieckol: found in brown Eisenia and Ecklonia algae, have several pharmacologically beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation; structure in first source. dieckol : A phlorotannin isolated from a brown alga Ecklonia cava which exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticoagulant activities.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; oxacycle; phlorotannin	anticoagulant; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; radical scavenger
telaprevir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
nelarabine nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).	3.23	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.01	1	0
glycylproline Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.	1.99	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1,2,3-hexadecanetriol 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1,2,3-hexadecanetriol: structure in first source. phytantriol : A triol that consists of 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecane bearing three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.	3.77	10	0	triol
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	3.57	9	0	alkali metal atom
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	2.98	4	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.26	6	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	8.01	41	1	nitrogen oxide
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	2.78	3	0
phosphamidon Phosphamidon: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	3.48	2	0
fremy's salt Fremy's salt: mild reagent for conversion of phenols to quinones; structure	1.97	1	0	aminoxyls; potassium salt
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	3.79	3	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
droloxifene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
dolasetron [no description available]	3.23	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydrazone; nitrile; pyridazinone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
monooctanoin monooctanoin: dissolution agent for retained cholesterol bile duct stones; RN in Chemline for octanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol, MF unknown: 11140-04-8; RN for octanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (1-monooctanoin): 502-54-5; RN in 9th CI Form Index for (+-)-1-monooctanoin: 19670-49-6. rac-1-monooctanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-octanoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-octanoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monooctanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has octanoyl as the acyl group.	2.46	2	0	1-monoglyceride; octanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
gestodene Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer	2.05	1	0	steroid	estrogen
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	8.83	8	2	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene idoxifene: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
quinine [no description available]	8.25	14	1	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.44	2	0
methyl radical [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organic radical
n-tert-butyl-alpha-(4-nitrophenyl)nitrone N-tert-butyl-alpha-(4-nitrophenyl)nitrone: RN given from Aldrich 1990-1991 catalog	2.03	1	0
didimethylsulfoxide dichloroplatinum(ii) [no description available]	1.98	1	0
taxifolin-3-glucopyranoside taxifolin-3-glucopyranoside: from root-sprouts of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
glutathione glycylethyl ester [no description available]	2	1	0
cystine [no description available]	10.51	51	3
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	3.1	1	0	benzazepine
methenolone Methenolone: A synthetic steroid that has been used for its anabolic action.	3.33	1	1	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
fospropofol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	alkylbenzene
rasagiline [no description available]	4.07	2	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
safingol safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R,S))-isomer	3.06	4	0	amino alcohol
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	3.23	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
carbonyl 3-chlorophenylhydrazone carbonyl 3-chlorophenylhydrazone: inhibitor of ATP synthesis; inhibits iron-containing nitrile hydratases	2.05	1	0
levomecol levomecol: used to treat maxillofacial phlegmons; contains levomycetin & methyluracil in a polyethylene glycol base	3.39	1	1
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate: metabolite of 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose; RN given refers to D-Glu cpd; RN for parent cpd not avail 10/90	2.04	1	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.01	1	0
2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(2'-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(2'-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman: structure given in first source; a metabolite of delta-tocopherol	8.27	31	4
cyclo(l-leucyl-l-tryptophyl) cyclo(L-leucyl-L-tryptophyl): structure in first source	2.07	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	9.96	40	11
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.32	6	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
thymic factor, circulating thymalin: see also thymarin	3.09	5	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	3.42	7	0
silybin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
via 2291 atreleuton: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.69	3	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	6.59	25	2
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	6.1	29	1	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
crocin crocin: a free radical scavenger	3.66	9	0
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	3.26	6	0
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	2.03	1	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
methyl ethyl ketone peroxide methyl ethyl ketone peroxide: synthetic product hardener & polyester varnish; methylethylketone peroxide in dimethylphthalate; used as fiberglass hardener; very toxic to eyes	3.35	7	0
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.42	2	0	quinoxaline derivative
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.	2.41	2	0	C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines	reagent
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	3.12	5	0
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	3.06	5	0
ferrostatin-1 ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.	4.42	5	0	ethyl ester; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	antifungal agent; antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
pentaerythritol diacrylate monostearate pentaerythritol diacrylate monostearate: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	3.55	9	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	6.56	39	0
N-[3-(N-(2-chloro-1-oxoethyl)-4-nitroanilino)propyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide [no description available]	3.27	1	0	C-nitro compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide; trifluoroacetamide
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
alpha-carotene alpha-carotene: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer; see also related record beta-carotene. alpha-carotene : A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively.	14.85	104	20	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	plant metabolite; provitamin A
digitoxigenin Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.. digitoxigenin : A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).	3.84	3	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid
sitagliptin sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	3.23	1	0	triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.77	3	0	long-chain fatty acid
2-(N-(2-chloro-1-oxoethyl)-4-fluoroanilino)-N-cyclohexyl-2-(3-pyridinyl)acetamide [no description available]	3.27	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.15	1	0
flosequinan [no description available]	2.05	1	0	quinolines
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor	2.05	1	0	benzamides; benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyridines	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	3.96	13	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.	3.59	2	0	2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols	antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.05	1	0
diclofenac sodium Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
pyrroloquinoline pyrroloquinoline: check to see if actually PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE (PQQ COFACTOR)	2.04	1	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	4.66	28	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
ganhuangenin ganhuangenin: flavonoid from Scutellaria rehderiana; lipid peroxide antagonist	2	1	0
quercetin 3-o-glucuronide quercetin 3-O-glucuronide: structure in first source. miquelianin : A quercetin O-glycoside that consists of quercetin attached to a beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Salvia and Phaseolus vulgaris, it exhibits antioxidant and antidepressant activities.	2	1	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; quercetin O-glycoside	antidepressant; antioxidant; metabolite
geranylgeranic acid geranylgeranic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (2E,6E,10E)-geranylgeranic acid : A diterpenoid obtained by formal oxidation of the CH2OH group of (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	1.99	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; diterpenoid; methyl-branched fatty acid; trienoic fatty acid
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	3.23	5	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	12.09	161	7	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
ubiquinone q2 Ubiquinone Q2: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	6.96	17	1	ubiquinones
bilirubin [no description available]	15.26	117	17	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	13.24	114	7	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	15.64	158	34	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.72	3	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin [no description available]	2.76	3	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	2.97	1	0	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
acacetin 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	5.24	15	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	3.91	12	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	14.49	220	13	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	8.89	27	3	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
quercitrin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antileishmanial agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
scopoletin [no description available]	3.8	3	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
ubiquinone 9 ubiquinone 9: a form of coenzyme Q found in many foods; RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	5.97	34	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; human metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	18.58	360	14
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	26.95	1,867	362	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	4.59	10	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	7.77	22	2	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	9.08	37	5	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.	12.51	70	12	all-trans-retinyl ester; retinyl palmitate	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	3.1	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	3.37	7	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k1 hydroquinone vitamin K1 hydroquinone: metabolite of vitamin K1 & vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide	3.46	2	0	naphthohydroquinone; polyprenylhydroquinone
luteolin-7-glucoside luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.42	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antioxidant; plant metabolite
rumenic acid 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoic acid : An octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid having 9-cis,11-trans-stereochemistry.	2.07	1	0	octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid
gossypetin gossypetin: inhibits activity of penicillinase enzyme in E coli. gossypetin : A hexahydroxyflavone having the hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- 7- and 8-positions.	1.98	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin e2 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E2: RN given refers to (5Z,11alpha)-isomer; structure in first source. 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin E2 : The 13,14-dihydro derivative of 15-oxo-prostaglandin E2.	1.96	1	0	prostaglandins E
alprostadil [no description available]	5.95	14	2	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	2.9	4	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
(all-e) phytoene (all-E) phytoene: C40 carotenoid biosynthesized in bacteria; minor descriptor (75-84); EP to CAROTENOIDS (85); on-line & Index Medicus search CAROTENOIDS (75-85); RN given refers to (all-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-phytoene : The all-trans-isomer of phytoene.	5.09	5	2	phytoene	plant metabolite
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	8.18	44	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	5.27	12	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	12.97	109	4	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells	2.93	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antipruritic drug; bone density conservation agent; geroprotector; histamine antagonist; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	10.79	57	6	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
vitamin k1 oxide vitamin K1 oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for 2,3-epoxymenaquinone	3.98	1	0
kaempferol [no description available]	3.73	10	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	2.1	1	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	4.06	3	1	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
prostaglandin a2 prostaglandin A2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer	3.22	6	0	prostaglandins A	human metabolite
9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin d2 9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin D2: has potent antineoplastic & weak smooth muscle contracting activities; structure given in first source. prostaglandin J2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins J that consists of prosta-5,9,13-trien-1-oic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 11 and a hydroxy group at position 15 (the 5Z,13E,15S stereoisomer).	2.39	2	0	prostaglandins J	human metabolite
9-deoxy-9,10-didehydro-12,13-didehydro-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin d2 9-deoxy-9,10-didehydro-12,13-didehydro-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin D2: PGD2 metabolite in human plasma. 13,14-dihydro-Delta(12)-prostaglandin J2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins J that is prosta-5,9,12-trien-1-oic acid carrying oxo and hydsroxy substituents at positions 11 and 15 respectively (the 5Z,12E,15S-stereoisomer).	1.98	1	0	prostaglandins J; secondary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent
15-ketoprostaglandin f2alpha [no description available]	2.42	2	0	prostaglandins Falpha
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	7.08	32	3	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.	7.96	11	5	thromboxane	human metabolite
arachidonic acid omega-9 hydroperoxide 12-HPETE: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; 12-HPETE may be used inconsistently in literature as synonym for cpds with various tetraene-locants; caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries. 12(S)-HPETE : The (S)-enantiomer of 12-HPETE.	3.49	2	0	HPETE	mouse metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	15.01	93	16	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	11.47	39	12	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	12.62	78	12	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
prostaglandin e3 prostaglandin E3: Structure	3.5	1	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite
prostaglandin f1 prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	2.9	4	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.1	1	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	7.09	25	1	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	4.91	11	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	2.05	1	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	3.59	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.	3.59	2	0
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	3.23	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	3.87	3	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.	3.23	1	0	isoquinolines
kava Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains ALKALOIDS; LACTONES; kawain, methysticin, mucilage, STARCH, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots.	2.03	1	0
hemabate carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.	3.23	1	0
mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.59	2	0	carboxylic ester; ether; gamma-lactone; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	3.89	3	0	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane	antiparathyroid drug
erucic acid [no description available]	3.82	2	1	docosenoic acid
nervonic acid (15Z)-tetracosenoic acid : A tetracosenoic acid having a cis-double bond at position 15.	2.05	1	0	tetracosenoic acid
11-octadecenoic acid 11-octadecenoic acid: vaccenic acid is the (E)-isomer. trans-vaccenic acid : The trans- isomer of vaccenic acid.	3.84	3	0	vaccenic acid
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	4.04	13	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
butein [no description available]	1.99	1	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; radiosensitizing agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	11.05	51	2	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.	7.24	37	1	carotenone	biological pigment; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fungal metabolite
capsanthin [no description available]	2.15	1	0	carotenone	plant metabolite
cryptoxanthins Cryptoxanthins: Mono-hydroxylated xanthophylls formed from the hydroxylation of BETA-CAROTENE. Isomers include: beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin. The alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin A precursors.. beta-cryptoxanthin : A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.	11.31	72	8	carotenol	antioxidant; biomarker; plant metabolite; provitamin A
fucoxanthin fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.	2.45	2	0
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	17.85	203	32	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
geranylgeraniol (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol : A geranylgeraniol in which all four double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.45	2	0	geranylgeraniol
genistin genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein	2.71	3	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
mezerein mezerein: toxic component of plant Daphne mezereum with anti-leukemic activity against P-388 & P-1210 in mice; can act as a tumor promoter; RN given refers to (12beta(E,E))-isomer; structure	2.38	2	0	diterpenoid
harman harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.	2.1	1	0	harmala alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	3.81	3	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
esculin [no description available]	1.92	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	3.52	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	3.03	4	0	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	4.74	6	1	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
garcinol garcinol: from stem bark of Garcinia huillensis; has chemotherapeutic activity against gram-positive & gram-negative cocci, mycobacteria & fungi	2.45	2	0
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	3.52	8	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
amentoflavone [no description available]	2.25	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalein [no description available]	4.89	10	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	4.4	6	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
diosmin [no description available]	3.27	6	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
fisetin [no description available]	4.2	5	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	3.82	3	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.1	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	3.04	4	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.43	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	2.99	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	3.65	9	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
myricitrin myricitrin: isolated from root bark of Myrica cerifera L.; structure. myricitrin : A glycosyloxyflavone that consists of myricetin attached to a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Myrica cerifera, it exhibits anti-allergic activity.	2.48	2	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; pentahydroxyflavone	anti-allergic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; plant metabolite
quercetagetin quercetagetin: structure given in first source; inhibits aldose reductase in rat lens. quercetagetin : A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2	1	0	flavonols; hexahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
scutellarein scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.	2.48	2	0	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	3.82	11	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
pterostilbene [no description available]	2.69	2	0	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
beta-asarone beta-asarone : The cis-isomer of asarone.	2.08	1	0	asarone	GABA modulator
chicoric acid chicoric acid: inhibits HIV-1 integrase	2.44	2	0	organooxygen compound	geroprotector; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
cynarine cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent	2.05	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester; quinic acid	plant metabolite
3,4-di-o-caffeoylquinic acid 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid: isolated from Siphonostegia chinensis	2.03	1	0	quinic acid
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	3.63	9	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	3.65	9	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
salvianolic acid a salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia	2.01	1	0	stilbenoid
shogaol shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source	2.43	2	0	enone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	4.84	7	1	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
puerarin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; hydroxyisoflavone	plant metabolite
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.43	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	3.87	12	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.77	3	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2.05	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
prostaglandin a1 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	prostaglandins A
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	18.96	277	48	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
4',7-dihydroxyflavone 4',7-dihydroxyflavone: inducer of nod gene. 4',7-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.	1.98	1	0	dihydroxyflavone	metabolite
astragalin kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.	2.01	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
kaempferol-3-o-galactoside kaempferol-3-O-galactoside: isolated from Ardisia pusilla; RN given refers to (3-(beta-D-galactopyranosyloxy))-isomer. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactoside compound with a 4',5,7-trihydroxychromen-3-yl group at the anomeric position.	2.44	2	0	beta-D-galactoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
gamma-oryzanol cycloartenyl ferulate: antinociceptive agent from rice bran; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	triterpenoid
tocoretinate tocoretinate: a hybrid compound composed of alpha-tocopherol esterified with retinoic acid; RN refers to (2R(4R,8R*)-(+-))-isomer	5.64	14	0	tocol
ethyl linoleate ethyl linoleate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of linoleic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.92	4	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
geranylgeranylacetone geranylgeranylacetone: structure in first source; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers. teprenone : A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).	2.02	1	0
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.05	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.	3.23	1	0	cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid	antibacterial drug
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	3.07	1	0	stilbenoid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	14.07	101	22	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 12/88. 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are palmitoyl and oleoyl respectively.	3.01	4	0	(18R,21S)-24-amino-21-hydroxy-21-oxido-15-oxo-16,20,22-trioxa-21lambdalambda(5)-phosphatetracosan-18-yl icosanoate; phosphatidylethanolamine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol [no description available]	2.49	2	0	phosphatidylglycerol
tocotrienol, alpha alpha-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been found in palm oil derived from Elaeis guineensis.	13.07	103	4	tocotrienol; vitamin E	ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
tocotrienol, beta beta-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been isolated from various cultivars of wheat.	5.67	18	0	tocotrienol; vitamin E	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
gamma-tocotrienol gamma-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 7 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. A vitamin E family member that has potent anti-cancer properties against a wide-range of cancers.	3.33	2	0	tocotrienol; vitamin E	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent
tocotrienol, delta delta-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2.	15.16	145	11	tocotrienol; vitamin E	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-hydroxyestradiol 4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	4-hydroxy steroid	metabolite
menatetrenone menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.	6.17	9	1	menaquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	3.22	6	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	13.62	40	16	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	4.03	4	0
epoprostenol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	prostaglandins I	mouse metabolite
indocyanine green [no description available]	3.23	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.05	1	0	cinnamic acids
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	3.23	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	3.59	2	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
zinostatin Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.	2.36	2	0
ethamolin monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma	3.23	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
alatrofloxacin mesylate [no description available]	3.59	2	0
9,11-linoleic acid 9,11-linoleic acid: a conjugated dienoic linoleate (CLA); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation in Chemline. (9E,11E)-octadecadienoic acid : An octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid having 9-trans,11-trans-stereochemistry.	2.74	3	0	octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antiatherogenic agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human metabolite
trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid : An octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid having (10E,12Z)-configuration.	2.49	2	0	octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid
primaquine jacaric acid: has antineoplastic activity; a conjugated fatty acid isolated from jacaranda seed oil; 18:3(8c,10t,12c)	2.08	1	0	octadecatrienoic acid
9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid 9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN refers to (E,E)-isomer	2	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: chemorepellant factor which maintains blood vessel wall thromboresistance; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer	2.69	3	0	octadecadienoic acid
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f2alpha 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha: main metabolite of PGF2alpha in plasma after allergen provoked asthma; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha)-isomer; structure. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha obtained by formal oxidation of the 15-hydroxy group and hydrogenation of the 13,14-double bond of prostaglandin F2alpha.	5	9	1	ketone; prostaglandins Falpha	metabolite
2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin f1alpha 2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha: formed from 6-keto-PGF1alpha by Mycobacterium rhodochrous; RN given refers to (1R-(1alph,2beta(1E,3S*)))-isomer; structure given in first source. 2,3-dinor-6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin F1alpha lacking two methylenes in the carboxyalkyl chain and bearing an oxo group at the 6-position.	1.97	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	11.31	69	15	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,3-dinor-thromboxane b2 [no description available]	1.97	1	0	thromboxane
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.	2.84	3	0	HETE; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
8-isoprostaglandin e2 8-isoprostaglandin E2: RN given refers to (5Z,8 beta,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer; see also 8,12-epi-prostaglandin E2 & prostaglandin E2. 8-epi-prostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	3.4	1	1	cyclic ketone; diol; prostanoid; secondary alcohol	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; rat metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
4-hydroxy-2-hexenal 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal: metabolite from senecionine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	5.27	4	1	fatty aldehyde
2-nonenal, (trans)-isomer 2-nonenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. non-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.. (E)-non-2-enal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-non-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1.	2	1	0	enal; medium-chain fatty aldehyde; monounsaturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	10.87	53	4	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
2,4-decadienal (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienal : A polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde that is decanal which has undergone formal dehydrogenation to introduce trans- double bonds at the 2-3 and 4-5 positions. A product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and a component of cooking oil fumes.	2.1	1	0	polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde	apoptosis inducer; nematicide
n-oleoylethanolamine N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.	2.06	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-acylethanolamine 18:1	EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	3.77	10	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoserine {1-O-hexadecanoyl-2-O-[(Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phospho}serine : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine compound with a palmitoyl group at the 1-position and an oleoyl group at the 2-position.	2.52	2	0	3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine
ubiquinone 6 [no description available]	2	1	0	ubiquinones	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ubiquinone 8 [no description available]	2.4	2	0	ubiquinones	biomarker
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	7.07	14	1
cholesteryl oleate cholesteryl oleate: RN given refers to ((Z)-isomer). cholesteryl oleate : The (Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate.	1.96	1	0	CE(18:1); cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate	mouse metabolite
24-hydroxyvitamin d3 24-hydroxyvitamin D3: RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E,24R)-isomer	2.6	1	0
hyodeoxycholic acid hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer. hyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6.	3.1	1	0	5beta-cholanic acids; 6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid; bile acid; C24-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
codeine [no description available]	5.08	8	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	3.59	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
methyl 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoate methyl linoleate hydroperoxide: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer	3.23	6	0
methyl linoleate [no description available]	6.61	40	0	fatty acid methyl ester	plant metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.66	3	0	hydrochloride
natamycin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; dicarboxylic acid monoester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyene antibiotic	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; ophthalmology drug
3-amino-1-methyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure	2.38	2	0	pyridoindole
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	3.59	2	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	2.06	1	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.51	2	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dothiepin
estropipate estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients	3.53	2	0	piperazinium salt; steroid sulfate
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	4.05	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	5.68	7	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ly 163892 loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.	3.23	1	0	carbacephem; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
nabilone nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.23	1	0
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	3.53	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	5.33	10	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	6.89	6	2	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)	4.35	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	14.49	90	7	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	5.2	14	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	5.06	7	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	3.23	1	0
6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol 6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol bearing an additional 6alpha-hydroxy substituent.	3.1	1	0	6alpha-hydroxy steroid
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.43	2	0	cyclodextrin
menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.	2.17	1	0	menaquinone	bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.45	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
cerium cholesteryl linoleate: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. cholesteryl linoleate : The (9Z,12Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadeca-9,12-dienoate.	3.5	8	0	CE(18:2); cholesteryl octadeca-9,12-dienoate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol seocalcitol: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	5.11	10	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	5.41	11	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h [no description available]	2.05	1	0
anthramycin [no description available]	1.95	1	0
benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.	3.23	1	0	amphetamines; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	3.8	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	3.23	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	3.66	2	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	3.39	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	2	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.	3.85	3	0	organic molecular entity
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.72	3	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin j2 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2: 15-deoxy-PGJ2 is also available; check for double bonds (indicated by delta) at 12 and 14 positions. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 : A prostaglandin J derivative comprising prostaglandin J2 lacking the 15-hydroxy group and having C=C double bonds at the 12- and 14-positions.	2.05	1	0	prostaglandins J	electrophilic reagent; insulin-sensitizing drug; metabolite
lacidipine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	cinnamate ester; tert-butyl ester
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.6	1	0	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.53	2	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	7.35	34	1	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.91	4	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	4.05	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.23	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
ono 3708 ONO 3708: structure given in first source; thromboxane A2 antagonist	1.98	1	0
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	2.03	1	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	2.69	3	0
spirapril spirapril: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	azaspiro compound; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; dithioketal; ethyl ester; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
sq 29548 SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist	2.4	2	0
vinorelbine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
silodosin silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	indolecarboxamide
octadecadienoic acid octadecadienoic acid: location of unsaturation not specified. octadecadienoate : A long-chain, unsaturated fatty acid anion formed by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any octadecadienoic acid; major species at pH 7.3.. octadecadienoic acid : Any straight-chain, C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid having two C=C double bonds.	2.73	3	0
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid: metabolite of arachidonic acid in blood platelet suspension; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.38	2	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; trienoic fatty acid	metabolite
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	3.95	13	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
biliverdine [no description available]	3.83	4	0
bisdemethoxycurcumin curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.	2.72	3	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; metabolite
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	3.1	1	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
syringin syringin: a phenylpropanoid glycoside; see also eleutherosides & lyoniside for eleutheroside A: 474-58-8. syringin : A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.02	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dimethoxybenzene; monosaccharide derivative; primary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
ethyl caffeate (E)-ethyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate: structure in first source. ethyl trans-caffeate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with ethanol.	2.08	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester; ethyl ester; hydroxycinnamic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
andrographolide [no description available]	3.37	6	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
kaempferol-3-o-rutinoside kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside: isolated from the methanolic extract of the whole plants of Diodia teres through repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography; structure in first source. kaempferol-3-rutinoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside that is kaempferol attached to a rutinosyl [6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucosyl] residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Solanum campaniforme.	2.07	1	0	disaccharide derivative; kaempferol O-glucoside; rutinoside; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
icaritin icaritin: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
methyl linolenate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester	insect attractant; plant metabolite
tiliroside tiliroside: isolated from seeds of Eremocarpus setigerus	2.05	1	0	cinnamate ester; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
trilinolein trilinolein: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. 1,2,3-trilinoleoylglycerol : A triglyceride formed by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with linoleic acid.	2.95	4	0	1,2-diacyl-3-linoleoylglycerol; 1,3-diacyl-2-linoleoylglycerol; linoleoyl containing 1,2,3-triacyl-sn-glycerol; TG(18:2/18:2/18:2); triglyceride	mouse metabolite
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
malealdehyde malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer	2.06	1	0	but-2-enedial
furazolidone [no description available]	2.05	1	0
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	3.87	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.08	1	0
erbstatin erbstatin: from actinomycetes; an inhibitor of EGF-receptor kinase & other protein-tyrosine kinases; structure in first source	2	1	0
bosutinib 4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile: a Src kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; N-methylpiperazine; nitrile; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.05	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.	2.05	1	0
su 11248 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; cyclopentanes; piperidines; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	4.06	4	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
5-hydroxy-3,3',4',7-tetramethoxyflavone 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone: from the rhizome of Kaempferia parviflora; inhibits monocyte adhesion and cellular reactive oxygen species production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. 5-hydroxy-3,3',4',7-tetramethoxyflavone : A monohydroxyflavone that is 5-hydroxyflavone which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3,3',4' and 7.	2.05	1	0	3'-methoxyflavones; monohydroxyflavone; tetramethoxyflavone	plant metabolite
4-nerolidylcatechol 4-nerolidylcatechol: scavenges peroxyl radicals; inhibits Fe(II)-dependent DNA damage; isolated from Pothomorphe; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	9.7	61	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.39	2	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
11-hydroxy-5,8,12,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 11-hydroxy-5,8,12,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.95	1	0
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	5.79	12	2
13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z)-isomer; RN for unspecified isomer not in Chemline 8/12/83. 13-HPODE : An HPODE (hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid) in which the double bonds are at positions 9 and 11 (E and Z geometry, respectively) and the hydroperoxy group is at position 13.	2.71	3	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.4	2	0
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.07	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.	3.59	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound
8-hydroxy-11,12-epoxyeicosa-5,9,14-trienoic acid hepoxilin : Mono-hydroxy epoxy icosatrienoic acids which are generated along the 12-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.11	1	0
molsidomine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	4.79	10	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.4	2	0
methyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl ketone methyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl ketone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.61	2	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	1.97	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin: possess strong antioxidant and radical scavenging activities; structure in first source	1.99	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine: structure given in first source	4.33	4	1
triphenyltin triphenyltin: triphenyltin derivatives widely used as pesticides; all of first source is triphenyltin cpds	2.41	1	0
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	3.35	7	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	5.74	27	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	4.34	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	1.95	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	2.86	4	0	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.89	4	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	9.91	47	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	4.35	3	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	3.83	3	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
dextrorphan Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.	1.98	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	3.23	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
cefixime [no description available]	3.59	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	4.52	7	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	3.23	1	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	10.32	26	14	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
verteporfin (2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.	3.23	1	0
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	3.86	3	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	8.55	27	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
glyceryl behenate 1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.	2.02	1	0	1-monoglyceride; fatty acid ester	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	2.72	3	0	azoxy compound
ethyl oleate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.92	1	0
methyl oleate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester
zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)	3.23	1	0	styrenes
2,3-oxidosqualene 2,3-oxidosqualene: an oxidized derivative of SQUALENE that can fold in several ways: chair-boat-chair-boat to LANOSTEROL; chair-chair-chair-boat to dammarane; or all chair to hopane and on to cycloartenol; RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer. 2,3-epoxysqualene : A squalene triterpenoid obtained by formal epoxidation across the 2,3 C=C bond of squalene.	2.4	2	0	epoxide; squalene triterpenoid
ethyl arachidonate ethyl arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.41	2	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	human blood serum metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
costunolide [no description available]	2	1	0
plastoquinone [no description available]	7.23	33	0	plastoquinone
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	5.23	12	1	alkatriene	fluorochrome
3',4',5'-O-trimethyltricetin 3',4',5'-O-trimethyltricetin : A trimethoxyflavone that is the 3',4',5'-tri-O-methyl ether of tricetin.	2.02	1	0	3',5'-dimethoxyflavone; dihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	2	1	0	alkaloid
puerarin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
eleostearic acid eleostearic acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.74	3	0	octadecatrienoic acid
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	5.75	6	1	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	2.05	1	0
trientine hydrochloride [no description available]	3.23	1	0
n-methylscopolamine bromide scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.	3.23	1	0
ternatin (flavonoid) ternatin (flavonoid): from Sceptridium ternatum; also isolated from Egletes viscosa; structure in first source	2	1	0	ether; flavonoids
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	2.13	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	4.44	22	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
deoxyribose [no description available]	2.91	4	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	4.06	3	1	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	3.13	5	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
acetyl acetonate [no description available]	2.41	2	0
bleomycin [no description available]	3.59	2	0	bleomycin	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	11.69	100	3	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	3.09	5	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	10.19	67	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	3.14	5	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	2.71	3	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	3.59	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
normorphine normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	6.95	26	1
nitecapone nitecapone: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
imidapril imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
demethoxycurcumin demethoxycurcumin: corresponds to curcumin with one methoxy group replaced by hydrogen; isolated from rhizomes of Curcuma longa. demethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior.	2.01	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.	2.45	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
apocarotenal apocarotenal: structure. 8'-apo-beta,psi-caroten-8'-al : An apo carotenoid triterpenoid compound arising from oxidative degradation of the beta,beta-carotene skeleton at the 8'-position.	2.41	2	0	apo carotenoid triterpenoid; enal
pepstatin pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin	2.42	2	0	pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.	3.59	2	0	amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor
phytochlorin phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source	2.55	2	0
cefuroxime [no description available]	3.23	1	0	3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin; furans; oxime O-ether	drug allergen
ceftriaxone [no description available]	3.87	3	0	1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	3.23	1	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
pafuramidine pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine	3.23	1	0
ceftazidime [no description available]	3.23	1	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
monodehydroascorbate semidehydroascorbic acid: structure	6.12	9	1	organic radical	mouse metabolite
trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.59	2	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	1.98	1	0
6-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1h,4h)-quinoxalinedione 6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1H,4H)-quinoxalinedione: inhibits AMPA receptor binding; structure given in first source	2	1	0
troxerutin troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides	3.25	6	0
naltrindole benzofuran naltrindole benzofuran: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	4.34	5	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
capuramycin capuramycin: from Streptomyces griseus 446-S3; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
3,8-dihydroxy-6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one: metabolite of ellagic acid	3.48	1	1	coumarins	geroprotector
alvimopan anhydrous alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain	3.23	1	0	peptide
baohuoside i baohuoside I: structure given in first source; isolated from the herb Epimedium davidii	3.02	4	0	glycosyloxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
4(g)-alpha-glucopyranosyl-rutin 4(G)-alpha-glucopyranosyl-rutin: structure given in first source	3.41	1	1
glucose-cysteine glucose-cysteine: RN refers to (D-glucose-L-Cys)-isomer	2.13	1	0
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	3.8	11	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
docosapentaenoic acid docosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid : The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.	4.87	4	2	docosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	3.1	1	0	isoquinolines
guanabenz acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene	geroprotector
famotidine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	4.19	16	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
n-caproylsphingosine N-(hexanoyl)sphing-4-enine : An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.	2.02	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
phenyldehydroalanine [no description available]	2.15	1	0
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dilC18(3)(1+) : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindoleinine units at each end.	2.91	4	0	Cy5 dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.09	5	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
25-hydroxyvitamin d 2 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2: 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.	6.19	12	3	hydroxycalciol; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; nutraceutical
lyoniside daucosterol : A steroid saponin that is sitosterol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has bee isolated from Panax japonicus var. major and Breynia fruticosa.	2.08	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; steroid saponin	plant metabolite
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	3.87	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
aztreonam [no description available]	3.59	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; monobactam	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
macromomycin protein macromomycin protein: weakly basic protein isolated from Streptomyces macromomyceticus; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; macromomycin is the apoprotein (MW=11kD) of auromomycin which is a chromophore called AUR-Chr (C35H33NO12) that is the cytotoxic component	1.95	1	0
1-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)piperazine 1-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)piperazine: dopamine uptake inhibitor and indirect dopamine agonist	1.98	1	0
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	3.5	1	1	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	2.7	3	0
indicaxanthin indicaxanthin: structure in first source	2.72	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
bisabolol bisabolol: monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with strong bacteriocidal effects, especilly against M. Tuberc.; isolated from seed plant Populus tacamacaha; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric desigation	3.86	2	1
magnesium citrate magnesium citrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and dibasic citrate ions in a 1:1 ratio.. trimagnesium dicitrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and citrate ions in a 3:2 ratio.	2.17	1	0	magnesium salt	laxative
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	3.78	3	0
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	2.05	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
iodoresiniferatoxin iodoresiniferatoxin: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist	2.05	1	0
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite
mastoparan [no description available]	2.01	1	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.71	3	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.46	2	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	31.17	1,907	205	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
selenocysteine Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.	4.38	6	0
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	3.35	7	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
polonium Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).	2.13	1	0	chalcogen; metal atom
radium Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.	4.58	6	1	alkaline earth metal atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	6.56	15	1
3,3'-(1,4-naphthylidene)diproprionate 3,3'-(1,4-naphthylidene)diproprionate: RN given refers to the disodium salt	2.4	2	0
cefpodoxime [no description available]	3.23	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
clinoptilolite clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF	3.81	2	1
palonosetron Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.	3.23	1	0	azabicycloalkane; delta-lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound	antiemetic; serotonergic antagonist
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	6.99	13	2	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
epoprostenol sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	prostanoid
ethyl linolenate ethyl linolenate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of linolenic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.41	2	0
cgp 39551 CGP 39551: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester: RN given refers to compound with specified unsaturation and no isomeric designation	2.69	3	0
dykellic acid dykellic acid: an apoptosis inhibitor isolated from Westerdykella multispora; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
mevalonolactone mevalonolactone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation; structure. mevalonolactone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-mevalonolactone and (S)-mevalonolactone.	2.06	1	0	4-hydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-one	fungal metabolite; plant metabolite
raubasine raubasine: RN given refers to (19alpha)-isomer; structure	2.44	2	0	yohimban alkaloid
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	1.98	1	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	4.31	19	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	3.77	11	0	amidobenzoic acid
hexanoylcarnitine hexanoylcarnitine: RN given refers to chloride salt; RN for parent cpd not available 11/89. O-hexanoylcarnitine : An O-acylcarnitine compound having hexanoyl as the acyl substituent.	2.07	1	0	hexanoate ester; O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
pregnanediol [no description available]	4.93	7	0
cholestanol Cholestanol: A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.	2.25	1	0	cholestanoid
ferrous fumarate ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt	1.97	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
methylazoxymethanol methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source	2.4	2	0	azoxy compound
dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.	3.69	10	0	polyterpene
simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.	2.01	1	0
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.	2.43	2	0
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	3.42	7	0
vitamin a2 vitamin A2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-3,4-didehydroretinol : A retinoid derived from 3,4-desaturation of the beta-ionone ring of all-trans-retinol.	2.94	4	0	retinoid; vitamin A	human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
rifaximin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterohexacyclic compound; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative	antimicrobial agent; gastrointestinal drug; orphan drug
4-oxoretinoic acid 4-oxoretinoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. all-trans-4-oxoretinoic acid : A retinoid that consists of all-trans-retinoic acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 4 on the cyclohexenyl ring.	1.99	1	0	enone; retinoid	human xenobiotic metabolite
1-(1-glycero)dodeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene 1-(1-glycero)dodeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene: fecapentaene mutagen of bacterial origin from human feces; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
involucrin involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor	2.45	2	0
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.	2.67	3	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
manoalide manoalide: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; sesterterpene from marine sponge L. variabilis; structure given in first source. manoalide : A sesterterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Luffariella variabilis and which has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity towards phospholipase A2.	2	1	0	butenolide; lactol; sesterterpenoid	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; metabolite
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine: chemical name in article is incorrect - phosphatidylethandamine instead of phosphatidylethanolamine. dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.46	2	0	phosphatidylethanolamine
2-mercapto-3-furan-2-ylpropenoic acid 2-mercapto-3-furan-2-ylpropenoic acid: thiol antidote in mercury poisoning	1.98	1	0
plastochromanol 8 plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol	16.99	278	10
1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine [no description available]	3.52	8	0
1-o-hexadecyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1-O-hexadecyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer	2.39	2	0
retinyl stearate all-trans-retinyl stearate : A fatty acid ester formed between stearic acid and all-trans-retinol.	2.38	2	0	fatty acid ester
u 75412e U 75412E: a member of the lazaroid family of 21-amino steroid derivatives	1.97	1	0
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-o-glucopyranoside 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-glucopyranoside: isolated from dried root tubers of Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine 1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine: RN given in first source; RN given refers to (R-(Z,Z))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/90. 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl L-serine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.. phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1) : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are octadecenoyl groups.	2.39	2	0	phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1)	mouse metabolite
ciprostene ciprostene: structure given in first source	2.88	1	0	prostanoid
kme 4 KME 4: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z,Z,Z,Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 4/89. 5-HEPE : A hydroxyicosapentaenoic acid that consists of 6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-icosapentaenoic acid with the hydroxy group located at position 5.	2.15	1	0	HEPE	mouse metabolite
13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid: RN given refers to (Z,Z,Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 7/91	1.97	1	0
zeta carotene zeta Carotene: A carotenoid produced in most carotenogenic organisms. It is one of several sequentially synthesized molecules that are precursors to BETA CAROTENE.	2	1	0	zeta-carotene
ubiquinone q3 [no description available]	1.95	1	0
plastoquinol plastoquinol: reduced form of plastoquinone. plastoquinol : A prenyl- or polyprenyl-hydroquinone that results from the reduction of a plastoquinone to the corresponding hydroquinone.. plastoquinol-9 : A plastoquinol in which an all-E nonaprenyl group is attached to position 5 of 2,3-dimethylhydroquinone.	4.39	6	0	plastoquinol
1,2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine: used for premature induction of labor in rabbits; RN given refers to (all Z)-isomer	4.98	9	1
zeatin riboside zeatin riboside: RN given refers to parent cpd. 9-ribosyl-trans-zeatin : A 9-ribosylzeatin having trans-zeatin as the nucleobase.	2.05	1	0	9-ribosylzeatin; nucleoside analogue	cytokinin; plant metabolite
tylvalosin 3-acetyl-4''-isovaleryltylosin: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
diacetylcurcumin diacetylcurcumin: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
1-stearoyl-2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-octadecanoyl-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A phosphatidylcholine 36:2 in which the acyl groups positions 1 and 2 are specified as octadecanoyl and (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl respectively.	2.02	1	0	phosphatidylcholine 36:2	mouse metabolite
everolimus [no description available]	3.23	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
meso-zeaxanthin meso-zeaxanthin: diastereomer of zeaxanthin. meso-zeaxanthin : A carotenol that is beta,beta-carotene carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3R,3'S-diastereomer). It is rarely found in diet and is believed to be formed at the macula by metabolic transformations of ingested carotenoids.	5.5	2	2	carotenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	2.25	1	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
ubichromenol [no description available]	4.99	13	0
ixabepilone [no description available]	3.59	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
chlorophyll chlorophyll a': RN refers to (SP-4-2-(3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21alpha)))-isomer	2.13	1	0
trisialoganglioside gt1 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
idb 1016 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
cgp-56697 Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: Drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA.	2.21	1	0
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.	2	1	0	galactosylceramide sulfate; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
19-hydroxycholesterol 19-hydroxycholesterol: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0	cholestanoid
4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	quinic acid
indigo carmine 3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.	2.03	1	0
cholesteryl arachidonate cholesteryl arachidonate: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesteryl arachidonate : A cholesterol ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group in cholesterol with the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.39	2	0	cholesteryl icosatetraenoate	antibacterial agent; mouse metabolite
azlocillin Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.	2.05	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	2.46	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.	2.08	1	0	carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; prodrug
ceftizoxime [no description available]	3.23	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide	serotonergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
paclobutrazol paclobutrazol: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer. paclobutrazol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol. It acts as a plant-growth retardant and fungicide via inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.	2.44	2	0
beta-escin [no description available]	6.34	21	0
borneol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	borneol
4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	1.98	1	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
dantrolene sodium dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.	2.05	1	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	5.29	10	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
suloctidil Suloctidil: A peripheral vasodilator that was formerly used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is hepatotoxic and fatalities have occurred. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	2.37	2	0
lactacystin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	2.48	2	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
shellac shellac: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0
beta-tocopherol [no description available]	7.21	28	1	tocopherol; vitamin E	food component; plant metabolite
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.13	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	3.1	5	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
phytofluene phytofluene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.86	4	2	phytofluene
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.11	5	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
dantrolene [no description available]	3.23	1	0
roxithromycin (E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.	2.05	1	0	roxithromycin	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cefdinir [no description available]	3.23	1	0	cephalosporin; ketoxime	antibacterial drug
org 2766 Org 2766: ACTH 4-9 (H-Met(O)-Glu-His-Phe-D-Lys-Phe-OH) analog in which 4-Met position of fragment substituted by 4-Met sulfoxide, 8-Arg replaced by 8-D-Lys & 9-Trp replaced by 9-Phe; RN given refers to (D-Lys)-isomer	3.13	1	0
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	1.97	1	0
etonogestrel [no description available]	3.23	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin
beraprost beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.	2.05	1	0	enyne; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
bufogenin bufogenin: respiratory stimulant; from toad; structure. bufogenin : A steroid lactone of Chan su (toad venom), a Chinese medicine obtained from the skin venom gland of toads. A specific Na/K-ATPase protein inhibitor, it is used as a cardiotonic and central nervous system (CNS) respiratory agent, an analgesic and anesthetic, and as a remedy for ulcers.	2.13	1	0	epoxy steroid; steroid lactone	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
lanreotide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
temsirolimus [no description available]	3.23	1	0	macrolide lactam
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	6.6	9	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
beta-elemene beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.	2.1	1	0	beta-elemene	antineoplastic agent
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension	3.59	2	0	diarylmethane
bibx 1382bs BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001	3.23	1	0	substituted aniline
fesoterodine fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
corosolic acid [no description available]	2.17	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	3.25	5	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
bornyl acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; monoterpenoid
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.5	2	0	borneol
acetylcarnitine O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.	2.05	1	0	O-acetylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	3.95	13	0	ammonium ion derivative
cyclo(leucyl-prolyl) cyclo(leucyl-prolyl): structure in first source. cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) : A homodetic cyclic peptide composed from leucyl and prolyl residues.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide; homodetic cyclic peptide; pyrrolopyrazine	bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite
cyclo(leucyl-phenylalanyl) cyclo(leucyl-phenylalanyl): has pronuclear fusion inhibitory activity; isolated from Streptomyces albulus; structure in first source. cyclo(L-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl) : A member of the class of 2,5-diketopiperazines that is piperazine-2,5-dione in which one hydrogen at position 3 and one hydrogen at position 6 are replaced by benzyl and isobutyl groups (the 3S,6S-diastereomer).	2.07	1	0	2,5-diketopiperazines	metabolite
bufalin bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.	2.17	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid	animal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; cardiotonic drug
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	4.24	5	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	5.84	18	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	4.45	3	1	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	5.12	3	1	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	2.07	1	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	3.61	9	0
phoxim phoxim: structure	2.57	2	0
nifurtoinol nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.	2.05	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	3.23	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.	3.23	1	0	benzimidazoles; sulfoxide
2-hexyl-1-cyclopentanone thiosemicarbazone 2-hexyl-1-cyclopentanone thiosemicarbazone: inhibits HDL receptor SR-B1; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
fosinopril [no description available]	3.59	2	0
armodafinil armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.	3.23	1	0	2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide	central nervous system stimulant; eugeroic
s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.	2.44	2	0	L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound	hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
s-allylcysteine S-allylcysteine: structure in first source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. S-allylcysteine : An S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulphur is replaced by a prop-2-enyl group. It commonly occurs in garlic and has been found to exhibit antineoplastic activity.	2.44	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
s-allylmercaptocysteine S-allylmercaptocysteine: a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation	1.99	1	0
bo 653 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2,2-dipentyl-4,6-di-tert-butylbenzofuran: an antiatherogenic antioxidant; structure given in first source	6.29	11	1
eflucimibe eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor	2.05	1	0
jbp 485 JBP 485: has antihepatitis activity	2.41	1	0
1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)indazole-3-carbohydrazide [no description available]	2.17	1	0
bicyclol bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.	3.48	1	1
euk-134 EUK-134: antioxidant; structure in first source	3.13	1	0
lu 28-179 Lu 28-179: sigma(2) ligand and lysosomotropic agent; structure in first source	2	1	0
omacor Omacor: a drug containing the n-3 fatty acids that corrects plasma lipid; antiarrhthymic	4.04	1	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	3.23	1	0	oligopeptide
3,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazolidin-4-one 3,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazolidin-4-one: structure given in first source; SM-12502 is the (+) enantiomer of SM-10661; PAF antagonist	1.98	1	0
tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.	3.23	1	0	alkylbenzene
capryloyl salicylic acid [no description available]	3.11	1	0
etomoxir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
ketoprofen lysine ketoprofen lysine: lysine salt of ketoprofen; structure in first source	3.88	2	1
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	2.13	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
ginsenoside m1 ginsenoside M1: structure in first source. ginsenoside C-K : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.54	2	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
gambogic acid gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer	2.49	2	0	pyranoxanthones	metabolite
paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	2.58	2	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; fatty acid ester; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine
sun n8075 SUN N8075: structure in first source	2	1	0
bms201038 BMS201038: an anticholesteremic agent and microsomal triglycide transfer protein inhibitor. lomitapide : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 9-[4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)butyl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide. Used (as its mesylate salt) as a complement to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering treatments in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; fluorenes; piperidines	anticholesteremic drug; MTP inhibitor
4-anisyltetrazolium blue tetrazolium blue : An organic chloride salt having tetrazolium blue(1+) as the counterion.	2	1	0	organic chloride salt	dye
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	3.59	2	0	organic molecular entity
cabazitaxel cabazitaxel: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. cabazitaxel : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 10-deacetylbaccatin III having O-methyl groups attached at positions 7 and 10 as well as an O-(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl group attached at position 13. Acts as a microtubule inhibitor, binds tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly and simultaneously inhibits disassembly.	2.41	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-stabilising agent
tocol tocol: synthetic with antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects; structure in first source. tocol : A chromanol with a chroman-6-ol skeleton that is substituted at position 2 by a saturated or triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units.	2.52	2	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	12.68	121	8	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
sc 236 4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide: SC58236 = SC236 re email from Harris, Ray	2.02	1	0
cefditoren cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.	3.23	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	2.25	1	0	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	4.45	3	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-(n-(s-glutathionylacetyl)amino)phenylarsenoxide 4-(N-(S-glutathionylacetyl)amino)phenylarsenoxide: structure in first source	2	1	0	glutathione derivative
n-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-lysine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
sucrose monolaurate sucrose monolaurate: RN given refers to monolaurate	2.06	1	0
gentamicin sulfate [no description available]	2.74	3	0
n,n-bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
secoisolariciresinol diglucoside secoisolariciresinol diglucoside: major precursor of mammalian lignans; structure given in first source; RN given refers to B-D-GLUCO isomer	3.84	3	0
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	3.75	9	0	fatty acid ester
norcodeine norcodeine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer. norcodeine : A morphinane-like compound that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	19.85	295	20	diterpenoid
negundoside negundoside: an antioxidant irridiod glycoside from leaves of Vitex negundo; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
s 5682 S 5682: a purified flavonoid fraction composed of 90% diosmin 7-rhamnoglucoside and 10% hesperidin 7-rhamnoglucoside	2	1	0
zeolites [no description available]	4.57	5	1
tetramethylrhodamine tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure	2.02	1	0	xanthene dye
u 18666a 3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.	1.98	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; nicotinic antagonist; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
a 85783.0 A 85783.0: a platelet activating factor antagonist; structure in first source	2	1	0
ubiquinol ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.	13.08	105	9	polyprenylhydroquinone; ubiquinol	biomarker; metabolite
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	3.48	8	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
4-hydroxyestrone 4-hydroxyestrone : A 4-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; catechols; phenolic steroid	carcinogenic agent; estrogen; human urinary metabolite
azacosterol Azacosterol: Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.	1.95	1	0
methionine sulfoxide methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.	1.99	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine S-oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	2.11	1	0
kaempferol 7-o-glucoside kaempferol 7-O-glucoside: structure in first source. kaempferol 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside that is kaempferol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.02	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; flavonols; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate	3.86	2	1
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	3.23	1	0	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
sepantronium sepantronium: a survivin suppressant with antineoplastic activity. sepantronium : An organic cation that is 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione in which the nitrogen at position 3 of the napthoimidazole moiety has been alkylated by a pyrazin-2-ylmethyl group.	2.21	1	0	organic cation
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	3.23	1	0
n-acetylcysteinamide [no description available]	2.21	1	0
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	3.41	1	1
lithium succinate lithium succinate: lithium important for treatment of genital herpes	3.13	1	0
vitamin u Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.. S-methyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-methyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	1.98	1	0	methyl-L-methionine; sulfonium betaine
2-methylnaphtho(2,3-b)furan-4,9-dione [no description available]	2.01	1	0
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.82	3	0
succinyl-leucyl-leucyl-valyl-tyrosyl-methylcoumarinamide succinyl-leucyl-leucyl-valyl-tyrosyl-methylcoumarinamide: fluorogenic substrate for ingensin. succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin : A tetrapeptide compound with a succinyl group at the N-terminal and a 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin group at the C-terminal.	2.04	1	0	7-aminocoumarins; tetrapeptide	fluorochrome
homocarnosine homocarnosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. homocarnosine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-amino group has been replaced by a 4-aminobutanoyl group.	1.98	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; homocarnosine; L-histidine derivative; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite
decanoylcarnitine decanoylcarnitine: therapeutic agent for diabetic acidosis; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-decanoylcarnitine : An O-acylcarnitine compound having decanoyl as the acyl substituent.	2.07	1	0	decanoate ester; O-acylcarnitine	human urinary metabolite
vismione b vismione B: from Cratoxylum sumatranum; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
11 beta-hydroxyandrosterone 11 beta-hydroxyandrosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha,11beta)-isomer; structure	3.1	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
trans-sodium crocetinate trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma	2.13	1	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	5.64	5	1
2-hydroxyestriol 2-hydroxyestriol: structure	3.48	2	0
macelignan macelignan: an NSAID with antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and neuroprotective activities; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	lignan
cosaldon [no description available]	1.96	1	0
1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one: a macrophage TNF-alpha antagonist; structure in first source	2.43	2	0	diarylheptanoid; enone; phenols	plant metabolite
trans-delta-tocotrienoloic acid tocotrienoloic acid: from leaves of Tovomitopsis psychotriifolia; structure given in first source	4.22	6	0	tocotrienol
ferrous succinate ferrous succinate: RN given refers to Fe(+2)(1:1) salt; important as iron supplement	1.95	1	0
flurogestone acetate Flurogestone Acetate: A synthetic fluorinated steroid that is used as a progestational hormone.	3.43	1	1	corticosteroid hormone
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	3.1	5	0
vinflunine vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
digalactosyldiacylglycerol digalactosyldiacylglycerol: two Galactoses bound to diacylglycerol; the mono Gal MGDG is also available; constitutes 20% of plant chloroplast lipids; see also 1,2-distearoyldigalactosyldiglyceride	2.05	1	0
3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol-4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol-4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that consists of 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Acacia mearnsii it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; benzyl alcohols; beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
baci-im [no description available]	3.59	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide; zwitterion	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	3.1	5	0
hydroxymatairesinol hydroxymatairesinol: a plant lignan from Norway spruce (Picea abies); structure in first source	2.48	2	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	1.99	1	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.66	3	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine: structure in first source	3.53	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	3.38	1	1
cambogin isogarcinol: has immunosuppresant activity; isolated from Garcinia mangostana; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	triterpenoid
flubendiamide flubendiamide: activates ryanodine-sensitive calcium release channels in insects; structure in first source	2.58	2	0	organofluorine insecticide	ryanodine receptor modulator
erastin erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. erastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.	4.04	3	0	aromatic ether; diether; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; quinazolines; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer; voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
n-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanamide N-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanamide: MK-0364 is the (1S,2S)-isomer; a cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonist; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	stilbenoid
epoxomicin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	morpholines; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
bms 477118 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	adamantanes; azabicycloalkane; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; tertiary alcohol	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
fg-4592 roxadustat: structure in first source. roxadustat : An N-acylglycine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of glycine with the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-7-phenoxyisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. It is an inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH).	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; isoquinolines; N-acylglycine	EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.29 (hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor
arbaclofen placarbil arbaclofen placarbil: an R-baclofen prodrug; may improve the treatment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease, spasticity; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	3.86	3	0	nystatins
Phenylethyl beta-D-glucopyranoside [no description available]	2.02	1	0	glycoside
pirarubicin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	anthracycline
linoleic acid hydroperoxide linoleic acid hydroperoxide: RN refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. linoleic acid hydroperoxide : A HPODE that is a mono-hydroperoxy derivative of linoleic acid	4.24	18	0
potassium cyanate potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO	2.05	1	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound	herbicide
mitoquinone mitoquinone: has antineoplastic activity	3.54	2	0
artemisone artemisone: second-generation semi-synthetic artemisinin derivative for antimalarial therapy devoid of neurotoxicity	2.48	2	0
emamectin benzoate emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source. emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).	2.72	2	0	emamectins
anacetrapib [no description available]	2.05	1	0
carfilzomib [no description available]	3.27	1	0	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
apremilast [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2.21	1	0
chlorophyll b [no description available]	2.69	3	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	2.94	4	0
milnacipran [no description available]	3.23	1	0	acetamides
14-deoxyandrographolide 14-deoxyandrographolide: from Andrographis paniculata; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	3.07	4	0	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
fluorapacin fluorapacin: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
protoapigenone protoapigenone: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Thelypteris torresiana; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
2,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxystilbene oleocanthal: newly pressed extra-virgin olive oil contains oleocanthal, acting as a natural anti-inflammatory compound that has a potency and profile strikingly similar to that of ibuprofen; structure in first source. oleocanthal : A carboxylic ester that is the 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of (3S)-4-formyl-3-(2-oxoethyl)hex-4-enoic acid. Oleocanthal is found in olive oil but it is not clear whether the natural product is a mixture of E/Z isomers or a single isomer as the two isomers readily interconvert in solution; most pharmacological studies will have been performed using a mixture.	2.06	1	0
deoxyarbutin 4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenol: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	12.11	43	22
octanoylcarnitine octanoylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-octanoyl-L-carnitine : The L-enantiomer of an O-octanoylcarnitine.	2.07	1	0	O-octanoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	human metabolite
palmitoylcarnitine Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).	2.01	1	0	O-palmitoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
doramectin [no description available]	2.25	1	0	macrolide
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	4.9	36	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	3.49	7	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.08	1	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	3.37	5	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	4.36	6	0
copper oxychloride [no description available]	3.83	2	1
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	4.25	3	0
pf 03491390 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
n-monoacetylcystine N-monoacetylcystine: antidote for paracetamol poisoning	3.5	1	1
24-hydroxycholesterol 24-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 24.	2.76	3	0	24-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; oxysterol
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	15.06	92	20
alloin barbaloin: RN given refers to (R)-isomer; source for isobarbaloin is Biol Pharm Bull 1998 Nov; 21(11):1226-7	2.17	1	0
dihydrotachysterol Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.	2.63	3	0
neoxanthin neoxanthin: one of the main carotenoids in chloroplasts of higher plants and algae; RN given refers to (9'-cis)-isomer. neoxanthin : An epoxycarotenoid that is 6,7-didehydro-5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5',6'-epoxy-beta,beta-carotene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3, 3', and 5 positions.	2.01	1	0
silidianin [no description available]	2	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.47	2	0
ro 6-4563 glibornuride: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS to search GLIBORNURIDE 1975-92; an oral, sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion	1.99	1	0	monoterpenoid
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	6.6	50	1
erythrosine Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	1.96	1	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.44	2	0
eriodictyol 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside [no description available]	2.05	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; flavanone glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavanone	plant metabolite; radical scavenger
ptaquiloside ptaquiloside: a norsesquiterpene from bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum); not a pteridine; can be activated to alkylate DNA	2.25	1	0
cleomiscosin d cleomiscosin D: from the root bark of Hibiscus syriacus (Malvaceae); structure in first source	2	1	0
rosmanol rosmanol: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
salvianolic acid c salvianolic acid C: mTOR inhibitor from Salvia miltiorrhiza	2.13	1	0	benzofurans
murabutide murabutide: adjuvant devoid of pyrogenicity	2.06	1	0
cysteinyldopa Cysteinyldopa: Found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of postoperative metastases. Cysteinyldopa is believed to be formed by the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of 5-S-glutathionedopa found in melanin-producing cells.	2.01	1	0	catecholamine; zwitterion
nodularin nodularin: cyclic pentapeptide toxin from NODULARIA SPUMIGENA	2.06	1	0	ether
ferrous citrate ferrous citrate: iron fortificant	1.99	1	0
hypocrellin a hypocrellin A: isolated from fungus Hypocrella bambusae sacc	1.97	1	0
lyoniside lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	2.05	1	0
phytyl diphosphate phytyl diphosphate : (E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl diphosphate in which both stereocentres have (R)-configuration.	2.13	1	0	(E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl diphosphate
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein: nonfluorescent, reduced form of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein	2.41	2	0
jaw [no description available]	3.61	2	0	indolecarboxamide
aflatoxin m1 Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; tertiary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mammalian metabolite
bioallethrin bioallethrin: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha(S*),3beta))-isomer; see also record for ALLETHRIN which is cpd without isomeric designation. bioallethrin : A partly enantiopure variant of allethrin consisting of a mixture of two allethrin isomers (1R,trans;1R and 1R,trans;1S) in an approximate ratio of 1:1. Widely registered mosquito adulticide and spatial repellent. Bioallethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used as a pesticide against household pest insects such as mosquitoes, houseflies and cockroaches.	2.41	1	0	allethrin; trans-allethrin
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	2.42	2	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	7.62	51	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
amodiaquine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	7.88	56	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.68	3	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.92	4	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	1.98	1	0
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.	3.23	1	0	polypeptide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2	1	0	polypeptide
tannins gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).	2.05	1	0	tannin
enfuvirtide Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.	3.23	1	0
aprotinin gordox: Drugs having as their active substance aprotinin (trasylol, gordox); gordox and contrycal are distinct molecules that both act as kallikrenin protease inhibitors	1.96	1	0
thymalfasin Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.	3.12	1	0	polypeptide
ganirelix [no description available]	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
(4-24)-ply(a) peptide-Gly-Leu-amide: 21-amino acid peptide from skin secretion of Xenopus laevis; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.13	1	0
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	2.07	1	0
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	1.99	1	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2.36	2	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	4.17	5	0	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	3.08	5	0
thymopoietin iii thymopoietin III: 48 AA monomeric peptide isolated from bovine spleen; thymopoietins I & II are from thymus; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.44	2	0
teriparatide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	4.14	3	1
salmon calcitonin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone; polypeptide	bone density conservation agent; metabolite
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	4.12	15	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.76	3	0
ly-146032 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; lipopeptide antibiotic; lipopeptide; macrocycle; macrolide	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; calcium-dependent antibiotics
liraglutide [no description available]	3.66	2	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	7.26	9	0
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	5.91	9	3
exenatide [no description available]	3.23	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	9.57	40	10	glycoside
quercetin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ceftiofur ceftiofur: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	7.45	14	3
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	13.25	311	8	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	1.95	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
vx-770 ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.6	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
feaox-6 FeAOX-6: antioxidant derived from a molecular combination of the chromanyl and polyisoprenyl moieties; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	7.67	82	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	4.38	4	1	organotin acaricide
aluminum lactate aluminum lactate: RN given refers to compound with unknown number of aluminum atoms	2.71	3	0	aluminium coordination entity; lactate salt
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	3.07	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
dihydroceramide dihydroceramide: lacks the 4-5 trans double bond of the sphingosine moiety of ceramides; structure in first source. N-acylsphinganine : A ceramide consisting of sphinganine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a fatty acyl group.. dihydroceramide : An N-acylsphingoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any fatty acid with the amino group of any dihydrosphingoid base.	2.78	3	0
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	3.63	3	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	2.9	4	0	organic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	21.37	708	60
pinoresinol pinoresinol: in plants; a furo[3,4-c]furan created from dimer of coniferyl alcohol. pinoresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl groups.	2.08	1	0
aramchol [no description available]	3.25	1	0
periplocymarin periplocymarin: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from both Periploca sepium and Periploca graeca	2.15	1	0
k-strophanthin-beta strophanthin K: induces arrhythmias; see also K-strophanthin-beta	2.37	2	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid aldehyde
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	3.29	6	0
citric acid, iron, sorbitol drug combination citric acid, iron, sorbitol drug combination: RN given refers to (D)-isomer	1.95	1	0
cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide: RN given refers to the (3-beta)-isomer; do not confuse with cholesterol hydroperoxide (5-hydroperoxycholesterol)	5.09	10	1
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.38	2	0
hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid: structure in first source	3.54	8	0
1,2,4-trioxane 1,2,4-trioxane: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
menotropins Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.	1.95	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	6.92	59	1
invert sugar invert sugar: mixture of approx 50% dextrose & 50% levulose obtained by acid hydrolysis of cane sugar	1.93	1	0
zinc methionine [no description available]	4.14	3	1
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	2	1	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	4.56	4	0	organosulfonic acid
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	2.88	4	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.66	3	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
cerivastatin sodium cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt; statin (synthetic)
lithium perchlorate lithium perchlorate: stabilizes DNA-polycation complex; RN given refers to parent compound	2.06	1	0
osteum [no description available]	2.48	2	0	organic molecular entity
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	3.31	6	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium bisulfite sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.	2.35	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	allergen; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; mutagen; reducing agent
sodium tetradecyl sulfate [no description available]	2.15	1	0
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	3.63	2	0	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
monensin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
sodium iothalamate [no description available]	3.23	1	0
oxacillin sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	3.85	12	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
deoxycholic acid, monosodium salt [no description available]	3.27	1	0	bile acid salt
sarkosyl sarkosyl: RN given is for sarkosyl L, the parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0
sodium diatrizoate histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver	2.69	3	0	bromate salt; potassium salt	flour treatment agent
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	3.53	8	0
holothurin a holothurin A: RN given refers to Na salt (3 beta,12 alpha,22S)-isomer	2.07	1	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	3.31	6	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
merocyanine dye merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure	2.71	3	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.8	3	0
methylprednisolone sodium succinate [no description available]	2.38	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
camedon Camedon: Russian drug	2	1	0
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	4.02	3	1
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.44	2	0
(E)-1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hept-4-en-3-one [no description available]	1.99	1	0	diarylheptanoid
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.47	2	0
(2r,3z)-n-(1-hydroxyoctadec-3-en-2-yl)pivalamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	7.47	16	1	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carcinomedin carcinomedin: ketone derivative of vitamin D3 from serum of cancer patients	2.37	2	0	vitamin D
madecassoside [no description available]	2.1	1	0	carboxylic ester; pentacyclic triterpenoid; trisaccharide derivative; triterpenoid saponin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; antirheumatic drug; plant metabolite; vulnerary
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	2.04	1	0	glycoside
insulin, isophane Insulin, Isophane: An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn.	1.99	1	0
arabinogalactan [no description available]	2.21	1	0
cpu0213 CPU0213: a vasopressor agent; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	2.1	1	0
catechin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
dienestrol diacetate dienestrol diacetate: a derivative of the synthetic non-steroid phenolic compound, DIENESTROL, which exhibits estrogenic activities	1.96	1	0
dolichol monophosphate [no description available]	2.38	2	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2.35	2	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	4.06	14	0	BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.1	1	0	fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	10.82	25	3
cetrorelix cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.	3.23	1	0	oligopeptide	antineoplastic agent; GnRH antagonist
fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.	2.44	2	0
quercetin 3-o-glucoside-7-o-rhamnoside quercetin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside: sedative from Tilia petiolaris; structure in first source. petiolaroside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin attached to beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 and a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 7 via glycosidic linkages. Isolated from the aerial parts of Delphinium staphisagria, it exhibits trypanocidal activity.	2.06	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; quercetin O-glucoside; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
dahlia Dahlia: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that contains antifungal plant defensin.. Hoffman's violet : A hydrochloride obtained by combining Hoffman's violet free base with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride. A specific stain for animal chromosomes.	2.15	1	0
mannans [no description available]	6.15	8	4
s-ethylcysteine S-ethylcysteine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. S-ethyl-L-cysteine zwitterion : A S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of S-ethyl-L-cysteine; major species at pH 7.3.	2.01	1	0	S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion; S-alkyl-L-cysteine	antitubercular agent
8-iso-prostaglandin a2 8-isoprostaglandin A2: a cyclopentenone isoprostane	2.05	1	0	prostanoid
plx4032 [no description available]	2.57	2	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
triiodothyronine, reverse Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.	3.77	2	1	3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion
ganglioside, gd1a [no description available]	1.98	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	6.57	27	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	14.86	51	13
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	2.44	2	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	3.77	3	0
5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside composed of 2'-deoxyuridine having a 5-hydroxymethyl substituent.	3.4	1	1
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	8.09	37	7
dabrafenib [no description available]	2.15	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
punicalagin punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source	2.54	2	0	tannin
isosilybin isosilybin: flavanolignan from Silybum marianum. isosilybin : A flavonolignan isolated from Silybum marianum.	2	1	0
gx 15-070 obatoclax: a pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor potentially useful in treating mantle cell lymphoma	2.13	1	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	4.24	3	1
tilmicosin tilmicosin: semi-synthetic antibiotic. tilmicosin : A macrolide antibiotic with formula C46H80N2O13. It is used for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease associated with Mannheimia haemolytica.	2.47	2	0
tylosin [no description available]	2.77	3	0
endrin Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.	2.67	3	0
calcipotriene calcipotriene: a topical dermatologic for the treatment of moderate plaque psoriasis; structure in first source. calcipotriol hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of calcipotriol. It is used in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.	2.08	1	0	hydrate	antipsoriatic
alpha-tocomonoenol alpha-tocomonoenol: isolated from the Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus keta; structure in first source	4.65	8	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	3.86	11	0
isoquercitrin [no description available]	2.78	3	0
eliglustat tartrate agalsidase beta: recombinant protein for treatment of Fabry disease. eliglustat tartrate : A tartrate that is the hemitartrate salt of eliglustat. A ceramide glucosyltransferase inhibitor used (as its tartrate salt) for treatment of Gaucher's disease.	3.13	1	0	tartrate salt	EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	5.54	4	4	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	9.37	42	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.77	3	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	2.75	3	0
lanthanide nitrate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	30.62	5,182	702	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
raltegravir [no description available]	3.23	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; dicarboxylic acid amide; hydroxypyrimidine; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidone; secondary carboxamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	3.53	2	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	5.88	19	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	5.36	14	1
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	5.71	6	1
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	5.4	10	0
isoascorbic acid isoascorbic acid: food antioxidant; (L)-isomer is ascorbic acid; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure	2.07	1	0	ascorbic acid
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	7.61	24	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	4.59	6	1	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	5.9	7	1	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	2.42	2	0	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
ascorbic acid 2-sulfate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	butenolide
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	3.59	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
laquinimod [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aromatic amide
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	2.72	3	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	11.99	55	4	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
ascorbate-2-phosphate ascorbate-2-phosphate: inhibitor of ascorbate-2-sulfate sulfohydrolase from bovine liver. L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate : An aldonolactone phosphate that is the 2-phosphate ester of L-ascorbic acid. It can stimulate collagen formation.	3.14	5	0	aldonolactone phosphate
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acid [no description available]	6.24	33	1	fatty acid ester
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	3.23	1	0
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	2.36	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	2.97	4	0
tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
4-hydroxycoumarin 2-hydroxychromone: structure	3.1	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
rolitetracycline Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.	2.05	1	0
2-o-octadecylascorbic acid 2-O-octadecylascorbic acid: structure given in first source; free radical scavenger; RN given refers to (L-ascorbic)-isomer	2.38	2	0
ethyl biscoumacetate Ethyl Biscoumacetate: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. It has actions similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226)	2.62	3	0	hydroxycoumarin
tigecycline [no description available]	4.16	4	0
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	2.05	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rutascorbin [no description available]	1.96	1	0
ascorbic acid 2-o-glucoside ascorbic acid 2-O-glucoside: has same vitamin C activity as L-ascorbic acid	4.33	4	1	glycoside
potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate: RN given refers to the potassium salt	7.08	42	0
betalains Betalains: Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES.	2.02	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	5.06	16	0
bellergal [no description available]	4.03	2	0
zhengguangmycin zhengguangmycin: antitumor antibiotic complex consisting of more than 10 components; produced by Streptomyces pingyangensis;	2.01	1	0
microcystin microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.	2.72	3	0	peptide
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.13	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	10.72	49	2
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	11.73	24	4
semaglutide [no description available]	3.35	1	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	3.26	6	0	ketal
indenoindole indenoindole: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	2.1	1	0
gkt137831 setanaxib: NOX4/NOX1 inhibitor; a pyrazolopyridine dione derivative	2.25	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	6.42	39	1
carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman: structure in first source	9.39	25	3
ajmaline [no description available]	2.05	1	0
dcg 04 DCG 04: E-64 analog; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
cv 3611 [no description available]	1.97	1	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	3.47	1	1	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
methyl linoleate ozonide methyl linoleate ozonide: causes inhibition of phagocytosis in rat alveolar macrophages	2.38	2	0
ziyuglycoside i ziyuglycoside I: isolated from the leaves of Hex pupurea; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol 5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol: structure in first source	4.37	3	0
glutaminase [no description available]	2.68	3	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	6.4	21	2
lysophosphatidylethanolamine lysophosphatidylethanolamine : A glycerophosphoethanolamine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylethanolamine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl.	2	1	0
sorbitan monolaurate sorbitan monolaurate: span type materials are artificial esters of the common fatty acids & hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol	2.41	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	5.73	34	0
fertinex [no description available]	3.23	1	0
teferrol [no description available]	1.97	1	0
mitotracker green fm [no description available]	2.01	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	3.35	7	0
asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.	2.93	4	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	2.01	1	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
carubicin Carubicin: A very toxic anthracycline-type antineoplastic related to DAUNORUBICIN, obtained from Actinomadura carminata.. carminomycin(1+) : An anthracyline cation that is the conjugate acid of carminomycin, obtained by protonation of the amino group.	1.97	1	0	anthracycline cation
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	3.12	5	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	3.22	6	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	4.24	17	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	2.02	1	0
ferric oxide, saccharated Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.	2.38	2	0
cobamamide cobamamide : A member of the class of cobalamins that is vitamin B12 in which the cyano group is replaced by a 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl moiety. It is one of the two metabolically active form of vitamin B12.	1.98	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	4.74	10	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	2.03	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-28): binding of synthetic beta-amyloid peptide fragments to glycosaminoglycan is pH-dependent	1.99	1	0
lipofectamine Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent	2.54	2	0
diospyros Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.	2.02	1	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.05	1	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	2	1	0
neferine neferine: isolated from green seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn	2.08	1	0
oridonin [no description available]	2.52	2	0
gibberellins [no description available]	3.12	5	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	3.96	13	0
copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate) copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate): copper is intricate part of molecule; not copper salt; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methylethyl moieties	2.38	2	0
daptomycin [no description available]	2.47	2	0
aldrin Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.	1.95	1	0
sanggenone c sanggenone C: inhibits TNF-alpha-stimulated adhesion between polymorphonuclear lymphocytes and synovial cells; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	2.15	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	18.61	232	21
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	3.58	2	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	3.12	5	0
lysergic acid lysergic acid : An ergoline alkaloid comprising 6-methylergoline having additional unsaturation at the 9,10-position and a carboxy group at the 8-position.	2	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	11.1	78	8
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	4.3	4	1
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	10.85	20	5
antipain Antipain: An oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor.	1.98	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	2.7	3	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	5.77	6	1
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.9	4	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	2.05	1	0
neohesperidin [no description available]	2.41	1	0
n-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine N-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
phenylbutazone, propyphenazone drug combination phenylbutazone, propyphenazone drug combination: RN given refers to combination of aminopyrine and phenylbutazone	1.93	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	3.27	6	0
technetium tc 99m medronate Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.	1.96	1	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.69	3	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	5.63	10	2
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	6.32	20	2
kutkin kutkin: alcoholic extract of the root and rrhizome of Picrorhiza kurrooa; has heptatoprotective activity; contains picroside I, kutkoside, and a small amount of other minor glycosides of P. kurrooa	1.98	1	0
vitamin a, pentifyllin, nicotinic acid, and vitamin e combination vitamin A, pentifyllin, nicotinic acid, and vitamin E combination: contains 400mg pentifyllin, 100mg nicotinic acid, 30000 I.E. vitamin A & 40 I.E. vitamin E	5.16	6	2
nedaplatin nedaplatin: structure given in first source	2.6	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	5.11	10	1
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	7.17	11	1
plantaricin a plantaricin A: from Lactobacillus plantarum; its activity depends on the action of two peptides	2.07	1	0
vitamin a, vitamin e, vitamin k3 drug combination vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin K3 drug combination: consists of a mixture of vitamins A, E, and K3; effective in wound healing	4.47	5	1
promega Promega: refined fish-oil product concentrated in long-chain polyunsaturated omega 3 fatty acids; principal fatty acids are 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid & 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid	3.76	2	1
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	5.36	13	1
bixin bixin: structure. bixin : A carotenoic acid that is the 6'-monomethyl ester of 9'-cis-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioic acid.	2.66	3	0
protopanaxatriol protopanaxatriol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; acid hydrolysis leads to panaxatriol. protopanaxatriol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng and notoginseng) that is that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.01	1	0
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.	4.45	2	2
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	4.34	5	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	5.83	6	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	5.56	5	1	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	6.39	22	2	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	15.08	135	22	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
7,8-dihydroneopterin 7,8-dihydroneopterin: an antioxidant. 7,8-dihydroneopterin : A neopterin where positions C-7 and C-8 have been hydrogenated.	4.03	4	0	dihydropterin; neopterins	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.42	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.41	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	6.72	21	3	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	4.01	5	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	4.01	14	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.39	1	1	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	5.71	6	1	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine diphosphate Inosine Diphosphate: An inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	4.07	3	1	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	5.62	9	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	20.88	403	42	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
7,8-dihydrobiopterin 7,8-dihydrobiopterin: RN given refers to (S-(R,S))-isomer. 7,8-dihydrobiopterin : A dihydropterin that is biopterin dihydrogenated at positions 7 and 8.. L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin : A 7,8-dihydrobiopterin in which the 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group has (1R,2S)-configuration; naturally occurring form.	2.01	1	0	7,8-dihydrobiopterin
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	3.12	5	0
neopterin [no description available]	8	14	2
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	5.79	11	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	5.21	6	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	7.4	8	1	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	3.85	3	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	3.59	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	3.23	1	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
sildenafil sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.	3.59	2	0	piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	6.78	7	1	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
pralidoxime pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.	1.98	1	0	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.	2.05	1	0	2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols	antiviral drug
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	2.91	4	0	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
raltitrexed [no description available]	2.05	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.	3.23	1	0	imidazotriazine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
salinazid [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	14.48	179	9	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
citrovorum factor [no description available]	3.23	1	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.	3.59	2	0	formyltetrahydrofolic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	3.23	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
8-hydroxyguanosine 8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source	3.83	4	0	purine nucleoside
alanosine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
bl 4162a anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.	3.23	1	0	imidazoquinazoline	anticoagulant; antifibrinolytic drug; cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
forodesine forodesine: structure in first source	3.35	1	0	dihydroxypyrrolidine; pyrrolopyrimidine
tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles	gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist
norclozapine norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.	3.1	1	0	dibenzodiazepine; organochlorine compound; piperazines	delta-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	3.23	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
phthivazide [no description available]	2.1	1	0
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	4.53	5	1	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	3.23	1	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; phosphoramide; triazoles	antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; prodrug
vicine vicine: pyrimidine glycoside found in fava bean; structure	1.96	1	0	glycoside
vardenafil dihydrochloride Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.	2.04	1	0
rifabutin [no description available]	3.59	2	0
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	2	1	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	4.67	6	1	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	3.23	6	0
nintedanib nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.	2.41	1	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	5.29	17	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	15.1	131	23	guanosines	biomarker
inosine pranobex Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.	2.13	1	0
echinochrome a echinochrome A: red pigment of sea urchin eggs (Arbacia pustulosa)	2.46	2	0
divicine divicine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
5-methyltetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.	2.03	1	0
fr 167653 FR 167653: structure given in first source	4.92	4	0
carbadox Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)	1.95	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	4.24	3	1	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-n-tert-butylnitrone alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone: structure given in first source	3.49	8	0
2,3-dihydro-2-(n(7)-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin b1 2,3-dihydro-2-(N(7)-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1: aflatoxin-guanine adduct in urine of aflatoxin B1 treated rats; RN given refers to (6aS-(6aalpha,8beta,9alpha,9aalpha))-isomer	1.99	1	0
levomefolate calcium levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.	3.23	1	0	organic calcium salt	antidepressant
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	1.98	1	0
liproxstatin-1 liproxstatin-1: suppress ferroptosis in cells. liproxstatin-1 : An azaspiro compound that is 1'H-spiro[piperidine-4,2'-quinoxaline] in which the hydrogen at position 3' is replaced by a (3-chlorobenzyl)amino group. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis.	3.76	2	0	azaspiro compound; monochlorobenzenes; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
clothianidin clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	7.94	21	1
eye [no description available]	7.09	27	1
fructooligosaccharide [no description available]	2.15	1	0	oligosaccharide
potassium magnesium aspartate Potassium Magnesium Aspartate: An intra-extracellular electrolyte exchange agent with a variety of effects.	1.96	1	0
quillaja saponins Quillaja Saponins: Natural detergents made up of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules having a triterpenoid core structure. They vary in aglycone (sapogenin) and sugar moieties, including glucose.	2.17	1	0
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	4.37	4	1
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	4.89	4	2
garcinoic acid [no description available]	3.49	7	0
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	2.92	4	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	8.44	31	3
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	8.07	29	1
antimony sodium gluconate Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.	2.02	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.4	2	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	1.95	1	0
acetylpuerarin acetylpuerarin: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
octaarginine octaarginine: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	10.19	25	4
reamberin [no description available]	4.96	4	2
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	4.49	7	0
cholylsarcosine cholylsarcosine: structure given in first source; resistant to deconjugation & dehydroxylation	2.05	1	0
filipin Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.	2.02	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.61	9	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	12.03	87	3
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	14.35	48	28
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	12.03	87	3
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	14.35	48	28
Anoxemia [description not available]	11.4	115	8
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	2.38	2	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	11.4	115	8
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	17.61	233	47
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	14.01	109	7
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	17.61	233	47
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	4.77	7	1
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	4.77	7	1
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	14.68	105	13
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	14.68	105	13
Arrhythmia [description not available]	10.72	27	5
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	10.72	27	5
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	10.49	35	4
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	10.49	35	4
Anasarca [description not available]	8.87	44	2
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	9.36	19	5
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	8.87	44	2
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	13.54	91	8
Breast Cancer [description not available]	19.64	391	41
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	13.54	91	8
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	19.64	391	41
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	6.52	11	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	24.03	644	99
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	24.03	644	99
Absence Seizure [description not available]	4.93	37	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	4.93	37	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	13.61	109	6
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	17.78	240	36
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	11.61	48	3
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	9.52	50	2
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	22.93	426	108
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	13.61	109	6
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	17.78	240	36
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	11.61	48	3
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	9.52	50	2
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	22.93	426	108
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	13.43	56	15
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.7	3	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	15.96	116	11
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	15.96	116	11
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	2.38	2	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	2.38	2	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	15.48	215	10
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	15.48	215	10
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	3.38	7	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	14.93	143	25
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	14.93	143	25
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	2.71	3	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	9.67	26	3
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	9.67	26	3
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	10	109	1
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	6.5	25	2
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	6.5	25	2
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	13.22	185	8
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	13.22	185	8
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	7.9	21	4
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	7.9	21	4
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	22.15	420	84
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	22.15	420	84
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	9.73	25	3
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	9.73	25	3
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	15.96	79	7
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	23.93	536	131
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	16.01	146	17
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	16.01	146	17
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	18.11	718	6
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	9.14	37	3
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	9.14	37	3
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	9.64	31	1
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	9.64	31	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	20.79	300	40
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	20.79	300	40
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	10.57	21	3
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	4.5	5	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	10.57	21	3
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	4.5	5	1
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	2.73	3	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	11.35	324	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	9.58	31	7
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	9.58	31	7
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	19.52	819	56
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	22.79	363	48
Cirrhosis [description not available]	14.99	71	14
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	14.99	71	14
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	22.79	363	48
Dry Eye [description not available]	12.92	32	28
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	12.92	32	28
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	22.1	1,729	37
Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.	2.71	3	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	16.95	180	60
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	10.6	19	4
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	15.39	136	9
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	15.39	136	9
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	7.95	26	2
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	7.95	26	2
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	7.44	35	4
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	13.06	114	21
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	7.44	35	4
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	13.14	107	6
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	14.95	117	19
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	13.14	107	6
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	11.02	43	4
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	11.02	43	4
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	2.76	3	0
Anal Fissure [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Fissure in Ano A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.	4.72	1	1
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	6.07	14	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	23.43	1,204	125
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	17.51	127	36
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	17.51	127	36
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	7	5	2
Bone Cancer [description not available]	4.57	9	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	8.45	19	3
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	4.57	9	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	3.87	2	1
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	13.05	59	8
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	13.05	59	8
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	4.86	11	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	4.86	11	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	16.29	405	21
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	16.29	405	21
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	12.52	47	11
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	12.52	47	11
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	3.92	4	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	9.32	23	6
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	3.92	4	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	10.38	27	7
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis [description not available]	3.5	2	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	3.95	4	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	3.95	4	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	8.29	16	3
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	8.29	16	3
Avian Flu [description not available]	5.41	2	2
Grippe [description not available]	17.81	90	55
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	5.41	2	2
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	17.81	90	55
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	14.27	99	7
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	14.27	99	7
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	12.35	129	14
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	9.88	32	5
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	4.84	2	1
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	3.33	1	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	4.84	2	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	11.92	36	9
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	11.92	36	9
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	3.82	4	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	7.3	28	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	7.3	28	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	12.94	48	10
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	12.94	48	10
Malnourishment [description not available]	11.29	29	7
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	11.29	29	7
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	20.65	195	94
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	20.65	195	94
Entomophthoramycosis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Zygomycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.	2.41	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	10.24	69	4
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	6.25	13	1
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	10.24	69	4
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	6.25	13	1
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	11.63	20	9
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	11.63	20	9
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	8.9	24	10
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	8.9	24	10
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	19.82	234	33
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	4.93	4	2
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	4.93	4	2
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	16.34	138	13
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	3.9	4	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	3.29	6	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	3.9	4	0
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	5.33	7	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	5.33	7	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	11.51	36	6
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	11.51	36	6
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	3.29	6	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	3.29	6	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	2.75	3	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	6.34	60	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	10.12	57	3
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	4.41	21	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	4.41	21	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	5.41	22	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	20.41	291	104
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	20.41	291	104
Adult Neuroaxonal Dystrophy [description not available]	3.86	9	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	10.28	31	9
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	10.28	31	9
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	16.24	120	30
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	16.24	120	30
Canine Diseases [description not available]	10.24	54	8
Infections, Parvoviridae [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	8.82	38	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	8.82	38	1
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	11.37	46	1
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	11.37	46	1
Pediculosis [description not available]	3.97	2	1
Lice Infestations Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)	3.97	2	1
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	6.54	6	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	15.28	92	21
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	15.28	92	21
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	6.28	24	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	9.93	20	5
Pericementitis [description not available]	8.8	27	1
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	5.87	8	1
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	8.8	27	1
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	22.84	386	88
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	22.84	386	88
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	5.51	16	1
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	5.51	16	1
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	8.91	52	1
Weight Reduction [description not available]	15.2	56	15
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	15.2	56	15
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	11.29	34	3
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	11.29	34	3
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	3.66	9	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	10.87	36	4
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	10.87	36	4
Ozena [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Rhinitis, Atrophic A chronic inflammation in which the NASAL MUCOSA gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony TURBINATES, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).	3.05	5	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	10.67	110	4
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	10.67	110	4
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	8.96	44	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	22.42	796	65
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	13.85	112	11
Metastase [description not available]	9.61	29	6
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	9.61	29	6
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	7.44	27	1
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	5.23	4	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	22.62	311	136
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	3.28	6	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	13.43	69	7
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	12.46	76	5
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	12.46	76	5
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.89	10	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	3.89	10	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	9.98	47	6
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	9.98	47	6
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	9.74	26	5
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	9.74	26	5
B Virus Infection [description not available]	5.01	3	1
Astheno Teratozoospermia [description not available]	8.77	16	12
Sterility, Male [description not available]	15.07	99	24
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	8.12	14	7
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	15.07	99	24
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	3.64	9	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	10.05	59	3
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	4.57	9	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.96	4	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	18.6	237	36
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	18.6	237	36
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	12.67	59	14
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	15.53	106	20
Apoplexy [description not available]	15.56	79	19
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	12.08	47	19
Cerebral Intraventricular Haemorrhage [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	12.08	47	19
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	15.56	79	19
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	4.07	5	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	5.32	55	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	10.64	28	4
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	15.39	44	33
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	5.98	10	1
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	15.91	76	22
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	15.91	76	22
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	6.75	13	1
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	6.75	13	1
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	4.33	3	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	9.58	12	1
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	4.33	3	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	4.33	3	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	9.58	12	1
Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.	2.87	3	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	14.03	79	9
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	14.03	79	9
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	20.92	525	56
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	16.27	204	12
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	16.27	204	12
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	6.55	17	1
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	6.55	17	1
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	11.38	27	9
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	11.38	27	9
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	6.98	52	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	2.45	2	0
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	9.04	16	4
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	9.04	16	4
Acne [description not available]	11.72	34	8
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	11.72	34	8
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	5.81	7	0
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	5.81	7	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	6.37	29	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	6.37	29	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	7.69	30	6
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	7.69	30	6
Leukemia, Megakaryocytic [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	17.38	119	30
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	4.06	5	0
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.	2.45	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	17.38	119	30
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	6.92	10	3
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	4.83	7	1
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	4.9	8	1
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	6.92	10	3
Co-infection [description not available]	4.47	4	1
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	8.7	18	1
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	3.07	4	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	3.07	4	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	9.13	62	3
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	15.46	156	13
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	15.46	156	13
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	18.4	253	67
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	18.4	253	67
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	5.02	4	2
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	2.31	1	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	17.15	149	29
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	17.15	149	29
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	17.27	180	18
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	11.59	126	11
Postherpetic Neuralgia [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Dysesthesia [description not available]	7.67	11	2
Neuralgia, Postherpetic Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.	3.53	1	1
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	6.34	21	2
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	6.34	21	2
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	4.12	3	1
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	4.87	2	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	11.75	44	8
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	6.94	12	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	11.75	44	8
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	6.94	12	1
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	13.77	50	12
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	3.64	9	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	3.64	9	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	6.22	18	2
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	6.22	18	2
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	7.98	57	0
Carcinosarcoma A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.15	1	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	7.71	36	1
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	7.71	36	1
Atheroma [description not available]	4.91	7	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	6.89	26	3
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	20.15	184	64
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	20.15	184	64
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	6.02	9	0
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.	2.15	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	9.44	33	3
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	9.44	33	3
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	6.7	21	1
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	6.38	14	3
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	6.38	14	3
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	7.66	21	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	6.16	18	2
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	6.16	18	2
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	7.49	11	3
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	4.7	9	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	4.7	9	0
Debility [description not available]	4.33	3	1
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	3.43	2	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	3.43	2	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	3.39	7	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	7.86	53	0
Absence Status [description not available]	4.04	14	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	4.04	14	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	17.15	106	26
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	16.79	127	32
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	9.93	29	4
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	17.49	203	32
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	17.49	203	32
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	7.1	17	2
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	7.1	17	2
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	3.68	3	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	9.99	26	10
HPV Infection [description not available]	6.5	12	0
Shingles [description not available]	6.13	7	1
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	6.13	7	1
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	6.5	12	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	3.56	1	1
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	3.56	1	1
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	12.6	83	3
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	10.32	124	2
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	10.32	124	2
Aggressive Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.	2.17	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	11.84	53	3
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	11.84	53	3
Abetalipoproteinemia An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.	10.24	65	1
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	12.52	74	2
Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia [description not available]	8.23	21	1
Hypobetalipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally low levels of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL) in the blood. It is defined as LDL values equal to or less than the 5th percentile for the population. They include the autosomal dominant form involving mutation of the APOLIPOPROTEINS B gene, and the autosomal recessive form involving mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. All are characterized by low LDL and dietary fat malabsorption.	8.23	21	1
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	8.43	23	4
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	8.43	23	4
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.66	9	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Cerebro-Hepato-Renal Syndrome [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Zellweger Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder due to defects in PEROXISOME biogenesis which involves more than 13 genes encoding peroxin proteins of the peroxisomal membrane and matrix. Zellweger syndrome is typically seen in the neonatal period with features such as dysmorphic skull; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; visual compromise; SEIZURES; progressive degeneration of the KIDNEYS and the LIVER. Zellweger-like syndrome refers to phenotypes resembling the neonatal Zellweger syndrome but seen in children or adults with apparently intact peroxisome biogenesis.	2.47	2	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	9.84	26	10
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	3.5	8	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	3.5	8	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	14.88	83	20
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	6.11	11	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	14.88	83	20
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	6.11	11	1
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	5.88	9	1
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	5.88	9	1
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	3.46	8	0
Deficiency, Vitamin K [description not available]	9.94	39	1
Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn Neonatal nasogastric or intracranial hemorrhage caused by vitamin K deficiency.	3.32	2	0
Vitamin K Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)	9.94	39	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	6.7	20	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.17	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	2.87	3	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	2.99	4	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	15.05	95	11
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	15.05	95	11
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	6.18	18	2
Allodynia [description not available]	3.52	7	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	5.83	22	1
Amentia [description not available]	14.23	54	10
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	14.23	54	10
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	14.72	74	11
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	6.15	11	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	6.15	11	0
Abnormalities, Teeth [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	8.77	87	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	12.72	49	8
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	5.46	15	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	5.46	15	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	2.13	1	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	2.46	2	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	10.44	19	5
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	10.44	19	5
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	9.71	14	4
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	9.71	14	4
Ache [description not available]	13.73	47	21
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	13.73	47	21
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	7.94	26	1
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	7.94	26	1
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	4.9	4	2
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	6.15	5	2
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	10.4	21	5
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	10.4	21	5
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	12.52	45	19
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	6.15	5	2
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	2.25	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	11.6	43	15
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	11.6	43	15
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	3.93	13	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	8.3	52	0
Rachitis [description not available]	4.61	6	0
Hypoascorbemia [description not available]	4.39	8	0
Scurvy An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.	4.39	8	0
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	4.03	5	0
BCECTS [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.4	8	0
Acute Radiation Syndrome A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.	5.81	13	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	3.28	6	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	11.09	52	2
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	11.09	52	2
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	15.41	100	9
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	5.05	9	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	7.64	33	1
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	3.98	13	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	7.64	33	1
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	3.98	13	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	5.03	16	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	3.36	7	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	5.03	16	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	11.88	67	3
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	11.88	67	3
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	8.36	139	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	5.41	7	2
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	5.41	7	2
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	11.14	29	9
Ureteral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETERS.	3.47	1	1
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	15.35	69	18
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	3.67	3	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	5.76	11	2
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	5.76	11	2
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	7.52	14	4
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	7.52	14	4
Diathesis [description not available]	9.76	49	2
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	15.44	120	41
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	15.44	120	41
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	8.46	32	5
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	8.3	21	6
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	8.3	21	6
Kahler Disease [description not available]	4.9	8	1
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	4.9	8	1
7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Deficiency [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder of CHOLESTEROL metabolism. It is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, leading to an abnormally low plasma cholesterol. This syndrome is characterized by multiple CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, growth deficiency, and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY.	3.28	6	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	17.42	107	35
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	17.42	107	35
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	11.14	25	5
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	11.14	25	5
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	14.27	88	20
Stunted Growth [description not available]	8.24	14	2
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	8.24	14	2
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	3.94	2	1
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	6.23	7	2
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	6.23	7	2
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	9.82	19	8
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	9.33	13	3
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	5.88	23	1
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	4.89	36	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	4.89	36	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	12.17	22	9
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	2.39	2	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	12.17	22	9
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.11	15	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	5.54	11	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	5.54	11	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	5.57	12	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	2.1	1	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	3.29	6	0
Breast Cancer, Male [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Breast Neoplasms, Male Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.	2.1	1	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	11.89	20	8
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	11.89	20	8
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.38	2	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	12.57	19	6
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	12.57	19	6
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	4.34	7	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	5.4	14	1
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	5.4	14	1
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	6.91	12	1
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	10.02	61	3
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	3.87	4	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	3.87	4	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	8.46	14	4
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	8.73	28	2
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	8.73	28	2
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	8.46	14	4
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	11.4	42	18
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	2.1	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	11.4	42	18
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	6.38	15	3
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	5.02	3	1
Wasting Disease [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	2.1	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	14.86	56	11
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	14.86	56	11
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	6.57	23	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	6.57	23	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	3.83	2	1
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	3.42	7	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	7.67	17	4
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	7.67	17	4
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	7.8	15	5
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	7.8	15	5
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	11.81	58	7
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	11.81	58	7
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	6.8	14	5
Bovine Virus Diarrhea Mucosal Disease [description not available]	3.8	2	1
ARG1 Deficiency [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Hyperargininemia A rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle. It is caused by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme ARGINASE. Arginine is elevated in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and periodic HYPERAMMONEMIA may occur. Disease onset is usually in infancy or early childhood. Clinical manifestations include seizures, microcephaly, progressive mental impairment, hypotonia, ataxia, spastic diplegia, and quadriparesis. (From Hum Genet 1993 Mar;91(1):1-5; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p51)	2.97	4	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	5.81	22	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	5.81	22	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	7.25	9	2
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	7.25	9	2
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	10.51	16	5
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	10.51	16	5
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	2.1	1	0
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	7.36	5	3
Neurovisceral Storage Disease with Vertical Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	4.1	5	0
Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder that is characterized by accumulation of CHOLESTEROL and SPHINGOMYELINS in cells of the VISCERA and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Type C (or C1) and type D are allelic disorders caused by mutation of the NPC1 gene, which encodes a protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol transport from LYSOSOMES. Clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly and chronic neurological symptoms. Type D is a variant in people with a Nova Scotia ancestry.	4.1	5	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Infections, Trichomonas [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	2.39	2	0
Trichomonas Infections Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.	3.3	2	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	3.89	2	1
Pyrexia [description not available]	8.27	14	2
Cancrum Oris [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	9.45	30	9
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	8.27	14	2
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	8.29	20	4
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	8.63	19	2
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	8.63	19	2
Recrudescence [description not available]	14.16	52	25
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	6.45	3	1
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	6.45	3	1
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	7.34	19	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	7.34	19	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	3.42	7	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	12.2	57	5
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	12.2	57	5
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	11.94	38	10
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	3.38	2	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	11.94	38	10
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	5.76	8	1
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	5.76	8	1
Hyperoxaluria Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.	5.36	13	1
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	3.68	10	0
Orbital Diseases Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	2.49	2	0
Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Orbital [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Orbital Pseudotumor A nonspecific tumor-like inflammatory lesion in the ORBIT of the eye. It is usually composed of mature LYMPHOCYTES; PLASMA CELLS; MACROPHAGES; LEUKOCYTES with varying degrees of FIBROSIS. Orbital pseudotumors are often associated with inflammation of the extraocular muscles (ORBITAL MYOSITIS) or inflammation of the lacrimal glands (DACRYOADENITIS).	2.11	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	3.06	4	0
Endemic Goiter [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Gallbladder Dyskinesia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Biliary Dyskinesia A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.	2.1	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	5.7	11	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	5.7	11	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	8.46	82	1
Affective Disorders [description not available]	7.91	4	3
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	7.91	4	3
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	6.92	32	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	6.07	16	2
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	6.92	32	0
Placenta, Retained A placenta that fails to be expelled after BIRTH of the FETUS. A PLACENTA is retained when the UTERUS fails to contract after the delivery of its content, or when the placenta is abnormally attached to the MYOMETRIUM.	5.69	7	3
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	6.4	67	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	4.03	14	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	2.9	4	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	6.98	6	1
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	6.98	6	1
ACL Injuries [description not available]	6.41	5	3
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	4.91	14	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	4.98	8	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	7.34	15	3
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	7.11	13	1
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	4.98	8	1
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	7.11	13	1
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	3.91	4	0
Psychoses [description not available]	10.55	21	6
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	10.55	21	6
Labor, Premature [description not available]	4.57	10	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	10.63	65	8
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	4.39	2	2
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	4.39	2	2
Anovulation Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.	2.48	2	0
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	5.44	4	1
Hypopharyngeal Cancer [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.	2.52	2	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	2.52	2	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	7.22	12	2
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	7.22	12	2
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	3.06	5	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	5.43	5	1
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	5.43	5	1
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	3.59	3	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	8.09	21	1
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	8.09	21	1
Addison Disease and Cerebral Sclerosis [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Adrenoleukodystrophy An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the LYSOSOMES of ADRENAL CORTEX and the white matter of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. Clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. The slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. The defective gene ABCD1 is located at Xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS).	2.51	2	0
Teeth, Devitalized [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Tooth Fractures Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.	2.13	1	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	3.49	7	0
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	7.75	26	7
Avian Diseases [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Classical Niemann-Pick Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Niemann-Pick Disease, Type A The classic infantile form of Niemann-Pick Disease, caused by mutation in SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE. It is characterized by accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS in the cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM and other cell throughout the body leading to cell death. Clinical signs include JAUNDICE, hepatosplenomegaly, and severe brain damage.	2.13	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	8.13	33	1
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	7.71	20	2
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	8.13	33	1
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	9.65	38	4
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	7.71	20	2
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	5.39	10	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	5.39	10	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	17.97	186	58
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	17.97	186	58
Brain Swelling [description not available]	6.63	20	1
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	6.63	20	1
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	3.95	13	0
Lichen Sclerosis [description not available]	3.82	12	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	3.95	13	0
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus A chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease usually affecting the female genitalia (VULVAR LICHEN SCLEROSUS) and BALANITIS XEROTICA OBLITERANS in males. It is also called white spot disease and Csillag's disease.	3.82	12	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	4.9	4	2
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	10.61	26	8
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	10.61	26	8
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	12.86	64	20
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	12.86	64	20
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	17.88	106	42
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	5.35	5	1
Sinus Infections [description not available]	5.67	7	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	17.88	106	42
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	5.35	5	1
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	5.67	7	1
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	7.58	12	1
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	7.58	12	1
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	5.35	7	2
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	2.46	2	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	2.87	4	0
Inhalation Injury, Smoke [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	7.87	10	5
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	7.87	10	5
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	2.68	3	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	14.33	67	18
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	5.45	25	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	9.74	25	8
Pus [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	2.4	2	0
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	3.82	2	1
Cancer of Head [description not available]	14.66	43	19
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	14.66	43	19
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	3.99	13	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	3.99	13	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	17.42	160	26
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	17.42	160	26
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	5.09	10	1
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	5.09	10	1
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	12.75	46	8
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	9.16	29	11
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	4.2	3	1
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	8.2	34	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	8.2	34	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	2.71	3	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	4.2	3	1
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	8.6	17	4
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	8.6	17	4
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	2.44	2	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.59	9	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.61	9	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	3.59	9	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	3.61	9	0
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	3.43	1	1
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	5.64	7	1
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	3.38	7	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	4.81	7	1
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	4.81	7	1
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	6.38	9	1
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	4.02	3	1
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	4.02	3	1
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	17.18	42	15
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	7.67	10	4
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	15.11	71	24
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	3.83	2	1
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	7.67	10	4
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	15.11	71	24
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	8.78	14	2
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	8.78	14	2
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	5.15	11	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	11.98	69	5
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	11.98	69	5
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	6.02	5	2
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	6.02	5	2
Actinic Keratosis [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Keratosis, Actinic White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.	3.43	1	1
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder A mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1139)	2.05	1	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	7.33	11	4
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	7.33	11	4
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	8.55	19	2
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	8.55	19	2
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	3.08	5	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	5.49	16	1
Aura [description not available]	9.67	42	3
Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)	2.44	2	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	9.67	42	3
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	6.72	12	2
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	6.72	12	2
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	4.51	9	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	3.46	7	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	4.3	4	1
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	8.21	14	5
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	8.21	14	5
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.4	2	0
Iron Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)	2.05	1	0
Mast Cell Activation Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Mastocytosis A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).	2.05	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	9.83	25	11
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	4.51	9	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	9.83	25	11
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	4.51	9	0
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	4.91	4	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	11.43	47	8
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	2.37	2	0
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	2.48	2	0
Opisthorchis felineus Infection [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Opisthorchiasis Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.	3.83	4	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	8.05	18	2
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	6.13	8	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	5.54	6	3
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	5.54	6	3
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	10.34	47	8
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	10.03	13	4
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	10.03	13	4
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	5.02	16	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	5.02	16	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	8.77	24	4
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	8.77	24	4
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	4.72	12	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	4.72	12	0
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	4.48	5	1
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis [description not available]	4.8	2	1
Scleroderma, Diffuse A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.	4.8	2	1
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	21	326	60
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	10.4	23	7
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	21	326	60
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	10.4	23	7
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	5.91	9	0
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	4.44	8	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	12.02	72	7
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	12.02	72	7
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	6.04	20	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	7.19	12	2
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	7.19	12	2
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	4.28	7	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	2.7	3	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	3.11	5	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	8.68	40	1
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	8.68	40	1
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	6.49	17	3
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	6.49	17	3
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	4.76	12	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.76	12	0
Jaw Diseases Diseases involving the JAW.	3.41	2	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	6.31	14	1
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	10.19	25	4
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Digestive System Fistula An abnormal passage communicating between any components of the digestive system, or between any part of the digestive system and surrounding organ(s).	2.05	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	12.44	75	5
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	2.66	3	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	12.44	75	5
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	13.09	85	6
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	13.09	85	6
Pancreatic Pseudocyst Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.	2.06	1	0
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	5.79	12	2
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	5.79	12	2
Bradykinesia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	3.83	2	1
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	11	15	5
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	9.91	11	10
Blood Clot [description not available]	10.2	50	4
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	10.2	50	4
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	9.91	11	10
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	7.61	19	1
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	7.61	19	1
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	4.11	3	1
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	4.11	3	1
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	4.98	15	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	8.9	17	6
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	9.72	18	12
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	9.72	18	12
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	8.9	17	6
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	6.1	11	3
Bone Spur [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Osteophytosis, Spinal [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	4.44	8	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	7.27	20	6
Segond Fracture [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Tibial Fractures Fractures of the TIBIA.	2.47	2	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	5.67	14	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	3.03	4	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	5.67	14	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	5.45	5	1
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	6.04	6	5
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	5.45	5	1
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	10.26	14	9
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	10.26	14	9
Genital Herpes [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	3.77	2	1
DNA Virus Infections Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.	3.46	1	1
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	3.82	2	1
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	3.77	2	1
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	5.81	22	1
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	5.81	22	1
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	4.19	3	1
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	4.19	3	1
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	5.25	4	1
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	4.12	16	0
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	4.06	5	0
Alcohol-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy [description not available]	4.56	5	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	2.42	2	0
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	3.83	4	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	5.59	17	1
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	4.75	7	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	4.75	7	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	8.34	52	1
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	6.13	30	1
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	8.34	52	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	6.13	30	1
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Cancer of the Tonsil [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	2.48	2	0
Osteoradionecrosis Necrosis of bone following radiation injury.	5.17	9	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	2.92	4	0
Tonsillar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.	2.07	1	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	2.74	3	0
Benign Mastocytoma [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba Syndrome [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple A hereditary disease characterized by multiple ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal nevoid and neoplastic anomalies. Facial trichilemmomas and papillomatous papules of the oral mucosa are the most characteristic lesions. Individuals with this syndrome have a high risk of BREAST CANCER; THYROID CANCER; and ENDOMETRIAL CANCER. This syndrome is associated with mutations in the gene for PTEN PHOSPHATASE.	2.07	1	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	8.1	15	3
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	8.1	15	3
Atresia, Biliary [description not available]	9.95	13	6
Biliary Atresia Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.	9.95	13	6
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	5.71	10	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	5.71	10	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	4.35	4	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	4.35	4	1
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.08	1	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Hyperkyphosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Lordosis The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).	2.08	1	0
Bladder Calculi [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	3.69	10	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	10.71	29	13
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	10.71	29	13
Indigestion [description not available]	8.32	7	5
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	8.32	7	5
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	2.08	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	16.49	67	44
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.93	4	0
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)	2.46	2	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	2.01	1	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	2.01	1	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	5.42	8	2
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	7.09	11	2
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	5.42	8	2
Embryopathies [description not available]	5.23	12	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	4.18	6	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	4.18	6	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	7.53	12	3
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	6.62	14	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	6.62	14	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	8.53	55	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	8.53	55	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	4.65	3	2
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	4.65	3	2
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	7.3	23	2
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	7.3	23	2
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	2.69	3	0
Infection [description not available]	8.85	18	2
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	8.85	18	2
MODS [description not available]	13.88	34	27
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	15.15	44	27
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	13.88	34	27
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	15.15	44	27
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	6.58	19	1
Acrania [description not available]	4.88	13	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	4.88	13	0
Foot Ulcer Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.	4.05	3	1
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	10.52	29	8
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	10.52	29	8
Leukostasis Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.	2.01	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	8.16	19	2
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	8.16	19	2
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	10.14	41	10
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	10.14	41	10
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	13.49	71	11
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	13.49	71	11
Pleuropneumonia Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with PLEURISY, inflammation of the PLEURA.	2.41	2	0
Actinobacillus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.	2.01	1	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	2.01	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	4.48	9	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	4.48	9	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	7.69	33	2
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	5.1	10	1
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	5.1	10	1
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Familial [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	3.82	12	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	3.82	12	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	3.34	7	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	10.77	24	4
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	15.41	46	19
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	15.41	46	19
Adrenoleukodystrophy, Autosomal Neonatal Form [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Peroxisomal Disorders A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional PEROXISOMES. Peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. Biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. Diseases in this category include ZELLWEGER SYNDROME; INFANTILE REFSUM DISEASE; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (X-linked). Neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders.	3.34	2	0
Leanness [description not available]	4.48	5	1
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	9.07	11	9
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	6.05	48	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	6.96	17	1
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	3.33	7	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	2.64	3	0
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	3.33	7	0
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	3.03	5	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	3.88	13	0
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	3.03	5	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	12.7	59	6
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	2.63	3	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	5.21	20	0
Dupuytren's Contracture [description not available]	8.11	23	1
Dupuytren Contracture A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.	8.11	23	1
Embolus [description not available]	3.18	6	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	3.18	6	0
Anal Fistula [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.	2.36	2	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	6	6	1
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	4.97	9	1
Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase Deficiency [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Coproporphyria, Hereditary An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of COPROPORPHYRINOGEN OXIDASE in the LIVER, the sixth enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include both neurological symptoms and cutaneous lesions. Patients excrete increased levels of porphyrin precursors, 5-AMINOLEVULINATE and COPROPORPHYRINS.	1.93	1	0
Frostbite Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.	3.25	2	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	11.22	49	4
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	6.47	32	0
Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.	2.88	4	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	6.19	21	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	7.4	26	2
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	7.4	26	2
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	2.62	3	0
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	4.74	12	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	8.87	27	4
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	4.74	12	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	8.87	27	4
Caries, Dental [description not available]	4.13	6	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	4.13	6	0
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	2.64	3	0
Postphlebitic Disease [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	2.64	3	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	6.73	14	1
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	6.73	14	1
MEA 2b [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Infant Malnutrition Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	7.48	22	1
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	12.36	39	9
Acantholysis Bullosa [description not available]	8.03	30	1
Cockayne-Touraine Disease [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.	8.03	30	1
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.	2.36	2	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	5.58	18	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	5.58	18	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	5.03	10	1
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	5.03	10	1
Heatstroke [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	3.36	7	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	2.01	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	3.7	10	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	3.7	10	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	2.01	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	4.26	4	0
Child Malnutrition Malnutrition occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	6.25	7	2
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	2.01	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	7.02	13	7
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	4.46	5	1
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	2.9	4	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	6.09	11	3
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	6.09	11	3
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.41	2	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	3.11	5	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	3.64	10	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Acute Yellow Atrophy [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	12.06	40	7
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	12.06	40	7
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	2.43	2	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	4.97	9	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.24	18	0
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	2.79	3	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	4.89	8	1
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	2.72	3	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	6.93	10	3
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	6.93	10	3
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	5.05	5	2
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	5.05	5	2
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic [description not available]	5.57	3	2
Black Fever [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	2.94	4	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	3.25	6	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	15.33	118	33
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	15.33	118	33
Precordial Catch [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	1.92	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	5.47	16	1
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	5.47	16	1
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	2.02	1	0
Itching [description not available]	9.61	18	5
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	9.61	18	5
Harelip [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	2.94	4	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	2.69	3	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	6.14	6	2
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	6.14	6	2
Fibroadenoma An adenoma containing fibrous tissue. It should be differentiated from ADENOFIBROMA which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.8	2	1
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	8.18	13	4
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	8.18	13	4
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary [description not available]	5.45	11	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	11.48	64	2
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.	5.45	11	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	11.48	64	2
Angina at Rest [description not available]	5.32	7	2
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	5.32	7	2
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	6.98	11	3
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	6.54	9	6
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	4.99	3	1
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	6.54	9	6
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.46	2	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	5.5	16	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	5.5	16	1
Parotid Diseases Diseases involving the PAROTID GLAND.	2.02	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	2.02	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	4.36	7	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	4.36	7	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	5.89	9	1
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	5.89	9	1
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	8.73	41	5
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	8.5	33	5
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	8.5	33	5
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	9.47	38	1
Abstinence Syndrome, Neonatal [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Diaper Rashes [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Diaper Rash A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	3.82	2	1
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Fetal and neonatal addiction and withdrawal as a result of the mother's dependence on drugs during pregnancy. Withdrawal or abstinence symptoms develop shortly after birth. Symptoms exhibited are loud, high-pitched crying, sweating, yawning and gastrointestinal disturbances.	2.02	1	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	5.7	5	4
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	5.7	5	4
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	12	23	8
Berger Disease [description not available]	7.67	14	2
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	7.67	14	2
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	5.66	7	1
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	5.66	7	1
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	6.08	29	0
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	2.02	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	5.27	21	0
Hyperchylomicronemia Late Onset [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	2.74	3	0
Marasmus [description not available]	9.73	26	3
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	9.73	26	3
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	6.53	17	1
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	6.53	17	1
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	2.92	4	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	9.26	22	7
Steatitis A disease of cats and mink characterized by a marked inflammation of adipose tissue and the deposition of ceroid pigment in the interstices of the adipose cells. It is believed to be caused by feeding diets containing too much unsaturated fatty acid and too little vitamin E. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	3.75	11	0
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Delayed Graft Function General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	3.65	3	0
Hepatorenal Syndrome Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.	2.03	1	0
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia [description not available]	6.32	5	3
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.	6.32	5	3
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	3.6	9	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	6.15	12	1
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	2.72	3	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	4.07	5	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	4.14	16	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	4.14	16	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	3.98	5	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	3.98	5	0
Luft Disease [description not available]	5.39	5	1
Mitochondrial Myopathies A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.	5.39	5	1
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	2.72	3	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	3.22	6	0
Nail Fungus [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	2.68	3	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	2.72	3	0
Lassitude [description not available]	8.2	20	6
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	8.2	20	6
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	3.69	10	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	3.69	10	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	3.69	10	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	3.24	6	0
Emesis [description not available]	5.39	5	3
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	4.86	4	2
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	5.39	5	3
Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available]	7.11	11	2
Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	7.11	11	2
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	2.46	2	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	6.43	16	3
Kidney Stones [description not available]	6.96	15	2
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	6.96	15	2
Buschke's Scleredema [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Scleredema Adultorum A diffuse, non-pitting induration of the skin of unknown etiology that occurs most commonly in association with diabetes mellitus, predominantly in females. It typically begins on the face or head and spreads to other areas of the body, sometimes involving noncutaneous tissues. Often it is preceded by any of various infections, notably staphylococcal infections. The condition resolves spontaneously, usually within two years of onset. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.04	5	0
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)	2.04	1	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	2.03	1	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	8.1	32	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	8.1	32	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	4.3	4	1
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	5.29	12	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	5.06	10	1
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	5.06	10	1
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	3.35	7	0
Cerebromalacia [description not available]	6.98	35	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	3.05	5	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	3.78	4	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	4.26	7	0
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	2.68	3	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	5.91	9	1
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Thalassemias [description not available]	10.34	41	4
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	3.34	1	1
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	10.34	41	4
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	3.35	7	0
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.	3.06	5	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	5.75	21	1
Chloasma [description not available]	9.46	11	5
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	5.75	21	1
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	9.46	11	5
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	8.05	24	1
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	8.05	24	1
Bleeding [description not available]	8.6	34	2
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	8.6	34	2
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	10.88	23	7
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	3.84	12	0
Adenosis of Breast [description not available]	8.55	18	6
Fibrocystic Breast Disease A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.	8.55	18	6
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	8.31	13	4
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	8.31	13	4
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	5.06	10	1
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	5.06	10	1
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	2.38	2	0
Ataxias, Hereditary [description not available]	4.18	17	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	5.61	10	2
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	5.61	10	2
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	10.28	72	2
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	10.28	72	2
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	5.39	5	1
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	5.39	5	1
Impotence [description not available]	8.92	22	4
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	8.92	22	4
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	3.78	2	1
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	10.22	16	4
A-alphalipoprotein Neuropathy [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	2	1	0
Adult Refsum Disease [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	2.38	2	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	8.09	8	4
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	8.09	8	4
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	7.12	15	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	7.12	15	0
Adenomatous Polyps Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.68	7	3
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	3.76	11	0
AIDS, Murine [description not available]	5.16	18	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	6.09	11	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	7.69	14	3
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	7.69	14	3
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	2.86	4	0
Chylothorax The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.97	1	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	2.42	2	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	6.16	12	1
Dysarthosis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	6.16	12	1
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	5.82	6	4
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	3.48	8	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	3.48	8	0
Broad Beta Disease [description not available]	4.47	5	1
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.	4.47	5	1
Congenital Hypocupremia [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome An inherited disorder of copper metabolism transmitted as an X-linked trait and characterized by the infantile onset of HYPOTHERMIA, feeding difficulties, hypotonia, SEIZURES, bony deformities, pili torti (twisted hair), and severely impaired intellectual development. Defective copper transport across plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes results in copper being unavailable for the synthesis of several copper containing enzymes, including PROTEIN-LYSINE 6-OXIDASE; CERULOPLASMIN; and SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. Pathologic changes include defects in arterial elastin, neuronal loss, and gliosis. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p125)	3.28	2	0
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug.	2.88	4	0
Compulsive Personality [description not available]	1.97	1	0
As If Personality [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	11.47	16	8
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	1.97	1	0
Hypervitaminosis A A symptom complex resulting from ingesting excessive amounts of VITAMIN A.	5.07	10	0
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi [description not available]	4.1	16	0
Keratoconus A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	5.4	5	1
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	7.65	69	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.88	4	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	9.19	21	2
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	9.19	21	2
Placenta Increta Invasion of CHORIONIC VILLI occurs deep into the MYOMETRIUM.	1.96	1	0
Placenta Accreta Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.	1.96	1	0
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)	2.9	2	0
Hip Dislocation Displacement of the femur bone from its normal position at the HIP JOINT.	2.41	1	0
Tardive Dystonia [description not available]	3.8	3	0
Tardive Dyskinesia Drug-related movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements in certain muscles. It is associated with a long-term exposure to certain neuroleptic medications (e.g., METOCLOPRAMIDE).	3.8	3	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	3.98	4	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	5.47	5	1
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	5.47	5	1
Fractures, Periprosthetic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	4.83	7	1
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	4.83	7	1
Inferior Dislocation [description not available]	3.99	1	1
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Fetal Macrosomia A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.	4.28	6	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	6.64	7	3
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	6.64	7	3
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	2.41	1	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	4.68	2	1
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	4.64	6	1
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	4.64	6	1
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	8.33	11	1
Leukoaraiosis Non-specific white matter changes in the BRAIN, often seen after age 65. Changes include loss of AXONS; MYELIN pallor, GLIOSIS, loss of ependymal cells, and enlarged perivascular spaces. Leukoaraiosis is a risk factor for DEMENTIA and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	2.6	1	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	3.33	1	0
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	4.15	2	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	2.72	2	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	6.37	9	5
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	6.37	9	5
Hallervorden-Spatz Disease [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration A rare autosomal recessive degenerative disorder which usually presents in late childhood or adolescence. Clinical manifestations include progressive MUSCLE SPASTICITY; hyperreflexia; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; DYSTONIA; DYSARTHRIA; and intellectual deterioration which progresses to severe dementia over several years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p972; Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp972-929)	2.41	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	5.08	17	0
Xanthoma [description not available]	3.82	4	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	5.08	17	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	7.39	12	4
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	7.39	12	4
Ocular Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Ocular Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.	2.41	1	0
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	10.22	12	8
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	10.22	12	8
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	5.58	6	1
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	5.58	6	1
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	3.93	13	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	3.93	13	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	3.68	3	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	5.97	10	1
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.41	1	0
Muscle Pain [description not available]	5.93	4	2
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	5.93	4	2
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	9.77	19	13
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	9.77	19	13
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	8.19	16	2
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	8.19	16	2
Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy [description not available]	7.75	5	4
Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral An autosomal dominant degenerative muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness of the muscles of the face, upper-arm, and shoulder girdle. The onset of symptoms usually occurs in the first or second decade of life. Affected individuals usually present with impairment of upper extremity elevation. This tends to be followed by facial weakness, primarily involving the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles. (Neuromuscul Disord 1997;7(1):55-62; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1420)	7.75	5	4
MELAS [description not available]	4.1	3	1
CACH Syndrome [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	2.6	1	0
MELAS Syndrome A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)	4.1	3	1
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1.5 [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults Autoimmune diabetes in adults with slowly progressive PANCREATIC BETA CELL failure and the presence of circulating autoantibodies to PANCREATIC ISLETS cell antigens.	2.6	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	3.11	5	0
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	2.6	1	0
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	3.47	2	0
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	3.47	2	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	2.94	4	0
Corneal Edema An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.	3.59	1	1
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	5.98	9	3
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	5.98	9	3
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	4.21	3	1
Foreign-Body Migration Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.	4.51	1	1
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, Viral [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Non-communicable Chronic Diseases [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	2.25	1	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	3.17	4	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	3.17	4	0
Drusen, Retinal [description not available]	5.07	5	2
Dysphagia [description not available]	7.63	4	4
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	7.63	4	4
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	3.85	12	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	3.85	12	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Anaplasma Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	4.73	3	0
ADDH [description not available]	5.71	4	1
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	5.71	4	1
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.91	4	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	4.98	3	1
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	3.16	5	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	2.43	2	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	2.25	1	0
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	2.25	1	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	2.25	1	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.74	3	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	3.12	5	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Blast Phase [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	2.25	1	0
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	2.39	2	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	8.17	8	3
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	8.17	8	3
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	7.28	11	4
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	6.22	4	3
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	6.22	4	3
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	7.37	10	2
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	7.37	10	2
Encephalopathy, Mercury [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	2.45	2	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	12.14	36	9
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	12.14	36	9
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	3.3	6	0
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	6	3	3
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	6.86	15	1
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	3.51	2	0
White Muscle Disease A myodegeneration most frequent in calves and lambs whose dams have been fed during gestation or longer on feeds, especially legumes (FABACEAE), grown in certain areas where selenium is either deficient or unavailable in the soil. It has been recorded in many countries. It has been produced experimentally in several species of animals on low-selenium intake. A similar myopathy occurs naturally in goats, deer, foals, and dogs but proof of the etiology is lacking. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed)	6.02	20	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	7.63	8	2
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	7.06	7	1
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	7.06	7	1
Allergy, Milk [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Milk Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.	2.93	4	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	5.18	3	1
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	10.77	64	4
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	10.77	64	4
Papulosquamous Disorders [description not available]	2.25	1	0
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	4.33	3	1
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	4.33	3	1
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	11.05	27	6
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	11.05	27	6
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	7.47	11	3
Menopause, Premature The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is due to the depletion of OVARIAN FOLLICLES. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases; OVARIECTOMY; RADIATION; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities.	2.31	1	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	5.66	3	2
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	5.66	3	2
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	2.31	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	4	2	1
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	4	2	1
Hyperthermia An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of inability to regulate core body temperature due to non-pathologic factors.	2.31	1	0
Birnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the BIRNAVIRIDAE.	2.44	2	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	3.86	4	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	2.97	4	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	5.08	10	1
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	5.08	10	1
Tooth Erosion Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)	2.31	1	0
Autism [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	2.52	2	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	4.06	5	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	4.06	5	0
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	4.37	4	0
Dry Macular Degeneration [description not available]	7.64	4	3
Geographic Atrophy A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.	7.64	4	3
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.15	1	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	2.15	1	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	7.8	19	1
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	7.8	19	1
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.96	4	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	5.54	6	1
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	5.54	6	1
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	4.05	5	0
Cystine Diathesis [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.	3.83	4	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	2.58	2	0
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	2.17	1	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	3.75	3	0
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	7.06	10	1
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	5.22	6	0
Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans An atrophic and sclerotic condition of the head of the PENIS, glans penis. Sometimes it leads to stenosis and occasionally obliteration of the external meatal orifice.	2.17	1	0
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	2.17	1	0
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	2.17	1	0
Flea Infestations Parasitic attack by members of the order SIPHONAPTERA.	2.17	1	0
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	4.7	6	1
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	3.94	2	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	3.94	2	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	7.29	14	2
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	7.29	14	2
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	5.06	6	0
Fundus Flavimaculatus [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Stargardt Disease A juvenile-onset macular dystrophy characterized by progressive loss of VISUAL ACUITY with normal acuity in peripheral VISUAL FIELDS. Other associated clinical features may include LIPOFUSCIN fundus autofluorescence, atrophy of the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM, loss of color vision, PHOTOPHOBIA and PARACENTRAL SCOTOMA. Germline mutations in the ABCA4 gene have been identified in recessive and dominant diseases.	3.09	1	0
Albinism General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.	4.28	4	0
Malaria, Avian Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.	2.39	2	0
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	3.56	1	1
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	3.56	1	1
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	5.69	10	2
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	5.69	10	2
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	3.78	2	1
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	2.48	2	0
Exfoliation Glaucoma [description not available]	3.86	2	1
Exfoliation Syndrome The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)	3.86	2	1
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	3.89	2	1
Abnormality, Torsion [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Sex Disorders [description not available]	5.38	5	1
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	5.38	5	1
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	8.53	14	1
Wet Macular Degeneration A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.	6.49	4	4
Neoplastic Processes The pathological mechanisms and forms taken by tissue during degeneration into a neoplasm and its subsequent activity.	3.09	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	4.63	6	1
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	4.63	6	1
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	13.61	27	25
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	13.61	27	25
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	2.91	4	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	4.78	2	1
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	3.35	2	0
B cepacia Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Netherton Disease [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Netherton Syndrome Rare autosomal recessive disease with variable expressions. Clinical features of the disease include variable ICHTHYOSIFORM ERYTHRODERMA, CONGENITAL; bamboo hair (trichorrhexis invaginata); and ATOPIC DERMATITIS. The disease is caused by mutations in the SPINK5 gene.	2.17	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	5.12	10	0
Light Sensitivity [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Granuloma Annulare Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures.	3.24	6	0
Infusion Site Adverse Event [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	4.47	5	1
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	4.47	5	1
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	3.79	4	0
Spinal Curvatures Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).	2.21	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	2.57	2	0
Acanthamoeba Meningoencephalitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Encephalomyelitis A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.	2.7	3	0
Breast Pain [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Mastodynia Pain in the breast generally classified as cyclical (associated with menstrual periods), or noncyclical, i.e. originating from the breast or nearby muscles or joints, ranging from minor discomfort to severely incapacitating.	3.12	1	0
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Sclerema Neonatorum A severe, sometimes fatal, disorder of adipose tissue occurring chiefly in preterm or debilitated infants suffering from an underlying illness and manifested by a diffuse, nonpitting induration of the affected tissue. The skin becomes cold, yellowish, mottled, and inflexible.	2.64	3	0
B-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	2.75	3	0
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, B-Cell A neoplasm of prolymphocytes affecting the blood, bone marrow, and spleen. It is characterized by prolymphocytes exceeding 55% of the lymphoid cells in the blood and profound splenomegaly.	2.08	1	0
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes [description not available]	9.6	10	5
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.	9.6	10	5
Stretch Marks [description not available]	3.89	2	0
Striae Distensae Linear dermal scars accompanied by epidermal atrophy that affects skin that is subjected to continuous stretching. They usually do not cause any significant medical problems, only cosmetic problems.	3.89	2	0
Porphyria Variegata [description not available]	4.42	2	2
Porphyria, Variegate An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4) in the LIVER, the seventh enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include both neurological symptoms and cutaneous lesions. Patients excrete increased levels of porphyrin precursors, COPROPORPHYRINS and protoporphyrinogen.	4.42	2	2
Kraurosis Vulvae [description not available]	5.39	5	3
Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus Atrophy and shriveling of the SKIN of the VULVA that is characterized by the whitish LICHEN SCLEROSUS appearance, inflammation, and PRURITUS.	5.39	5	3
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	8.78	17	1
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	8.78	17	1
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	4.07	3	1
Panic Attacks [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	2.08	1	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	3.27	6	0
Rigor Mortis Muscular rigidity which develops in the cadaver usually from 4 to 10 hours after death and lasts 3 or 4 days.	2.08	1	0
Disorder, Borderline Personality [description not available]	4.39	1	1
Borderline Personality Disorder A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)	4.39	1	1
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	2.66	3	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	7.82	11	1
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	7.82	11	1
Bruise [description not available]	4.39	1	1
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	4.39	1	1
Ecchymosis Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.	5.91	3	1
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	2.1	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	4.28	4	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	4.66	6	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	4.66	6	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	2.72	3	0
Back Ache [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	3.47	1	1
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.	2.7	3	0
Lymphedema And Yellow Nails [description not available]	5.09	3	0
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	2.1	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Forearm Injuries Injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow.	2.1	1	0
Cavernitis, Fibrous [description not available]	12.14	80	12
Penile Induration A condition characterized by hardening of the PENIS due to the formation of fibrous plaques on the dorsolateral aspect of the PENIS, usually involving the membrane (tunica albuginea) surrounding the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis). This may eventually cause a painful deformity of the shaft or constriction of the urethra, or both.	12.14	80	12
Teratogenesis The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.	2.1	1	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Cheilitis Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.	5.56	3	2
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	4.71	2	1
Fallopian Tube Diseases Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.	2.46	2	0
Hypernutrition [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	3.19	6	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	3.19	6	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	2.1	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	5.16	18	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	4.04	5	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	4.04	5	0
Anorectal Anomalies [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Anal Atresia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hypospadias A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.	2.37	2	0
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	2.51	2	0
Abetalipoproteinemia, Normotriglyceridemic, Steinbert Type [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.	5.67	14	0
Placental Abruption [description not available]	6.44	6	1
Abruptio Placentae Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.	6.44	6	1
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	3.4	2	0
Frigidity [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Urge Incontinence [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)	2.05	1	0
Urinary Incontinence, Urge Involuntary discharge of URINE that is associated with an abrupt and strong desire to void. It is usually related to the involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle of the bladder (detrusor hyperreflexia or detrusor instability).	2.05	1	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	2.11	1	0
Leiomyomatosis The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.1	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	3.33	2	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Vestibular Diseases Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.	2.1	1	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	2.47	2	0
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	3.86	2	1
Aberrant Crypt Foci Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.	2.48	2	0
Adjustment Sleep Disorder [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	4.04	5	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	4.04	5	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	3.01	1	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.1	1	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	6.7	8	1
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	6.7	8	1
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	4.01	5	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	4.47	5	1
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	4.47	5	1
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	5.38	5	1
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	5.03	3	1
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	5.03	3	1
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	4.75	7	1
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	5.08	10	1
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	5.08	10	1
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available]	5.36	10	0
Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.	5.36	10	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.1	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	2.43	2	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	4.39	8	0
Dental Leakage The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.	2.11	1	0
Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.11	1	0
Congenital Lipomatosis of Pancreas [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome An inherited syndrome characterized by EXOCRINE PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; hematologic abnormalities (e.g., bone marrow hypoplasia), and skeletal abnormalities (e.g., metaphyseal chondroplasia). GERMLINE MUTATIONS in the SBDS gene are associated with Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome.	2.11	1	0
Lipomatosis A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.	2.11	1	0
Hepatic Insufficiency Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	2.13	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	3.07	5	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	5.07	10	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	5.07	10	0
Acute Onset Aura Migraine [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Migraine with Aura A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	3.03	1	0
Armstrong Syndrome [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	3.44	2	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	3.44	2	0
Fibroid [description not available]	4	5	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	4	5	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	5.41	8	2
Diverticulitis Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.	2.11	1	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	5.41	8	2
Cramp [description not available]	9.2	20	3
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	9.2	20	3
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	5.07	5	2
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	5.07	5	2
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.7	3	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	2.48	2	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	3.5	1	1
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System Injury to the nervous system secondary to exposure to lead compounds. Two distinct clinical patterns occur in children (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, CHILDHOOD) and adults (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, ADULT). In children, lead poisoning typically produces an encephalopathy. In adults, exposure to toxic levels of lead is associated with a peripheral neuropathy.	2.48	2	0
Keratosis, Oral [description not available]	10.28	18	6
Leukoplakia, Oral A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	10.28	18	6
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	3.44	2	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.11	1	0
Azoospermia A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).	3.5	1	1
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	3.82	4	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	6.25	20	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	4.16	6	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Fasciitis Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1, Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, Necrotizing fasciitis (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous /Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma.	2.13	1	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	6.25	20	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	4.16	6	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	2.67	3	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	4.68	11	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	7.1	18	2
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	7.1	18	2
Microglossia [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Embolism, Fat Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.	2.13	1	0
Acatalasemia [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	2.13	1	0
Protozoan Infections, Animal Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.	2.44	2	0
Implant Capsular Contracture The shrinkage of the foreign body encapsulation scar tissue that forms around artificial implants imbedded in body tissues.	2.13	1	0
Asialia [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	3.51	1	1
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	5.13	11	1
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	5.13	11	1
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	3.48	8	0
Crush Syndrome Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.	2.44	2	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.48	2	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.92	4	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	10.95	19	3
Vision, Diminished [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	10.95	19	3
Gargoylism, Hunter Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis II Systemic lysosomal storage disease marked by progressive physical deterioration and caused by a deficiency of L-sulfoiduronate sulfatase. This disease differs from MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS I by slower progression, lack of corneal clouding, and X-linked rather than autosomal recessive inheritance. The mild form produces near-normal intelligence and life span. The severe form usually causes death by age 15.	2.13	1	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	3.04	1	0
Lens Diseases Diseases involving the CRYSTALLINE LENS.	2.74	3	0
Johne Disease [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	6.5	11	1
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	6.5	11	1
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	3.53	1	1
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	4.43	1	1
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	7.27	6	1
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	7.27	6	1
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	6.1	6	2
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	3.51	1	1
Bezoars Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.	2.15	1	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	6.22	10	4
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	6.22	10	4
Emaciation Clinical manifestation of excessive LEANNESS usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition (MALNUTRITION).	2.68	3	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	3.09	5	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	3.49	8	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	4.17	6	0
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	4.17	6	0
Fungus Poisoning [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	7.05	7	2
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	7.05	7	2
Deficiency, Yin [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Acetonemia [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	4.68	3	2
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	4.68	3	2
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	1.92	1	0
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	6.34	15	1
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	6.34	15	1
Lichen Ruber Planus [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Lichen Planus An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.	2.64	3	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	4.39	8	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	4.39	8	0
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase [description not available]	4.32	4	1
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.	4.32	4	1
Addison's Anemia [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	2.04	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Spinocerebellar Ataxias A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)	2.44	2	0
Nail Abnormalities [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Orthostatic Intolerance Symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion or autonomic overaction which develop while the subject is standing, but are relieved on recumbency. Types of this include NEUROCARDIOGENIC SYNCOPE; POSTURAL ORTHOSTATIC TACHYCARDIA SYNDROME; and neurogenic ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. (From Noseworthy, JH., Neurological Therapeutics Principles and Practice, 2007, p2575-2576)	3.43	1	1
Lower Extremity Weakness, Spastic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary A group of inherited diseases that share similar phenotypes but are genetically diverse. Different genetic loci for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and x-linked forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia have been identified. Clinically, patients present with slowly progressive distal limb weakness and lower extremity spasticity. Peripheral sensory neurons may be affected in the later stages of the disease. (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Jan;64(1):61-6; Curr Opin Neurol 1997 Aug;10(4):313-8)	2.05	1	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	2.05	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.05	1	0
Argininosuccinate Synthase Deficiency Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Citrullinemia A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49)	2.05	1	0
Steatorrhea A condition that is characterized by chronic fatty DIARRHEA, a result of abnormal DIGESTION and/or INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of FATS.	2.05	1	0
Anterior Fascicular Block [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	4.95	9	1
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	6.64	30	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	5.73	15	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	4.59	6	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	4.33	4	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.73	3	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.39	7	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	2.42	2	0
Aphthae [description not available]	9.86	11	9
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	9.86	11	9
Low Tension Glaucoma A form of glaucoma in which chronic optic nerve damage and loss of vision normally attributable to buildup of intraocular pressure occurs despite prevailing conditions of normal intraocular pressure.	2.97	1	0
Scrotal Hydrocele [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	2.37	2	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	6.24	7	2
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	2.05	1	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	5.06	10	1
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	6.79	13	2
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	6.79	13	2
Marchiafava-Bignami Disease A neurodegenerative condition that is characterized by demyelination or necrosis of the CORPUS CALLOSUM. Symptoms include DEPRESSION; PARANOIA; DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and ATAXIA which can progress to COMA and death in a few months. Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome is seen often in alcoholics but has been found in non-alcoholics as well.	2.06	1	0
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	3.81	12	0
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	3.81	12	0
Encephalitis, Viral Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.	2.05	1	0
AIDS, Simian [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	3.08	5	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	4.95	9	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	3.37	7	0
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available]	3.52	8	0
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.	2.95	4	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	4.51	5	1
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	4.51	5	1
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	7.37	6	3
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	7.37	6	3
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	4.25	4	1
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	4.25	4	1
Niemann-Pick Disease [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Niemann-Pick Diseases A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.	2.44	2	0
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	4.25	4	1
Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	3.04	5	0
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	2.63	3	0
Chilblains Recurrent localized itching, swelling and painful erythema on the fingers, toes or ears, produced by exposure to cold.	2.34	2	0
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	2.05	1	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	8.33	23	2
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.05	1	0
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	4.77	2	1
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	4.77	2	1
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	4.79	5	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	4.79	5	0
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	5.72	4	1
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	5.87	9	1
Hydrothorax A collection of watery fluid in the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.06	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	2.06	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	2.97	1	0
Vulvovaginitis Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.	3.28	2	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	5.99	6	1
Rheumatism [description not available]	4.36	8	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	4.36	8	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	2.84	4	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	6.48	6	1
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	6.48	6	1
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Familial Mediterranean Fever A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.	2.06	1	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	4.05	3	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	4.05	3	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	3.55	3	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	2.06	1	0
Aujeszky Disease [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Aneurysm, Coronary [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	2.44	2	0
Intraepithelial Prostatic Neoplasia [description not available]	8.58	7	3
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.	8.58	7	3
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous [description not available]	4.84	8	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.	4.84	8	1
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	2.06	1	0
Ectopic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Pregnancy, Ectopic A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (	2.06	1	0
Gyrate Atrophy Progressive, autosomal recessive, diffuse atrophy of the choroid, pigment epithelium, and sensory retina that begins in childhood.	2.98	1	0
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	2.44	2	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Vasculitis, Retinal [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.64	6	1
Retinal Vasculitis Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.	2.06	1	0
Pre-Hypertension [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.	2.47	2	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	2.06	1	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.06	1	0
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	2.91	4	0
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	4.31	4	1
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	4.31	4	1
Presbycusis Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.	6.09	6	2
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	2.06	1	0
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Central European Encephalitis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	4.9	14	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	4.9	14	0
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	4.33	4	1
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	4.33	4	1
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	5.55	6	1
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	5.55	6	1
Fractures, Closed Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.	2.07	1	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	5.17	6	2
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	5.17	6	2
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	2.07	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	3.25	6	0
Alagille Syndrome 1 [description not available]	4.48	5	1
Alagille Syndrome A multisystem disorder that is characterized by aplasia of intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC), and malformations in the cardiovascular system, the eyes, the vertebral column, and the facies. Major clinical features include JAUNDICE, and congenital heart disease with peripheral PULMONARY STENOSIS. Alagille syndrome may result from heterogeneous gene mutations, including mutations in JAG1 on CHROMOSOME 20 (Type 1) and NOTCH2 on CHROMOSOME 1 (Type 2).	4.48	5	1
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	2.07	1	0
Injuries, Mandibular [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Dyspareunia Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.	3.47	1	1
Alcoholic Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Albinism, Tyrosinase-Negative [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Albinism, Oculocutaneous Heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprising at least four recognized types, all having in common varying degrees of hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. The two most common are the tyrosinase-positive and tyrosinase-negative types.	2.07	1	0
Sickle Cell Trait The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.	3.47	1	1
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	5.26	4	1
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	2.41	2	0
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Leigh Disease A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).	2.08	1	0
Milk Fever, Animal [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	2.42	2	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	4.06	3	0
Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.	3.76	2	1
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.	4.07	3	1
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis [description not available]	4.76	12	0
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.	4.76	12	0
Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.	3.2	6	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	6.45	24	2
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	6.45	24	2
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	7.34	16	3
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	7.34	16	3
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Angiitis [description not available]	5.67	7	1
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	5.67	7	1
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	4.95	9	1
Parakeratosis Persistence of the nuclei of the keratinocytes into the stratum corneum of the skin. This is a normal state only in the epithelium of true mucous membranes in the mouth and vagina. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.41	2	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	3.1	5	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	3.11	5	0
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Dysautonomia, Familial An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)	2.37	2	0
Icterus [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	3.21	6	0
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome [description not available]	3.8	2	1
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.	3.8	2	1
Anemia Neonatorum [description not available]	10.05	16	7
Anemia, Neonatal The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.	10.05	16	7
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	5.54	6	1
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	5.52	3	2
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	5.52	3	2
Haim-Monk Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	4.14	6	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	4.26	4	1
Abnormalities, Respiratory System [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	3.59	3	0
Failure to Thrive A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.	2.39	2	0
Dientamoeba fragilis Infection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	3.35	7	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	2.43	2	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	3.37	7	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	5.18	4	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	5.18	4	1
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	3.78	4	0
Penile Diseases Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.	3.8	12	0
Acrodermatitis Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.	1.93	1	0
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	3.73	2	1
Anus Diseases Diseases involving the ANUS.	1.93	1	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.73	2	1
Vulvitis Inflammation of the VULVA. It is characterized by PRURITUS and painful urination.	1.93	1	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	5.93	26	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	5.54	12	0
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	3.95	5	0
Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).	2.62	3	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	4.43	5	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	4.43	5	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	3.31	7	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	3.31	7	0
Varices [description not available]	4.24	7	0
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	4.24	7	0
Nanism [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	1.93	1	0
Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.	1.93	1	0
Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available]	6.19	13	1
Reticulocytosis An increase in circulating RETICULOCYTES, which is among the simplest and most reliable signs of accelerated ERYTHROCYTE production. Reticulocytosis occurs during active BLOOD regeneration (stimulation of red bone marrow) and in certain types of ANEMIA, particularly CONGENITAL HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA.	1.93	1	0
Hives [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	3.79	4	0
Epulides [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	3.04	5	0
Bedwetting [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Nocturnal Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.	1.93	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	7.06	9	4
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	2.34	2	0
Fat Necrosis A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol.	4.03	3	1
Cutis Elastica [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Angiomatosis A condition with multiple tumor-like lesions caused either by congenital or developmental malformations of BLOOD VESSELS, or reactive vascular proliferations, such as in bacillary angiomatosis. Angiomatosis is considered non-neoplastic.	1.93	1	0
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.	1.93	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	4.87	14	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	3.72	11	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	4.87	14	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	2.34	2	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	4.37	8	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	4.37	8	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	2.63	3	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	2.86	4	0
Meniscitis [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Koehler Disease [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Hemostatic Disorders Pathological processes involving the integrity of blood circulation. Hemostasis depends on the integrity of BLOOD VESSELS, blood fluidity, and BLOOD COAGULATION. Majority of the hemostatic disorders are caused by disruption of the normal interaction between the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, the plasma proteins (including BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS), and PLATELETS.	1.93	1	0
Bejel [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Complement Deficiencies [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.63	3	0
Pregnancy, Prolonged A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.	3.77	4	0
Bilirubin Encephalopathy [description not available]	3.25	2	0
Kernicterus A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)	3.25	2	0
Abortion, Threatened UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.	4.87	14	0
Thoracic Diseases Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.	1.93	1	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	1.93	1	0
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Benign Hyperglobulinemic Purpura of Waldenstru00F6m [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	2.33	2	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	2.33	2	0
Groenblad-Strandberg Syndrome [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum An inherited disorder of connective tissue with extensive degeneration and calcification of ELASTIC TISSUE primarily in the skin, eye, and vasculature. At least two forms exist, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. This disorder is caused by mutations of one of the ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. Patients are predisposed to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE.	3.04	5	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	3.35	7	0
Siderosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.	2.64	3	0
Chorioretinitis Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.	2.65	3	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	2.87	4	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	6.91	9	2
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	6.91	9	2
Lathyrism A paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE or beta-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus LATHYRUS.	3.78	4	0
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	2.34	2	0
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Cockayne Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple system abnormalities including DWARFISM; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; PREMATURE AGING; and HEARING LOSS. It is caused by mutations of a number of autosomal recessive genes encoding proteins that involve transcriptional-coupled DNA REPAIR processes. Cockayne syndrome is classified by the severity and age of onset. Type I (classical; CSA) is early childhood onset in the second year of life; type II (congenital; CSB) is early onset at birth with severe symptoms; type III (xeroderma pigmentosum; XP) is late childhood onset with mild symptoms.	1.93	1	0
Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.	3.57	3	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	6.6	11	2
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	6.6	11	2
Black Death [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	1.93	1	0
Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.	1.93	1	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.97	5	0
Schwartzman Phenomenon [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	4.59	6	1
Cleft Spine [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Birth Injuries Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.	1.93	1	0
Hysteria Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.	1.94	1	0
Paranoia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Neuroses [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	2.86	4	0
Anthracosilicosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of dust that contains both CARBON and crystalline SILICON DIOXIDE. These foreign matters induce fibrous nodule formation in the lung.	1.94	1	0
Calciphylaxes [description not available]	3.26	2	0
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	2.86	4	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	2.34	2	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	4.03	3	1
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	2.85	1	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	2.85	1	0
Xeroderma [description not available]	4.45	5	1
Ichthyosis Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.	4.45	5	1
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Neoplasms, Skull [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Adult Rickets [description not available]	4.59	6	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	4.59	6	0
Disgerminoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dysgerminoma A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)	1.94	1	0
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	2.36	2	0
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	2.36	2	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	4.95	9	1
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	4.95	9	1
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	2.63	3	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	5.77	8	1
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	5.77	8	1
Diseases of Nasopharynx [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.	1.93	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	1.93	1	0
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	2.34	2	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	5.83	16	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	5.83	16	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	4.22	18	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	4.22	18	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	6.78	10	1
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	6.78	10	1
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	2.01	1	0
Germinoma A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)	2.02	1	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	2.65	3	0
Acanthosis Nigricans A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.	2.02	1	0
Disorders, Sex Chromosome [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	3.03	5	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	3.03	5	0
Skin Diseases, Vascular Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.	1.92	1	0
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	2.34	2	0
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	1.92	1	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	2.35	2	0
Essential Polyarteritis [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Periarthritis Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.92	1	0
Fibromatosis [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Fibroma A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.	2.34	2	0
Avian Sarcoma [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	4.19	2	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	3.57	9	0
Leukocyte Disorders Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.	1.93	1	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	1.93	1	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	2.43	2	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	2.41	2	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	3.33	2	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Ocular Infections [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	2.02	1	0
Eye Infections Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.	2.02	1	0
Aplasia Pure Red Cell [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.	2.93	1	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	4.08	3	1
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	4.09	3	1
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	4.09	3	1
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	2.02	1	0
Abnormalities, Musculoskeletal [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	3.59	3	0
Tuberculosis, Urogenital A general term for MYCOBACTERIUM infections of any part of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	2.42	2	0
Blue-Eared Pig Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)	2.02	1	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	2.67	3	0
Inclusion Body Myopathy, Sporadic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Myositis, Inclusion Body Progressive myopathies characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies on muscle biopsy. Sporadic and hereditary forms have been described. The sporadic form is an acquired, adult-onset inflammatory vacuolar myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscles. Familial forms usually begin in childhood and lack inflammatory changes. Both forms feature intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in muscle tissue. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1409-10)	2.02	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.34	2	0
Lupus Vulgaris A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.	1.92	1	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	2.85	4	0
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available]	7.25	24	1
Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.	7.25	24	1
Sprains [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	2.02	1	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	4.84	4	2
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	4.84	4	2
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing [description not available]	4.7	2	1
Cholangitis, Sclerosing Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.	4.7	2	1
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	2.93	1	0
A-Thalassemia [description not available]	2.4	2	0
alpha-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.	2.4	2	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	3.78	2	1
Bleb [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Verruca [description not available]	4.67	2	1
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	4.67	2	1
Bone Demineralization, Pathologic Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)	2.02	1	0
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	2.39	2	0
Impairment, Light Touch Sensation [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	3.79	2	1
Optic Atrophy Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.	2.94	1	0
Amnionitis [description not available]	4.72	2	1
Chorioamnionitis INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.	4.72	2	1
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured [description not available]	2.02	1	0
CBS Deficiency [description not available]	5.38	5	1
Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)	5.38	5	1
Asbestosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.	2.02	1	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	6.34	8	2
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	6.34	8	2
Infections, Taenia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Taeniasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.	2.02	1	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	3.41	1	1
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	2.7	3	0
Tooth Loss The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.	2.72	3	0
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.02	1	0
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.	4.88	4	2
Rubeola [description not available]	4.63	3	2
Measles A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.	4.63	3	2
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	3.41	1	1
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	3.41	1	1
Benign Essential Tremor [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Essential Tremor A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)	2.94	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	2.42	2	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	2.39	2	0
Trichomoniasis, Human [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Trichomonas Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.	2.02	1	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	3.41	1	1
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	2.42	2	0
Fasciculation Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)	2.03	1	0
Edema, Fetal [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	2.68	3	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	4.48	5	1
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	4.48	5	1
Chills The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.	3.41	1	1
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	4.62	10	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	4.62	10	0
Dystocia Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.	2.03	1	0
Degenerative Disease, Nervous System, Hereditary [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	3.8	2	1
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	3.8	2	1
Mouth, Edentulous Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.	2.03	1	0
Neoplasm Seeding The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.	2.03	1	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	4.29	4	1
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	4.07	3	1
Genome Instability [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Activated Protein C Resistance A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.	3.42	1	1
Extrasystole, Ventricular [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	2.03	1	0
Postgastrectomy Syndromes Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.	3.05	5	0
Connective Tissue Disease, Mixed [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Suffocation [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	2.42	2	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	1.92	1	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	3.81	4	0
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	4.07	3	1
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex A multifactorial disease of CATTLE resulting from complex interactions between environmental factors, host factors, and pathogens. The environmental factors act as stressors adversely affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM and other host defenses and enhancing transmission of infecting agents.	2.04	1	0
Alobar Holoprosencephaly [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	2.04	1	0
Argyria A permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.35	2	0
Duhring Disease [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	3.06	5	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	3.21	6	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	3.49	8	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	4.82	4	2
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	2.67	3	0
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	2.38	2	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	4.59	10	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	4.59	10	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	1.96	1	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	2.37	2	0
Tracheitis INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.	3.79	1	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	4.98	9	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	4.98	9	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	1.96	1	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	1.96	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	4.44	5	1
Hyaline Membrane Disease A respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. The disease is characterized by the formation of a HYALINE-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and subsequent collapse of the lung (PULMONARY ATELECTASIS).	2.87	4	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	3.28	2	0
Xerophthalmia Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.	3.21	6	0
Tuberculosis, Female Genital MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.37	2	0
Porphyria [description not available]	6.1	22	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	6.1	22	0
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	3.79	4	0
Poisoning, Fluoride [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Fluoride Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.	3.28	2	0
Brucella Infection [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Epididymitis Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	2.66	3	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	2.37	2	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	6.41	12	4
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	3.48	8	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	3.48	8	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.37	2	0
Hypolipoproteinemia [description not available]	4.05	3	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	7.92	11	5
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	7.92	11	5
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Cancer of Cecum [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Blood Vessel Tumors [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Anal Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the anal gland.	1.96	1	0
Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	1.96	1	0
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	1.96	1	0
Salivary Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.	1.96	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.37	2	0
Cranial Epidural Hematoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	1.96	1	0
Bends [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	1.96	1	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	1.96	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	4.74	7	1
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	4.74	7	1
Night Blindness Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.06	5	0
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.	3.74	2	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	2.36	2	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	2.87	4	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	1.96	1	0
Angioid Streaks Small breaks in the elastin-filled tissue of the retina.	1.95	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	1.95	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	3.23	6	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Eye Manifestations Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.	1.95	1	0
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	1.98	1	0
Cretinism [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Congenital Hypothyroidism A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.	1.98	1	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	7.15	10	4
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	7.15	10	4
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	3.06	5	0
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Refractory Anemia [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Myelomonocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Anemia, Refractory A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.	3.37	1	1
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic A myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood.	3.37	1	1
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Fukuhara Disease [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia with Myopathy [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Farmer's Lung A form of alveolitis or pneumonitis due to an acquired hypersensitivity to inhaled antigens associated with farm environment. Antigens in the farm dust are commonly from bacteria actinomycetes (SACCHAROPOLYSPORA and THERMOACTINOMYCES), fungi, and animal proteins in the soil, straw, crops, pelts, serum, and excreta.	1.98	1	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cot Death [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	2.68	3	0
Adnexal Diseases Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).	1.98	1	0
Prinzmetal Angina [description not available]	4.29	4	1
Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.	4.29	4	1
Cholangioma [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Adenoma, Bile Duct A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.	2.36	2	0
Primate Diseases Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.	1.98	1	0
Acute Porphyria [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.	1.98	1	0
Demineralization, Tooth [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	4.14	6	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Infections, Ureaplasma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Deficiency, Riboflavin [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	5.37	5	1
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	5.37	5	1
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	4.83	4	2
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.	2.68	3	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	2.36	2	0
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	4.06	3	1
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	4.27	7	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	4.27	7	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.79	4	0
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	2.9	1	0
Hypergammaglobulinemia An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.	3.28	2	0
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	3.82	4	0
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	3.82	4	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	1.98	1	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	4.28	7	0
Leukokeratosis Leukoplakic lesions related to abnormal keratin fiber formation.	4.46	5	1
Leukoplakia A white patch lesion found on a MUCOUS MEMBRANE that cannot be scraped off. Leukoplakia is generally considered a precancerous condition, however its appearance may also result from a variety of HEREDITARY DISEASES.	4.46	5	1
Cerebral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059)	1.98	1	0
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	3.3	2	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	4.98	3	1
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	3.08	5	0
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	1.98	1	0
Dysgeusia A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.	1.98	1	0
Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hyperemesis Gravidarum Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS.	1.98	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	5.3	13	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	5.3	13	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Deficiency, Yang [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	3.37	1	1
Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue.	1.98	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	2.88	4	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	4.06	3	1
Rida [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Encephalitis, Equine [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Binge Eating [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Bulimia Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.	2.38	2	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	6.86	7	4
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	6.86	7	4
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Bone Marrow Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.	3.78	2	1
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4 [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2.4	2	0
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.	3.31	2	0
Amylo-1,6-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	1.99	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.9	1	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	1.99	1	0
Arterio-Arterial Fistula Abnormal communication between two ARTERIES that may result from injury or occur as a congenital abnormality.	1.99	1	0
Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in Japan, China, the Philippines, India, and other countries of southeast Asia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.37	2	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	5.18	4	1
Prurigo A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.37	2	0
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Giant Cell Arteritis A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)	2.9	1	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	2.39	2	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	4.26	4	1
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	2.66	3	0
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Lowered Platelets [description not available]	1.99	1	0
HELLP Syndrome A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.	1.99	1	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	1.98	1	0
Froehlich's Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	4.34	2	2
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	3.38	1	1
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	4.34	2	2
Pink Eye [description not available]	4.29	1	1
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	4.29	1	1
Myoglobinuria The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.	3.79	4	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	1.99	1	0
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.	2.69	3	0
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	1.99	1	0
Choroid Diseases Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.	1.99	1	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	1.99	1	0
Exanthem [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Sycosis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	1.99	1	0
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	1.99	1	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Abnormalities, Skin [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Skin Abnormalities Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin.	1.99	1	0
ADPKD [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	1.99	1	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	2.88	4	0
Cervix Diseases [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Choked Disk [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Benign Intracranial Hypertension [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	1.99	1	0
Pseudotumor Cerebri A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).	1.99	1	0
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)	1.99	1	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	1.99	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	2.4	2	0
Chromosomal Triplication [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Battered Child Syndrome A clinical condition resulting from repeated physical and psychological injuries inflicted on a child by the parents or caregivers.	1.99	1	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	1.99	1	0
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.	2.37	2	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	2	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	2.68	3	0
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Clubbed Fingers [description not available]	2	1	0
Eye Hemorrhage Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.	2	1	0
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	2	1	0
Scotoma A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.	2	1	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	2	1	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia [description not available]	2	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	2	1	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2	1	0
Corridor Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Crisis, Thyrotoxic [description not available]	2	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	3.38	1	1
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	3.28	2	0
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	5.18	4	1
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.38	2	0
Calcium Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	2	1	0
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	2	1	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Ornithosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Psittacosis Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.	2	1	0
Leukoma [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	3.78	2	1
AIDS Wasting Syndrome [description not available]	2	1	0
HIV Wasting Syndrome Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).	2	1	0
Dental Focal Infection [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Dental Diseases [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	2.41	2	0
Fetal Distress A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.	2.67	3	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	2	1	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	2	1	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	2	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	2	1	0
Central Nervous System Viral Diseases Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.	2	1	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	2	1	0
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	2	1	0
Hereditary Optic Atrophy [description not available]	2	1	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.98	5	0
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome [description not available]	2.92	1	0
High T4 Syndrome [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Euthyroid Sick Syndromes Conditions of abnormal THYROID HORMONES release in patients with apparently normal THYROID GLAND during severe systemic illness, physical TRAUMA, and psychiatric disturbances. It can be caused by the loss of endogenous hypothalamic input or by exogenous drug effects. The most common abnormality results in low T3 THYROID HORMONE with progressive decrease in THYROXINE; (T4) and TSH. Elevated T4 with normal T3 may be seen in diseases in which THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN synthesis and release are increased.	3.39	1	1
Nodular Goiter [description not available]	2	1	0
Goiter, Nodular An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.	2	1	0
Amyloid Neuropathies Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)	2	1	0
Proctitis INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.39	1	1
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	2.39	2	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	2.65	3	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	2	1	0
Hepatic Porphyria [description not available]	2	1	0
Porphyrias, Hepatic A group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of LIVER enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME. They are characterized by the accumulation and increased excretion of PORPHYRINS or its precursors. Clinical features include neurological symptoms (PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT), cutaneous lesions due to photosensitivity (PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA), or both (HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA). Hepatic porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic tissues.	2	1	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	2.38	2	0
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	2	1	0
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	2	1	0
Jactatio Capitis Nocturna [description not available]	2	1	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Burns, Inhalation Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.	2	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2	1	0
Environmental Hypersensitivities [description not available]	3.39	1	1
EBV Infections [description not available]	2	1	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	2	1	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	2	1	0
Amyloidosis VI [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Angioma, Sclerosing [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)	2.01	1	0
Ergot Poisoning [description not available]	2	1	0
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	2.01	1	0
Genital Warts [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Condylomata Acuminata Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.	2.01	1	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	2.01	1	0
Drusen, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Pellagra A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).	1.95	1	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	1.95	1	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	1.95	1	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	1.95	1	0
ARSA Deficiency [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic An autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of cerebroside sulfate (SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS) in the nervous system and other organs. Pathological features include diffuse demyelination, and metachromatically-staining granules in many cell types such as the GLIAL CELLS. There are several allelic and nonallelic forms with a variety of neurological symptoms.	1.95	1	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Anemia, Megaloblastic A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.	1.95	1	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	4.04	3	1
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.	2.86	1	0
Candidiasis, Cutaneous Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Factor II [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	3.57	3	0
Trichostrongylosis Infestation with nematode worms of the genus TRICHOSTRONGYLUS. Man and animals become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin.	1.95	1	0
Trichostrongyloidiasis Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.	2.36	2	0
Calculus, Dental [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	1.95	1	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	2.64	3	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	3.28	2	0
Bone Diseases, Developmental Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.	1.95	1	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	1.98	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	1.98	1	0
Batten Turner Congenital Myopathy [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	4.03	3	1
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Acquired Meningomyelocele [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Abnormalities, Digestive System [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I An inherited condition due to a deficiency of either LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE or APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (a lipase-activating protein). The lack of lipase activities results in inability to remove CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES from the blood which has a creamy top layer after standing.	1.98	1	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	1.98	1	0
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	2.37	2	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	1.98	1	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	4.32	2	2
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Postpartum Hemorrhage Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).	1.98	1	0
Dipetalonema Infections Infections with nematodes of the genus DIPETALONEMA.	1.98	1	0
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	1.98	1	0
Dementia Multi-Infarct [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	1.98	1	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.	1.97	1	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Demyelinating, Type 4f [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	1.97	1	0
Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.	1.97	1	0
Avian Leukosis A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere.	2.36	2	0
Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.	1.97	1	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	1.97	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	2.38	2	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	1.97	1	0
Adenitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Great Pox [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	3.27	2	0
Fractures, Compound [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders.	1.97	1	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bang Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris [description not available]	1.97	1	0
EBS-DM [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex A form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by serous bullae that heal without scarring. Mutations in the genes that encode KERATIN-5 and KERATIN-14 have been associated with several subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa simplex.	1.97	1	0
SC Disease [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Hemoglobin SC Disease One of the sickle cell disorders characterized by the presence of both hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. It is similar to, but less severe than sickle cell anemia.	2.89	1	0
ARC [description not available]	2.38	2	0
AIDS-Related Complex A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.	2.38	2	0
Humeral Fractures Fractures of the HUMERUS.	1.97	1	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	3.36	1	1
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	1.96	1	0
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	2.37	2	0
Food Poisoning, Salmonella [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Salmonella Food Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.	1.97	1	0
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus [description not available]	5.19	4	1
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.	5.19	4	1
Cardiac Free Wall Rupture [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cardiac Rupture, Post-Infarction [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	1.97	1	0
Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)	2.36	2	0
Cancer of ILEUM [description not available]	1.96	1	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	1.97	1	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Cystadenocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.96	1	0
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.37	2	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	2.37	2	0
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.	2.37	2	0
Auricular Cancer [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).	1.96	1	0
Leprosy, Cutaneous [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Erosive Duodenitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Duodenitis Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.	1.97	1	0
Cecal Diseases Pathological developments in the CECUM.	1.97	1	0
Vulvar Diseases Pathological processes of the VULVA.	2.37	2	0
Ankylosing Vertebral Hyperostosis with Tylosis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cancer of the Vulva [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Vulvar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.	2.37	2	0
Dejerine-Thomas Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	1.97	1	0
Adenofibroma A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.96	1	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	2.88	1	0
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	2.88	1	0
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Anhidrosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	2.37	2	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	1.96	1	0
Anus Prolapse [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Adult Premature Aging Syndrome [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)	1.96	1	0
Exposure, Dental Pulp [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dental Pulp Exposure The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.	1.96	1	0
Ametropia [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Refractive Errors Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.	3.35	1	1
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	2.88	1	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	2.88	1	0
Delayed Puberty [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Drowning Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.	1.96	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral A group of viral diseases of diverse etiology but having many similar clinical characteristics; increased capillary permeability, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common to all. Hemorrhagic fevers are characterized by sudden onset, fever, headache, generalized myalgia, backache, conjunctivitis, and severe prostration, followed by various hemorrhagic symptoms. Hemorrhagic fever with kidney involvement is HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME.	1.96	1	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	1.96	1	0
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	1.96	1	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cardiac Complex, Premature [description not available]	1.94	1	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	1.94	1	0
Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.	1.94	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	1.95	1	0
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.86	1	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	2.86	1	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	2.34	2	0
Aminoaciduria, Renal [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.	2.64	3	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	2.35	2	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	1.95	1	0
Enteropathy, Exudative [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Intestinal Lymphangiectasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Protein-Losing Enteropathies Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.64	3	0
Arm Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.	1.95	1	0
Concomitant Strabismus [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	3.33	1	1
Elliptocytosis, Hereditary An intrinsic defect of erythrocytes inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The erythrocytes assume an oval or elliptical shape.	2.86	1	0
Cross-Transfusion, Intrauterine [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Spherocytosis, Hereditary A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.	3.27	2	0
Fetomaternal Transfusion Transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.86	1	0
Anemia, Sideroblastic Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.	2.35	2	0
Colon Diverticula [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Diverticulum, Colon A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.	1.95	1	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Beriberi, Cerebral [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Bodily Distress Disorder [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Gas Poisoning Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.	1.94	1	0
Hemoglobin C Disease A disease characterized by compensated hemolysis with a normal hemoglobin level or a mild to moderate anemia. There may be intermittent abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, and slight jaundice.	1.94	1	0
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	1.94	1	0
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	1.94	1	0
Congenital Dysplasia Of The Hip [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Spondylitis Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.	1.94	1	0
Cervical Dystonia A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.	1.94	1	0
Torticollis A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.	1.94	1	0
Hemorrhage, Oral [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Myotonia Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.	1.94	1	0
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	2.63	3	0
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.	2.63	3	0
Lymphangiectasis A transient dilatation of the lymphatic vessels.	2.35	2	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	1.94	1	0
Favism Hemolytic anemia due to the ingestion of fava beans or after inhalation of pollen from the Vicia fava plant by persons with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes.	1.94	1	0
Biliary Fistula Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.	1.94	1	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	1.94	1	0
Parotiditis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Orchitis Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	1.94	1	0
Hypesthesia Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.	1.94	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	1.94	1	0
Tooth Mobility Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)	1.94	1	0
Abrasion, Dental [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Glomerular Necrosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Tooth Discoloration Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)	1.94	1	0
Pilonidal Cyst [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pilonidal Sinus A hair-containing cyst or sinus, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region.	1.94	1	0
Anemia, Splenic [description not available]	1.94	1	0

d-alpha tocopherol

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (214)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (26 Items)

Roles (10)

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (13)

Protein Targets (18)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (182)

Molecular Functions (50)

Ceullar Components (34)

Bioassays (525)

Research

Studies (30,078)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 37.48

Study Types

d-alpha tocopherol

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (214)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (26 Items)

Roles (10)

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (13)

Protein Targets (18)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (182)

Molecular Functions (50)

Ceullar Components (34)

Bioassays (525)

Research

Studies (30,078)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 37.48

Study Types

Related Drugs (4,257)

Related Conditions (2,815)