Tubulin alpha-1A chain

A tubulin alpha-1A chain that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q71U36]

Synonyms

Alpha-tubulin 3;
Tubulin B-alpha-1;
Tubulin alpha-3 chain

Research

Bioassay Publications (117)

Timeframe	Studies on this Protein(%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	7 (5.98)	18.2507
2000's	29 (24.79)	29.6817
2010's	55 (47.01)	24.3611
2020's	26 (22.22)	2.80

Compounds (60)

Drugs with Inhibition Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
nocodazole	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1.2975	4	4
vincristine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.5000	1	1
colchicine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	22.8838	39	39
colchicine	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	2.4000	1	1
kokusaginine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.8200	1	1
podophyllotoxin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	67.1914	7	7
vinblastine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.8233	3	3
desacetamidocolchicine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	2.6000	1	1
thiocholchicine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.9400	5	5
parbendazole	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	9.5500	1	1
paclitaxel	Homo sapiens (human)	GI50	0.0053	3	3
2-demethylthiocolchicine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	2.0000	1	1
3-demethylthiocolchicine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	2.0000	1	1
quercetin 5,7,3',4'-tetramethyl ether	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	40.0000	1	1
5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,3'-pentamethoxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	40.0000	1	1
5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	40.0000	1	1
docetaxel	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.5000	1	1
levofloxacin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	11.2700	1	1
3,3',4',5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	40.0000	1	1
ustiloxin d	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1.5000	1	1
4'-demethyldesoxypodophyllotoxin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	2.0000	1	1
2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	7.3000	1	1
ustiloxin a	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1.1000	1	1
vinblastine sulfate	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.1500	1	1
vincaleukoblastine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.7400	1	1
gardenin a	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	40.0000	1	1
3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	40.0000	1	1
anthricin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	2.4000	1	1
5-demethylnobiletin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	40.0000	1	1
5,3'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.8300	2	2
epothilone b	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0035	1	1
chalcone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	620.0000	1	1
2-amino-3-cyano-7-(dimethylamino)-4-(3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl)-4h-chromene	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.4000	1	1
e 7010	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	2.6400	2	2
e 7010	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	1.5100	1	1
eupatilin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	40.0000	1	1
ayanin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	40.0000	1	1
santin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	5.7000	1	1
curacin a	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.7200	1	1
vinorelbine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1.3500	2	2
centaureidin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	2.0000	1	1
eupatin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	40.0000	1	1
5,7-dihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	40.0000	1	1
fosbretabulin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	10.7722	58	58
fosbretabulin	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0615	2	2
5,7,3'-trihydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	3.0000	1	1
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethene	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1.8500	2	2
vinblastine sulfate	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.1300	1	1
ternatin (flavonoid)	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	40.0000	1	1
cryptophycin 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	3.7000	1	1
pironetin	Homo sapiens (human)	GI50	0.0222	2	2
pironetin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0260	1	1
ave-8063	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	3.8500	2	2
dolastatin 10	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.3012	4	4
3-hydroxy-4,3',4',5'-tetramethoxychalcone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	5.6833	3	3
nsc 348103	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	5.0000	1	1
dolastatin 15	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	23.0000	1	1
arenastatin a	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	15.0000	1	1
zampanolide	Homo sapiens (human)	GI50	0.0035	3	3
isocombretastatin a-4	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0060	1	1
2-styrylquinazolin-4(3h)-one	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	11.0000	1	1

Drugs with Activation Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
nocodazole	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.9000	1	1
colchicine	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.2000	1	1
colchicine	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	5.6790	2	2
podophyllotoxin	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	21.5000	1	1
vinblastine	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.2000	1	1
paclitaxel	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.6305	2	2
noscapine	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	50.0000	1	1
noscapine	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	72.9300	1	2
5,3'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.1294	1	2
morin	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	149.7630	1	2
fosbretabulin	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0094	2	2
kx-01	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	1.1100	1	1

Drugs with Other Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
colchicine	Homo sapiens (human)	Activity	9.4733	9	9
podophyllotoxin	Homo sapiens (human)	Activity	23.5000	1	1
paclitaxel	Homo sapiens (human)	ED50	0.5000	1	1
docetaxel	Homo sapiens (human)	Activity	0.9000	1	1
pironetin	Homo sapiens (human)	Activity	15.0000	1	1

Enables

This protein enables 9 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
structural molecule activity	molecular function	The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
protein binding	molecular function	Binding to a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
hydrolase activity	molecular function	Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. [ISBN:0198506732]
identical protein binding	molecular function	Binding to an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
protein-containing complex binding	molecular function	Binding to a macromolecular complex. [GOC:jl]
metal ion binding	molecular function	Binding to a metal ion. [GOC:ai]
protein heterodimerization activity	molecular function	Binding to a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai]
GTP binding	molecular function	Binding to GTP, guanosine triphosphate. [GOC:ai]
structural constituent of cytoskeleton	molecular function	The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure. [GOC:mah]

Located In

This protein is located in 11 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
condensed chromosome	cellular component	A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure. [GOC:elh]
nucleus	cellular component	A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
cytosol	cellular component	The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
microtubule	cellular component	Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. [ISBN:0879693568]
axonemal microtubule	cellular component	A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules. [GOC:cilia, ISBN:0815316194]
plasma membrane	cellular component	The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
microtubule cytoskeleton	cellular component	The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]
neuromuscular junction	cellular component	The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential. [GOC:nln]
cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule	cellular component	A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:15121898]
recycling endosome	cellular component	An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:kmv, GOC:rph, PMID:10930469, PMID:15601896, PMID:16246101, PMID:21556374, PMID:21562044]
extracellular exosome	cellular component	A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]

Active In

This protein is active in 2 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
microtubule	cellular component	Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. [ISBN:0879693568]
cytoplasm	cellular component	The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]

Involved In

This protein is involved in 33 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
neuron migration	biological process	The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature. [CL:0000540, GOC:go_curators]
startle response	biological process	An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus. [GOC:dph]
intracellular protein transport	biological process	The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]
microtubule-based process	biological process	Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]
centrosome cycle	biological process	The cell cycle process in which centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle. [ISBN:0815316194]
smoothened signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened. [GOC:mah, PMID:15057936, PMID:15205520]
memory	biological process	The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task). [GOC:curators, ISBN:0582227089]
adult locomotory behavior	biological process	Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. [GOC:ai]
visual learning	biological process	Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0582227089]
response to mechanical stimulus	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus. [GOC:hb]
glial cell differentiation	biological process	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
gene expression	biological process	The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, as well as translation and maturation for protein-coding genes. [GOC:txnOH-2018, PMID:25934543, PMID:31580950]
dentate gyrus development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dentate gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dentate gyrus is one of two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus. It contains granule cells, which project to the pyramidal cells and interneurons of the CA3 region of the ammon gyrus. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, ISBN:0838580343]
cerebellar cortex morphogenesis	biological process	The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, ISBN:0838580343]
pyramidal neuron differentiation	biological process	The process in which a neuroblast or one of its progeny commits to a pyramidal neuron fate, migrates from the ventricular zone to the appropriate layer in the cortex and develops into a mature neuron. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
cerebral cortex development	biological process	The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport	biological process	The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell. [GOC:mah]
response to tumor necrosis factor	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus. [GOC:mah]
locomotory exploration behavior	biological process	The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to a novel environment. [GOC:sart, PMID:17151232]
microtubule polymerization	biological process	The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule. [GOC:ai, GOC:go_curators]
forebrain morphogenesis	biological process	The process in which the anatomical structures of the forebrain are generated and organized. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). [GOC:cvs, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue	biological process	Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in a tissue. [GOC:isa_complete]
regulation of synapse organization	biological process	Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
synapse organization	biological process	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). [GOC:ai, GOC:pr]
cell division	biological process	The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. [GOC:di, GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]
neuron apoptotic process	biological process	Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [CL:0000540, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
motor behavior	biological process	The specific neuromuscular movement of a single organism in response to external or internal stimuli. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:25318560]
cellular response to calcium ion	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus. [GOC:mah]
organelle transport along microtubule	biological process	The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination. [GOC:mah]
neuron projection arborization	biological process	The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized into branches. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, PMID:17114044, PMID:23270857, PMID:23764288]
response to L-glutamate	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-glutamate stimulus. [GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23574009]
microtubule cytoskeleton organization	biological process	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]
mitotic cell cycle	biological process	Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194, Reactome:69278]