tacrolimus

Research Excerpts

Overview

Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressant widely used to prevent rejection after solid organ transplantation. It is an effective and safe therapeutic alternative for approximately 60% of patients with JIA.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Tacrolimus (Tacro) is a potent immunosuppressant and a central agent in the prevention of posttransplantation rejection. "	( In vitro investigation of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms responsible for tacrolimus glucuronidation: predominant contribution of UGT1A4. Caron, P; Guillemette, C; Harvey, M; Laverdière, I; Lévesque, É, 2011)	2.04
"tacrolimus. This study is a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation at Michigan Medicine between June 1, 2014, and March 1, 2018, who received i.v."	( Impact of Pharmacogenetics on Intravenous Tacrolimus Exposure and Conversions to Oral Therapy. Frame, D; Gersch, CL; Hertz, DL; Kidwell, KM; Li, Y; Marcath, LA; Nguyen, V; Pasternak, AL; Rae, JM; Scappaticci, G, 2022)	1.71
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressant widely used to prevent rejection after solid organ transplantation. "	( Tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity from bipolar disorder to status epilepticus under the therapeutic serum level: a case report. Cheon, SM; Jin, B; Kim, GY, 2021)	3.51
"Tacrolimus is a narrow therapeutic index drug with high pharmacokinetic variability, and several tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) models were developed to guide individualized drug dosing. "	( Predictive Performance of Published Tacrolimus Population Pharmacokinetic Models in Thai Kidney Transplant Patients. Leelakanok, N; Lohitnavy, M; Methaneethorn, J; Onlamai, K, 2022)	2.44
"Tacrolimus is a second-line immunosuppressant in myasthenia gravis (MG) therapy, which is mainly used in combination with corticosteroids to reduce steroid dose and maintain the effect of immunotherapy. "	( Tacrolimus as Single-Agent Immunotherapy and Minimal Manifestation Status in Nonthymoma Myasthenia Gravis. Duan, W; Jin, W; Ouyang, S; Peng, Y; Yang, H, 2021)	3.51
"Tacrolimus is an effective and safe therapeutic alternative for approximately 60% of patients with JIA."	( Tacrolimus as an alternative treatment for patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Akutsu, Y; Mori, M; Shimbo, A; Shimizu, M; Yamazaki, S, 2022)	3.61
"Tacrolimus is an oral and relatively inexpensive drug, which has been extensively used in Japan for steroid-refractory and steroid-dependent disease."	( Tacrolimus as rescue therapy for steroid-dependent/steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: Experience from tertiary referral center in India. Puri, AS; Sachdeva, S; Sud, S, 2021)	2.79
"Tacrolimus is a P-gp inhibitor and hence, may overcome this resistance."	( Tacrolimus induces remission in refractory and relapsing lupus nephritis by decreasing P-glycoprotein expression and function on peripheral blood lymphocytes. Agarwal, V; Edavalath, S; Gupta, L; Gupta, V; Mishra, R; Misra, DP; Rai, MK, 2022)	2.89
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressant with large interpatient pharmacokinetic variability and a narrow therapeutic index. "	( Rapid clearance of tacrolimus blood concentration triggered by variant pharmacogenes. Borić-Bilušić, A; Božina, N; Canjuga, I; Ganoci, L; Šimičević, L; Zibar, L, 2022)	2.49
"Tacrolimus is a common immunosuppressive for transplantation. "	( CYP3a5 Genetic Polymorphism in Chinese Population With Renal Transplantation: A Meta-Analysis Review. Cao, P; Sun, Z; Wang, W; Yu, B; Zhang, F; Zhang, J; Zheng, X, 2022)	2.16
"Tacrolimus is an important immunosuppressant produced by microbial fermentation. "	( Modification of nanoscale polymeric adsorbent for the preparative separation and purification of tacrolimus from fermentation broth of Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Chen, ZQ; Cheng, X; Ju Lin, X; Lian, YY; Wang, DS; Yan, LB; Yang, HJ; Zhang, ZL; Zhou, JM, 2022)	2.38
"Tacrolimus ointment is a recently developed topical immunomodulator that has been approved for use in patients with vitiligo older than 2 years. "	( Impacts of exposure to topical calcineurin inhibitors on metabolism in vitiligo infants. Hu, W; Lei, J; Lin, F; Xu, AE, 2023)	2.35
"Tacrolimus is a widely prescribed immunosuppressant agent for kidney transplantation. "	( Influence of CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3 combined genotypes on tacrolimus dose requirements in Egyptian renal transplant patients. Ebid, AIM; ELSharkawy, M; Ismail, DA; Lotfy, NM; Mahmoud, MA, 2022)	2.41
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressant drug (ISD) used to prevent organ rejection after transplantation that exhibits a narrow therapeutic window and is subject to wide inter- and intra-individual pharmacokinetic fluctuations requiring careful monitoring. "	( Biosensing Tacrolimus in Human Whole Blood by Using a Drug Receptor Fused to the Emerald Green Fluorescent Protein. Benito-Peña, E; Caminati, G; Canales, Á; Glahn-Martínez, B; Lucchesi, G; Manzano, AI; Moreno-Bondi, MC; Pradanas-González, F, 2022)	2.55
"Tacrolimus (Tac) is a common immunosuppressant that used in organ transplantation. "	( The effect of tacrolimus-induced toxicity on metabolic profiling in target tissues of mice. Dang, R; Guo, J; Han, W; Li, Y; Meng, J; Si, Q; Wang, S; Wei, N; Wu, L; Xie, D, 2022)	2.52
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide antibiotic that as a specific inhibitor of T-lymphocyte function and has been used widely as an immunosuppressant in human organ transplantation."	( Tacrolimus ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization via JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Chen, R; Gao, S; Huang, H; Jiang, Q; Li, X; Liu, B; Liu, X; Shao, C; Xia, Q; Yang, C; Zhang, F; Zhou, H; Zhu, J, 2022)	2.89
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressive agent and has toxic side effects such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. "	( Protective effect of silymarin on tacrolimus-induced kidney and liver toxicity. Ciftci, MK; Terzi, F, 2022)	2.44
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant widely used in transplantations requiring mandatory concentration-controlled dosing to prevent acute rejection or adverse effects, including new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM). "	( Longitudinal Exposure to Tacrolimus and New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Renal Transplant Patients. Destere, A; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Premaud, A; Woillard, JB, 2023)	2.66
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressive drug that is widely used for patients who underwent liver transplantation. "	( Donor and recipient polymorphisms of MAPK signaling pathway genes influence post-transplant liver function in Chinese liver transplant patients taking tacrolimus. Li, Z; Niu, W; Qiu, X; Wu, Z; Zheng, X; Zhong, M, 2023)	2.55
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a very effective medication in routine use after solid organ transplantation. "	( An idiosyncratic reaction of unilateral common peroneal nerve palsy associated with below desired therapeutic range of tacrolimus level in a patient postheart transplantation. Abhisek, PA; Pradhan, SS; Srivastava, A, )	1.78
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressant drug commonly used after solid organ transplant surgery. "	( Phenomenology and Physiology of Tacrolimus Induced Tremor. Cagle, J; Hisham, I; Lunny, C; Malea, J; Santos, A; Shukla, AM; Wagle Shukla, A, 2023)	2.64
"Tacrolimus is a powerful macrolide calcineurin inhibitor that has low adverse effects which lead to a rapid response in the control of signs and symptoms in comparison to that of corticosteroids in Oral Lichen Planus(OLP). "	( Efficacy and Safety of Topical Tacrolimus in Comparison with Topical Corticosteroids, Calcineurin Inhibitors, Retinoids and Placebo in Oral Lichen Planus: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bhor, K; Manoj, R; Pinto, J; Samson, S; Santosh, V; Waghmare, M, 2023)	2.64
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor with a narrow therapeutic range and is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. "	( Implementation of Clinical Cytochrome P450 3A Genotyping for Tacrolimus Dosing in a Large Kidney Transplant Program. Chen, J; Eadon, MT; Maddatu, JP; Nikirk, MG; Sharfuddin, AA; Shugg, T; Skaar, TC; Tillman, E, 2023)	2.59
"Tacrolimus is an important immunosuppressant used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG). "	( Population PK/PD model of tacrolimus for exploring the relationship between accumulated exposure and quantitative scores in myasthenia gravis patients. Chen, D; Chen, W; Hou, S; Jin, P; Tian, X; Yang, L; Yao, Q; Yin, J; Zhang, H; Zhao, M; Zhou, T, 2023)	2.65
"Tacrolimus is an independent risk factor for new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT). "	( Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the adipose tissue and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 are involved in tacrolimus-induced diabetes mellitus. Che, K; Chi, J; Sun, X; Wang, H; Wang, Y, 2023)	2.57
"Tacrolimus is a CYP3A4 substrate with a narrow therapeutic index that requires dose adjustment when used with voriconazole, a recognized CYP3A4 inhibitor. "	( It cuts both ways: A single-center retrospective review describing a three-way interaction between flucloxacillin, voriconazole and tacrolimus. Burrows, FS; Carlos, LM; Marriott, DJE; Stojanova, J, 2023)	2.56
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant largely used in heart transplantation. "	( Tacrolimus population pharmacokinetics in adult heart transplant patients. Destere, A; Labriffe, M; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Paschier, A; Woillard, JB, 2023)	3.8
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor used to prevent rejection in allogenic solid organ transplant recipients, which is metabolized in the liver with cytochrome P450 isoforms 3A4 and 3A5 (CYP3A4, CYP3A5). "	( Safety analysis of co-administering tacrolimus and omeprazole in renal transplant recipients - A review. Idasiak-Piechocka, I; Miedziaszczyk, M, 2023)	2.63
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a 23-membered macrolide with immunosuppressant activity that is widely used clinically for treating the rejection after organ transplantation. "	( [Biosynthesis of immunosuppressant tacrolimus: a review]. Jin, L; Liu, Z; Lu, D; Wang, X; Xing, M; Zheng, Y, 2023)	2.63
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive drug with many side effects including nephrotoxicity and post-transplant diabetes mellitus. "	( Individualized dosing algorithms for tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: current status and unmet needs. de Winter, BCM; Francke, MI; Hesselink, DA; Reinders, MEJ; Sassen, SDT; Schagen, MR; Volarevic, H, )	1.85
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a drug from natural origin that can be used for topical application to control autoimmune skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and vitiligo. "	( Computational simulation on the study of Tacrolimus and its improved dermal retention using Poly(Ԑ-caprolactone) nanocapsules. Camargo, GDA; Camilo Junior, A; Dias, DT; Farago, PV; Khan, IA; Lara, LS; Majumdar, S; Manfron, J; Mendes Nadal, J; Mendes, MB; Novatski, A; Semianko, BC, 2024)	3.15
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a macrolide lactone immunosuppressive drug that is commonly used in transplanted patients to avoid organ rejection. "	( Magnetic Janus micromotors for fluorescence biosensing of tacrolimus in oral fluids. Benito-Peña, E; Escarpa, A; Glahn-Martínez, B; Jurado-Sánchez, B; Moreno-Bondi, MC, 2024)	3.13
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant drug largely used in liver and renal transplantations."	( Behavioral and immunotoxic effects of Prograf® (tacrolimus) in the male Siamese fighting fish. Brown, C; Forsatkar, MN; Javanshir Khoei, A, 2019)	1.49
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressant for preventing solid-organ transplant rejection. "	( In vitro selection of tacrolimus binding aptamer by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment method for the development of a fluorescent aptasensor for sensitive detection of tacrolimus. Abnous, K; Mansouri, A; Nabavinia, MS; Ramezani, M; Taghdisi, SM, 2020)	2.32
"Tacrolimus is a nephrotoxic immunosuppressant historically monitored via enzyme-based immunoassay (IA). "	( Tacrolimus trough monitoring guided by mass spectrometry without accounting for assay differences is associated with acute kidney injury in lung transplant recipients. Ahearn, P; Blanc, PD; Calabrese, DR; Chong, T; De Marco, T; Florez, R; Golden, J; Greenland, JR; Hays, SR; Henricksen, E; Isaak, K; Kleinhenz, ME; Kolaitis, NA; Kukreja, J; Leard, LE; Lei, HL; Martinez, E; Shah, RJ; Singer, JP; Venado, A, 2019)	3.4
"Tacrolimus (Tac) is a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI). "	( Effect of CYP3A5 and ABCB1 Gene Polymorphisms on Tacrolimus Blood Concentration in Renal Transplant Recipients. Çolak, E; Kaltuş, Z; Şahin, G; Yildirim, E, 2019)	2.21
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug. "	( C/D Ratio in Long-Term Renal Function. Ciechanowski, K; Domańki, L; Drozd-Dabrowska, M; Gryczman, M; Kwiatkowska, E; Kwiatkowski, S; Marchelk-Myśliwiec, M; Wahler, F, 2019)	1.96
"Tacrolimus is a suitable alternative in these cases."	( Resolution of papilledema associated with cyclosporine use after change to tacrolimus. Kwok, JM; Micieli, JA; Yu, CW, 2019)	1.47
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant agent utilized for solid organ transplantations. "	( Delayed tacrolimus-induced optic neuropathy. Al Malik, YM; Alnahdi, MA, 2019)	2.39
"Tacrolimus is a potential treatment option in patients intolerant of steroidal drugs."	( Treatment of serologically negative Sjögren's syndrome with tacrolimus: A case report. Huang, F; Pan, X; Pan, Z; Tian, M, 2020)	1.52
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug widely used in kidney transplantation. "	( CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms and their impact on dosage and trough concentration of tacrolimus among kidney transplant patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abid, A; Firasat, S; Khan, AR; Raza, A, 2020)	2.23
"Tacrolimus is a novel effective immunosuppressant for myasthenia gravis (MG) patients. "	( Multiple genetic factors affecting the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of tacrolimus in Chinese myasthenia gravis patients. Dong, XH; Jin, WL; Li, X; Li, Y; Li, ZB; Luo, ZH; Meng, HY; Peng, YY; Xu, LQ; Xu, Q; Yan, CK; Yang, H, 2020)	2.22
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor commonly used for prophylaxis of rejection in renal and liver transplantation. "	( Tacrolimus induces short-term but not long-term clinical response in inflammatory bowel disease. Aguirre, U; Benítez, JM; Cañete, F; Casanova, MJ; Castro-Poceiro, J; Clos-Parals, A; Elorza, A; Fernández-Clotet, A; Ferreiro-Iglesias, R; García, MJ; Gisbert, JP; Gordillo, J; López-García, A; López-Sanromán, A; Márquez, L; Martín, E; Matallana, V; Merino, O; Mesonero, F; Nantes, Ó; Pérez-Galindo, P; Rodríguez-Lago, I; Taxonera, C; Vicente, R; Vicuña, M, 2020)	3.44
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug with a narrow therapeutic index and larger interindividual variability. "	( A Machine Learning-Based Identification of Genes Affecting the Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus Using the DMET Choi, Y; Gim, JA; Kim, S; Kim, YK; Kwon, Y; Lee, H; Lee, HA; Lee, KR, 2020)	2.23
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor that has been used to prevent allograft rejection after organ transplantation. "	( [A Case of Breast Cancer Treated with Adjuvant Chemotherapy in a Patient Receiving Tacrolimus Medication after Liver Transplantation]. Kotake, T; Lin, X; Nakakimura, T; Torii, M; Yoshibayashi, H, 2020)	2.23
"Tacrolimus is a new type immunosuppressant. "	( Topical tacrolimus with different frequency for exfoliative cheilitis: a pilot study. Jiang, WW; Liu, LJ; Sun, C; Xu, P; Zhang, QQ, 2022)	2.6
"Tacrolimus (Tac) is an effective anti-rejection agent in kidney transplantation, but its off-target effects make withdrawal desirable. "	( Distinct peripheral blood molecular signature emerges with successful tacrolimus withdrawal in kidney transplant recipients. Anderson, L; Brouard, S; Cravedi, P; Fribourg, M; Hartzell, S; Heeger, PS; Nudelman, G; Yi, Z; Zaslavsky, E; Zhang, W, 2020)	2.23
"High tacrolimus CV is a risk factor for acute rejection and graft loss; these results offer the potential promise of improved medication adherence and clinical outcomes through the use of innovative technology."	( Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Chandler, JL; McGillicuddy, JW; Sox, LR; Taber, DJ, 2020)	1.3
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a powerful remission-inducing drug for refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). "	( Relationship between mucosal healing by tacrolimus and relapse of refractory ulcerative colitis: a retrospective study. Ito, A; Murasugi, S; Nakamura, S; Omori, T; Tokushige, K, 2020)	2.27
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide lactone and potent immunosuppressant. "	( Stability characterization, kinetics and mechanism of tacrolimus degradation in cyclodextrin solutions. Eiriksson, FF; Loftsson, T; Prajapati, M, 2020)	2.25
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent which selectively inhibits T cell activation."	( Tacrolimus ameliorates thrombocytopenia in an ITP mouse model. Ding, Y; Ju, W; Lai, R; Lu, J; Luo, Q; Qiao, J; Tong, H; Wang, X; Wei, G; Xu, K; Xu, X; Yan, Z; Zeng, L; Zhang, S; Zhou, J, 2020)	2.72
"Tacrolimus (Tac) is a key immunosuppressive agent in the prevention of liver rejection after transplantation."	( Roles of BATF/JUN/IRF4 complex in tacrolimus mediated immunosuppression on Tfh cells in acute rejection after liver transplantation. Liu, X; Tang, T; Xu, T; Yang, T; Yang, Z; Zhang, L, 2021)	1.62
"Tacrolimus is a well-known potent but expensive immunosuppressant. "	( Co-administration of Wuzhi tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera extract) alters tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in a dose- and time-dependent manner in rats. Bi, HC; Chen, X; Huang, M; Li, JL; Qin, XL; Wang, SH, 2020)	2.23
"Tacrolimus is a mainstay medication for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis in combination with other immunosuppressive agents. "	( Initial tacrolimus weight-based dosing strategy in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Al-Homsi, AS; Cirrone, F; Lewis, T; Papadopoulos, J; Soskind, R; Xiang, E, 2021)	2.5
"Tacrolimus is a promising potential agent to prevent PEP but needs further clinical study."	( Emerging Therapies to Prevent Post-ERCP Pancreatitis. Kochman, ML; Thiruvengadam, NR, 2020)	1.28
"Tacrolimus is an immunomodulatory drug, available for topical and systemic treatment of several dermopathies that are characterized by immune dysregulation. "	( Occlusive treatment enhances efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% in a pediatric patient with severe alopecia areata: Case report and literature review. Bimbi, C; Kyriakou, G; Wollina, U, 2021)	2.33
"Tacrolimus is a prominent drug for immunosuppression and is suspected to cause pure red cell aplasia during the posttransplant period; therefore, clinicians should consider a switch from tacrolimus to another immunosuppressive agent."	( Tacrolimus-Associated Pure Red Cell Aplasia in a Patient With Renal Transplant. Akkaya, B; Alemdar, MS; Kocak, H; Suleymanlar, G; Yilmaz, VT; Yucel, OK, 2022)	2.89
"Tacrolimus is a narrow therapeutic index medication, which requires therapeutic drug monitoring to optimize dosing based on systemic exposure. "	( Validation of a Capillary Dry Blood Sample MITRA-Based Assay for the Quantitative Determination of Systemic Tacrolimus Concentrations in Transplant Recipients. Aluvihare, V; Anaokar, S; Dawson, I; Hussain, I; Kamar, N; Kazeem, G; Saliba, F; Torpey, N; Undre, N, 2021)	2.28
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a key immunosuppressant drug for kidney transplantation (KTx). "	( Influence of a low-dose tacrolimus protocol on the appearance of de novo donor-specific antibodies during 7 years of follow-up after renal transplantation. Furusawa, M; Hirai, T; Ishida, H; Kakuta, Y; Kitajima, K; Nitta, K; Okumi, M; Omoto, K; Shimizu, T; Tanabe, K; Toki, D; Unagami, K, 2021)	2.37
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor used to prevent acute graft versus host disease in adult patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). "	( Evaluation of the performance of a prior tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic kidney transplant model among adult allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Armistead, PM; Campagne, O; Crona, DJ; Flynn, G; Mager, DE; Miller, JA; Patel, T; Ptachcinski, JR; Suzuki, O; Torrice, CD; Weiner, DL; Wiltshire, T; Zhu, J, 2021)	2.33
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressant widely prescribed following an allogenic organ transplant. "	( Unraveling the Genomic Architecture of the CYP3A Locus and ADME Genes for Personalized Tacrolimus Dosing. Cho, Y; Choi, S; Ha, J; Jang, IJ; Kim, BJ; Kim, HK; Kim, MS; Kim, YJ; Lee, MG; Min, S; Moon, S; Oh, J; Park, JB; Shin, HS; Song, SH; Yang, CW; Yang, J; Yoon, HE; Yoon, JG, 2021)	2.29
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressive drug, optimally used for liver, kidney, and heart transplant to avoid immune rejection. "	( Effect of Short-Term Tacrolimus Exposure on Rat Liver: An Insight into Serum Antioxidant Status, Liver Lipid Peroxidation, and Inflammation. Akhtar, T; Ambreen, S; Ashfaq, I; Fatima, N; Jha, BK; Oghumu, S; Ryan, N; Satoskar, AR; Sheikh, N; Tayyeb, A, 2021)	2.38
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive treatment especially used in organ transplant, potentially inducer of hypomagnesemia by renal loss."	( Calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) in a liver transplant patient: are hypomagnesemia, tacrolimus or both guilty? A case-based literature review. Cadiou, S; De Saint-Riquier, M; Giguet, B; Guennoc, X; Guggenbuhl, P; Le Gruyer, A; Milin, M; Robin, F, 2022)	1.66
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug. "	( Evaluation of the Effect of Captopril and Losartan on Tacrolimus-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Abeyat, H; Behmanesh, MA; Poormoosavi, SM; Sangtarash, E, 2021)	2.31
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a first-line immunosuppressant which is used to prevent transplant rejection after solid organ transplantation (SOT). "	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis and dosing guidelines for tacrolimus co-administration with Wuzhi capsule in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Fu, Q; Hou, X; Jiao, Z; Jing, Y; Kong, Y; Liu, H; Peng, H; Wei, X, 2021)	2.3
"Tacrolimus is a routinely used immunosuppressant agent after liver transplantation, with a well-known neurotoxic profile."	( Functional Improvement of Tacrolimus-Induced Parkinsonism With Amantadine After Liver Transplantation: A Case Report. Diaz-Segarra, N; Edmond, A; Yonclas, P, )	1.15
"Tacrolimus (TAC, FK506) is a major calcineurin inhibitor and has been commonly used in treatments of patients with organ transplants and immune diseases. "	( Tacrolimus inhibits oral carcinogenesis through cell cycle control. Chen, W; Cheng, B; Hu, Q; Li, J; Li, Y; Ling, Z; Wang, Y; Wu, T; Xia, J; Zhang, L, 2021)	3.51
"Tacrolimus (Tac) is an effective remission inducer of refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). "	( The impact of cytochrome P450 3A genetic polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in ulcerative colitis patients. Fujiwara, Y; Fukunaga, S; Furuse, M; Hosomi, S; Itani, S; Kamata, N; Nadatani, Y; Nagami, Y; Nishida, Y; Otani, K; Taira, K; Tanaka, F; Watanabe, K; Watanabe, T, 2021)	2.31
"Tacrolimus is a core component of immunosuppressive regimens. "	( Kinetics of generic tacrolimus in heart transplantation: A cautionary note. Hsich, EM; Il'Giovine, ZJ; Lever, H; Mason, RP; Mehra, MR; Sherratt, SCR; Starling, RC; Williams, JB, 2021)	2.39
"Tacrolimus is an essential immunosuppressant for successful allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT). "	( Switching from Intravenous to Oral Tacrolimus Reduces its Blood Concentration in Paediatric Cancer Patients. Asakura, Y; Chiba, T; Endo, M; Goto, S; Hirai, D; Ito, S; Kudo, K; Miura, S; Nihei, S; Nishiya, N; Oyake, T; Ujiie, H, 2021)	2.34
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor widely used for immunological disorders. "	( Anticancer Effects of Tacrolimus on Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice. Abdelghany, EMA; Ali, AI; Hussein, S; Mahmoud, SS; Rashed, H, 2022)	2.48
"Tacrolimus is a natural macrolide that exhibits an anti-proliferative action by T-lymphocytic cells inhibition. "	( Tacrolimus-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for enhanced skin deposition and management of plaque psoriasis. Abdel-Mottaleb, MMA; Arafa, MG; El-Zaafarany, GM; Fereig, SA, 2021)	3.51
"Tacrolimus is a common immunosuppressant used in solid organ transplant recipients. "	( Histologic Features of Tacrolimus-induced Colonic Injury. Hissong, E; Mostyka, M; Yantiss, RK, 2022)	2.47
"Oral tacrolimus is a therapeutic agent for moderate to severe steroid-dependent or resistant ulcerative colitis (UC), but remission induction is difficult, and it is necessary to treat the patient while considering the next treatment."	( Early serum albumin changes in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with tacrolimus will predict clinical outcome. Furuta, T; Hamaya, Y; Ishida, N; Iwaizumi, M; Miyazu, T; Osawa, S; Sugimoto, K; Tamura, S; Tani, S; Yamade, M, 2021)	1.36
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a powerful immunosuppressive agent whose therapeutic applicability is confined owing to its systemic side effects."	( Potential Privilege of Maltodextrin-α-Tocopherol Nano-Micelles in Seizing Tacrolimus Renal Toxicity, Managing Rheumatoid Arthritis and Accelerating Bone Regeneration. Abdelmonsif, DA; Aly, RG; El-Fakharany, EM; Helal, HM; Kamoun, EA; Mortada, SM; Sallam, MA; Samy, WM, 2021)	2.29
"Tacrolimus is a narrow therapeutic index drug, requiring consistent levels to maximize transplant success while reducing adverse effects. "	( Impact of tacrolimus variability on pediatric heart transplant outcomes. Griffiths, E; Heyrend, C; Masotti, S; Molina, K; Ou, Z; Sirota, M, 2021)	2.47
"Tacrolimus seems to be a valid therapeutic alternative for the induction of remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis."	( EFFICACY OF TACROLIMUS FOR INDUCTION OF REMISSION IN PATIENTS WITH MODERATE-TO-SEVERE ULCERATIVE COLITIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Lasa, J; Olivera, P, )	1.95
"Tacrolimus is an emerging candidate for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory ocular disorders (IIODs) however its ocular delivery remained a challenge due to its hydrophobic nature, high molecular weight and physiological and anatomical constraints of the eye. "	( Proglycosomes: A novel nano-vesicle for ocular delivery of tacrolimus. Garg, V; Jain, GK; Kohli, K; Suri, R, 2017)	2.14
"Oral tacrolimus is an effective drug that induces clinical remission in patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroids. "	( Medium to long-term efficacy and safety of oral tacrolimus in moderate to severe steroid refractory ulcerative colitis. Amo Trillo, V; González Grande, R; Jiménez Pérez, M; Olmedo Martín, RV, 2017)	1.22
"Tacrolimus variability is a significant explanatory variable for disparities in AA recipients."	( Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability and Disparities in African American Kidney Transplantation. Baliga, PK; Dubay, D; Fleming, JN; Mauldin, PD; McGillicuddy, JW; Moran, WP; Posadas-Salas, MA; Srinivas, TR; Su, Z; Taber, DJ; Treiber, FA, 2017)	2.62
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent that is widely used in organ transplant recipients."	( Clinical Evaluation of Modified Release and Immediate Release Tacrolimus Formulations. Alloway, RR; Tremblay, S, 2017)	1.42
"Tacrolimus is a potent, narrow therapeutic index, immunosuppressive drug used to avoid organ rejection in patients that have undergone organ transplantation. "	( Dissolution Test of Tacrolimus Capsule: Effects of Filtration and Glass Adsorption. Gao, Z; Jiang, W; Trehy, M; Zeng, K, 2018)	2.25
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that inhibits the release of inflammatory cytokines involved in rheumatoid arthritis development by blocking T cell activation. "	( Tacrolimus regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated osteoclastogenesis and inflammation: In vitro and collagen-induced arthritis mouse model. Choi, Y; Jeong, JH; Kim, HR; Kim, JH; Lee, EG; Lee, WS; Yoo, WH, 2018)	3.37
"Tacrolimus is a potent but expensive first-line immunosuppressant, thus solutions to reduce tacrolimus consumption while maintain therapeutic level are in urgent need. "	( Wuzhi Tablet ( Bi, H; Chen, S; Fu, Q; Huang, M; Li, J; Liu, L; Qin, X; Wang, C; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2017)	1.9
"Tacrolimus (Tac) is an immunosuppressive drug that is used in preventing organ and tissue rejection in patients after transplantation. "	( Tacrolimus: A Review of Laboratory Detection Methods and Indications for Use. Kalt, DA, 2017)	3.34
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a chemotherapeutic agent, which uses calcineurin pathway via inhibiting the stimulation of T cells to prevent the formation of immune response in the recipient individual in organ transplants. "	( Antagonistic Effect of Oxytocin and Tacrolimus Combination on Adipose Tissue - Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Antagonistic effect of oxytocin and tacrolimus. Biray Avci, C; Cavusoglu, T; Goker Bagca, B; Gunduz, C; Sir, G; Uyanikgil, Y; Yigitturk, G, 2018)	2.2
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent well known to be capable of producing renal impairment. "	( Acute right heart failure caused by tacrolimus after renal transplantation: Serial observation by speckle tracking and Doppler echocardiography. DeMaria, AN; Igata, S; Sabet, A; Wettersten, N; Wong, DJ, 2017)	2.17
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressant."	( Mechanistic insights into topical tacrolimus for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Furue, M; Morimoto, H; Murakami, N; Nakahara, T, 2018)	1.48
"Tacrolimus is an FDA-approved immunosuppressive drug with known neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties in the CNS."	( An Elastomeric Polymer Matrix, PEUU-Tac, Delivers Bioactive Tacrolimus Transdurally to the CNS in Rat. Conner, I; Faust, AE; Feturi, F; Gorantla, VS; Gu, X; Leonard, B; Roy, S; Steketee, MB; van der Merwe, Y; Venkataramanan, R; Wagner, WR; Washington, KM; Zhao, W, 2017)	1.42
"Tacrolimus is a powerful immunosuppressive drug which is used to minimize the risk of organ rejection."	( Tacrolimus induced nephrotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity in Wistar rats. Akhtar, T; Ghazanfar, R; Shan, T; Sheikh, N, )	2.3
"Tacrolimus is a conventional medication for the treatment of vitiligo, but the effect of a single medication is limited."	( Preliminary study on the treatment of vitiligo with carbon dioxide fractional laser together with tacrolimus. Chen, W; Huang, FR; Luo, D; Wang, DG; Zhou, Y, 2018)	2.14
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressive drug used after organ transplantation. "	( Longitudinal Study of Tacrolimus in Lymphocytes During the First Year After Kidney Transplantation. Andersen, AM; Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Daleq, L; Klaasen, RA; Midtvedt, K; Skauby, MH; Vethe, NT, 2018)	2.24
"Tacrolimus is a cornerstone of immunosuppression after transplantation but is highly susceptible to changes from interacting variables and has a narrow therapeutic index. "	( Effects of clotrimazole troches on tacrolimus dosing in heart transplant recipients. Boilson, B; Crow, SA; Dierkhising, R; Laub, MR; Personett, HA; Razonable, R, 2018)	2.2
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an important drug for inflammatory diseases. "	( Long-lasting immunosuppressive effects of tacrolimus-loaded micelle NK61060 in preclinical arthritis and colitis models. Aijima, T; Fuchigami, K; Hara, K; Hara, S; Hayashi, H; Hayashi, T; Ichimura, E; Igo, N; Kawano, K; Kikitsu, A; Kobayashi, Y; Konno, J; Mori, M; Niwa, M; Ogawa, Y; Saiga, K; Sato, T; Sekiguchi, A; Takashima, Y; Yamamoto, K; Yoneki, N, 2018)	2.19
"Tacrolimus is an important immunosuppressive agent with high intra- and inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability and a narrow therapeutic index. "	( The potential impact of hematocrit correction on evaluation of tacrolimus target exposure in pediatric kidney transplant patients. Bootsma-Robroeks, CMHHT; Brüggemann, RJM; Burger, DM; Cornelissen, EAM; de Wildt, SN; Schijvens, AM; Schreuder, MF; Ter Heine, R; van Hesteren, FHS, 2019)	2.2
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressive drug used mainly to lower the risk of organ rejection after allogeneic organ transplant."	( Tetrahydrocurcumin Ameliorates Tacrolimus-Induced Nephrotoxicity Via Inhibiting Apoptosis. Jang, HJ; Kim, HJ; Lee, JH; Oh, MY; Park, CS, 2018)	1.49
"Tacrolimus is an inhibitor of the phosphatase calcineurin, an action shared with cyclosporine."	( The Immunosuppressant Macrolide Tacrolimus Activates Cold-Sensing TRPM8 Channels. Arcas, JM; Bech, F; Belmonte, C; Demirkhanyan, L; Gers-Barlag, K; Gomis, A; González, A; González-González, O; Viana, F; Zakharian, E, 2019)	1.52
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a promising salvage agent."	( A review of the utility of tacrolimus in the management of adults with autoimmune hepatitis. Ascha, M; Ascha, MS; Chedid, A; Hanouneh, IA; Hanouneh, M; Ritchie, MM; Sanguankeo, A; Zein, NN, 2019)	1.53
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant used topically on the skin in atopic dermatitis."	( Tacrolimus ointment in the management of atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Bauvin, O; Benaim, D; Delcampe, A; Gueudry, J; Joly, P; Muraine, M; Tétart, F, 2019)	2.68
"Tacrolimus (TAC) acts as an inhibitor of calcineurin, which inhibits the production of interleukin-2. "	( Targeted delivery of tacrolimus to T cells by pH-responsive aptamer-chitosan- poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanocomplex. Abnous, K; Alibolandi, M; Mansouri, A; Ramezani, M; Taghdisi, SM, 2019)	2.28
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant used in cutaneous application in atopic dermatitis."	( [Tacrolimus ointment in the management of atopic keratoconjunctivitis]. Bauvin, O; Benaim, D; Delcampe, A; Gueudry, J; Joly, P; Muraine, M; Tétart, F, 2019)	2.15
"Tacrolimus is a narrow therapeutic range drug that requires fine dose adjustment, for which pharmacokinetic (PK) models have been amply proposed in renal, but not in liver, transplant recipients. "	( Population pharmacokinetic model and Bayesian estimator for 2 tacrolimus formulations in adult liver transplant patients. Debord, J; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Riff, C; Woillard, JB, 2019)	2.2
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor that has recently been used in the treatment of steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis."	( Tacrolimus Therapy in Steroid-Refractory Ulcerative Colitis: A Review. Ran, Z; Tong, J; Wu, B, 2020)	2.72
"Tacrolimus 0.03% is an effective alternative to dexamethasone 0.05% with low recurrence rate, no significant rise in IOP but may cause burning and foreign body sensation in some patients."	( Comparison of the safety and efficacy of topical Tacrolimus (0.03%) versus dexamethasone (0.05%) for subepithelial infiltrates after adenoviral conjunctivitis. Bhargava, R; Kumar, P, 2019)	2.21
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressant drug given to kidney transplant recipients post-transplant to prevent antibody formation and kidney rejection. "	( Comparison of a time-varying covariate model and a joint model of time-to-event outcomes in the presence of measurement error and interval censoring: application to kidney transplantation. Campbell, KR; Cooper, J; Davis, S; Gralla, J; Grunwald, GK; Juarez-Colunga, E, 2019)	1.96
"Tacrolimus is an important part of immunosuppressive therapy after solid organ transplantation. "	( [Tacrolimus therapy after renal transplantation. Kalmár Nagy, K; Szakály, P; Varga, Á, 2019)	2.87
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressant used for prevention of allograft rejection in organ transplantation and metabolized in the liver and intestine by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme. "	( Cytochrome P450 3A4FNx011B as pharmacogenomic predictor of tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and clinical outcome in the liver transplant recipients. Albekairy, A; Alkatheri, A; Fujita, S; Hemming, A; Howard, R; Karlix, J; Reed, A, )	1.82
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug used for the prevention of the allograft rejection in kidney transplant recipients. "	( Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2) haplotypes significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients. Akhlaghi, F; Chitnis, SD; Christians, U; Gohh, RY; Ogasawara, K, 2013)	2.04
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a widely used immunosuppressive drug. "	( Tacrolimus (FK506) prevents early stages of ethanol induced hepatic fibrosis by targeting LARP6 dependent mechanism of collagen synthesis. Blackmon, J; Manojlovic, Z; Stefanovic, B, 2013)	3.28
"Tacrolimus (TAC) retard is a new oral formulation of TAC that is given once instead of twice daily. "	( Clinical outcome in cardiac transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus retard. Ensminger, S; Fuchs, U; Gummert, J; Hakim-Meibodi, K; Schulz, U; Schulze, B; Zittermann, A, 2013)	2.07
"Tacrolimus (FK-506) is a potent immunomodulating agent, which has been used to treat AD."	( 850nm light-emitting-diode phototherapy plus low-dose tacrolimus (FK-506) as combination therapy in the treatment of Dermatophagoides farinae-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Cheong, KA; Kim, CH; Lee, AY, 2013)	1.36
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a potent, narrow therapeutic index, immunosuppressive drug used to avoid organ rejection in patients that have undergone organ transplantation. "	( Analyses of marketplace tacrolimus drug product quality: bioactivity, NMR and LC-MS. Berendt, RT; Boyne, MT; Ghasriani, H; Keire, DA; Pang, ES; Sommers, CD; Vilker, VL, 2013)	2.14
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive agent with limited corneal penetration. "	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and ocular tolerance of a microemulsion containing tacrolimus. da Silva, GR; de Castro, WV; Fialho, SL; Silva-Cunha, A, 2014)	2.07
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug used to prevent acute rejection following organ transplantation and to treat autoimmune disease. "	( Pneumocystis pneumonia induced by treatment with low-dose tacrolimus and methylprednisolone in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report. Fujimoto, Y; Ienaga, H; Kato, M; Kobayashi, I; Sugano, K; Takahashi, K; Tobino, K; Tokuda, H, 2013)	2.08
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant frequently used following solid organ transplantation, including renal transplantation. "	( Tacrolimus-induced encephalopathy and polyneuropathy in a renal transplant recipient. Balaraman, V; Weng, FL; Wu, G, 2013)	3.28
"Tacrolimus is a widely used immunosuppressant after organ transplantation. "	( Association of hemoglobin levels, CYP3A5, and NR1I3 gene polymorphisms with tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in liver transplant patients. Chen, D; Fan, J; Guo, F; Peng, Z; Shi, J; Wang, Z; Zhang, C, 2014)	2.07
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant used for the prevention of kidney allograft rejection. "	( The influence of comedication on tacrolimus blood concentration in patients subjected to kidney transplantation: a retrospective study. Bokonjic, D; Dragojevic-Simic, V; Draskovic-Pavlovic, B; Ignjatovic, L; Mikov, M; Rancic, N; Vavic, N, 2014)	2.13
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a calcineurin inhibitor with a narrow therapeutic index that exhibits large interindividual variation. "	( Pharmacogenotyping of CYP3A5 in predicting dose-adjusted trough levels of tacrolimus among Malaysian kidney-transplant patients. Ahmad, G; Hamzah, S; Salleh, MZ; Siew, JS; Teh, LK; Wong, HS; Zakaria, ZA, 2014)	2.08
"Tacrolimus (Tac) is an immunosuppressive drug widely used to avoid organ rejection. "	( Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and risk of new-onset diabetes among tacrolimus-treated renal transplanted patients. Coto, E; Díaz-Corte, C; Gómez, J; Llobet, L; Ortega, F; Ruiz-Pesini, E; Tavira, B, 2014)	2.08
"Tacrolimus (FK-506) is an immunosuppressant widely used to prevent kidney transplant rejection. "	( [Pharmacogenetics of tacrolimus: from bench to bedside?]. Coronel, D; Coto, E; Díaz-Corte, C; Ortega, F; Tavira, B, 2014)	2.16
"Tacrolimus is a widely used immunosuppressive drug for preventing the rejection of solid organ transplants. "	( Impact of the CYP3A5, CYP3A4, COMT, IL-10 and POR genetic polymorphisms on tacrolimus metabolism in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Jiang, HX; Li, CJ; Li, L; Li, WM; Lin, L; Tan, XH; Zhang, YJ; Zheng, P; Zhong, ZY; Zhou, L, 2014)	2.08
"Tacrolimus (Tac) is an immunosuppressive drug with a narrow therapeutic width and highly variable pharmacokinetics. "	( Gender-dependent predictable pharmacokinetic method for tacrolimus exposure monitoring in kidney transplant patients. Catic-Djordjevic, A; Cvetkovic, T; Mikov, M; Mitic, B; Paunovic, G; Stefanovic, N; Velickovic-Radovanovic, R, 2015)	2.11
"Tacrolimus is an established immunosuppressant used for the prevention and treatment of allograft rejection in solid organ transplantation. "	( Assessment of tacrolimus absorption from the human intestinal tract: open-label, randomized, 4-way crossover study. Brown, M; Connor, A; First, R; Groenewoud, A; Higaki, K; Holman, J; Kawamura, A; Keirns, JJ; Murakami, M; Ogawara, K; Sako, K; Sawamoto, T; Tsunashima, D; Undre, N; Wilding, I; Wylde, H, 2014)	2.21
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a post-transplantation immunosuppressant drug used in patients for whom careful monitoring of TAC concentration is essential. "	( Multi-center analytical evaluation of a novel automated tacrolimus immunoassay. Orth, M; Ramos, PA; Schneider, C; Shipkova, M; Verstraete, AG; Vogeser, M; Wallemacq, P, 2014)	2.09
"Tacrolimus is an important immunosuppressant administered to patients following liver transplantation (LT), with a recommended trough concentration of 8 to 11 ng/mL to prevent allograft rejection. "	( Tacrolimus-related adverse effects in liver transplant recipients: its association with trough concentrations. Arikichenin, O; Jayanthi, V; Narasimhan, G; Perumalla, R; Reddy, MS; Rela, M; Shanmugam, N; Shanmugam, V; Srinivasan, V; Varghese, J; Venugopal, K, 2014)	3.29
"Tacrolimus is a viable option in the treatment of children with idiopathic steroid resistant FSGS."	( Efficacy of tacrolimus in the treatment of children with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Aviles, D; Kallash, M, 2014)	2.22
"Tacrolimus is a low-molecular-weight, highly protein-bound drug with the potential to be removed during MARS therapy."	( Impact of molecular adsorbent recirculating system therapy on tacrolimus elimination: a case report. El-Zoghby, ZM; Frazee, EN; Larson, SL; Leung, N; Nyberg, SL; Personett, HA, 2014)	1.36
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive property approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. "	( Topical tacrolimus in the management of oral lichen planus: literature review. Bhat, S; Kaul, R; Sanjay, CJ; Shilpa, PS; Sultana, N, 2014)	2.28
"Tacrolimus (Tac) is a core immunosuppressive drug in human organ transplantation. "	( Preliminary study of interaction of clarithromycin with tacrolimus in cats. Katayama, M; Okamura, Y; Shimamura, S; Ushio, T; Uzuka, Y, 2014)	2.09
"Tacrolimus intoxication is a rare event but may result in life-threatening complications. "	( Rapid resolution of tacrolimus intoxication-induced AKI with a corticosteroid and phenytoin. Bax, K; Filler, G; Rieder, MJ; Tijssen, J, 2014)	2.17
"Tacrolimus is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and can alter colchicine metabolism. "	( Colchicine levels in chronic kidney diseases and kidney transplant recipients using tacrolimus. Amanova, A; Bakar, F; Caglayan, MG; Kendi Celebi, Z; Keven, K, 2014)	2.07
"Tacrolimus is an effective (but relatively expensive) immunosuppressant that is used widely in patients with membranous nephropathy. "	( Co-administration of Wuzhi capsules and tacrolimus in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy: clinical efficacy and pharmacoeconomics. Du, X; Ren, M; Sun, Z; Wu, Q, 2014)	2.11
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a known substrate for cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme. "	( Interleukin-2 receptor antagonist therapy leads to increased tacrolimus levels after kidney transplantation. Akhlaghi, F; First, MR; Henning, AK; Lin, S; Reisfield, R; Vergara-Silva, A, 2015)	2.1
"Tacrolimus is an anticalcineurinic agent with potent immunosuppressive activity that has recently been shown to have the added benefit of reducing proteinuria in membranous nephropathy (MN) patients. "	( The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus reduces proteinuria in membranous nephropathy accompanied by a decrease in angiopoietin-like-4. Chen, X; Cui, R; Li, B; Ma, J; Peng, L; Wei, QJ; Wei, SY, 2014)	2.15
"Tacrolimus is a potent calcineurin inhibitor, an important pathway that regulates pancreatic development. "	( Tacrolimus in pancreas transplant: a focus on toxicity, diabetogenic effect and drug-drug interactions. Rangel, EB, 2014)	3.29
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive agent mainly used for allogeneic solid organ transplantation. "	( Ambrisentan improves the outcome of rats with liver transplantation partially through reducing nephrotoxicity. Ding, GS; Fu, H; Fu, ZR; Gao, XG; Guo, WY; Han, QC; Ma, J; Ni, ZJ; Shi, XM; Song, SH; Wang, ZX; Zhang, L; Zou, Y, 2014)	1.85
"Tacrolimus monotherapy is an effective and safe option for the treatment of MN with stable renal function. "	( Predictors of response and relapse in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy treated with tacrolimus. Agraz, I; Arroyo, D; Caro, J; Espinosa, M; Fernández, L; Frutos, MÁ; Goicoechea, M; Gutiérrez-Solís, E; Hernández, Y; Juárez, GF; Martín, M; Ocaña, J; Oliet, A; Perea, L; Praga, M; Rabasco, C; Ramos, N; Rojas-Rivera, J; Romera, A; Segarra, A; Valera, A, 2015)	2.08
"Tacrolimus is an effective and safe immunosuppressive agent and it may be more cost-effective than cyclosporine for the primary prevention of graft rejection in renal transplant recipients."	( Tacrolimus Versus Cyclosporine as Primary Immunosuppressant After Renal Transplantation: A Meta-Analysis and Economics Evaluation. Guo, M; Li, J; Liu, D; Liu, JY; Xu, G; You, RX; Zeng, L; Zhou, P; Zhu, L, )	2.3
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressive drug, which is widely used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs. "	( Molecular mechanisms of FK506-induced hypertension in solid organ transplantation patients. Chen, Q; Guo, R; Liu, S; Wang, J; Yang, M; Zuo, S; Zuo, X, 2014)	1.85
"Tacrolimus is a cornerstone of the immunosuppression regimen for prevention of allograft rejection in kidney and liver transplantations, with efficacy proven in many clinical trials. "	( Once-daily LCP-Tacro MeltDose tacrolimus for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in kidney and liver transplantations. Grinyó, JM; Petruzzelli, S, 2014)	2.13
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that is used to lower the activity of the patient's immune system to prevent organ rejection. "	( Case report: Inability to achieve a therapeutic dose of tacrolimus in a pediatric allogeneic stem cell transplant patient after generic substitution. Madian, AG; Panigrahi, A; Perera, MA; Pinto, N, 2014)	2.09
"Tacrolimus is an effective and safe immunosuppressive agent, and it may be more cost-effective than cyclosporine for the primary prevention of AR in renal transplant recipients."	( Sirolimus Versus Tacrolimus as Primary Immunosuppressant After Renal Transplantation: A Meta-Analysis and Economics Evaluation. Guo, M; Huang, F; Li, J; Liu, JY; Ma, BJ; Song, M; Xu, G; You, RX; Zhu, L, )	1.19
"Tacrolimus is a product of fermentation of Streptomyces, and belongs to the family of calcineurin inhibitors. "	( Tacrolimus in preventing transplant rejection in Chinese patients--optimizing use. Li, CJ; Li, L, 2015)	3.3
"Tacrolimus PR is a promising addition to the treatment options available for kidney and liver transplant recipients."	( Tacrolimus prolonged release (Envarsus®): a review of its use in kidney and liver transplant recipients. Garnock-Jones, KP, 2015)	2.58
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent with a narrow therapeutic range that is commonly used in solid organ transplantation. "	( Sublingual tacrolimus as an alternative to oral administration for solid organ transplant recipients. Park, JM; Pennington, CA, 2015)	2.25
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressor used to treat patients undergoing liver transplantation. "	( An UPLC-MS/MS method coupled with automated on-line SPE for quantification of tacrolimus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Brunati, A; Calvo, PL; D'Avolio, A; De Nicolò, A; Di Perri, G; Nonnato, A; Pensi, D; Pinon, M, 2015)	2.09
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and secondarily by CYP3A5. "	( Involvement of CYP 3A5 In the Interaction Between Tacrolimus and Nicardipine: A Case Report. Gaies, E; Klouz, A; Lakhal, M; Salouage, I; Sassi, MB; Trabelsi, S, 2015)	2.11
"Tacrolimus is an efficacious and cost-effective alternative to TCS, but its benefits need to be weighed against its still uncertain risk for malignancy. "	( Systematic review on the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of topical calcineurin inhibitors in atopic dermatitis. Chia, BK; Tey, HL, )	1.57
"Tacrolimus is a pivotal immunosuppressant agent used in solid-organ transplantation. "	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Solid-Organ Transplant Patients. Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2015)	2.13
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a potent immunosuppressant used in experimental and clinical transplantation."	( Roles of the tacrolimus-dependent transcription factor IRF4 in acute rejection after liver transplantation. Liao, R; Liu, X; Lu, Q; Tang, T; Yang, X; Yang, Z; Zhang, Y, 2015)	1.51
"Tacrolimus seems to be a safe drug that improves both muscle strength and lung function, and it is well tolerated by patients."	( The efficacy of tacrolimus in patients with refractory dermatomyositis/polymyositis: a systematic review. Ge, Y; Lu, X; Peng, Q; Shi, J; Wang, G; Ye, B; Zhou, H, 2015)	1.48
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressive macrolide that blocks T-cell activation by specifically inhibiting calcineurin. "	( Evaluation of the Safety and Effectiveness of Add-On Tacrolimus in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Who Failed to Show an Adequate Response to Biological DMARDs: The Interim Results of a Specific Drug Use-Results Survey of Tacrolimus. Ishida, K; Shiraki, K; Yoshiyasu, T, 2015)	2.11
"Tacrolimus is a widely used immunosuppressive drug that inhibits the phosphatase calcineurin when bound to the 12 kDa FK506-binding protein (FKBP12). "	( Renal Deletion of 12 kDa FK506-Binding Protein Attenuates Tacrolimus-Induced Hypertension. Bachmann, S; Blankenstein, KI; Bleich, M; Ellison, DH; Himmerkus, N; Lazelle, RA; McCully, BH; Mutig, K; Terker, AS; Yang, CL, 2016)	2.12
"Oral tacrolimus is an effective and safe option for the short-term treatment of severe plaque psoriasis."	( Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Tacrolimus in Adult Patients With Refractory Severe Plaque Psoriasis. Dogra, S; Mittal, A; Narang, T; Sharma, A, 2016)	1.19
"Tacrolimus is a narrow therapeutic index drug and as such requires therapeutic drug monitoring and dose adjustment based on its whole blood trough concentrations."	( Quantification of the Immunosuppressant Tacrolimus on Dried Blood Spots Using LC-MS/MS. Alloway, RR; Bodenberger, N; Christians, U; Gadpaille, H; Jiang, W; Schniedewind, B; Shokati, T; Vinks, AA, 2015)	1.41
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressant widely used in organ transplantation, but its extremely low aqueous solubility causes poor intestinal absorption. "	( A rapid and sensitive method to determine tacrolimus in rat whole blood using liquid-liquid extraction with mild temperature ultrasonication and LC-MS/MS. Cho, HR; Choi, YS; Kang, MJ; Park, JS, 2016)	2.14
"Tacrolimus (Tac) is an immunosuppressant that inhibits translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cells and has therapeutic potential for pulmonary fibrosis. "	( Therapeutic advantage of inhaled tacrolimus-bound albumin nanoparticles in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model. Choi, HG; Hwang, HS; Kim, B; Lee, C; Lee, ES; Lim, JL; Oh, KT; Seo, J; Thao, le Q; Youn, YS, 2016)	2.16
"Tacrolimus is a poorly water-soluble compound that is used to prevent allograft rejection. "	( Preparation of extended release solid dispersion formulations of tacrolimus using ethylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose by solvent evaporation method. Higaki, K; Ogawara, K; Sako, K; Tsunashima, D; Yamashita, K, 2016)	2.11
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a calcineurin inhibitor and is an essential component of many immunosuppressive regimens. "	( Risk Factors for Subtherapeutic Tacrolimus Levels after Conversion from Continuous Intravenous Infusion to Oral in Children after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Bhatia, M; Garvin, JH; George, D; Jin, Z; Kahn, J; Kolb, M; Kung, AL; Offer, K; Satwani, P, 2016)	2.16
"Tacrolimus (TL) ointment is a topical treatment for atopic dermatitis, a disease that exhibits various skin conditions. "	( Effect of Physiological Changes in the Skin on Systemic Absorption of Tacrolimus Following Topical Application in Rats. Egawa, Y; Hazama, Y; Maekawa, T; Miki, R; Morimoto, K; Oshima, S; Seki, T, 2016)	2.11
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant agent that suffers from poor and variable bioavailability. "	( Using Supercritical Fluid Technology (SFT) in Preparation of Tacrolimus Solid Dispersions. Al Bustami, RT; Awad, AA; Obaidat, RM; Tashtoush, BM, 2017)	2.14
"Tacrolimus is a 23-membered macrolide lactone with potent immunosuppressive activity that is effective in the prophylaxis of organ rejection following kidney, heart and liver transplantation. "	( Effects of tacrolimus on morphology, proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from gingiva tissue. Ha, DH; Jeong, JH; Kim, JO; Park, JB; Yong, CS, 2016)	2.27
"Tacrolimus is a critical dose drug with a considerable intrapatient variability (IPV) in its pharmacokinetics. "	( A high intrapatient variability in tacrolimus exposure is associated with poor long-term outcome of kidney transplantation. Borra, LC; Hesselink, DA; Roodnat, JI; Shuker, L; Shuker, N; van Gelder, T; van Rosmalen, J; Weimar, W, 2016)	2.15
"Tacrolimus (TCR) is an immunosuppressive drug used by oral administration. "	( Sublingual administration improves systemic exposure of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: comparison with oral administration. Apicella, L; Balletta, MM; Capone, D; Carrano, R; Federico, S; Mosca, T; Nappi, R; Russo, L; Sabbatini, M; Santangelo, M; Tarantino, G, 2016)	2.12
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a 23-membered macrolide immunosuppressant used in current clinics. "	( Target genes of the Streptomyces tsukubaensis FkbN regulator include most of the tacrolimus biosynthesis genes, a phosphopantetheinyl transferase and other PKS genes. Martín, JF; Ordóñez-Robles, M; Rodríguez-García, A, 2016)	2.1
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent that has been proposed in the treatment of severe ulcerative colitis. "	( Tacrolimus Exerts Only a Transient Effectiveness in Refractory Pediatric Crohn Disease: A Case Series. Guerriero, E; Hugot, JP; Martinez-Vinson, C; Truffinet, O; Viala, J, 2017)	3.34
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive medication for organ transplantation. "	( Impact of FOXP3 Polymorphisms on the Blood Level of Tacrolimus in Renal Transplant Recipients. Ge, J; Jing, Y; Li, G; Li, K; Wang, J; Zhao, H, )	1.82
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor used in the prophylaxis of rejection after a solid organ transplant."	( Previous exposure to biologics and C-reactive protein are associated with the response to tacrolimus in inflammatory bowel disease. Aguirre, U; Cabriada, JL; Merino, O; Muñoz, C; Nantes, Ó; Rodríguez-Lago, I, 2016)	1.38
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent, used in the remission induction therapy of ulcerative colitis (UC)."	( The effect of CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms on adverse events in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with tacrolimus. Andoh, A; Asada, A; Bamba, S; Imaeda, H; Inatomi, O; Morita, Y; Nishida, A; Sasaki, M; Sugimoto, M; Takahashi, K, 2017)	2.11
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive agent widely used after organ transplantation. "	( Sinus tachycardia related to tacrolimus after kidney transplantation in children and young adults. Beşbaş, N; Bilginer, Y; Düzova, A; Erdoğan, İ, )	1.87
"Tacrolimus is a commonly used immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant recipients. "	( Development and validation of a sensitive and selective LC-MS/MS method for determination of tacrolimus in oral fluids. Akhlaghi, F; Ghareeb, M, 2016)	2.1
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant mainly used in the prophylaxis of solid organ transplant rejection. "	( Development of a Simple and Rapid Method to Measure the Free Fraction of Tacrolimus in Plasma Using Ultrafiltration and LC-MS/MS. de Lange, DW; Sikma, MA; Stienstra, NA; van Dapperen, AL; van Maarseveen, EM, 2016)	2.11
"Tacrolimus immunotherapy is a valid option for the management of MG, and can be gradually reduced in dose once symptoms are improved until complete withdrawal is achieved."	( Long-term efficacy and side effects of low-dose tacrolimus for the treatment of Myasthenia Gravis. Chen, Y; Huang, X; Jing, F; Tao, X; Wang, W; Wang, Z; Wei, D, 2017)	1.43
"Tacrolimus is a widely used macrolide immunosuppressant in transplant surgery, with mild and major neurologic side effects. "	( Gangliocytoma Presenting With Tacrolimus Neurotoxicity in a Renal Transplant Recipient: Case Report. Alagoz, S; Gulcicek, S; Oruc, M; Seyahi, N; Trabulus, S, 2016)	2.17
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a calcineurin inhibitor that is potent in cytokine suppression."	( Tacrolimus improves proteinuria remission in adults with cyclosporine A-resistant or -dependent minimal change disease. Bian, R; Gao, X; Mei, C; Xu, C; Xu, D, 2017)	2.62
"Tacrolimus is a common immunosuppressive modality with a range of therapeutic applications, including for rheumatologic disease, nephrotic syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. "	( Tacrolimus-associated Diffuse Gastrointestinal Ulcerations and Pathergy: A Case Report. Kobashigawa, JA; Pan, D; Shaye, O, )	3.02
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a widely used immunosuppressant with a narrow therapeutic index and potential severe side effects, including neurotoxicity and kidney injury."	( Red blood cell exchange as an approach for treating a case of severe tacrolimus overexposure. Bianco, I; Biancofiore, G; Bindi, L; DeSimone, P; Mazzoni, A; Precisi, A; Spallanzani, V, 2017)	1.41
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant drug in solid organ transplantation, and is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and CYP3A5. "	( The Pharmacogenetics of Tacrolimus in Corticosteroid-Sparse Pediatric and Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients. Bergmann, TK; Brøsen, K; Madsen, MJ; Thiesson, HC, 2017)	2.2
"Tacrolimus is an important immunosuppressive agent used to prevent allograft rejection after transplantation. "	( Physiochemical properties of generic formulations of tacrolimus in Mexico. First, MR; Iwabe, O; Kitamura, S; Mimura, H; Ohara, T; Petan, JA; Saito, K; Suzuki, M; Undre, N, 2008)	2.04
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant widely used in recipients of solid organ transplants to prevent rejection. "	( Acute tacrolimus toxicity in a non-transplant patient. Mowry, J; O'Connor, AD; Rusyniak, DE, 2008)	2.27
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an effective primary immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplantation. "	( Clinical and histological analysis of chronic tacrolimus nephrotoxicity in renal allografts. Ishida, H; Omoto, K; Shimizu, T; Shirakawa, H; Tanabe, K; Yamaguchi, Y, 2008)	2.05
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunomodulator that is effective in the systemic treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). "	( Local application of tacrolimus in distal colitis: feasible and safe. Bakker, EN; Kuipers, EJ; Nieuwenhuis, EE; Poen, AC; van Bodegraven, AA; van Dekken, H; van der Woude, CJ; van Dieren, JM, 2009)	2.11
"Tacrolimus is an agent used in clinical immunosuppressive drug therapies. "	( Effect of tacrolimus on activity and expression of P-glycoprotein and ATP-binding cassette transporter A5 (ABCA5) proteins in hematoencephalic barrier cells. Cárcamo, JG; Claude, AA; Garrido, WX; González-Oyarzún, MA; Quezada, CA; Rauch, MC; Salas, MR; San Martín, RE; Slebe, JC; Yañez, AJ, 2008)	2.19
"Tacrolimus is a widely used immunosuppressive drug in organ transplantation. "	( Influence of CYP3A5 genetic polymorphism on tacrolimus daily dose requirements and acute rejection in renal graft recipients. Becquemont, L; Charpentier, B; Durrbach, A; Ferlicot, S; Furlan, V; Letierce, A; Quteineh, L; Taburet, AM; Verstuyft, C, 2008)	2.05
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive drug used in organ transplantation. "	( Is the affinity column-mediated immunoassay method suitable as an alternative to the microparticle enzyme immunoassay method as a blood tacrolimus assay? Ahn, HJ; Chang, HK; Huh, KH; Ju, MK; Kim, HJ; Kim, MS; Kim, SI; Kim, YS, 2008)	1.99
"Tacrolimus (FK-506) is an immunosuppressant that binds to a specific immunophilin, resulting in the suppression of the cellular immune response during transplant rejection. "	( Structural alterations in the seminiferous tubules of rats treated with immunosuppressor tacrolimus. Caneguim, BH; Cerri, PS; Miraglia, SM; Sasso-Cerri, E; Spolidório, LC, 2009)	2.02
"Tacrolimus is a substrate of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 3A enzyme and of the drug transporter ABCB1. "	( The effect of CYP3A5 and ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms on tacrolimus dose requirements in Caucasian liver transplant patients. Biondi, F; D'Alessandro, N; Gridelli, B; Labbozzetta, M; Notarbartolo, M; Palazzo, U; Polidori, P; Poma, P; Provenzani, A; Sanguedolce, R; Triolo, F; Vizzini, G, )	1.81
"Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment is a safe and effective second-line treatment for the control of moderate to severe AD of the face."	( Superiority of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment compared with fluticasone 0.005% in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis of the face: results from a randomized, double-blind trial. Doss, N; Dubertret, L; Fekete, GL; Kamoun, MR; Lahfa, M; Ortonne, JP; Reitamo, S, 2009)	1.43
"Tacrolimus (FK-506) is a powerful immunosuppressive agent that modulates neutrophil infiltration during inflammation. "	( Melatonin ameliorates tacrolimus (FK-506)'s induced immunosupressive effect in rat liver. Ara, C; Karabulut, AB, 2009)	2.11
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a macrolide immunosuppressant drug from the calcineurin inhibitor family, widely used in solid organ and islet cell transplantation, but produces significant side-effects."	( Tacrolimus causes a blockage of protein secretion which reinforces its immunosuppressive activity and also explains some of its toxic side-effects. Cárcamo, JG; Claude, A; Ojeda, D; Quezada, C; Rauch, MC; Salas, M; San Martín, A; Slebe, JC; Yañez, AJ, 2009)	3.24
"Tacrolimus is a widely used T cell targeted immunosuppressive drug, known as a calcineurin inhibitor. "	( Tacrolimus differentially regulates the proliferation of conventional and regulatory CD4(+) T cells. Fujio, K; Kogina, K; Shoda, H; Takahashi, K; Tsuno, NH; Yamaguchi, Y; Yamamoto, K, 2009)	3.24
"Tacrolimus is an alternative to cyclosporine when attempting to avoid GO in patients with kidney transplants."	( Effectiveness of substituting cyclosporin A with tacrolimus in reducing gingival overgrowth in renal transplant patients. Almendros-Marqués, N; Berini-Aytés, L; Gay-Escoda, C; Párraga-Linares, L, 2009)	1.33
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug, used to prevent organ transplant rejection. "	( Effect of low-dose tacrolimus coadministered with raloxifene on the skeletal system in male rats. Cegieła, U; Folwarczna, J; Janiec, W; Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak, I; Nowińska, B; Pytlik, M; Sliwiński, L; Trzeciak, H; Trzeciak, HI, )	1.9
"Tacrolimus is a substrate for P-glycoprotein, the product of the ABCB1 gene."	( Effect of the ABCB1 3435C>T polymorphism on tacrolimus concentrations and dosage requirements in liver transplant recipients. Abbara, C; Bonhomme-Faivre, L; Chaunoy, M; Farinotti, R; Fodil, M; Picard, V; Saliba, F, 2009)	1.34
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a potent immunosuppressant widely used for the treatment of patients with solid organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases. "	( Cardiac and haemodynamic effects of tacrolimus in the halothane-anaesthetized dog. Hoshiai, M; Kise, H; Nakamura, Y; Sugita, K; Sugiyama, A; Sugiyama, H, 2010)	2.08
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressant that is frequently used in organ transplantation. "	( Reversible myocardial hypertrophy induced by tacrolimus in a pediatric heart transplant recipient: case report. Hashimoto, S; Ishibashi-Ueda, H; Kato, T; Mano, A; Nakatani, T; Wada, K; Yahata, Y, 2009)	2.06
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunomodulator that is effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). "	( Local immune regulation of mucosal inflammation by tacrolimus. Kuipers, EJ; Lambers, ME; Nieuwenhuis, EE; Samsom, JN; van der Woude, CJ; van Dieren, JM, 2010)	2.06
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive medication in the class of calcineurin inhibitors that acts by inhibiting T-cell and interleukin-2 activity, and is commonly used after allogeneic organ transplant. "	( Visual loss associated with tacrolimus: case report and review of the literature. Gibran, SK; Gonzales, JA; Kapoor, KG; Mirza, SN, 2010)	2.1
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant drug currently used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis and pruritus. "	( Mechanisms of the sensory effects of tacrolimus on the skin. Boulais, N; Dorange, G; Lebonvallet, N; Misery, L; Pennec, JP; Pereira, U, 2010)	2.08
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressant medication with a low therapeutic index. "	( Mutism and persistent dysarthria due to tacrolimus-based immunosuppression following allogeneic liver transplantation. Greenberg, MI; Simpson, SE; Vearrier, D, 2011)	2.08
"Tacrolimus is a useful drug for the treatment of DM-IP in cases where Cy-A causes intolerable adverse reactions."	( [Effective treatment of interstitial pneumonia with tacrolimus in a patient with dermatomyositis who was intolerant to cyclosporin-A]. Hanafusa, T; Kotani, T; Makino, S; Nuri, K; Shoda, T; Takeuchi, T, 2010)	1.33
"Tacrolimus is a nonsteroidal alternative to treat noninfectious otitis externa (OE) in people. "	( Safety and tolerability of 0.1% tacrolimus solution applied to the external ear canals of atopic beagle dogs without otitis. Flynn-Lurie, AK; House, RA; Kelley, LS; Marsella, R; Simpson, AC, 2010)	2.09
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressant drug discovered in 1984 by Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. "	( Tacrolimus-associated posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after solid organ transplantation. Chen, Y; Jeung, MY; Kessler, R; Lauer, V; Marescaux, C; Wolff, V; Wu, Q, 2010)	3.25
"Tacrolimus is a novel immunomodulator for inflammatory bowel diseases. "	( Immunosuppressive effects of tacrolimus on macrophages ameliorate experimental colitis. Chiba, T; Honzawa, Y; Inui, K; Masuda, S; Matsumura, K; Nakase, H; Takeda, Y; Ueno, S; Uza, N; Yamamoto, S; Yoshino, T, 2010)	2.09
"Tacrolimus is a commonly used immunosuppressive agent in renal transplantation. "	( A systematic review of the effect of CYP3A5 genotype on the apparent oral clearance of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients. Barry, A; Levine, M, 2010)	2.03
"Tacrolimus is an important option for treatment of MG; however, careful management is needed for long-term treatment with this drug."	( Five-year follow-up with low-dose tacrolimus in patients with myasthenia gravis. Doi, S; Fujiki, N; Kikuchi, S; Minami, N; Niino, M; Sasaki, H; Shima, K, 2011)	1.37
"Tacrolimus is a major immunosuppressant, which has a narrow therapeutic range and wide interindividual variation. "	( CYP3A5 *1 allele: impacts on early acute rejection and graft function in tacrolimus-based renal transplant recipients. Ahn, SH; Ha, J; Kim, SH; Kim, SJ; Kim, SY; Kim, YS; Min, SI; Min, SK; Moon, KC; Oh, JM, 2010)	2.03
"Tacrolimus (Tac, FK506) is a widely used T-cell-targeted immunosuppression drug known as a calcineurin inhibitor. "	( Effects and mechanisms of tacrolimus on development of murine Th17 cells. Ding, GS; Fu, ZR; Kang, YD; Li, RD; Wang, ZX; Xiao, L; Zhang, XJ, 2010)	2.1
"Tacrolimus (TRL) is an immunosuppressive drug characterized by a narrow therapeutic index, low bioavailability, and pharmacokinetic variability. "	( Sublingual tacrolimus as an alternative to intravenous route in patients with thoracic transplant: a retrospective study. Amrein, C; Billaud, EM; Boussaud, V; Collin, C; Glouzman, AS; Guillemain, R; Havard, L; Lefeuvre, S, 2010)	2.19
"Tacrolimus is an immunomodulator that could be useful in treating keloid."	( Intradermal tacrolimus prevent scar hypertrophy in a rabbit ear model: a clinical, histological and spectroscopical analysis. Blondel, WC; Chassagne, JF; Gisquet, H; Guillemin, F; Latarche, C; Leroux, A; Liu, H; Merlin, JL; Peiffert, D, 2011)	1.47
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant that undergoes therapeutic drug monitoring. "	( The impact of a change in tacrolimus monitoring immunoassay techniques on clinical decision making. Cavanaugh, TM; Martin-Boone, J; Neff, G; Parrish, N; Rudich, S, 2010)	2.1
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressive agent, and tacrolimus ointment has been used as therapy for atopic dermatitis worldwide. "	( Inhibitory potency of tacrolimus ointment on skin tumor induction in a mouse model of an initiation-promotion skin tumor. Doi, Y; Kawabe, M; Lilja, H; Mitamura, T; Motomura, M; Oishi, Y; Seki, J; Yoshizawa, K, 2011)	2.13
"Tacrolimus has proven to be a potent immunosuppressive agent in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). "	( One thousand consecutive primary liver transplants under tacrolimus immunosuppression: a 17- to 20-year longitudinal follow-up. Cacciarelli, T; DeVera, ME; Fontes, P; Humar, A; Jain, A; Lopez, RC; Marsh, JW; Mazariegos, G; Sindhi, R; Singhal, A, 2011)	2.06
"Tacrolimus (Tac) is an immunosuppressive drug used to prevent post-transplant (PT) organ rejection. "	( Pharmacogenetics of tacrolimus after renal transplantation: analysis of polymorphisms in genes encoding 16 drug metabolizing enzymes. Alvarez, V; Alvarezca, V; Arias, M; Campistol, JM; Coto, E; Díaz, JM; Díaz-Corte, C; Garciá, EC; López-Larrea, C; Ortega, F; Selgas, R; Tavira, B; Torres, A, 2011)	2.14
"Tacrolimus is a substrate of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. "	( Impact of the CYP3A4*1G polymorphism and its combination with CYP3A5 genotypes on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in renal transplant patients. Habuchi, T; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Numakura, K; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Tsuchiya, N, 2011)	2.04
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressive drug that binds to the immunophilin FKBPB12. "	( The role of calcineurin/NFAT in SFRP2 induced angiogenesis--a rationale for breast cancer treatment with the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus. Bandhu Nepal, D; Caster, J; Courtwright, A; Darr, D; Hilliard, E; Ketelsen, D; Klauber-Demore, N; Patterson, C; Shen, XJ; Siamakpour-Reihani, S; Usary, J, 2011)	2.02
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressant indicated for prophylaxis of transplant rejection. "	( Bioequivalence of two tacrolimus formulations under fasting conditions in healthy male subjects. Kale, P; Mandal, J; Mathew, P; Patel, K; Patel, R; Soni, K; Tangudu, G, 2011)	2.13
"Tacrolimus is a cornerstone immunosuppressant agent in the prevention of organ rejection following transplantation. "	( Once- versus twice-daily tacrolimus: are the formulations truly equivalent? Barraclough, KA; Campbell, SB; Isbel, NM; Johnson, DW; Staatz, CE, 2011)	2.12
"Tacrolimus is a widely used macrolide immunosuppressant that has a narrow therapeutic index and potential side effects including neurotoxicity. "	( Red cell exchange transfusion as a rescue therapy for tacrolimus toxicity in a paediatric renal transplant. Astley, P; Inward, C; Marriage, S; McCarthy, H; Tizard, EJ, 2011)	2.06
"Tacrolimus (Tac) is a potent immunosuppressant with considerable toxicity. "	( A new functional CYP3A4 intron 6 polymorphism significantly affects tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in kidney transplant recipients. Bouamar, R; Elens, L; Haufroid, V; Hesselink, DA; van der Heiden, IP; van Gelder, T; van Schaik, RH, 2011)	2.05
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a widely used immunosuppressant in organ transplantation. "	( The role of immunophilin ligands in nerve regeneration. Birchall, MA; Seifalian, AM; Toll, EC, 2011)	1.81
"Tacrolimus is a substrate of cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) enzymes as well as of the drug transporter ABCB1. "	( Influence of CYP3A5 and ABCB1 gene polymorphisms and other factors on tacrolimus dosing in Caucasian liver and kidney transplant patients. Bertani, T; Caccamo, C; D'Alessandro, N; Gridelli, B; Labbozzetta, M; Notarbartolo, M; Palazzo, U; Polidori, P; Poma, P; Provenzani, A; Salis, P; Vizzini, G, 2011)	2.04
"Tacrolimus is a topical calcineurin inhibitor with immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and fungicidal properties that may be beneficial in the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis."	( Single-blind, randomized controlled trial evaluating the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis with hydrocortisone 1% ointment compared with tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in adults. Clark, CS; Dahmer, B; Papp, A; Papp, KA, 2012)	2.02
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant with a narrow therapeutic window, with considerable pharmacokinetic variability. "	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation: early posttransplantation clearance. Bergstrand, M; Karlsson, MO; Nydert, PS; Staatz, CE; Wallin, JE; Wilczek, HE, 2011)	2.1
"Tacrolimus is an effective and well-tolerated drug in cases of severe and refractory late-onset inflammatory reactions, including large panniculitis, that complicate silicone gel injections."	( Tacrolimus in the treatment of chronic and refractory late-onset immune-mediated adverse effects related to silicone injections. Alijotas-Reig, J; Garcia-Gimenez, V; Vilardell-Tarrés, M, 2012)	3.26
"Tacrolimus is a well-known potent immunosuppressant agent, which has various drug-drug or food-drug interactions. "	( Food-drug interaction of tacrolimus with pomelo, ginger, and turmeric juice in rats. Egashira, K; Higuchi, S; Ieiri, I; Sasaki, H, 2012)	2.13
"Tacrolimus ointment is an effective and well-tolerated treatment option in patients with AD in Asia. "	( Overview of efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment in patients with atopic dermatitis in Asia and other areas. Kim, KH; Kono, T, 2011)	2.09
"Tacrolimus is a substrate of cytochrome P-450 3A enzyme and the drug transporter, P-glycoprotein."	( Association between tacrolimus concentration and genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A5 and ABCB1 during the early stage after liver transplant in an Iranian population. Aghdaie, MH; Azarpira, N; Banihashemi, M; Darai, M; Geramizadeh, B; Malekhosseini, SA; Malekpour, Z; Moini, M; Nikeghbalian, S; Rahsaz, M, 2012)	1.42
"Tacrolimus is a substrate of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), encoded by the CYP3A and ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) genes, respectively. "	( Impact of cytochrome P450 3A and ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 polymorphisms on tacrolimus dose-adjusted trough concentrations among Korean renal transplant recipients. Cho, JH; Choi, JY; Kim, CD; Kim, YL; Park, JY; Park, SH; Song, EJ; Yoon, SH; Yoon, YD, 2012)	2.04
"Tacrolimus is an established immunosuppressant for the prevention and treatment of allograft rejection in organ transplantation. "	( Effect of conversion from twice-daily to once-daily tacrolimus on glucose intolerance in stable kidney transplant recipients. Deguchi, T; Ishida, K; Ito, S; Tsuchiya, T, 2012)	2.07
"Tacrolimus (TCR) is a macrolide lactone with potent immunosuppressive activity."	( Correlation of thermal analysis and pyrolysis coupled to GC-MS in the characterization of tacrolimus. Böer, TM; Macêdo, RO; Nascimento, TG; Procópio, JV, 2013)	1.33
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a macrolide T-cell immunomodulator used to treat myasthenia gravis (MG). "	( Early effect of tacrolimus in improving excitation-contraction coupling in myasthenia gravis. Hisahara, S; Hozuki, T; Imai, T; Kawamata, J; Motomura, M; Saitoh, M; Shimohama, S; Tsuda, E; Yamauchi, R; Yoshikawa, H, 2012)	2.17
"Tacrolimus is a well-established immunosuppressive agent for the treatment and prevention of solid organ graft rejection. "	( Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics of once- versus twice-daily formulations in de novo kidney transplantation: a substudy of a randomized phase III trial. Abramowicz, D; Dickinson, J; Krämer, BK; Miller, D; Mourad, M; Oppenheimer, F; Ostrowski, M; Undre, N; Wlodarczyk, Z, 2012)	3.26
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressant that has been demonstrated to inhibit T-lymphocyte activation without the side-effects of corticosteroids. "	( Tacrolimus 0.1% vs mometasone furoate topical treatment in allergic contact hand eczema: a prospective randomized clinical study. Kalogeromitros, D; Katsarou, A; Lagogianni, E; Makris, M; Papagiannaki, K; Tagka, A, )	3.02
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressant that is safe and effective for the prevention of rejection after kidney transplantation. "	( Relationship among changes in hematocrit, albumin and corticosteroid dose on the disposition of tacrolimus during the first six months following renal transplantation. Domínguez-Ramírez, A; Fuentes-Noriega, I; González-López, EH; Mancilla-Urrea, E; Robles-Piedras, AL; Romano-Moreno, S, 2011)	2.03
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor, and it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). "	( Tacrolimus treatment increases bone formation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ju, JH; Kang, KY; Kim, HY; Park, SH; Song, YW; Yoo, DH, 2013)	3.28
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant macrolactam of fermentative origin. "	( Evaluation, synthesis and characterization of tacrolimus impurities. Colombo, D; De Mieri, M; Ferraboschi, P; Grisenti, P, 2012)	2.08
"Tacrolimus is a commonly used immunosuppressant in solid organ transplantation recipients, but it is characterized by a narrow therapeutic range and large inter-individual variability. "	( Prediction of the tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic parameters according to CYP3A5 genotype and clinical factors using NONMEM in adult kidney transplant recipients. Ha, J; Han, N; Hong, JY; Hong, SH; Ji, E; Kim, IW; Kim, YS; Oh, JM; Shin, WG; Yun, HY, 2013)	2.17
"Tacrolimus(PR) is a new prolonged-release once-daily formulation of the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus, currently used in adult transplant patients. "	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of once daily prolonged-release formulation of tacrolimus in pediatric and adolescent kidney transplant recipients. Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Fakhoury, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Maisin, A; Storme, T; Zhao, W, 2013)	2.05
"Tacrolimus is an alternative to cyclosporine with a slightly different adverse effect profile."	( Calcineurin inhibitors in chronic urticaria. Khan, DA; Trojan, TD, 2012)	1.1
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a potent immunosuppressant used in liver transplantation. "	( Preparation and biopharmaceutical evaluation of tacrolimus loaded biodegradable nanoparticles for liver targeting. Afifi, N; Mathur, S; Tammam, S, 2012)	2.08
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug essential for preventing organ rejection after transplantation. "	( On-line solid-phase extraction high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of tacrolimus in whole blood hemolyzate. Delmotte, N; Dülffer, T; Herrmann, R; Huber, CG; Kobold, U; Neu, V; von der Eltz, H, 2012)	2.03
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant used in transplantation. "	( Validation of tacrolimus equation to predict troughs using genetic and clinical factors. Birnbaum, AK; Brundage, RC; Guan, W; Israni, AK; Jacobson, PA; Leduc, RE; Matas, AJ; Oetting, WS; Passey, C; Schladt, DP, 2012)	2.18
"Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment is an effective alternative to topical steroid and may be considered as a first-line therapy in OLP."	( Comparative efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment and clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment in oral lichen planus: a randomized double-blind trial. Singal, A; Sonthalia, S, 2012)	1.41
"Tacrolimus is a widely used immunosuppressive drug in organ transplantation. "	( Influence of CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and MDR-1 polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and early renal dysfunction in liver transplant recipients. Cai, B; Li, Y; Shi, Y; Tang, J; Wang, L; Zhang, J; Zou, Y, 2013)	2.08
"Tacrolimus is a commonly used immunosuppressive agent which causes cardiovascular complications, e.g., hypertension and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. "	( Effects of tacrolimus on action potential configuration and transmembrane ion currents in canine ventricular cells. Bányász, T; Hegyi, B; Horváth, B; Kistamás, K; Magyar, J; Nánási, PP; Pál, B; Ruzsnavszky, F; Szabó, L; Szentandrássy, N; Váczi, K, 2013)	2.22
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressant that has been widely used alone or in combination with prednisone (PRED) to prevent acute rejection after organ transplantation. "	( Effect of long-term co-administration of Wuzhi tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera extract) and prednisone on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus. Bi, HC; Gu, HM; Huang, M; Li, LJ; Qin, XL; Wang, Y; Wang, YT; Yu, T, 2013)	2.04
"Oral tacrolimus is a safe and effective therapy for the treatment of moderate to severe UC in patients not receiving concomitant treatment with systemic steroids. "	( The efficacy of oral tacrolimus in patients with moderate/severe ulcerative colitis not receiving concomitant corticosteroid therapy. Abe, Y; Higuchi, K; Inoue, T; Ishida, K; Kawakami, K; Murano, M; Narabayashi, K; Nouda, S; Okada, T; Takeuchi, T; Tokioka, S; Umegaki, E, 2013)	1.22
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an important macrocyclic polyketide showing antifungal and immunosuppressive activities, as well as neuroregenerative properties. "	( Mutational biosynthesis of tacrolimus analogues by fkbO deletion mutant of Streptomyces sp. KCTC 11604BP. Kim, DH; Lee, BM; Lee, KS; Lee, MO; Lim, SK; Maeng, PJ; Ryu, JH, 2013)	2.13
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressant that has a narrow therapeutic index, displays considerable variability in response, and has the potential for serious drug interactions. "	( Validation of methods to study the distribution and protein binding of tacrolimus in human blood. Brown, KF; McLachlan, AJ; Nand, RA; Tattam, BN; Zahir, H, )	1.81
"Tacrolimus is a drug for which therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended. "	( Drug interactions with tacrolimus. van Gelder, T, 2002)	2.07
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressant that has been widely used in the last decade. "	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus: a moving matter. Manzanares, C, )	1.86
"Tacrolimus is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (PGP) encoded by the multidrug resistant (MDR)1 gene (ABCB1). "	( Neurotoxicity induced by tacrolimus after liver transplantation: relation to genetic polymorphisms of the ABCB1 (MDR1) gene. Higuchi, S; Ieiri, I; Kataoka, Y; Nishizaki, T; Oishi, R; Otsubo, K; Sugimachi, K; Tanabe, M; Yamauchi, A, 2002)	2.06
"Tacrolimus is a potent inhibitor of immune mechanisms. "	( [Drug of month. Topical tacrolimus (Protopic)]. Paquet, P; Piérard, GE; Piérard-Franchimont, C, 2002)	2.06
"Tacrolimus is a superior immunosuppressive agent and has markedly improved the short-term outcome of renal allografts. "	( Renin mRNA expression and renal dysfunction in tacrolimus-induced acute nephrotoxicity. Iwai, T; Kuratsukuri, K; Matsumura, K; Naganuma, T; Nakatani, T; Sugimura, K; Uchida, J, 2003)	2.02
"Tacrolimus (Protopic) is an immunosuppressive agent typically used systemically in transplant patients."	( Topical tacrolimus: a new therapy for atopic dermatitis. Russell, JJ, 2002)	1.47
"Tacrolimus is a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome (CYP) P4503A. "	( Tacrolimus dosing in pediatric heart transplant patients is related to CYP3A5 and MDR1 gene polymorphisms. Bowman, P; Boyle, G; Burckart, GJ; Lamba, J; Law, Y; Miller, S; Schuetz, E; Webber, S; Zeevi, A; Zhang, J; Zheng, H, 2003)	3.2
"Tacrolimus is a cornerstone immunosuppressive agent in renal transplantation and compared with cyclosporin, its use is associated with a reduced incidence of acute rejection. "	( Tailoring tacrolimus-based immunotherapy in renal transplantation. Yang, HC, 2003)	2.16
"Tacrolimus therapy is a rare cause of MAHA in solid organ transplants but the diagnosis should be considered if there is an unexplained fall in haemoglobin and/or platelet count in the context of high serum tacrolimus levels."	( Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia following lung volume reduction surgery in a single lung transplant recipient on maintenance tacrolimus (FK506) therapy. Chin, W; Cole-Sinclair, M; Mansfield, D; Reid, DW; Snell, GI; Street, A; Williams, TJ, 2003)	1.24
"Tacrolimus ointment is a safe and effective treatment for atopic dermatitis on the head and neck."	( Safe treatment of head/neck AD with tacrolimus ointment. Hanifin, JM; Kang, S; Paller, A; Rico, MJ; Satoi, Y; Soter, N, 2003)	2.04
"Tacrolimus is a potent calcineurin inhibitor that was introduced to heart transplantation in the early 1990s. "	( Post-operative conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus in heart transplantation: a single-center experience. Cantin, B; Chan, MC; Hunt, SA; Kwok, BW; Shiba, N; Valantine, HA, 2003)	2.02
"Tacrolimus is an effective immunosuppressive agent for laryngeal transplantation. "	( Tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil provide effective immunosuppression in rat laryngeal transplantation. Dan, O; Fritz, M; Nelson, M; Strome, M; Worley, S, 2003)	3.2
"Tacrolimus ointment is a steroid-free topical immunomodulator developed for the treatment of atopic dermatitis, a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease. "	( Potential future dermatological indications for tacrolimus ointment. Assmann, T; Lebwohl, M; Ruzicka, T, )	1.83
"Tacrolimus is a macrolactam that prevents the transcription of messenger RNA for various inflammatory cytokines in both helper T cells (types 1 and 2) (T(H)1 and T(H)2). "	( Tacrolimus ointment 0.1% in the treatment of nickel-induced allergic contact dermatitis. Belsito, DV; Gadzia, JE; Saripalli, YV, 2003)	3.2
"Tacrolimus is a T-cell-selective cytokine inhibitor. "	( Efficacy and safety of topically applied tacrolimus ointment in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Hong, HS; Tsai, HJ; Wong, WR, 2003)	2.03
"Tacrolimus ointment 0.1% is a promising corticosteroid alternative for hand/foot eczema."	( An open-label pilot study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topically applied tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of hand and/or foot eczema. Brooke, E; Fleischer, A; Jorizzo, JL; Lang, W; McCarty, MA; Osborne, BE; Thelmo, MC, 2003)	1.99
"Tacrolimus ointment is a significant advance in dermatology and provides physicians with an alternative to conventional topical corticosteroid therapy."	( Atopic dermatitis management with tacrolimus ointment (Protopic). Allen, BR; Kapp, A; Reitamo, S, 2003)	1.32
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that is a substrate of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzymes and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). "	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between corticosteroids and tacrolimus after renal transplantation. Anglicheau, D; Beaune, P; Cassinat, B; Flamant, M; Legendre, C; Martinez, F; Schlageter, MH; Thervet, E, 2003)	2.01
"Tacrolimus is a substrate of cytochrome p450 (CYP), of subfamily CYP3A."	( Impact of cytochrome p450 3A5 genetic polymorphism on tacrolimus doses and concentration-to-dose ratio in renal transplant recipients. Anglicheau, D; Beaune, P; Cassinat, B; Daly, AK; King, B; Legendre, C; Schlageter, MH; Thervet, E, 2003)	1.29
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent that can show a wide variety of neurologic side effects, including leukoencephalopathy. "	( Severe tacrolimus leukoencephalopathy after liver transplantation. Schuuring, J; Verrips, A; Wesseling, P, )	2.03
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant approved for the prevention of rejection following transplantation and is a substrate for CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. "	( Effects of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Akhtar, S; Chen, YL; Hebert, MF; Larson, AM; Park, JM, 2004)	2.02
"Tacrolimus is an effective organ transplantation immunosuppressant. "	( Tacrolimus-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: a case analysis. Chang, CF; Chao, YW; King, KL; Lin, CC; Yang, AH; Yang, WC, )	3.02
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive agent used in lung transplantation and is a substrate for both P-glycoprotein (P-gp, encoded by the gene MDR1) and cytochrome (CYP) P4503A. "	( Tacrolimus dosing in adult lung transplant patients is related to cytochrome P4503A5 gene polymorphism. Burckart, GJ; Dauber, J; Grgurich, W; Griffith, BP; Iacono, A; Lamba, J; McCurry, K; McDade, K; Ristich, J; Schuetz, E; Webber, S; Zaldonis, D; Zeevi, A; Zhang, J; Zheng, H, 2004)	3.21
"Tacrolimus is an immunomodulator now available in a topical ointment."	( Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment for refractory skin disease in dermatomyositis: a pilot study. Hollar, CB; Jorizzo, JL, 2004)	1.48
"Tacrolimus is an effective, well-tolerated medication for treatment-resistant forms of nephrotic syndrome in children, with a complete remission rate of 81% and a partial remission rate of 13% (totaling 94%)."	( Tacrolimus therapy in pediatric patients with treatment-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Gowrishankar, M; Loeffler, K; Yiu, V, 2004)	2.49
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a potent macrolide immunosuppressant used for prevention of organ transplant rejection following transplantation. "	( Evaluation of the new EMIT tacrolimus assay in kidney and liver transplant recipients. Akaydin, M; Akbas, SH; Akcit, F; Demirbas, A; Ersoy, F; Gultekin, M; Gurkan, A; Tuncer, M; Yavuz, A; Yurdakonar, E, )	1.87
"Tacrolimus is a newer calcineurin inhibitor that has been used in renal transplant recipients as primary or rescue therapy."	( Effect of calcineurin inhibitors on extracellular matrix turnover in isolated human glomeruli. Cornacchia, F; Dal Canton, A; De Mauri, A; Esposito, C; Fasoli, G; Foschi, A; Mazzullo, T; Parrilla, B; Plati, AR; Scudellaro, R, 2004)	1.04
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor that passes the blood-brain barrier and may increase cerebrovascular tone and restrict cerebral ammonia influx."	( Tacrolimus ameliorates cerebral vasodilatation and intracranial hypertension in the rat with portacaval anastomosis and hyperammonemia. Dethloff, T; Hansen, BA; Larsen, FS, 2004)	2.49
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a hydrophobic immunosuppressive agent that rapidly penetrates the plasmatic membrane and inhibits the signal transduction cascade of T lymphocytes. "	( Characterization of liposomal tacrolimus in lung surfactant-like phospholipids and evaluation of its immunosuppressive activity. Cañadas, O; Casals, C; García-Cañero, R; Guerrero, R; Menéndez, M; Orellana, G, 2004)	2.05
"Tacrolimus is an efficient primary immunosuppressive drug in renal transplantation but its long-term use is associated with calcineurin-inhibitor-related toxicity. "	( Time-related clinical determinants of long-term tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in combination therapy with mycophenolic acid and corticosteroids: a prospective study in one hundred de novo renal transplant recipients. Claes, K; Coosemans, W; Evenepoel, P; Kuypers, DR; Maes, B; Pirenne, J; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2004)	2.02
"Tacrolimus is a safe and effective treatment for the prevention of rejection after liver transplantation in children."	( Tacrolimus and steroids versus ciclosporin microemulsion, steroids, and azathioprine in children undergoing liver transplantation: randomised European multicentre trial. Becker, M; Boillot, O; Burdelski, M; Gridelli, B; Jara, P; Kelly, D; Lykavieris, P; Manzanares, J; Reding, R; Rodeck, B, )	3.02
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a widely used immunosuppressant for preventing allograft rejection and the treatment of atopic dermatitis. "	( On-chip micro-flow polystyrene bead-based immunoassay for quantitative detection of tacrolimus (FK506). Endo, T; Murakami, Y; Nagatani, N; Takamura, Y; Tamiya, E; Yamamura, S, 2004)	1.99
"Tacrolimus is a substrate for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A5 and p-glycoprotein encoded by CYP3A5 and MDR1 (ABCB1), respectively, having multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms."	( Influence of CYP3A5 and MDR1 (ABCB1) polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients. Habuchi, T; Kato, T; Li, Z; Ohyama, C; Sato, K; Satoh, S; Suzuki, T; Tada, H; Tsuchiya, N, 2004)	1.27
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug used most successfully as a primary drug to suppress the rejection of transplants. "	( [Treatment with tacrolimus in autoimmune diseases]. Azanza, JR; Fernández, V; García Quetglas, E; Sádaba, B, )	1.92
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressive drug, widely used for organ transplantation and atopic dermatitis. "	( A review of the action of tacrolimus (FK506) on experimental models of rheumatoid arthritis. Miyata, S; Mutoh, S; Ohkubo, Y, 2005)	2.07
"Tacrolimus is a new immunosuppressive agent acting through the selective inhibition of helper-T-cell activation that can be reduced dosage of steroids and can maintain remission of myasthenia gravis with invasive thymoma."	( Low-dose tacrolimus for two cases of myasthenia gravis with invasive thymoma that relapsed shortly after thymectomy. Deguchi, K; Ikeda, K; Kuriyama, S; Sasaki, I; Shimamura, M; Takeuchi, H; Touge, T; Tsukaguchi, M; Urai, Y, 2005)	1.47
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a hydrophobic immunosuppressive agent used in kidney, liver, and lung transplantation. "	( Equilibrium studies of a fluorescent tacrolimus binding to surfactant protein A. Cañadas, O; Casals, C; Orellana, G; Sáenz, A, 2005)	2.04
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive drug widely used to prevent and treat graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in stem cell transplantation (SCT). "	( Tacrolimus-related encephalopathy following allogeneic stem cell transplantation in children. Fujisaki, H; Hara, J; Imai, K; Kanekiyo, T; Kubota, K; Matsuda-Hashii, Y; Ozono, K; Sawada, A; Shimono, K; Tokimasa, S, 2005)	3.21
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a water-insoluble macrolide immunosuppressant discovered in 1984."	( Use of a tacrolimus-eluting stent to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia in a porcine coronary model. Bosmans, J; De Scheerder, I; Huang, Y; Li, S; Liu, X; Lorenz, G; Salu, K; Van de Werf, F; Verbeken, E; Wang, L; Wnendt, S, 2005)	1.47
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a potent immunosuppressive drug used for prevention of rejection following transplantation. "	( Effects of some hematological parameters on whole blood tacrolimus concentration measured by two immunoassay-based analytical methods. Akaydin, M; Akbas, SH; Caglar, S; Demirbas, A; Ersoy, FF; Gultekin, M; Gurkan, A; Ozdem, S; Senol, Y; Tuncer, M; Yucetin, L, 2005)	2.02
"Tacrolimus seems to be a more appropriate drug to be used for primary immunosuppression in liver transplantation."	( Five-year follow-up of a trial comparing Tacrolimus and cyclosporine microemulsion in liver transplantation. Abradelo, M; Alvarez-Laso, C; Bilbao, I; Cuervas-Mons, V; González-Pinto, IM; Londoño, MC; Margarit, C; Rimola, A; Sánchez-Turrión, V, 2005)	1.32
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressant agent that is widely used in transplanted patients. "	( The role of endothelin in FK506-induced vascular reactivity changes in rat perfused kidney. Soydan, G; Tekes, E; Tuncer, M, 2005)	1.77
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a macrolide antibiotic used to minimize transplant rejections. "	( Acute effects of tacrolimus (FK506) on left ventricular mechanics. da Cunha, D; Hamlin, RL; Nishijima, Y; Ozkanlar, Y, 2005)	2.11
"Tacrolimus is a potent antiproliferative and immunosuppressive agent allowing for improved endothelial regeneration. "	( Comparative study of tacrolimus and paclitaxel stent coating in the porcine coronary model. Böhm, M; Grandt, A; Lorenz, G; Nickenig, G; Scheller, B; Wnendt, S, 2005)	2.09
"Tacrolimus is a relatively new calcineurin inhibitor that has been increasingly used in transplant medicine. "	( Tacrolimus for induction therapy of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis: an open-labeled pilot study. Au, TC; Mok, CC; Siu, YP; To, CH; Tong, KH, 2005)	3.21
"Tacrolimus is an effective option for induction treatment of SLE-diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. "	( Tacrolimus for induction therapy of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis: an open-labeled pilot study. Au, TC; Mok, CC; Siu, YP; To, CH; Tong, KH, 2005)	3.21
"Tacrolimus is a potent agent with a narrow therapeutic window and large inter- and intraindividual pharmacokinetic variability."	( Pharmacokinetic considerations relating to tacrolimus dosing in the elderly. Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2005)	1.31
"Tacrolimus is a well-tolerated and effective therapy for managing refractory ILD and myositis in anti-aaRS-positive patients."	( Treatment of antisynthetase-associated interstitial lung disease with tacrolimus. Fertig, N; Lucas, MR; Oddis, CV; Sereika, SM; Wilkes, MR, 2005)	2
"Tacrolimus is an approved immunosuppressive agent and a known substrate for CYP3A. "	( Concomitant tacrolimus and micafungin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Allison, M; Bekersky, I; Blough, DK; Buell, D; Hebert, MF; Keirns, J; Townsend, RW, 2005)	2.15
"Tacrolimus is a common component of multi-drug immunosuppressive regimens that are used for the prevention of rejection in transplant recipients. "	( Tacrolimus: in vitro effects on myelopoiesis, apoptosis, and CD11b expression. Koenig, JM; Matharoo, N; Schowengerdt, KO; Stegner, JJ, 2005)	3.21
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug with a narrow therapeutic range and wide interindividual variation in its pharmacokinetics. "	( Influence of CYP3A5 and MDR1 polymorphisms on tacrolimus concentration in the early stage after renal transplantation. Chen, JS; Chen, ZH; Li, LS; Liu, ZH; Tang, Z; Zhang, X; Zheng, JM, 2005)	2.03
"Tacrolimus is an immunomodulatory agent that inhibits the activation and maturation of T-cells and blocks transcriptional activation of several cytokine genes. "	( Successful treatment of genital and facial psoriasis with tacrolimus ointment 0.1%. Arvanitis, A; Karpouzis, A; Koumantaki, E; Kouskoukis, C; Nasiopoulou, A; Rallis, E; Roussaki-Schulze, A, 2005)	2.02
"Tacrolimus is a new inhibitor of calcineurine used as an alternative to cyclosporine A."	( Clinical evaluation of marginal parodontium condition in patients after kidney graft treated with calcineurine inhibitors and calcium channel blockers. Boratynska, M; Radwan-Oczko, M; Zietek, M, )	0.85
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that has been used widely in organ transplantation and topically for atopic dermatitis. "	( Tacrolimus in rheumatoid arthritis. Fleischmann, R; Iqbal, I; Stern, RL, 2006)	3.22
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a potent immunosuppressive agent that inhibit transcription of cytokines such as IL-2 in T cells. "	( The immunosuppressive agent FK506 enhances the cytolytic activity of inhibitory natural killer cell receptor (CD94/NKG2A)-expressing CD8 T cells. Asaka, M; Hirate, D; Imamura, M; Iwao, N; Kato, N; Miura, Y; Ota, S; Shigematsu, A; Tanaka, J; Toubai, T; Tsutsumi, Y, 2005)	1.77
"Tacrolimus is a strong immunosuppressive drug associated with low acute rejection rates, but a higher risk for PTDM."	( Higher initial tacrolimus blood levels and concentration-dose ratios in kidney transplant recipients who develop diabetes mellitus. Arias, M; Cotorruelo, JG; de Castro, SS; de Cos, MA; de Francisco, AL; Fernández-Fresnedo, G; Gómez-Alamillo, C; Palomar, R; Piñera, C; Rodrigo, E; Ruiz, JC; Sánchez, B, 2005)	1.4
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide that inhibits T-cell activation. "	( A case of Darier's disease successfully treated with topical tacrolimus. Fimiani, M; Poggiali, S; Risulo, M; Rubegni, P; Sbano, P, 2006)	2.02
"Tacrolimus is a widely used immunosuppressant in organ transplantation, but it is characterized by a narrow therapeutic index and high interindividual variations of its pharmacokinetics. "	( Influence of CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms of donor rather than recipient to tacrolimus individual dose requirement in liver transplantation. Jiang, G; Jin, J; Wu, L; Xie, H; Yan, S; Yu, S; Zheng, S, 2006)	2.01
"Tacrolimus is an immunomodulator produced by Streptomyces tsukubaensis, whose topical use has been approved for atopic dermatitis."	( [Vitiligo. Treatment of 12 cases with topical tacrolimus]. Almeida, P; Borrego, L; Cameselle, D; Hernández, B; Luján, D; Rodríguez-López, J, 2005)	1.31
"Tacrolimus is an important drug for immunosuppression after liver transplantation. "	( Buccal vs. nasogastric tube administration of tacrolimus after pediatric liver transplantation. Albers, MJ; Goorhuis, JF; Peeters, PM; Scheenstra, R, 2006)	2.03
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressant that is widely used in transplant surgery. "	( Tacrolimus induced subacute cerebellar ataxia. Faerber, E; Kaleyias, J; Kothare, SV, 2006)	3.22
"Tacrolimus monotherapy is a viable immunosuppressive strategy in HCV-infected liver transplant recipients."	( Rejection rates in a randomised trial of tacrolimus monotherapy versus triple therapy in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C virus cirrhosis. Burroughs, AK; Davidson, BR; Dhillon, AP; Leandro, G; Mela, M; Patch, DW; Pesci, A; Quaglia, A; Raimondo, ML; Rolles, K; Samonakis, DN; Thalheimer, U; Triantos, CK, 2006)	2.04
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that has proved effective in the treatment of psoriasis when administered systemically. "	( Topical tacrolimus for the treatment of psoriasis on the face, genitalia, intertriginous areas and corporal plaques. Herrera Acosta, E; Martín Ezquerra, G; Sánchez Regaña, M; Umbert Millet, P, 2006)	2.21
"Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment is a promising alternative therapy for eyelid eczema in AKC patients. "	( Tacrolimus ointment vs steroid ointment for eyelid dermatitis in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Chryssanthou, E; Jung, K; Montan, PG; Nivenius, E; van der Ploeg, I; van Hage, M, 2007)	3.23
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor that has been widely used to prevent allograft rejection after transplantation. "	( Delayed effect of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus in a living-donor liver transplant recipient. Fukatsu, S; Fukudo, M; Inui, K; Katsura, T; Masuda, S; Ogura, Y; Oike, F; Takada, Y; Yano, I, 2006)	2
"Tacrolimus ointment is a safe and effective nonsteroid treatment for AD."	( Quality of life in patients with atopic dermatitis: impact of tacrolimus ointment. Kawashima, M, 2006)	1.3
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a calcineurin inhibitor that is used for cardiac allograft rejection. "	( Clinical outcome of heart transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus with or without mycophenolate mofetil. Fuchs, U; Koerfer, R; Minami, K; Szabados, F; Tenderich, G; Zittermann, A, )	1.82
"Tacrolimus is an antibiotic macrolide with immunosuppressant properties isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis."	( Antiinflammatory effects of Tacrolimus in a mouse model of pleurisy. Fröde, TS; Medeiros, YS; Pereira, R, 2006)	2.07
"Tacrolimus ointment is an effective treatment for atopic dermatitis. "	( Tacrolimus: focusing on atopic dermatitis. Carroll, CL; Fleischer, AB, 2006)	3.22
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide agent that is now the primary immunosuppressant used in prevention of graft rejection in transplant recipients. "	( Tacrolimus-associated eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis in pediatric liver transplant recipients: role of potential food allergies in pathogenesis. Calenda, KA; Dayal, Y; Grand, RJ; Integlia, MJ; Pleskow, RG; Rohrer, RJ; Saeed, SA, 2006)	3.22
"Tacrolimus is a widely used immunosuppressive agent. "	( Tacrolimus treatment of plasmacytoid dendritic cells inhibits dinucleotide (CpG-)-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha secretion. Bofill, M; Borràs, FE; Climent, N; Cos, J; Gallart, T; Gatell, JM; Naranjo-Gómez, M; Oliva, H; Pujol-Borrell, R, 2006)	3.22
"Tacrolimus serves as a therapeutic option for improving lung injury through inhibition of Fas-mediated inflammation."	( FK506 (tacrolimus) improves lung injury through inhibition of Fas-mediated inflammation. Hirayama, Y; Koshika, T; Masunaga, T, 2006)	2.23
"(1) Tacrolimus (FK-506) is an immunosuppressant that is being investigated for use in patients with Crohn's disease, mainly in those with refractory illness and fistulizing patterns of the disease. "	( Tacrolimus for Crohn's disease. , 2006)	2.33
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent and topical tacrolimus is used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis and has been occasionally used to treat skin involvement of some systemic inflammatory diseases. "	( [Topical tacrolimus and resistant skin lesions of dermatomyositis]. Bedane, C; Bonnetblanc, JM; Liozon, E; Loustaud-Ratti, V; Peyrot, I; Sparsa, A; Vidal, E, 2006)	2.19
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor that has been increasingly used in transplant medicine. "	( Combined therapy of low-dose tacrolimus and prednisone in nephrotic syndrome with slight mesangial proliferation. Jia, Y; Miao, L; Sun, J; Xu, Z; Yuan, H, 2006)	2.07
"Tacrolimus is an immunomodulatory macrolide that reduces the stimulatory capacity toward T cells and is therefore worth investigating as a treatment of CTCL."	( Successful treatment of patch type mycosis fungoides with tacrolimus ointment 0.1%. Economidi, A; Papadakis, P; Rallis, E; Verros, C, 2006)	1.3
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug with narrow therapeutic range and wide interindividual variations in its pharmacokinetics. "	( Tacrolimus dosing in Chinese renal transplant patients is related to MDR1 gene C3435T polymorphisms. Gui, R; Huang, Z; Li, D; Li, J; Nie, X, 2006)	3.22
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor recently approved in the US and throughout the EU for the prevention of allograft rejection in heart transplant recipients. "	( Tacrolimus: in heart transplant recipients. Keating, GM; McCormack, PL, 2006)	3.22
"Tacrolimus is a safe and effective treatment for SR FSGS. "	( Management of steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children using tacrolimus. Adhikari, M; Asharam, K; Bhimma, R; Connolly, C, 2006)	2
"Oral tacrolimus therapy seems to be an effective and safe alternative in cases of severe juvenile dermatomyositis, especially in those with an important cutaneous involvement."	( [Efficacy of tacrolimus (FK-506) in the treatment of recalcitrant juvenile dermatomyositis: study of 6 cases]. Arnal Guimeral, C; Barceló García, P; Boronat Rom, M; Martín Nalda, A; Modesto Caballero, C, 2006)	1.22
"Tacrolimus ointment is a topical immunomodulator. "	( Tacrolimus ointment in nickel sulphate-induced steroid-resistant allergic contact dermatitis. Corrocher, R; Di Fede, G; Di Lorenzo, G; Friso, S; Mansueto, P; Martinelli, N; Pacor, ML; Pellitteri, ME; Rini, G, )	3.02
"Tacrolimus ointment is a topical calcineurin inhibitor for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. "	( Long-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. Dobozy, A; Goldschmidt, WF; Harper, J; Palatsi, R; Remitz, A; Rustin, M; Sharpe, G; Smith, CH; Turjanmaa, K; van der Valk, PG, 2007)	2.06
"Tacrolimus is an appropriate alternative treatment for chronic AD. "	( Staphylococcus colonization in atopic dermatitis treated with fluticasone or tacrolimus with or without antibiotics. Chiang, BL; Chu, CY; Hung, SH; Lee, CC; Liang, TC; Lin, YT; Wang, LC; Yang, YH, 2007)	2.01
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressant frequently used after solid-organ transplantation. "	( Late-onset tacrolimus-associated cerebellar atrophia in a heart transplant recipient. Beiras-Fernandez, A; Daebritz, S; Kaczmarek, I; Oberhoffer, M; Reichart, B; Schmauss, D; Schoenberg, SO; Sodian, R, 2007)	2.17
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressive agent used in clinical transplantation. "	( Acute influence of FK506 on T-lymphocyte populations of peripheral blood and spleen in rats. Li, N; Li, Q; Ma, J; Wang, M; Zhang, Q, )	1.57
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor, which has been suggested to be helpful in cyclosporine-related chronic toxicity."	( A role for HO-1 in renal function impairment in animals subjected to ischemic and reperfusion injury and treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Bertocchi, AP; Câmara, NO; Cenedeze, MA; Damião, MJ; Dos Reis, MA; Feitoza, CQ; Gonçalves, GM; Pacheco-Silva, A; Teixeira, VP; Wang, PW, 2007)	1.06
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive agent widely used in renal and liver transplantations. "	( Tacrolimus intoxication resolved by gastrointestinal bleeding: case report. Bur Am Orde, L; Renner, FC; Staak, A; Walmrath, HD; Weimer, R, 2007)	3.23
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressant used in transplantation. "	( A randomized, open-label, two-period, crossover bioavailability study of two oral formulations of tacrolimus in healthy Korean adults. Kim, KH; Kim, YS; Kwon, KI; Lee, YJ; Park, K; Park, MS, 2007)	2
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent used in solid organ and islet transplantation. "	( Resolution of severe atopic dermatitis after tacrolimus withdrawal. Alejandro, R; Baidal, DA; Cure, P; Faradji, RN; Froud, T; Pileggi, A; Poggioli, R; Ponte, GM; Ricordi, C; Romanelli, P; Selvaggi, G, 2007)	2.04
"Tacrolimus is a safe and effective immunosuppressant in live related renal transplantation."	( Tacrolimus (Pan Graf) in live related renal transplantation: an initial experience of 101 recipients in India. Agarwal, SK; Bhowmik, D; Chatterjee, A; Chaudhary, A; Dash, SC; Dinda, A; Guleria, S; Gupta, S; Kamboj, M; Mahajan, S; Sharma, M; Tiwari, SC, 2007)	3.23
"Tacrolimus is a promising therapy for patients with UC refractory to the combination of high-dose corticosteroids and leukocytapheresis."	( Rescue therapy with tacrolimus for a patient with severe ulcerative colitis refractory to combination leukocytapheresis and high-dose corticosteroid therapy. Chiba, T; Inoue, S; Kasahara, K; Kitamura, H; Matsuura, M; Mikami, S; Nakase, H; Takeda, Y; Ueno, S; Uza, N; Yoshino, T, 2007)	1.38
"Tacrolimus ointment is a nonsteroid treatment for atopic dermatitis which is both effective and has a minimal side-effect profile. "	( "Unknown Risks" of non-steroid topical medications for atopic dermatitis. Koo, JY; McNeill, AM, 2007)	1.78
"Tacrolimus is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). "	( Tacrolimus-related nocturnal myoclonus of the lower limbs in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Azuma, T; Oishi, M; Sawada, S; Takei, M, 2007)	3.23
"Tacrolimus is an effective immunosuppressant, safely administered in clinical practice by monitoring blood levels. "	( Severe tacrolimus toxicity in rabbits. Bishop, AT; Friedrich, PF; Gades, NM; Giessler, GA, 2007)	2.24
"Tacrolimus is an important immunosuppressive drug for organ transplantation patients. "	( A novel approach for prediction of tacrolimus blood concentration in liver transplantation patients in the intensive care unit through support vector regression. Benoit, D; De Turck, F; Decruyenaere, J; Hoste, E; Van Looy, S; Van Maele, G; Verplancke, T, 2007)	2.06
"Tacrolimus is an ascomycin macrolactam derivative with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity that belongs to the class of calcineurin inhibitors. "	( Assigning new roles to topical tacrolimus. Gregoriou, S; Korfitis, C; Rallis, E; Rigopoulos, D, 2007)	2.07
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an effective macrolide immunosuppressant widely used to prevent organ rejection following transplantation. "	( Preliminary evaluation of the new TACR flex method versus MEIA method in the therapeutic monitoring of tacrolimus in organ transplantation. Appodia, C; Bachetoni, A; Baiano, V; Berloco, P; Collepardo, D; D'Alessandro, M; Mariani, P, )	1.79
"Tacrolimus (FK-506) is a medication commonly used in immunosuppressive therapy."	( [The influence of tacrolimus on oxidative stress and free-radical processes]. Boratyński, J; Długosz, A; Srednicka, D, 2007)	1.39
"Tacrolimus ointment is a topical calcineurin inhibitor (TCI) that was developed specifically for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). "	( The safety of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a review. Rustin, MH, 2007)	2.14
"Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor that suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine production and T-cell activation. "	( The use of tacrolimus in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Chow, DK; Leong, RW, 2007)	2.17
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug widely used in hepatic transplantation to avoid graft rejection. "	( 1199G>A and 2677G>T/A polymorphisms of ABCB1 independently affect tacrolimus concentration in hepatic tissue after liver transplantation. Capron, A; Elens, L; Haufroid, V; Kerckhove, VV; Lerut, J; Lison, D; Mourad, M; Wallemacq, P, 2007)	2.02
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that causes glucose intolerance. "	( [Influence of tacrolimus and ciprofloxacin on glucose metabolism]. Arai, S; Gouhara, T; Kihira, K; Kitaura, T; Miyake, K; Morita, S; Nagafuji, T; Sato, E; Tayama, Y, 2007)	2.14
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide T cell immunomodulator that is used in myasthenia gravis (MG) patients to affect muscle contraction (ryanodine receptor by modulating intracellular calcium-release channels and increasing muscular strength), glucocorticoid receptors (increasing intracellular concentration of steroids and blocking the steroid export mechanism), and an increase in T cell apoptosis. "	( Tacrolimus for myasthenia gravis: a clinical study of 212 patients. Armengol, M; Azem, J; Gamez, J; López-Cano, M; Ponseti, JM; Vilallonga, R, 2008)	3.23
"Tacrolimus is a new-generation immunosuppressant as successful as cyclosporin in suppressing organ transplant rejection. "	( Gingival enlargement among renal transplant recipients in the era of new-generation immunosuppressants. Armitage, GC; Greenberg, KV; Shiboski, CH, 2008)	1.79
"Tacrolimus (Tac) is a macrolide immunosuppressant drug isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis, widely used in organ transplantation."	( Efficacy of tacrolimus in inhibiting inflammation caused by carrageenan in a murine model of air pouch. de Liz, R; Fröde, TS; Medeiros, YS; Vigil, SV, 2008)	2.17
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a potent immunosuppressant widely used for organ transplantation patients while diltiazem (DTZ), a calcium-channel inhibitor, is often used in renal transplantation patients to prevent post-transplant hypertension. "	( Rapid and simultaneous determination of tacrolimus (FK506) and diltiazem in human whole blood by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to a clinical drug-drug interaction study. Fu, Q; Huang, M; Li, JL; Liu, LS; Wang, CX; Wang, XD; Zhou, SF, 2008)	2.06
"Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a new potent immunosuppressant. "	( Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of liposomal tacrolimus (FK 506) in rats. Jusko, WJ; Lee, MJ; Straubinger, RM, 1995)	1.96
"Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a macrolide immunosuppressant which possesses similar but more potent immunosuppressant properties compared with cyclosporin, inhibiting cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. "	( Tacrolimus. A review of its pharmacology, and therapeutic potential in hepatic and renal transplantation. Faulds, D; Fitton, A; Peters, DH; Plosker, GL, 1993)	3.17
"Tacrolimus(FK506) is a strong immuno-suppressant and shows its activity through inhibiting IL-2 mRNA transcription by forming pentameric complex with intracellular receptor(FK506 binding protein 12 kDa or FKBP12), Ca2+, calmodulin, and calcineurin. "	( Interaction of tacrolimus(FK506) and its metabolites with FKBP and calcineurin. Fujimura, T; Fujitsu, T; Iwasaki, K; Kobayashi, M; Kuno, T; Nakamura, K; Sakuma, S; Shimomura, K; Tamura, K; Tanaka, C, 1994)	2.08
"Tacrolimus is an 822-kDa macrolide antibiotic that has potent immunosuppressive properties. "	( Tacrolimus, a new immunosuppressant--a review of the literature. Hooks, MA, 1994)	3.17
"Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a new macrolide antibiotic that has an immunosuppressive activity that is estimated to be 10-200 times greater than that of cyclosporine."	( Tacrolimus: a potential new treatment for autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: results of an open-label preliminary trial. Abu-Elmagd, K; Carroll, P; Irish, W; McMichael, J; Rodriguez-Rilo, H; Starzl, TE; Van Thiel, DH; Wright, H, 1995)	2.46
"Tacrolimus is a relatively new immunosuppressant used in organ transplantation to prevent graft rejection. "	( HPLC-microparticle enzyme immunoassay specific for tacrolimus in whole blood of hepatic and renal transplant patients. Besse, T; Firdaous, I; Hassoun, A; Otte, JB; Reding, R; Squifflet, JP; Wallemacq, PE, 1995)	1.99
"Tacrolimus is a new macrolide immunosuppressant that was isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis in 1984. "	( A risk-benefit assessment of tacrolimus in transplantation. Christians, U; Winkler, M, 1995)	2.03
"Tacrolimus is an effective alternative to cyclosporine as a primary immunosuppressant in the prevention of organ rejection and may reduce the incidence of rejection after organ transplantation."	( Tacrolimus: a new immunosuppressive agent. Burckart, GJ; Kelly, PA; Venkataramanan, R, 1995)	2.46
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressive drug undergoing clinical trials for organ transplantation. "	( Disposition of tacrolimus (FK 506) in rabbits. Role of red blood cell binding in hepatic clearance. Chow, FS; Jusko, WJ; Piekoszewski, W, )	1.93
"Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a new, more powerful immunosuppressant and is more effective in the prevention and treatment of allograft rejection in humans than cyclosporine (CysA). "	( Effect of FK 506 on the expression of endothelin receptor mRNA in the vasculature. Furukawa, K; Inaba, S; Mabuchi, H; Miyamori, I; Takeda, R; Takeda, Y; Wu, P, 1995)	1.73
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a macrolide lactone which is used as an immunosuppressant agent for organ transplantation. "	( Analysis of tacrolimus (FK 506) in relation to therapeutic drug monitoring. Jusko, WJ, 1995)	2.11
"Tacrolimus is a useful drug in the treatment of autoimmune enteropathy, even in patients who have not responded to steroids or cyclosporine."	( Treatment of pediatric autoimmune enteropathy with tacrolimus (FK506). Bilodeau, J; Book, L; Bousvaros, A; Leichtner, AM; Mulberg, AE; Ruchelli, E; Semeao, E; Shigeoka, A, 1996)	1.27
"Tacrolimus is a recently developed immunosuppressive agent, based on a mechanism similar to cyclosporin. "	( Experimental and clinical experience with the use of tacrolimus (FK506) in kidney transplantation. Heemann, U; Herget, S; Wagner, K, 1996)	1.99
"Tacrolimus is a more potent and satisfactory immunosuppressant than CyA for combination therapy with prednisone. "	( The current status of hepatic transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh. Abu-Elmagd, K; Demetris, J; Fontes, P; Fung, J; Furukawa, H; Mazariegos, G; McMichael, J; Rao, A; Reyes, J; Todo, S, 1995)	1.73
"Tacrolimus is a superior immunosuppressive agent in patients undergoing renal transplantation. "	( The superiority of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients -- the Pittsburgh experience. Corry, RJ; Egidi, F; Ellis, D; Gilboa, N; Gritsch, HA; Jordan, ML; McCauley, J; Scantlebury, VP; Shapiro, R; Vivas, C, 1995)	2.06
"Tacrolimus is a potent yet "infant" immunosuppressant for the treatment and prevention of graft rejection and has been shown to exhibit significant clinical activity in some immune-mediated disorders."	( Computer-guided randomized concentration-controlled trials of tacrolimus in autoimmunity: multiple sclerosis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Doyle, H; Irish, W; Lieberman, R; Marino, I; McCauley, J; McMichael, J, 1996)	1.26
"Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a novel immunosuppressive agent that has been in clinical use for solid organ transplantation since 1989. "	( The use of tacrolimus in renal transplantation. Ellis, D; Gilboa, N; Gritsch, HA; Jordan, ML; Scantlebury, V; Shapiro, R; Starzl, TE; Vivas, CA, 1996)	2.13
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a new immunosuppressive agent that has recently been given to recipients of liver transplants. "	( Tacrolimus (FK506): the pros and cons of its use as an immunosuppressant in pediatric liver transplantation. Cox, KL; Freese, DK, 1996)	3.18
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a macrolide antibiotic with potent immunosuppressive properties. "	( A simplified whole blood enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ProTrac II) for tacrolimus (FK506) using proteolytic extraction in place of organic solvents. Ersfeld, D; Jensen, T; Jevans, A; Kobayashi, M; MacFarlane, G; Scheller, D; Wong, PY, 1996)	1.97
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a potent immunosuppressant that is presently in clinical use for prevention of allograft rejection. "	( Tacrolimus (FK506) ameliorates skilled motor deficits produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Butcher, SP; Crawford, JH; Marston, HM; Sharkey, J, 1996)	3.18
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a macrolide immunosuppressant approved for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in liver transplant. "	( Tacrolimus (FK506): validation of a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for and application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. Alak, A; Bekersky, I; Dressler, DE; Farmen, RH; Lee, JW; Sukovaty, RL, 1997)	3.18
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent used for organ transplantation. "	( Effect of hematocrit and albumin concentration on hepatic clearance of tacrolimus (FK506) during rabbit liver perfusion. Chow, FS; Jusko, WJ; Piekoszewski, W, 1997)	1.97
"Tacrolimus is a neutral macrolide antibiotic that is extracted from the fermentation broth of the soil fungus Streptomyces tsukubaensis. "	( Tacrolimus (FK 506) overdose: a report of five cases. Hodgman, M; Krenzelok, EP; Mrvos, R, 1997)	3.18
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a macrolide lactone effective in the control of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). "	( Lack of interaction between tacrolimus (FK506) and methotrexate in bone marrow transplant recipients. Bekersky, I; Boswell, G; Devine, SM; Fay, JW; Fitzsimmons, W; Klein, JL; Maher, RM; Nash, RA; Przepiorka, D; Ratanatharathorn, V; Wingard, JR, 1997)	2.03
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an effective immunosuppressant for human heart transplantation, but information about its effects on cardiac allograft and nonallograft kidney and liver histopathologic study is limited."	( Adult heart transplantation under tacrolimus (FK506) immunosuppression: histopathologic observations and comparison to a cyclosporine-based regimen with lympholytic (ATG) induction. Demetris, AJ; Duquesnoy, R; Fung, JJ; Griffith, BP; Kawai, A; Kormos, RL; Pappo, O; Pham, SM; Seaberg, EC; Starzl, TE; Tsamandas, AC; Zeevi, A, 1997)	2.02
"Tacrolimus is an effective immunosuppressive drug for heart transplantation. "	( Adult heart transplantation under tacrolimus (FK506) immunosuppression: histopathologic observations and comparison to a cyclosporine-based regimen with lympholytic (ATG) induction. Demetris, AJ; Duquesnoy, R; Fung, JJ; Griffith, BP; Kawai, A; Kormos, RL; Pappo, O; Pham, SM; Seaberg, EC; Starzl, TE; Tsamandas, AC; Zeevi, A, 1997)	2.02
"Tacrolimus (FK 506) is an effective immunosuppressant drug for the prevention of rejection after organ transplantation, and preliminary studies suggest that topical application of tacrolimus is effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis."	( A short-term trial of tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. European Tacrolimus Multicenter Atopic Dermatitis Study Group. Ahmed, I; Bieber, T; Bos, JD; Daniel, F; Dobozy, A; Finzi, A; Jablonska, S; Reitamo, S; Rubins, A; Ruzicka, T; Schöpf, E; Thestrup-Pedersen, K, 1997)	2.05
"Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a new, potent immunosuppressive drug for primary and rescue therapy in liver and kidney transplantation. "	( Pitfalls in monitoring tacrolimus (FK 506). Armstrong, VW; Braun, F; Christians, U; Lorf, T; Oellerich, M; Ringe, B; Schiffmann, JH; Schröter, W; Schütz, E; Sewing, KF, 1997)	2.05
"Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a new macrocyclic lactone immunosuppressant which possesses similar but more potent immunosuppressive properties compared with cyclosporin. "	( [Clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic monitoring of tacrolimus]. Garraffo, R, )	1.82
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressive drug 50-100 times more potent than cyclosporine (CsA), the current mainstay of organ transplant rejection therapy. "	( A tacrolimus-related immunosuppressant with biochemical properties distinct from those of tacrolimus. Cryan, JG; Martin, MM; O'Keefe, SJ; Parsons, JN; Parsons, WH; Peterson, LB; Rosa, R; Sigal, NH; Sinclair, PJ; Wiederrecht, GJ; Williamson, AR; Wilusz, MB; Wong, F; Wyvratt, M, 1998)	2.46
"Tacrolimus is an effective and safe immunosuppressant for the rescue of heart transplant patients. "	( Tacrolimus as a rescue immunosuppressant after heart and lung transplantation. The U.S. Multicenter FK506 Study Group. Jahania, MS; Lasley, RD; Mentzer, RM, 1998)	3.19
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressant used in organ transplant recipients; an ointment formulation is being developed as a therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis."	( Tacrolimus (FK506) ointment for atopic dermatitis: a phase I study in adults and children. Alaiti, S; Bekersky, I; Ellis, CN; Fader, D; Fiedler, VC; Gadgil, SD; Kang, S; Lawrence, I; Raye, K; Scotellaro, P; Spurlin, DV; Tanase, A; Ulyanov, G, 1998)	3.19
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive drug that decreases mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production and increases intestinal permeability in animals."	( The effect of tacrolimus (FK506) on intestinal barrier function and cellular energy production in humans. Barclay, GR; Bjarnason, I; Gabe, SM; Johnson, PG; Silk, DB; Tolou-Ghamari, Z; Tredger, JM; Williams, R, 1998)	1.38
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an effective and relatively safe novel immunosuppressant able to revert refractory rejection after pediatric liver transplantation (LTx). "	( Rescue FK506 early conversion for refractory rejection after pediatric liver transplantation: experience in 20 children. Colledan, M; Fassati, LR; Galmarini, D; Gridelli, B; Lucianetti, A; Reggiani, P; Rossi, G, 1998)	1.74
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressive agent used for the prevention of allograft rejection after organ transplantation. "	( Cholestasis and alterations of glutathione metabolism induced by tacrolimus (FK506) in the rat. Culebras, JM; Gonzalez, P; Gonzalez-Gallego, J; Lopez-Acebo, R; Sanchez-Campos, S; Tuñon, MJ, 1998)	1.98
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a macrolide lactone with potent immunosuppressive activity 100 times that of cyclosporine by weight. "	( Tacrolimus: a new agent for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Davis, W; Jacobson, P; Ratanatharathorn, V; Uberti, J, 1998)	3.19
"Tacrolimus is a safe and effective long-term maintenance immunosuppressive agent in primary liver transplantation."	( A long-term comparison of tacrolimus (FK506) versus cyclosporine in liver transplantation: a report of the United States FK506 Study Group. Wiesner, RH, 1998)	2.04
"Like tacrolimus, L-732,531 is a potent immunosuppressant."	( Disposition of L-732,531, a potent immunosuppressant, in rats and baboons. Carey, KD; Chiu, SH; Colletti, A; Hawkins, T; Karanam, BV; Lavin, M; Miller, RR; Montgomery, T; Stearns, RA; Tang, YS; Vincent, SH, 1998)	0.76
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive drug successfully used for baseline and rescue immunosuppression in patients after liver and kidney transplantation. "	( Multicenter comparison of first- and second-generation IMx tacrolimus microparticle enzyme immunoassays in liver and kidney transplantation. Brunet, M; Corbella, J; Manzanares, C; Palacios, G; Pou, L, 1998)	1.99
"Tacrolimus (FK-506) is an important immunosuppressive agent most often given for maintenance immunosuppression to prevent acute cellular organ rejection. "	( Interaction between tacrolimus and nefazodone in a stable renal transplant recipient. Bennett, WM; deMattos, AM; Norman, DJ; Olyaei, AJ, )	1.9
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressive drug with great clinical promise. "	( Tacrolimus metabolite cross-reactivity in different tacrolimus assays. Davis, DL; Murthy, JN; Soldin, SJ; Yatscoff, RW, 1998)	3.19
"-Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a powerful, widely used immunosuppressant. "	( Mechanisms of FK 506-induced hypertension in the rat. Furukawa, K; Inaba, S; Mabuchi, H; Miyamori, I; Takeda, Y, 1999)	1.21
"Tacrolimus is a marketed immunosuppressant used in liver and kidney transplantation. "	( Effects of rifampin on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Bekersky, I; Dressler, D; Fisher, RM; Hebert, MF; Marsh, CL, 1999)	2.06
"Tacrolimus is a T cell-specific immunosuppressive agent that has been used in a relatively small number of pediatric kidney transplant recipients. "	( Tacrolimus in pediatric renal transplantation: a review. Shapiro, R, 1998)	3.19
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide lactone with potent immunosuppressive properties. "	( The disposition of 14C-labeled tacrolimus after intravenous and oral administration in healthy human subjects. Hata, T; Iwasaki, K; Kawamura, A; Möller, A; Schäfer, A; Shiraga, T; Teramura, Y; Undre, NA, 1999)	2.03
"Tacrolimus is known to be a substrate for P-glycoprotein and metabolized by CYP3A. "	( Diltiazem increases tacrolimus concentrations. Hebert, MF; Lam, AY, 1999)	2.07
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an effective and well tolerated immunosuppressant used to prevent allograft rejection. "	( Tacrolimus ointment improves psoriasis in a microplaque assay. Erkko, P; Granlund, H; Lauerma, AI; Reitamo, S; Remitz, A, 1999)	3.19
"Tacrolimus seems to be a more potent immunosuppressant after lung transplantation than CyA; on the other hand, diabetes and nephrotoxicity were diagnosed more frequently using tacrolimus."	( Tacrolimus (FK506) as primary immunosuppressant after lung transplantation. Briegel, J; Fürst, H; Kur, F; Meiser, BM; Müller, C; Reichart, B; Reichenspurner, H; Schwaiblmaier, M; Vogelmeier, C; Welz, A, 1999)	2.47
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a potent immunosuppressive drug that, when complexed to a family of immunophilin proteins known as FK binding proteins, inhibits calcineurin in T lymphocytes. "	( FK506 alters sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release in neonatal piglet cardiac myocytes. Altschuld, RA; Hohl, CM, 1999)	1.75
"Tacrolimus is an effective immunosuppressant in the rescue of liver allograft patients in whom conventional immunosuppression failed. "	( Tacrolimus rescue in liver transplant patients with refractory rejection or intolerance or malabsorption of cyclosporine. The US Multicenter FK506 Liver Study Group. Klein, A, 1999)	3.19
"Tacrolimus is a newer agent with similar immunosuppressant efficacy."	( Successful use of cyclosporine in a lung transplant recipient with tacrolimus-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Burton, NA; Myers, JN; Nathan, SD; Shabshab, SF, 1999)	1.26
"Tacrolimus is a novel immunosuppressive drug that is more potent than CyA, and has been used as a rescue agent following heart transplantation when the use of CyA is undesirable or inefficient."	( Conversion of cyclosporine A to tacrolimus following heart transplantation. Carrier, M; Mathieu, P; Pellerin, M; Pelletier, G; Pelletier, LC; Perrault, LP; White, M, 1999)	1.31
"Tacrolimus is a very potent drug for preventing all types of acute rejection after renal transplantation. "	( Use of tacrolimus in renal transplantation. Christiaans, MH; van Hooff, JP, 1999)	2.2
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant drug used for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in patients who receive allogenic liver or kidney transplants. "	( Dose linearity after oral administration of tacrolimus 1-mg capsules at doses of 3, 7, and 10 mg. Bekersky, I; Dressler, D; Mekki, QA, 1999)	2.01
"Tacrolimus is an effective alternative immunosuppressive agent for renal transplantation which does not appear to produce gingival enlargement."	( Reduction in gingival overgrowth associated with conversion from cyclosporin A to tacrolimus. Boomer, S; Campbell, BA; Hull, PS; Irwin, CR; James, JA; Johnson, RW; Linden, GJ; Marley, JJ; Maxwell, AP; Short, CD; Spratt, H, 2000)	1.25
"Tacrolimus (FK-506) is an immunosuppressant agent that acts by a variety of different mechanisms which include inhibition of calcineurin. "	( Tacrolimus: a further update of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in the management of organ transplantation. Foster, RH; Plosker, GL, 2000)	3.19
"Tacrolimus is an important therapeutic option for the optimal individualisation of immunosuppressive therapy in transplant recipients."	( Tacrolimus: a further update of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in the management of organ transplantation. Foster, RH; Plosker, GL, 2000)	3.19
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs. "	( Increased tacrolimus levels in a pediatric renal transplant patient attributed to chronic diarrhea. Boineau, FG; Christensen, ML; Eades, SK, 2000)	2.15
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an effective primary immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplantation. "	( Clinical and histological analysis of acute tacrolimus (TAC) nephrotoxicity in renal allografts. Ishikawa, N; Oshima, T; Shimizu, T; Shinmura, H; Tanabe, K; Tokumoto, T; Toma, H; Yamaguchi, Y, 1999)	2.01
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a safe and effective treatment for the prevention of rejection of renal allografts. "	( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. FK506/MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group. Jensik, SC; Mendez, R; Miller, J; Pirsch, JD, 2000)	2.06
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent that is gaining widespread use in solid organ transplantation. "	( Efficacy of tacrolimus in patients with steroid-resistant cardiac allograft cellular rejection. Hobbs, RE; Majercik, M; McCarthy, P; Pelegrin, D; Platt, L; Starling, RC; Yamani, MH; Young, JB, 2000)	2.13
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide compound that, in previous preclinical and clinical studies, was effective in combination with MTX for the prevention of acute GVHD."	( Phase 3 study comparing methotrexate and tacrolimus with methotrexate and cyclosporine for prophylaxis of acute graft-versus-host disease after marrow transplantation from unrelated donors. Anasetti, C; Antin, JH; Avalos, BR; Bartels, P; Buell, D; Davies, S; Fay, JW; Fitzsimmons, W; Karanes, C; Nash, RA; Petersen, FB; Przepiorka, D; Ratanatharathorn, V; Storb, R; Yeager, AM, 2000)	1.29
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant used to prevent graft rejection in organ transplant patients and has been shown to cause fewer oral side effects than CsA."	( Reduction of severe gingival overgrowth in a kidney transplant patient by replacing cyclosporin A with tacrolimus. Arriba, L; de Andrés, A; Hernández, G; Lucas, M, 2000)	1.24
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is a useful immunosuppressive agent in the prevention of rejection. "	( A peculiar vacuolization in the kidney transplant of a child treated with tacrolimus. Chikamoto, H; Hattori, M; Horita, S; Ito, K; Matsumoto, N; Oonishi, M; Shiraga, H; Suzuki, T; Tanabe, K; Tokumoto, T; Toma, H; Watanabe, S; Yamaguchi, Y, 2000)	1.98
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent that interferes with cell-mediated immunity."	( Eczema herpeticum during treatment of atopic dermatitis with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. Lübbe, J; Pournaras, CC; Saurat, JH, 2000)	1.27
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant drug with a narrow therapeutic window and thus requires therapeutic drug monitoring. "	( Evaluation of microparticle enzyme immunoassay against HPLC-mass spectrometry for the determination of whole-blood tacrolimus in heart- and lung-transplant recipients. Black, MJ; Pillans, PI; Rutherford, DM; Salm, P; Taylor, PJ, 2000)	1.96
"Tacrolimus ointment is an effective therapy for the treatment of adult patients with atopic dermatitis on all skin regions including the head and neck."	( Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: part I, efficacy. Breneman, D; Hanifin, JM; Langley, R; Ling, MR; Rafal, E, 2001)	2.47
"Tacrolimus ointment is a safe therapy for the treatment of adult patients with atopic dermatitis on the face, neck, or other body regions."	( Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: part II, safety. Fleischer, AB; Lawrence, I; Monroe, E; Soter, NA; Webster, GF, 2001)	2.47
"Tacrolimus ointment is a nonsteroidal topical immunomodulator that was formulated specifically for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. "	( Long-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. Hanifin, JM; Kang, S; Lawrence, I; Lucky, AW; Pariser, D, 2001)	2.03
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a macrolide antibiotic that inhibits T-cell activation and proliferation. "	( Tacrolimus monotherapy in adult cardiac transplant recipients: intermediate-term results. Baran, DA; Cheng, J; Correa, R; Courtney, M; Fallon, JT; Gass, AL; Kushwaha, S; Lansman, SL; Segura, L, 2001)	3.2
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive agent and has been used in liver transplantation (LTx) for nearly a decade. "	( Reasons why some children receiving tacrolimus therapy require steroids more than 5 years post liver transplantation. Fung, J; Iurlano, K; Jain, A; Kashyap, R; Khanna, A; Marsh, W; Mazariegos, G; Reyes, J, 2001)	2.03
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive agent used to prevent allograft rejection. "	( Comparative clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in paediatric and adult patients. Verbeeck, RK; Wallemacq, PE, 2001)	2.02
"Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive agent that provides higher freedom from acute and chronic rejection than cyclosporine after liver transplantation (LTx). "	( Reasons for long-term use of steroid in primary adult liver transplantation under tacrolimus. Fung, JJ; Jain, A; Kashyap, R; Khanna, A; Marsh, W; Rohal, S, 2001)	1.98
"Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressant approved in oral and intravenous formulations for primary immunosuppression in liver and kidney transplantation. "	( Significant absorption of topical tacrolimus in 3 patients with Netherton syndrome. Allen, A; Elias, PM; Korman, NJ; Siegfried, E; Silverman, R; Szabo, SK; Williams, ML, 2001)	2.03
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a potent macrolide lactone immunosuppressant that is used in the prevention of solid organ rejection."	( Amelioration of steroid-resistant chronic graft-versus-host-mediated liver disease via tacrolimus treatment. Ilan, Y; Menachem, Y; Nagler, A, 2001)	1.25
"Tacrolimus has proven to be a potent immunosuppressive agent in liver transplantation (LT). "	( Does tacrolimus offer virtual freedom from chronic rejection after primary liver transplantation? Risk and prognostic factors in 1,048 liver transplantations with a mean follow-up of 6 years. Blakomer, K; Demetris, AJ; Fung, JJ; Jain, A; Kashyap, R; Khan, A; Rohal, S; Ruppert, K; Starzl, TE, 2001)	2.27
"Tacrolimus is a significant risk factor for PTDM."	( Posttransplant diabetes mellitus in pediatric renal transplant recipients: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). A Cohn, R; Al-Uzri, A; Stablein, DM, 2001)	1.03
"Tacrolimus (FK506), is a more potent immunosuppressant than CsA and can be prepared in lipid micelles (LTAC)."	( Liposomal tacrolimus administered systemically and within the donor cell suspension improves xenograft survival in hemiparkinsonian rats. Alemdar, AY; Baker, KA; McAlister, VC; Mendez, I; Sadi, D, 2001)	1.43
"Tacrolimus (FK-506) is a calcium-calcineurin inhibitor, successfully used in transplant recipients. "	( Successful treatment of myasthenia gravis with tacrolimus. Di Schino, C; Evoli, A; Marsili, F; Punzi, C, 2002)	2.01
"Tacrolimus (TAC/FK506) is a new immunosuppressive agent, recently approved for use in solid-organ transplants."	( Oral health in liver transplant children administered cyclosporin A or tacrolimus. Modéer, T; Németh, A; Wondimu, B, 2001)	1.27
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a calcineurin inhibitor with potent immunomodulating properties. "	( Tacrolimus pharmacology and nonclinical studies: from FK506 to protopic. Bekersky, I; Lawrence, I; Lilja, H, 2001)	3.2
"(2) Tacrolimus ointment is a new topical anti-inflammatory agent available in Canada through the Special Access Program."	( Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Boucher, M, 2001)	2.23
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant commonly used in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following allogeneic HCT. "	( Factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus (FK506) in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) patients. Brundage, RC; Jacobson, P; Ng, J; Ratanatharathorn, V; Uberti, J, 2001)	2.02
"Tacrolimus is a prototype of a class of topical immunosuppressive agents with great potential for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. "	( Topical FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy for facial erythematous lesions of cutaneous lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis. Furukawa, F; Ohtani, T; Oshima, A; Sakamoto, T; Yoshimasu, T, )	1.93
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a new immunosuppressive drug in organ transplantation that has demonstrated experimentally to be more deleterious on bone mineral metabolism than cyclosporine. "	( The role of tacrolimus (FK506)-based immunosuppression on bone mineral density and bone turnover after cardiac transplantation: a prospective, longitudinal, randomized, double-blind trial with calcitriol. Assum, T; Gärtner, R; Meiser, B; Rambeck, WA; Siebert, U; Stempfle, HU; Theisen, K; Wehr, U; Werner, C, 2002)	2.14
"Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a macrolide discovered in 1984 as a metabolic product of Streptomyces tsukabaensis. "	( Tacrolimus enhances irritation in a 5-day human irritancy in vivo model. Elsner, P; Fuchs, M; Heinemann, C; Schliemann-Willers, S, 2002)	3.2

Effects

Tacrolimus (Tac) has a more potent immunosuppressive effect and may be less toxic at therapeutic doses than ciclosporin (CsA) It has a narrow therapeutic window, and bioavailability is known to vary considerably between renal transplant recipients.

Tacrolimus (FK506) has been identified as an MRP1 regulator in differentiated glioblastoma (GBM) cells (non-GSCs) The effect of FK506 on GSCs is currently unknown. TacrolimUS with PVA has shown lower cytotoxicity than cyclosporine at early times.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window, and lack of adherence to the therapeutic regimen is a main risk factor for acute graft rejection; hence, the prolonged-release formulation was created. "	( Tacrolimus Trough Intravariability in Patients Treated With the Prolonged-Release Formulation Is a Risk Factor for Acute Graft Rejection. Alves, R; Figueiredo, A; Figueiredo, C; Galvão, A; Mira, FS; Rodrigues, L; Romãozinho, C, 2021)	3.51
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic index and large individual differences in pharmacokinetics. "	( Distribution evaluation of tacrolimus in the ascitic fluid of liver transplant recipients with liver cirrhosis by a sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Du, Y; Ge, J; Ge, W; He, J; Sun, R; Wang, M; Yang, N; Zhu, H, 2022)	2.46
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic margin. "	( Lower Time in Therapeutic Range Relates to a Worse Kidney Graft Outcome. Barreda, P; Belmar, L; Boya, M; Cañamero, L; De Cos, MA; García-Saiz, MDM; Kislikova, M; Rodrigo, E; Ruiz, JC; Valero, R, 2022)	2.16
"Tacrolimus has a high initial response in biologic naïve UC children. "	( Oral Tacrolimus in Steroid Refractory and Dependent Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bolia, R; Goel, A; Semwal, P; Srivastava, A, 2023)	2.87
"Tacrolimus variability has a weak association with subtherapeutic levels, but represents a more complicated constellation of clinical factors."	( The Epidemiologic Burden of Tacrolimus Variability among Kidney Transplant Recipients in the United States. Cunningham, PN; Ennis, JL; Josephson, MA; McGill, RL; Shah, PB, 2019)	1.53
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window, resulting in a tightly defined range of optimal drug exposure."	( Long-Term Kidney Transplant Outcomes: Role of Prolonged-Release Tacrolimus. Banas, B; Kamar, N; Krämer, BK; Krüger, B; Undre, N, )	1.09
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window. "	( A limited sampling strategy to estimate exposure of once-daily modified release tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients using linear regression analysis and comparison with Bayesian population pharmacokinetics in different cohorts. Christiaans, MHL; Neef, C; Stifft, F; van Kuijk, S; Vandermeer, F, 2020)	2.23
"As tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window, the impact of circadian patterns on LCPT drug exposure, including food and chronopharmacokinetic effects, needs to be elucidated to optimize dosing."	( Chronopharmacokinetics and Food Effects of Single-Dose LCP-Tacrolimus in Healthy Volunteers. Alloway, RR; Brennan, DC; Cohen, EA; Kerr, J; Meier-Kriesche, U; Momper, JD; Moten, MA; Stevens, DR; Trofe-Clark, J, 2020)	1.32
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window with overexposure leading to acute and chronic forms of nephrotoxicity."	( Effect of diarrhoea on Tacrolimus trough level in a post liver transplant patient. Tan, ST; Yoong, BK, 2020)	1.59
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic index with high intra- and intersubject variability, in part because of genetic variation."	( Precision Dosing for Tacrolimus Using Genotypes and Clinical Factors in Kidney Transplant Recipients of European Ancestry. Al-Kofahi, M; Dorr, CR; Guan, W; Israni, AK; Jacobson, PA; Mannon, RB; Matas, AJ; Oetting, WS; Remmel, RP; Schladt, DP; Wu, B, 2021)	1.66
"Tacrolimus has a low therapeutic index requiring strict control of whole blood concentrations. "	( A 24-Hour Extended Calibration Strategy for Quantitating Tacrolimus Concentrations by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Brister-Smith, A; Saitman, A; Young, JA, 2021)	2.31
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic drug window but high inter- and intrapatient variability. "	( The role of single nucleotide polymorphisms of CYP3A and ABCB1 on tacrolimus predose concentration in kidney transplant recipients. Arnol, M; Buturović-Ponikvar, J; Dolžan, V; Goričar, K; Mlinšek, G, )	1.81
"Tacrolimus (Tac) has a narrow therapeutic window and shows large between-patient pharmacokinetic variability. "	( The combination of CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms determines tacrolimus dose requirement after kidney transplantation. Andreu, F; Bestard, O; Colom, H; Cruzado, JM; Elens, L; Gil-Vernet, S; Grinyó, JM; Hesselink, DA; Llaudó, I; Lloberas, N; Padullés, A; Torras, J; van Gelder, T; van Schaik, R, 2017)	2.12
"Tacrolimus has a good safety profile for long-term use in patients with BRC as a second-line agent enabling steroid sparing and visual function stabilisation or improvement."	( Safety profile and efficacy of tacrolimus in the treatment of birdshot retinochoroiditis: a retrospective case series review. Holder, G; Islam, F; Kapoor, B; Pavesio, C; Rees, A; Robson, AG; Westcott, M, 2018)	2.21
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has a superior immunosuppressive effect compared with cyclosporine (CSA) without a significant increase in generalized infectious complications. "	( Calcineurin inhibitors and Clostridium difficile infection in adult lung transplant recipients: the effect of cyclosporine versus tacrolimus. D'Cunha, J; Dunitz, JM; Hertz, MI; Kelly, RF; Lee, JT; Shumway, SJ; Whitson, BA, 2013)	2.04
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic index and shows large interindividual variations in pharmacokinetics, which may be partly explained by genetic variability in metabolic enzymes of the cytochrome P450 (mainly CYP3A4 and CYP3A5) and transport P-glycoprotein (encoded by the ABCB1 gene). "	( Severe acute nephrotoxicity in a kidney transplant patient despite low tacrolimus levels: a possible interaction between donor and recipient genetic polymorphisms. Boldorini, R; Genazzani, AA; Quaglia, M; Stratta, P; Terrazzino, S, 2013)	2.07
"Tacrolimus not only has a narrow therapeutic index, but also shows significant interindividual differences."	( Effect of MDR1 polymorphisms on the blood concentrations of tacrolimus in Turkish renal transplant patients. Aydin, AE; Ayna, TK; Bakkaloglu, H; Caliskan, YK; Ciftci, HS; Guney, I; Gurtekin, M; Nane, I; Turkmen, A, 2013)	1.35
"Tacrolimus has a large interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, and quantification of its effect is difficult. "	( Genetic polymorphisms in ABCB1 influence the pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus. Baan, CC; Bouamar, R; Hesselink, DA; Kraaijeveld, R; Vafadari, R; van Gelder, T; van Schaik, RH; Weimar, W, 2013)	2.07
"Tacrolimus (TAC) has a narrow therapeutic index and high interindividual and intraindividual pharmacokinetic variability, necessitating therapeutic drug monitoring to individualize dosage. "	( Validation of an LC-MS/MS method to measure tacrolimus in rat kidney and liver tissue and its application to human kidney biopsies. Coller, JK; Hesselink, DA; Morris, RG; Noll, BD; Russ, GR; Sallustio, BC; Somogyi, AA; Van Gelder, T, 2013)	2.09
"As tacrolimus has a rather narrow therapeutic range and high individual variability in its pharmacokinetics, it is important to determine the cause of the variation in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics. "	( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenetic model of tacrolimus in the early period after kidney transplantation. Ha, J; Ha, S; Han, N; Kim, IW; Kim, MG; Lee, JI; Min, SI; Oh, JM; Yun, HY, 2014)	1.27
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic index."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Solid-Organ Transplant Patients. Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2015)	1.41
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window and considerable variability in clinical use. "	( Application of Machine-Learning Models to Predict Tacrolimus Stable Dose in Renal Transplant Recipients. Feng, GW; Hu, YF; Liu, MZ; Liu, R; Meng, XG; Ming, YZ; Shang, WJ; Shao, MJ; Tang, J; Xin, HW; Zhang, LR; Zhang, W; Zhang, YL; Zhu, LJ, 2017)	2.15
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic index; therefore, it is essential that the physicochemical properties of generic formulations be identical to the brand-name formulation, Prograf."	( Physiochemical properties of generic formulations of tacrolimus in Mexico. First, MR; Iwabe, O; Kitamura, S; Mimura, H; Ohara, T; Petan, JA; Saito, K; Suzuki, M; Undre, N, 2008)	1.32
"Tacrolimus has a low potential for systemic accumulation, and analysis of long-term studies indicates that it has a good safety profile."	( The safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Eichenfield, LF; McCollum, AD; Paik, A, )	1.15
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window and shows significant interindividual difference in dose requirement. "	( Using genetic and clinical factors to predict tacrolimus dose in renal transplant recipients. Elliott, E; Gaber, AO; Mao, Y; Patel, S; Razo, J; Shea, E; Wang, P; Wong, ST; Wu, AH; Zhou, X, 2010)	2.06
"Tacrolimus has a wide spectrum of adverse effects, including neurotoxic and vascular events. "	( Effect of tacrolimus on energy metabolism in human umbilical endothelial cells. Bednarczyk, J; Brockmann, M; Das, A; Göken, C; Hoy, L; Illsinger, S; Janzen, N; Lücke, T; Schmidt, KH; Thiemann, I, )	1.98
"Tacrolimus has a dose-dependent effect on tumor progression and TGF-beta(1) expression, and tacrolimus-induced TGF-beta(1) overexpression may be a pathogenetic mechanism in tumor progression."	( Tacrolimus enhances transforming growth factor-beta1 expression and promotes tumor progression. Lagman, M; Li, B; Maluccio, M; Sharma, V; Suthanthiran, M; Vyas, S; Yang, H, 2003)	3.2
"Tacrolimus has a similar (but not identical) mechanism of action, and was introduced in the 1990s."	( Calcineurin inhibitor-associated early renal insufficiency in cardiac transplant recipients: risk factors and strategies for prevention and treatment. Baran, DA; Galin, ID; Gass, AL, 2004)	1.04
"Tacrolimus (Tac) has a more potent immunosuppressive effect and may be less toxic at therapeutic doses than ciclosporin (CsA)."	( Treatment of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults with tacrolimus monotherapy. Cairns, TD; Dhaygude, A; Duncan, N; Griffith, M; McLean, AG; Owen, J; Palmer, A; Taube, D, 2004)	1.28
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window, and bioavailability is known to vary considerably between renal transplant recipients. "	( AUC-guided dosing of tacrolimus prevents progressive systemic overexposure in renal transplant recipients. Cremers, SC; de Fijter, JW; den Hartigh, J; Paul, LC; Rowshani, AT; Schoemaker, RC; Scholten, EM; van Kan, EJ, 2005)	2.09
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window and a wide interindividual variation in its pharmacokinetics. "	( Influence of different allelic variants of the CYP3A and ABCB1 genes on the tacrolimus pharmacokinetic profile of Chinese renal transplant recipients. Bekers, O; Chan, HW; Chau, KF; Cheung, CY; de Vrie, JE; Kwan, TH; Leung, KT; Li, CS; Op den Buijsch, RA; van Dieijen-Visser, MP; Wijnen, PA; Wong, KM, 2006)	2.01
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has a neuroprotective action on cerebral infarction produced by cerebral ischemia, however, detailed mechanisms underlying this action have not been fully elucidated. "	( Tacrolimus (FK506) attenuates biphasic cytochrome c release and Bad phosphorylation following transient cerebral ischemia in mice. Furuichi, Y; Li, JY; Matsuoka, N; Mutoh, S; Yanagihara, T, 2006)	3.22
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window and is characterized by a large inter-individual variability in bioavailability. "	( Tacrolimus exposure and evolution of renal allograft histology in the first year after transplantation. Damme, BV; Kuypers, DR; Lerut, E; Naesens, M; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2007)	3.23
"Tacrolimus has a negative effect on the pancreatic beta islet cell, and both glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus are well-recognized complications of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression among adult solid organ transplant recipients."	( New-onset diabetes mellitus in pediatric thoracic organ recipients receiving tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Boyle, GJ; Cipriani, L; Fricker, FJ; Griffith, BP; Kurland, G; Miller, SA; Wagner, K; Webber, SA, 1997)	1.97
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has a mechanism of action similar to cyclosporine. "	( Preliminary report on the use of oral tacrolimus (FK506) in the treatment of complicated proximal small bowel and fistulizing Crohn's disease. Sandborn, WJ, 1997)	2.01
"Tacrolimus also has a use as rescue therapy in bone marrow, heart, lung and pancreatic transplantation, but data are currently insufficient for conclusions to be made."	( Tacrolimus. An update of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in the management of organ transplantation. Gillis, JC; Goa, KL; Spencer, CM, 1997)	2.46
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has a useful role as an immunosuppressive agent for the treatment of sight-threatening uveitis in patients who did not respond to cyclosporine either because of lack of therapeutic effect or unacceptable adverse effects."	( Tacrolimus (FK506) in the treatment of posterior uveitis refractory to cyclosporine. Dua, HS; Powell, RJ; Sloper, CM, 1999)	3.19
"Tacrolimus has a 10- to 100-fold greater in vitro immunosuppressive activity compared with cyclosporine."	( New developments in the immunosuppressive drug monitoring of cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and azathioprine. Armstrong, VW; Oellerich, M, 2001)	1.26
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window, and lack of adherence to the therapeutic regimen is a main risk factor for acute graft rejection; hence, the prolonged-release formulation was created. "	( Tacrolimus Trough Intravariability in Patients Treated With the Prolonged-Release Formulation Is a Risk Factor for Acute Graft Rejection. Alves, R; Figueiredo, A; Figueiredo, C; Galvão, A; Mira, FS; Rodrigues, L; Romãozinho, C, 2021)	3.51
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic index and large individual differences in pharmacokinetics. "	( Distribution evaluation of tacrolimus in the ascitic fluid of liver transplant recipients with liver cirrhosis by a sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Du, Y; Ge, J; Ge, W; He, J; Sun, R; Wang, M; Yang, N; Zhu, H, 2022)	2.46
"Tacrolimus has been widely used in membranous nephropathy in recent years. "	( Investigation of pharmacologic interactions between omeprazole and tacrolimus in a membranous nephropathy patient with CYP3A5 nonexpresser: a case report. Li, Y; Liu, Y; Sun, Z, 2022)	2.4
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic margin. "	( Lower Time in Therapeutic Range Relates to a Worse Kidney Graft Outcome. Barreda, P; Belmar, L; Boya, M; Cañamero, L; De Cos, MA; García-Saiz, MDM; Kislikova, M; Rodrigo, E; Ruiz, JC; Valero, R, 2022)	2.16
"Tacrolimus (TAC) has been widely used as an immunosuppressant after kidney transplantation (KT); however, the combined effects of intra-patient variability (IPV) and inter-patient variability of TAC-trough level (C0) in blood remain controversial. "	( Combined impact of the inter and intra-patient variability of tacrolimus blood level on allograft outcomes in kidney transplantation. Chung, BH; Eum, SH; Hwang, WM; Ko, EJ; Lee, H; Min, JW; Park, Y; Shin, J; Yang, CW; Yoon, SH; Yun, SR, 2022)	2.4
"Tacrolimus has become the first-line immunosuppressant for preventing rejection after heart transplantation. "	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis for Model-Based Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus in Chinese Han Heart Transplant Patients. Chen, J; Cheng, Y; Lin, X; Qiu, H; Zhang, J, 2023)	2.58
"Tacrolimus has recently been applied to the treatment of autoimmune diseases."	( Tacrolimus prevents complement-mediated Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and pyroptosis of mesenchymal stem cells from immune thrombocytopenia. An, ZY; Cai, X; Fu, HX; He, Y; Huang, XJ; Wang, CC; Wu, J; Zhang, XH; Zhu, XL, 2023)	3.07
"Tacrolimus (TAC) has several problems due to its narrow therapeutic window and variations pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. "	( A Low Tacrolimus Concentration-to-Dose Ratio Increases Calcineurin Inhibitor Nephrotoxicity and Cytomegalovirus Infection Risks in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Single-Center Study in Japan. Fujimoto, K; Hori, S; Inoue, K; Miyake, M; Nakai, Y; Nishimura, N; Tomizawa, M; Yoneda, T, )	2.05
"Tacrolimus has a high initial response in biologic naïve UC children. "	( Oral Tacrolimus in Steroid Refractory and Dependent Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bolia, R; Goel, A; Semwal, P; Srivastava, A, 2023)	2.87
"Tacrolimus (TAC) has been increasingly used in patients with non-transplant settings. "	( Population pharmacokinetic analyses of tacrolimus in non-transplant patients: a systematic review. Wang, CB; Zhang, YJ; Zhao, LM; Zhao, MM, 2023)	2.62
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has been reported to have an adjuvant treatment effect against PV."	( Tacrolimus reverses pemphigus vulgaris serum-induced depletion of desmoglein in HaCaT cells via inhibition of heat shock protein 27 phosphorylation. Dai, X; Li, Q; Lin, S; Xie, Z; Ye, X, 2023)	3.07
"Tacrolimus variability has a weak association with subtherapeutic levels, but represents a more complicated constellation of clinical factors."	( The Epidemiologic Burden of Tacrolimus Variability among Kidney Transplant Recipients in the United States. Cunningham, PN; Ennis, JL; Josephson, MA; McGill, RL; Shah, PB, 2019)	1.53
"Tacrolimus has significantly improved outcomes for kidney transplant patients and remains the cornerstone of immunosuppressive therapy. "	( Long-Term Kidney Transplant Outcomes: Role of Prolonged-Release Tacrolimus. Banas, B; Kamar, N; Krämer, BK; Krüger, B; Undre, N, )	1.81
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window. "	( A limited sampling strategy to estimate exposure of once-daily modified release tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients using linear regression analysis and comparison with Bayesian population pharmacokinetics in different cohorts. Christiaans, MHL; Neef, C; Stifft, F; van Kuijk, S; Vandermeer, F, 2020)	2.23
"Tacrolimus has 10-fold greater immunosuppressive activity than the ciclosporin A which has been recommended for effective treatment of psoriasis."	( Topical delivery of Tacrolimus using liposome containing gel: An emerging and synergistic approach in management of psoriasis. Awasthi, R; Jindal, S; Kulkarni, GT; Singhare, D, 2020)	1.6
"As tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window, the impact of circadian patterns on LCPT drug exposure, including food and chronopharmacokinetic effects, needs to be elucidated to optimize dosing."	( Chronopharmacokinetics and Food Effects of Single-Dose LCP-Tacrolimus in Healthy Volunteers. Alloway, RR; Brennan, DC; Cohen, EA; Kerr, J; Meier-Kriesche, U; Momper, JD; Moten, MA; Stevens, DR; Trofe-Clark, J, 2020)	1.32
"Tacrolimus has been used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplantation. "	( Human kidney organoids model the tacrolimus nephrotoxicity and elucidate the role of autophagy. Ju, JH; Kim, D; Kim, DS; Kim, HL; Kim, HW; Kim, J; Kim, JW; Kim, YK; Lee, JY; Lim, SW; Nam, SA; Seo, E; Yang, CW, 2021)	2.35
"High tacrolimus IPV has been associated with poor outcomes including acute rejection, dnDSA formation, graft loss, and patient mortality in SOT recipients. "	( Tacrolimus intrapatient variability in solid organ transplantation: A multiorgan perspective. Leino, AD; Park, JM; Schumacher, L, 2021)	2.58
"Tacrolimus has been widely used in recent years for treating allergic conjunctivitis, but there is currently no available meta-analysis regarding its therapeutic efficacy. "	( Therapeutic efficacy of tacrolimus in vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. He, F; Lin, W; Meng, Q; Qiu, W; Yang, Y; Zhang, J; Zhao, M; Zhou, Z, 2022)	2.47
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window with overexposure leading to acute and chronic forms of nephrotoxicity."	( Effect of diarrhoea on Tacrolimus trough level in a post liver transplant patient. Tan, ST; Yoong, BK, 2020)	1.59
"Tacrolimus has been used to treat various inflammatory skin diseases, but its safety for topical application on the oral mucosa is unknown. "	( Tacrolimus 0.03% ointment treatment in exfoliative cheilitis: A randomised controlled clinical trial and monitoring blood concentration. He, J; Hu, M; Lin, M; Liu, J; Shi, L; Wang, H; Wang, X; Wu, F; Zhou, H, 2021)	3.51
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic index with high intra- and intersubject variability, in part because of genetic variation."	( Precision Dosing for Tacrolimus Using Genotypes and Clinical Factors in Kidney Transplant Recipients of European Ancestry. Al-Kofahi, M; Dorr, CR; Guan, W; Israni, AK; Jacobson, PA; Mannon, RB; Matas, AJ; Oetting, WS; Remmel, RP; Schladt, DP; Wu, B, 2021)	1.66
"Tacrolimus has shown efficacy in eye inflammatory diseases. "	( Topical tacrolimus nanocapsules eye drops for therapeutic effect enhancement in both anterior and posterior ocular inflammation models. Badihi, A; Benita, S; Nassar, T; Rebibo, L; Shoshani, E; Sun, Y; Tam, C, 2021)	2.5
"Tacrolimus has been proposed as a treatment for severe forms of VKC. "	( Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Tacrolimus 0.1% in Severe Pediatric Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis. Bacci, GM; Caputo, R; Danti, G; de Libero, C; Di Grande, L; Lucenteforte, E; Marziali, E; Mori, F; Pucci, N; Villani, E; Virgili, G, 2021)	2.35
"Tacrolimus has a low therapeutic index requiring strict control of whole blood concentrations. "	( A 24-Hour Extended Calibration Strategy for Quantitating Tacrolimus Concentrations by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Brister-Smith, A; Saitman, A; Young, JA, 2021)	2.31
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic drug window but high inter- and intrapatient variability. "	( The role of single nucleotide polymorphisms of CYP3A and ABCB1 on tacrolimus predose concentration in kidney transplant recipients. Arnol, M; Buturović-Ponikvar, J; Dolžan, V; Goričar, K; Mlinšek, G, )	1.81
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has been demonstrated to reduce epidural fibrosis. "	( Tacrolimus induces fibroblasts apoptosis and reduces epidural fibrosis by regulating miR-429 and its target of RhoE. Chen, H; Dai, J; Li, X; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Wang, S; Yan, L, 2017)	3.34
"Tacrolimus (Tac) has a narrow therapeutic window and shows large between-patient pharmacokinetic variability. "	( The combination of CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms determines tacrolimus dose requirement after kidney transplantation. Andreu, F; Bestard, O; Colom, H; Cruzado, JM; Elens, L; Gil-Vernet, S; Grinyó, JM; Hesselink, DA; Llaudó, I; Lloberas, N; Padullés, A; Torras, J; van Gelder, T; van Schaik, R, 2017)	2.12
"Tacrolimus has been used to treat refractory uveitis through systemic administration."	( A Low Concentration of Tacrolimus/Semifluorinated Alkane (SFA) Eyedrop Suppresses Intraocular Inflammation in Experimental Models of Uveitis. De Majumdar, S; Korward, J; Pettigrew, A; Scherer, D; Subinya, M; Xu, H, 2017)	1.49
"Tacrolimus (TAC) has been indicated as a treatment for RA in patients who failed to respond to methotrexate."	( Successful treatment with clarithromycin and/or tacrolimus for two patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Horita, T; Ohe, M; Oku, K; Shida, H, )	1.11
"Tacrolimus repurposing has therefore therapeutic potential in HHT."	( Tacrolimus rescues the signaling and gene expression signature of endothelial ALK1 loss-of-function and improves HHT vascular pathology. Blanc, L; Campagne, F; Chandakkar, P; Chatterjee, PK; Christen, E; Marambaud, P; Metz, CN; Papoin, J; Ruiz, S; Zhao, H, 2017)	2.62
"Tacrolimus has a good safety profile for long-term use in patients with BRC as a second-line agent enabling steroid sparing and visual function stabilisation or improvement."	( Safety profile and efficacy of tacrolimus in the treatment of birdshot retinochoroiditis: a retrospective case series review. Holder, G; Islam, F; Kapoor, B; Pavesio, C; Rees, A; Robson, AG; Westcott, M, 2018)	2.21
"Tacrolimus with PVA has shown lower cytotoxicity than cyclosporine at early times."	( Preclinical characterization and clinical evaluation of tacrolimus eye drops. Aguiar, P; Alonso-Rodríguez, I; Fernández-Ferreiro, A; García-Otero, X; Gómez-Lado, N; González-Barcia, M; Herranz, M; Lamas, MJ; Luaces-Rodríguez, A; Martínez-Pérez, L; Otero-Espinar, FJ; Rodríguez-Ares, MT; Ruibal-Morell, Á; Silva-Rodríguez, J; Touriño-Peralba, R, 2018)	1.45
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has been identified as an MRP1 regulator in differentiated glioblastoma (GBM) cells (non-GSCs); however, the effect of FK506 on GSCs is currently unknown."	( FK506 Attenuates the MRP1-Mediated Chemoresistant Phenotype in Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells. Arriagada, V; Carrasco, C; Erices, JI; Niechi, I; Oyarzún, C; Quezada, C; Rocha, JD; Toro, MLÁ; Torres, Á, 2018)	1.2
"Tacrolimus has been associated with notable extrarenal adverse effects (AEs), which are unpredictable and impact patient morbidity. "	( The impact of tacrolimus exposure on extrarenal adverse effects in adult renal transplant recipients. Brazeau, D; Campagne, O; Mager, DE; Tornatore, KM; Venuto, RC, 2019)	2.32
"Tacrolimus has been widely used as a powerful novel immunosuppressant. "	( Enhancing the production of tacrolimus by engineering target genes identified in important primary and secondary metabolic pathways and feeding exogenous precursors. Li, Y; Liang, S; Ma, D; Wang, J; Wen, J, 2019)	2.25
"Tacrolimus has been widely applied to prevent organ rejection after transplantation. "	( Development and effects of tacrolimus-loaded nanoparticles on the inhibition of corneal allograft rejection. Chen, W; DongYe, M; Lin, D; Lin, H; Liu, D; Wang, D; Wu, Q; Zhang, X; Zhu, F, 2019)	2.25
"Tacrolimus has been demonstrated to have remarkable therapeutic efficacy in UC patients, without increased risk of severe adverse effects such as induction of remission and maintenance therapy."	( Tacrolimus Therapy in Steroid-Refractory Ulcerative Colitis: A Review. Ran, Z; Tong, J; Wu, B, 2020)	2.72
"Tacrolimus has same mechanism of action."	( Intravesical tacrolimus in treatment of intractable interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome - A pilot study. Mishra, NN; Pathak, N; Riedl, C; Shah, S, 2019)	1.6
"Tacrolimus has been widely used for immunosuppressive therapy in solid organ transplantation (SOT) and allo-geneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) over the past 2 decades. "	( A case report: acute pancreatitis associated with tacrolimus in kidney transplantation. Cai, M; Li, X; Wei, X; Xu, J; Xu, L, 2019)	2.21
"Tacrolimus has been widely accepted as the backbone of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). "	( Tacrolimus Levels in the Prophylaxis of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease in the Chinese Early After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Li, S; Liao, YX; Liu, XO; Miao, WJ; Tian, JX; Wang, XD; Yan, HH; Zhang, P, 2019)	3.4
"Tacrolimus has been used for vernal/atopic conjunctivitis."	( Topical tacrolimus for the management of acute allergic conjunctivitis in a mouse model. Barequet, IS; Etkin, S; Habot-Wilner, Z; Platner, E; Rosner, M; Sade, K; Ziv, H, 2013)	1.55
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has a superior immunosuppressive effect compared with cyclosporine (CSA) without a significant increase in generalized infectious complications. "	( Calcineurin inhibitors and Clostridium difficile infection in adult lung transplant recipients: the effect of cyclosporine versus tacrolimus. D'Cunha, J; Dunitz, JM; Hertz, MI; Kelly, RF; Lee, JT; Shumway, SJ; Whitson, BA, 2013)	2.04
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic index and shows large interindividual variations in pharmacokinetics, which may be partly explained by genetic variability in metabolic enzymes of the cytochrome P450 (mainly CYP3A4 and CYP3A5) and transport P-glycoprotein (encoded by the ABCB1 gene). "	( Severe acute nephrotoxicity in a kidney transplant patient despite low tacrolimus levels: a possible interaction between donor and recipient genetic polymorphisms. Boldorini, R; Genazzani, AA; Quaglia, M; Stratta, P; Terrazzino, S, 2013)	2.07
"Tacrolimus not only has a narrow therapeutic index, but also shows significant interindividual differences."	( Effect of MDR1 polymorphisms on the blood concentrations of tacrolimus in Turkish renal transplant patients. Aydin, AE; Ayna, TK; Bakkaloglu, H; Caliskan, YK; Ciftci, HS; Guney, I; Gurtekin, M; Nane, I; Turkmen, A, 2013)	1.35
"Tacrolimus has been used for idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) therapy, but most patients who achieved remission showed a high relapse rate when tacrolimus was withdrawn after 6-12 months of therapy. "	( Effect of prolonged tacrolimus treatment in idiopathic membranous nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome. Jia, Y; Liu, N; Luo, P; Miao, LN; Sun, GD; Yuan, H, 2013)	2.16
"Tacrolimus has a large interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, and quantification of its effect is difficult. "	( Genetic polymorphisms in ABCB1 influence the pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus. Baan, CC; Bouamar, R; Hesselink, DA; Kraaijeveld, R; Vafadari, R; van Gelder, T; van Schaik, RH; Weimar, W, 2013)	2.07
"Tacrolimus (TAC) has a narrow therapeutic index and high interindividual and intraindividual pharmacokinetic variability, necessitating therapeutic drug monitoring to individualize dosage. "	( Validation of an LC-MS/MS method to measure tacrolimus in rat kidney and liver tissue and its application to human kidney biopsies. Coller, JK; Hesselink, DA; Morris, RG; Noll, BD; Russ, GR; Sallustio, BC; Somogyi, AA; Van Gelder, T, 2013)	2.09
"Tacrolimus has been used as immunosuppressive agent."	( [Donor heart preservation with University of Wisconsin solution and immunosuppressive therapy with drip-infusion of tacrolimus]. Tanoue, Y; Tominaga, R, 2013)	1.32
"As tacrolimus has a rather narrow therapeutic range and high individual variability in its pharmacokinetics, it is important to determine the cause of the variation in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics. "	( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenetic model of tacrolimus in the early period after kidney transplantation. Ha, J; Ha, S; Han, N; Kim, IW; Kim, MG; Lee, JI; Min, SI; Oh, JM; Yun, HY, 2014)	1.27
"Tacrolimus has been shown to be associated with better QOL than cyclosporine (ciclosporin), as has corticosteroid-free immunosuppressive regimens."	( Quality of life of older patients undergoing renal transplantation: finding the right immunosuppressive treatment. Perlman, RL; Rao, PS, 2014)	1.12
"Tacrolimus (FK506) use has been suggested as a risk factor for post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) because it can impair insulin secretion. "	( Association between use of FK506 and prevalence of post-transplantation diabetes mellitus in kidney transplant patients. Chiang, YJ; Chou, HF; Hsieh, CY; Lin, MH; Lin, SC; Wei, TY; Weng, LC, 2014)	1.85
"Tacrolimus has originally been registered as a twice-daily formulation (Prograf, Tac BID), although a once-daily formulation (Advagraf, Tac QD) is also available. "	( Lower variability in 24-hour exposure during once-daily compared to twice-daily tacrolimus formulation in kidney transplantation. Christiaans, MH; Stifft, F; Stolk, LM; Undre, N; van Hooff, JP, 2014)	2.07
"Tacrolimus has specific features in Chinese transplant patients; its in vivo pharmacokinetics, treatment regimen, dose and administration, and adverse-effect profile are influenced by multiple factors, such as genetics and the spectrum of primary diseases in the Chinese population."	( Tacrolimus in preventing transplant rejection in Chinese patients--optimizing use. Li, CJ; Li, L, 2015)	2.58
"Tacrolimus has shown efficacy in patients with ulcerative colitis."	( Tacrolimus for remission induction in ulcerative colitis: Mayo endoscopic subscore 0 and 1 predict long-term prognosis. Hanai, H; Iida, T; Ikeya, K; Kawasaki, S; Maruyama, Y; Sugimoto, K; Watanabe, F, 2015)	3.3
"Tacrolimus has been reported to be an offending agent, which potentially plays a role in the pathophysiological process of SOS."	( Reversible sinusoidal obstruction syndrome associated with tacrolimus following liver transplantation. Feng, XW; Geng, L; Shen, T; Zheng, SS, 2015)	1.38
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic index."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Solid-Organ Transplant Patients. Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2015)	1.41
"Tacrolimus has gained acceptance in the management of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) in children. "	( Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Agarwal, I; Chaturvedi, S; Fleming, D; Jahan, A; Mathew, B; Prabha, R, 2015)	2.12
"Tacrolimus has not been extensively studied for the treatment of psoriasis."	( Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Tacrolimus in Adult Patients With Refractory Severe Plaque Psoriasis. Dogra, S; Mittal, A; Narang, T; Sharma, A, 2016)	1.4
"Tacrolimus (TAC) has proved to show efficacy against inadequate response to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors, yet its add-on effects on TCZ remain unknown."	( The efficacy and safety of additional administration of tacrolimus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who showed an inadequate response to tocilizumab. Ebina, K; Hashimoto, J; Hirao, M; Kaneshiro, S; Nagayama, Y; Nampei, A; Nishikawa, M; Noguchi, T; Owaki, H; Takahi, K; Tsuboi, H; Yoshikawa, H, 2017)	1.42
"Tacrolimus has long been the cornerstone of the immunosuppressive standard-of-care in kidney transplantation. "	( Once-daily prolonged-release tacrolimus formulations for kidney transplantation: what the nephrologist needs to know. Cremaschi, E; Maggiore, U; Piotti, G, 2017)	2.19
"Tacrolimus (TAC) has exhibited promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); however, its application is prevented by its poor solubility, instability, poor bioavailability, and negative systemic side effects. "	( Nanocomposite microparticles (nCmP) for the delivery of tacrolimus in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cuddigan, JL; Gupta, SK; Meenach, SA; Wang, Z, 2016)	2.12
"Tacrolimus has been shown to be neuroprotective in the rat cavernous nerve injury model, an animal model representative of the neural injury that occurs in humans at the time of radical prostatectomy."	( Use of low-dose tacrolimus and associated hypomagnesemia in the prevention of erectile dysfunction following prostatectomy for prostate cancer. First, MR; Fitzsimmons, WE; Henning, AK, 2016)	1.5
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window and considerable variability in clinical use. "	( Application of Machine-Learning Models to Predict Tacrolimus Stable Dose in Renal Transplant Recipients. Feng, GW; Hu, YF; Liu, MZ; Liu, R; Meng, XG; Ming, YZ; Shang, WJ; Shao, MJ; Tang, J; Xin, HW; Zhang, LR; Zhang, W; Zhang, YL; Zhu, LJ, 2017)	2.15
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic index; therefore, it is essential that the physicochemical properties of generic formulations be identical to the brand-name formulation, Prograf."	( Physiochemical properties of generic formulations of tacrolimus in Mexico. First, MR; Iwabe, O; Kitamura, S; Mimura, H; Ohara, T; Petan, JA; Saito, K; Suzuki, M; Undre, N, 2008)	1.32
"Tacrolimus has been associated with less rejection and better kidney function compared with cyclosporine in clinical trials."	( Five-year study of tacrolimus as secondary intervention versus continuation of cyclosporine in renal transplant patients at risk for chronic renal allograft failure. Arlen, D; Barrett, B; Boucher, A; Cardella, C; Cockfield, SM; Jevnikar, A; Kiberd, B; Paraskevas, S; Rush, D; Shapiro, J; Shoker, A; Yilmaz, S; Zaltzman, JS, 2008)	1.4
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has been widely used as an immunosuppressant. "	( Tacrolimus-induced apoptotic signal transduction pathway. Choi, SJ; Chung, SY; You, HS, 2008)	3.23
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has been used as a therapeutic drug beneficial for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in humans. "	( Predominant promotion by tacrolimus of chondrogenic differentiation to proliferating chondrocytes. Hinoi, E; Kodama, A; Nakamura, Y; Takarada, T; Yoneda, Y, 2009)	2.1
"Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment has superior efficacy to fluticasone 0.005% ointment for twice-daily treatment of adults with moderate to severe facial AD in whom conventional therapy was inadequately effective or not tolerated. "	( Superiority of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment compared with fluticasone 0.005% in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis of the face: results from a randomized, double-blind trial. Doss, N; Dubertret, L; Fekete, GL; Kamoun, MR; Lahfa, M; Ortonne, JP; Reitamo, S, 2009)	2.15
"Tacrolimus ointment has shown efficacy as monotherapy in both short- and long-term studies in atopic dermatitis. "	( Long-term safety of tacrolimus ointment in atopic dermatitis. Reitamo, S; Remitz, A, 2009)	2.12
"Tacrolimus has been shown to be an important immunosuppressive agent in organ and bone marrow transplantation. "	( A 6-month, multicenter, single-arm pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of generic tacrolimus (TacroBell) after primary renal transplantation. Cho, BH; Han, DJ; Huh, KH; Kang, CM; Kim, HC; Kim, SJ; Kim, YL; Kim, YS; Lee, S; Moon, IS, 2009)	2.01
"Tacrolimus has shown promising results in the treatment of various dermatological diseases, including hair loss. "	( Topical tacrolimus suppresses the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 in late anagen. Tu, P; Wang, Y; Wu, L; Yang, S, 2009)	2.23
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has shown some benefit in lupus nephritis in small trials, and combined with mycophenolate mofetil is standard immunosuppression in transplant patients."	( Combination therapy of mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus in lupus nephritis. Fine, DM; Lanata, CM; Mahmood, T; Petri, M, 2010)	1.34
"Tacrolimus has been often described to induce neuropathy in liver-, pancreas-, and renal-transplanted patients. "	( Tacrolimus-induced polyneuropathy after heart transplantation. Labate, A; Morelli, M; Palamara, G; Pirritano, D; Quattrone, A, 2010)	3.25
"Tacrolimus has a low potential for systemic accumulation, and analysis of long-term studies indicates that it has a good safety profile."	( The safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Eichenfield, LF; McCollum, AD; Paik, A, )	1.15
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window and shows significant interindividual difference in dose requirement. "	( Using genetic and clinical factors to predict tacrolimus dose in renal transplant recipients. Elliott, E; Gaber, AO; Mao, Y; Patel, S; Razo, J; Shea, E; Wang, P; Wong, ST; Wu, AH; Zhou, X, 2010)	2.06
"Tacrolimus has been considered less nephrotoxic than cyclosporine, but direct quantitative comparisons of the changes in renal structure from baseline to follow-up biopsies have not been done."	( Tacrolimus and cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in native kidneys of pancreas transplant recipients. Fioretto, P; Mauer, M; Najafian, B; Sutherland, DE, 2011)	2.53
"Tacrolimus has been responsible for significant changes in plasma lipid concentrations only for the first six months, but not for the remaining time of observation."	( Long-term assessment of plasma lipids in transplant recipients treated with tacrolimus in relation to fatty liver. Basile, V; Capone, D; Federico, S; Kadilli, I; Palmiero, G; Perfetti, A; Polichetti, G; Sabbatini, M; Tarantino, G, )	1.08
"Tacrolimus has become an important cornerstone in the prevention of rejection after kidney transplantation. "	( Tacrolimus-induced neutropenia in renal transplant recipients. De Rycke, A; Dierickx, D; Kuypers, DR, 2011)	3.25
"Tacrolimus has proven to be a potent immunosuppressive agent in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). "	( One thousand consecutive primary liver transplants under tacrolimus immunosuppression: a 17- to 20-year longitudinal follow-up. Cacciarelli, T; DeVera, ME; Fontes, P; Humar, A; Jain, A; Lopez, RC; Marsh, JW; Mazariegos, G; Sindhi, R; Singhal, A, 2011)	2.06
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has been used successfully as a systemic immunomodulator for more than 2 decades, and numerous studies have investigated its mechanisms of action. "	( Tacrolimus in the treatment of ocular diseases. Chen, J; Gu, J; Yuan, J; Zhai, J, 2011)	3.25
"Tacrolimus has a wide spectrum of adverse effects, including neurotoxic and vascular events. "	( Effect of tacrolimus on energy metabolism in human umbilical endothelial cells. Bednarczyk, J; Brockmann, M; Das, A; Göken, C; Hoy, L; Illsinger, S; Janzen, N; Lücke, T; Schmidt, KH; Thiemann, I, )	1.98
"Tacrolimus has been associated with severe neurotoxicity in organ transplant patients. "	( Catatonia as a manifestation of tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity in organ transplant patients: a case series. Chopra, A; Das, P; Huston, J; Kuppuswamy, PS; Li, X; Philbrick, K; Rai, A; Sola, C, )	1.86
"Tacrolimus (FK-506) has been found to exhibit potent inhibitory effects on spontaneously developed dermatitis. "	( Therapeutic effects of combination using glucosamine plus tacrolimus (FK-506) on the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Cheong, KA; Kim, CH; Lee, AY; Park, CD, 2012)	2.07
"Tacrolimus has been associated with several ocular adverse effects, such as optic neuropathy."	( Unilateral tacrolimus-associated optic neuropathy after liver transplantation. Ascaso, FJ; Cristóbal, JA; Huerva, V; Mateo, J, 2012)	2.21
"Tacrolimus has proven its usefulness in solid organ transplants, but this study demonstrates that it is essential to carry out close monitoring through the application of pharmacokinetic concepts to optimize therapy."	( Tacrolimus levels in adult patients with renal transplant. González-López, EH; Robles-Piedras, AL, 2009)	2.52
"Tacrolimus has been reported to be effective in refractory nephrotic syndrome, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and membranous nephropathy. "	( Tacrolimus improves the proteinuria remission in patients with refractory IgA nephropathy. Chen, YQ; Liu, LJ; Lv, JC; Shi, SF; Wang, HY; Zhang, H; Zhang, Q; Zhu, L, 2012)	3.26
"As tacrolimus (FK506) has been reported to inhibit the effects of TGF-β1 on cultured fibroblasts, we hypothesized that FK506 may be useful in treating keloids."	( FK506 inhibits the enhancing effects of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 on collagen expression and TGF-β/Smad signalling in keloid fibroblasts: implication for new therapeutic approach. Fang, AH; Lan, CC; Wu, CS; Wu, PH, 2012)	0.89
"Tacrolimus ointment has shown efficacy in treating T-cell-mediated inflammatory oral mucosal diseases, including lichen planus. "	( Effects of tacrolimus on an organotypic raft-culture model mimicking oral mucosa. Laine, MA; Lukkarinen, H; Pöllänen, M; Rautava, J; Soukka, T; Willberg, J, 2012)	2.21
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has been shown to have functions on inducing immunosuppression and augmenting apoptosis of pathologic T cells in autoimmune disease."	( Treg cell resistance to apoptosis in DNA vaccination for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis treatment. Gao, W; Kang, J; Kang, Y; Sun, Y; Wang, B; Wang, Y; Xia, G; Zhang, J, 2012)	1.1
"Tacrolimus has improved hyperlipidaemia in our cyclosporin previously treated patients and increased the resistance to oxidation of high and low-density lipoproteins."	( [Effect of cyclosporin and tacrolimus on lipoprotein oxidation after renal transplantation]. Alsina, J; Fiol, C; Gil-Vernet, S; Gómez-Gerique, N; Grinyó, JM; Hurtado, I; Martínez Castelao, A; Ramos, R; Sabaté, I; Serón, D; Yzaguirre, MT, 2002)	2.05
"Tacrolimus has also been developed for chronic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and several other autoimmune diseases [351891], [352195], [360717]."	( Tacrolimus Fujisawa. Gewirtz, AT; Sitaraman, SV, 2002)	2.48
"Tacrolimus has been suspected to alter mitochondrial respiration of different tissues but sirolimus has not been evaluated."	( Tacrolimus and sirolimus decrease oxidative phosphorylation of isolated rat kidney mitochondria. Bruguerolle, B; Morin, C; Simon, N; Tillement, JP; Urien, S, 2003)	2.48
"Tacrolimus has a dose-dependent effect on tumor progression and TGF-beta(1) expression, and tacrolimus-induced TGF-beta(1) overexpression may be a pathogenetic mechanism in tumor progression."	( Tacrolimus enhances transforming growth factor-beta1 expression and promotes tumor progression. Lagman, M; Li, B; Maluccio, M; Sharma, V; Suthanthiran, M; Vyas, S; Yang, H, 2003)	3.2
"Tacrolimus has been increasingly used in solid-organ transplantation, and the effect of the drug on pregnancy is still of interest to clinicians."	( Pregnancy after liver transplantation with tacrolimus immunosuppression: a single center's experience update at 13 years. Cacciarelli, TV; de Vera, ME; Eghtesad, B; Fontes, PA; Fung, JJ; Jain, AB; Marcos, A; Marsh, JW; Mazariegos, G; Rafail, A; Reyes, J; Starzl, TE, 2003)	1.3
"Tacrolimus has a similar (but not identical) mechanism of action, and was introduced in the 1990s."	( Calcineurin inhibitor-associated early renal insufficiency in cardiac transplant recipients: risk factors and strategies for prevention and treatment. Baran, DA; Galin, ID; Gass, AL, 2004)	1.04
"Tacrolimus (Tac) has immunosuppressant properties similar to those of cyclosporine A (CsA), but it is more potent. "	( Conversion from cyclosporine A to tacrolimus in pediatric kidney transplant recipients with chronic rejection: changes in the immune responses. Cardoni, RL; Ferraris, JR; Prigoshin, N; Tambutti, ML, 2004)	2.05
"Tacrolimus therapy has contributed much to the success rates of both heart and lung transplantation, and by 2001, it had become the preeminent immunosuppressant agent used in lung transplantation."	( An update on clinical outcomes in heart and lung transplantation. Garrity, ER; Mehra, MR, 2004)	1.04
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has been increasingly used in place of cyclosporine (CSP), and several studies have shown that FK506 reduces the incidence of acute GVHD more effectively than does CSP."	( Tacrolimus instead of cyclosporine used for prophylaxis against graft-versus-host disease improves outcome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from unrelated donors, but not from HLA-identical sibling donors: a nationwide survey conducted in Jap Atsuta, Y; Emi, N; Hamajima, N; Hirabayashi, N; Hiraoka, A; Iwato, K; Kanda, Y; Kato, S; Naoe, T; Okamoto, S; Sakamaki, H; Takahashi, S; Tanimoto, M; Tanosaki, R; Yanada, M, 2004)	2.49
"Tacrolimus (Tac) has a more potent immunosuppressive effect and may be less toxic at therapeutic doses than ciclosporin (CsA)."	( Treatment of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults with tacrolimus monotherapy. Cairns, TD; Dhaygude, A; Duncan, N; Griffith, M; McLean, AG; Owen, J; Palmer, A; Taube, D, 2004)	1.28
"A tacrolimus-based regimen has been successfully used for our living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) recipients."	( Conversion to cyclosporine provides valuable rescue therapy for living donor adult liver transplant patients intolerant to tacrolimus: A single-center experience at the University of Tokyo. Akamatsu, N; Kaneko, J; Kishi, Y; Makuuchi, M; Murai, N; Sugawara, Y; Tamura, S, 2004)	1.09
"Tacrolimus has become an effective alternative to cyclosporine as a component of primary immunosuppression in pediatric renal transplant patients, but the information on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of tacrolimus in young patients is still limited. "	( Effect of age, ethnicity, and glucocorticoid use on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in pediatric renal transplant patients. Aviles, DH; Kim, JS; Leblanc, PL; Matti Vehaskari, V; Silverstein, DM, 2005)	2.02
"Tacrolimus has been increasingly used for liver transplantation during the last decade. "	( Tacrolimus for primary liver transplantation: 12 to 15 years actual follow-up with safety profile. Costa, G; De Vera, M; Eghtesad, B; Fontas, P; Fung, J; Gadomski, M; Jain, A; Kashyap, R; Marcos, A; Marsh, W; Mazariagos, G; Patel, K; Reyes, J; Starzl, T, 2005)	3.21
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window, and bioavailability is known to vary considerably between renal transplant recipients. "	( AUC-guided dosing of tacrolimus prevents progressive systemic overexposure in renal transplant recipients. Cremers, SC; de Fijter, JW; den Hartigh, J; Paul, LC; Rowshani, AT; Schoemaker, RC; Scholten, EM; van Kan, EJ, 2005)	2.09
"Tacrolimus has been shown to provide superior immunosuppression in various solid organ transplant settings. "	( Tacrolimus versus cyclosporine induction therapy in pulmonary transplantation in miniature swine. Avsar, M; Haverich, A; Niedermeyer, J; Reinhard, R; Simon, AR; Steinkamp, T; Strüber, M; Warnecke, G, 2005)	3.21
"Tacrolimus therapy has been associated with anemia after transplantation, and recent clinical evidence in children suggests its association with the development of neutropenia for which an alternative etiology is not apparent."	( Tacrolimus: in vitro effects on myelopoiesis, apoptosis, and CD11b expression. Koenig, JM; Matharoo, N; Schowengerdt, KO; Stegner, JJ, 2005)	2.49
"Tacrolimus (Tac) has been shown to be more favourable in this respect."	( Potential cardiovascular risk factors in paediatric renal transplant recipients. Ferraris, JR; Ghezzi, L; Krmar, RT; Waisman, G, 2006)	1.06
"Tacrolimus (TAC) has been prescribed for maintaining remission of NS in patients who have developed treatment resistance or adverse effects with cyclosporin A (CYA) at our institution since 1995."	( Treatment of severe steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) in children with tacrolimus. Clark, AG; MacLeod, R; Rigby, E; Sinha, MD, 2006)	1.28
"Tacrolimus has been reported to be effective in several inflammatory skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, lichen planus, lupus erythematosus and pyoderma gangraenosum."	( [Topical treatment of bullous pemphigoid with tacrolimus. Case report with brief literature review]. Bieber, T; Philipp-Dormston, W; Tüting, T; Wenzel, J, 2005)	1.31
"Tacrolimus has been demonstrated to provide long-term immunosuppression and prevent rejection in most renal transplants."	( Tacrolimus as basic immunosuppression in pregnancy after renal transplantation. A single-center experience. Acevedo, M; Andrés, A; Garcia-Donaire, JA; Gutiérrez, E; Gutiérrez, MJ; Manzanera, MJ; Morales, JM; Oliva, E, 2005)	2.49
"Tacrolimus also has nephrotoxic effects, which can be reversed by converting to rapamycin."	( Tacrolimus-related neurologic and renal complications in liver transplantation: A single-center experience. Ayvaz, I; Emiroglu, R; Haberal, M; Karakayali, H; Moray, G, 2006)	2.5
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window and a wide interindividual variation in its pharmacokinetics. "	( Influence of different allelic variants of the CYP3A and ABCB1 genes on the tacrolimus pharmacokinetic profile of Chinese renal transplant recipients. Bekers, O; Chan, HW; Chau, KF; Cheung, CY; de Vrie, JE; Kwan, TH; Leung, KT; Li, CS; Op den Buijsch, RA; van Dieijen-Visser, MP; Wijnen, PA; Wong, KM, 2006)	2.01
"Tacrolimus has been used successfully to treat a number of T cell-mediated diseases."	( Tacrolimus ointment 0.1% alone and in combination with medium-dose UVA1 in the treatment of palmar or plantar psoriasis. Janiga, J; Lim, HW; Rivard, J, 2006)	2.5
"Tacrolimus ointment has also been compared to standard topical cortico-steroid treatments and is equally effective if not superior to several topical steroids."	( Tacrolimus: focusing on atopic dermatitis. Carroll, CL; Fleischer, AB, 2006)	2.5
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has a neuroprotective action on cerebral infarction produced by cerebral ischemia, however, detailed mechanisms underlying this action have not been fully elucidated. "	( Tacrolimus (FK506) attenuates biphasic cytochrome c release and Bad phosphorylation following transient cerebral ischemia in mice. Furuichi, Y; Li, JY; Matsuoka, N; Mutoh, S; Yanagihara, T, 2006)	3.22
"Tacrolimus has the potential to be a useful and highly effective treatment for RA."	( Comparison of tacrolimus and mizoribine in a randomized, double-blind controlled study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Abe, T; Hashimoto, H; Kawai, S; Kiuchi, T; Kondo, H; Murayama, T, 2006)	1.42
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window and is characterized by a large inter-individual variability in bioavailability. "	( Tacrolimus exposure and evolution of renal allograft histology in the first year after transplantation. Damme, BV; Kuypers, DR; Lerut, E; Naesens, M; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2007)	3.23
"Tacrolimus has been used extensively for immunosuppressive therapy in pediatric liver transplant recipients. "	( Fatty liver due to high levels of serum tacrolimus after liver transplantation. Ankan, C; Aydoğdu, S; Kihiç, M; Nart, D; Tümgör, G, )	1.84
"Tacrolimus has been a useful therapeutic tool in dermatology practice ever since its inception. "	( Tacrolimus: approved and unapproved dermatologic indications/uses-physician's sequential literature survey: part II. Dogra, S; Sehgal, VN; Srivastava, G, )	3.02
"Tacrolimus has shown efficacy in the prophylaxis of allograft rejection in both animals and human clinical trials, and has been used effectively to rescue patients who have exhibited refractory rejection failing cyclosporine prophylaxis."	( Tacrolimus, a new immunosuppressant--a review of the literature. Hooks, MA, 1994)	2.45
"Tacrolimus (FK 506) has synergistic immunosuppressive effects in combination with corticosteroids. "	( Combined inhibition effects of tacrolimus and methylprednisolone on in vitro human lymphocyte proliferation. Jusko, WJ; Lee, MJ; Pyszczynski, N, 1995)	2.02
"Tacrolimus has been found to be useful in clinical solid organ transplantation. "	( Capillary blood versus arterial or venous blood for tacrolimus monitoring in liver transplantation. Fung, JJ; Jain, AB; Lever, J; Pinna, A; Singhal, AK; Venkataramanan, R; Warty, V, 1995)	1.98
"Tacrolimus monotherapy has been associated with improved body growth and less obesity, while tacrolimus alone or in combination with prednisone was virtually free of hirsutism or gingival hypertrophy, and posed a low risk for hypertension."	( Clinical use of tacrolimus (FK-506) in infants and children with renal transplants. Ellis, D, 1995)	1.36
"Tacrolimus has been used successfully in kidney/ pancreas transplantation, with 100% patient, 95% kidney, and 79% pancreas graft survival."	( The superiority of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients -- the Pittsburgh experience. Corry, RJ; Egidi, F; Ellis, D; Gilboa, N; Gritsch, HA; Jordan, ML; McCauley, J; Scantlebury, VP; Shapiro, R; Vivas, C, 1995)	1.34
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has recently been approved for immunosuppression in organ transplantation, although its use is accompanied by a wide spectrum of neurotoxic side effects. "	( Immunosuppression-induced leukoencephalopathy from tacrolimus (FK506) Bramblett, GT; Eidelman, BH; Fukui, MB; Small, SL, 1996)	1.99
"Tacrolimus has also shown efficacy as a rescue agent for renal allograft rejection failing conventional therapy in 74% of cases."	( The use of tacrolimus in renal transplantation. Ellis, D; Gilboa, N; Gritsch, HA; Jordan, ML; Scantlebury, V; Shapiro, R; Starzl, TE; Vivas, CA, 1996)	1.41
"Tacrolimus has been effective both in primary and rescue therapy following steroid and OKT3-resistant acute rejection in liver and kidney transplantation. "	( Rescue therapy with tacrolimus in simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation. Albrecht, KH; Becker, G; Friedrich, J; Heemann, U; Philipp, T; Wagner, K; Witzke, O, 1997)	2.06
"Tacrolimus has a negative effect on the pancreatic beta islet cell, and both glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus are well-recognized complications of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression among adult solid organ transplant recipients."	( New-onset diabetes mellitus in pediatric thoracic organ recipients receiving tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Boyle, GJ; Cipriani, L; Fricker, FJ; Griffith, BP; Kurland, G; Miller, SA; Wagner, K; Webber, SA, 1997)	1.97
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has a mechanism of action similar to cyclosporine. "	( Preliminary report on the use of oral tacrolimus (FK506) in the treatment of complicated proximal small bowel and fistulizing Crohn's disease. Sandborn, WJ, 1997)	2.01
"Tacrolimus, however, has undergone limited use in veterinary medicine."	( Cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Vaden, SL, 1997)	1.36
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has shown important regulatory effects on some inflammatory pathways, such as cytokines, neutrophils, and adhesion molecules."	( Tacrolimus (FK506) down-regulates free radical tissue levels, serum cytokines, and neutrophil infiltration after severe liver ischemia. Garcia-Criado, FJ; Gomez-Alonso, A; Misawa, K; Palma-Vargas, JM; Toledo, AH; Toledo-Pereyra, LH; Valdunciel-Garcia, JJ, 1997)	2.46
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has recently become available clinically as an alternative to cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. "	( FK506 effectiveness in reducing acute rejection after heart transplantation: a prospective randomized study. Arbustini, E; Campana, C; Gavazzi, A; Goggi, C; Grossi, P; Ippoliti, G; Martinelli, L; Pellegrini, C; Regazzi, M; Rinaldi, M; Vigano, M, 1997)	1.74
"Tacrolimus (FK 506) has been evaluated as immunosuppressive therapy in patients with a variety of solid organ and other transplants. "	( Tacrolimus. An update of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in the management of organ transplantation. Gillis, JC; Goa, KL; Spencer, CM, 1997)	3.18
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has potent immunosuppressive properties reflecting its ability to block the transcription of lymphokine genes in activated T cells through formation of a complex with FK506 binding protein-12, which inhibits the phosphatase activity of calcineurin. "	( A tacrolimus-related immunosuppressant with reduced toxicity. Barker, J; DaSilva, C; Dumont, FJ; Koo, G; Koprak, S; Parsons, WH; Pivnichny, J; Sigal, NH; Sinclair, PJ; Singer, I; Staruch, MJ; Talento, A; Williamson, AR; Wong, F; Woods, J; Wyvratt, M, 1998)	2.46
"Tacrolimus has been shown to have a less adverse effect on the lipid profiles of transplant patients when the drug is started as induction therapy. "	( Effects of tacrolimus on hyperlipidemia after successful renal transplantation: a Southeastern Organ Procurement Foundation multicenter clinical study. Adams, PA; Armata, T; Blanton, J; Burdick, JF; Gaber, AO; Hayes, JM; Jonsson, J; Light, JA; McCune, TR; Mulloy, L; Peters, TG; Pruett, T; Rohr, MS; Selman, SH; Thacker LR, II; Wright, FH; Yium, J, 1998)	2.13
"Tacrolimus (Prograf) has been shown to be effective for the prevention and treatment of allograft rejection in liver transplantation."	( Tacrolimus (FK506) and mycophenolate mofetil combination therapy versus tacrolimus in adult liver transplantation. Bynon, JS; Contreras, JL; Eckhoff, DE; Frenette, LR; Hudson, SL; McGuire, BM, 1998)	2.46
"Tacrolimus has been shown to decrease nitric oxide synthesis."	( Tacrolimus impairs wound healing: a possible role of decreased nitric oxide synthesis. Becker, HD; Beiter, T; Bongartz, M; Fuchs, N; Proksch, B; Schäffer, MR, 1998)	2.46
"Tacrolimus has already gained a high reputation as an induction-maintenance immunosuppressive therapy after kidney transplantation. "	( [Is tacrolimus effective for ongoing renal allograft rejection?]. Akiyama, T; Hayashi, T; Higashi, Y; Imanishi, M; Ito, K; Kokado, Y; Kurita, T; Nishioka, T; Otomo, Y; Sagawa, S; Takahara, S, 1998)	2.3
"Tacrolimus has been effective in the management of recalcitrant rejection in other solid organ transplants, and the initial experience in lung transplantation has been favorable."	( Tacrolimus therapy for persistent or recurrent acute rejection after lung transplantation. Horning, NR; Lynch, JP; Patterson, GA; Sundaresan, SR; Trulock, EP, 1998)	2.46
"Tacrolimus has been shown to effect intracellular calcium and to prolong the action potential duration experimentally."	( QT prolongation and near fatal cardiac arrhythmia after intravenous tacrolimus administration: a case report. Alijani, MR; Gelfand, MC; Hodak, SP; Moubarak, JB; Rodriguez, I; Tracy, CM, 1998)	1.26
"Tacrolimus has been used as a primary immunosuppressive agent in adult and pediatric renal transplant recipients, with reasonable outcomes. "	( Pediatric renal transplantation under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Ellis, D; Fung, JJ; Gilboa, N; Gritsch, HA; Hakala, TR; Irish, W; Jordan, ML; Lombardozzi-Lane, S; McCauley, J; Scantlebury, VP; Shapiro, R; Simmons, RL; Starzl, TE; Vivas, C, 1999)	2.02
"Tacrolimus has also been used to rescue patients with refractory acute rejection, with a success rate of 70%-75%."	( Tacrolimus in pediatric renal transplantation: a review. Shapiro, R, 1998)	2.46
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has a useful role as an immunosuppressive agent for the treatment of sight-threatening uveitis in patients who did not respond to cyclosporine either because of lack of therapeutic effect or unacceptable adverse effects."	( Tacrolimus (FK506) in the treatment of posterior uveitis refractory to cyclosporine. Dua, HS; Powell, RJ; Sloper, CM, 1999)	3.19
"Tacrolimus has been shown to be a powerful suppressor of the immune system. "	( Tacrolimus: the drug for the turn of the millennium? Assmann, T; Homey, B; Ruzicka, T, 1999)	3.19
"Tacrolimus has proved effective for preventing acute graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) after unrelated donor marrow transplantation, but the therapeutic window is apparently narrow. "	( Relationship of tacrolimus whole blood levels to efficacy and safety outcomes after unrelated donor marrow transplantation. Fay, JW; Fitzsimmons, WE; Maher, RM; Nash, RA; Przepiorka, D; Wingard, JR; Zhu, J, 1999)	2.09
"Tacrolimus has been reported to cause HUS in renal and more recently in cardiac transplant patients."	( Successful use of cyclosporine in a lung transplant recipient with tacrolimus-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Burton, NA; Myers, JN; Nathan, SD; Shabshab, SF, 1999)	1.26
"Tacrolimus has been shown to be more effective than cyclosporine for prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). "	( Practical considerations in the use of tacrolimus for allogeneic marrow transplantation. Devine, S; Fay, J; Przepiorka, D; Uberti, J; Wingard, J, 1999)	2.02
"Tacrolimus has also demonstrated efficacy in various types of transplantation as rescue therapy in patients who experience persistent acute rejection (or significant adverse effect's) with cyclosporin-based therapy, whereas cyclosporin has not demonstrated a similar capacity to reverse refractory acute rejection."	( Tacrolimus: a further update of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in the management of organ transplantation. Foster, RH; Plosker, GL, 2000)	2.47
"Tacrolimus has been used as an immunosuppressive agent in the transplantation of all solid organs. "	( Tacrolimus and myocardial hypertrophy. Furusho, K; Inomata, Y; Nakata, Y; Tanaka, K; Uemoto, S; Yonemura, T; Yoshibayashi, M, 2000)	3.19
"Tacrolimus has less nephrotoxicity than cyclosporin in this model. "	( Tacrolimus has less fibrogenic potential than cyclosporin A in a model of renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Bicknell, GR; Jain, S; Nicholson, ML, 2000)	3.19
"Tacrolimus has a 10- to 100-fold greater in vitro immunosuppressive activity compared with cyclosporine."	( New developments in the immunosuppressive drug monitoring of cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and azathioprine. Armstrong, VW; Oellerich, M, 2001)	1.26
"Tacrolimus has proven to be a potent immunosuppressive agent in liver transplantation (LT). "	( Does tacrolimus offer virtual freedom from chronic rejection after primary liver transplantation? Risk and prognostic factors in 1,048 liver transplantations with a mean follow-up of 6 years. Blakomer, K; Demetris, AJ; Fung, JJ; Jain, A; Kashyap, R; Khan, A; Rohal, S; Ruppert, K; Starzl, TE, 2001)	2.27
"Tacrolimus (FK506), has been marketed as an effective alternative immunosuppressant to cyclosporin A and recent subjective reports suggest patients taking it complain infrequently of gingival problems."	( Tacrolimus is not associated with gingival overgrowth in renal transplant patients. Campbell, BA; Hull, PS; Jamal, S; James, JA; Johnson, RW; Macfarlane, TV; Short, CD, 2001)	2.47
"Tacrolimus has been shown to be effective topically in atopic dermatitis and systemically in psoriasis and graft-vs-host disease (GVHD)."	( Tacrolimus ointment in the treatment of chronic cutaneous graft-vs-host disease: a case series of 18 patients. Choi, CJ; Nghiem, P, 2001)	2.47
"Tacrolimus (FK506) has been found to be 10-100 times more potent than cyclosporin and to penetrate skin much better due to a lower molecular weight."	( Topical tacrolimus for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Assmann, T; Homey, B; Ruzicka, T, 2001)	1.47
"Tacrolimus has proven to be superior to cyclosporine-Sandimmune with regard to the prevention of acute rejections, but data comparing tacrolimus with Neoral are scarce. "	( Single-center experience with tacrolimus versus cyclosporine-Neoral in renal transplant recipients. Boots, JM; Christiaans, MH; Nieman, FH; van Duijnhoven, EM; van Hooff, JP; van Suylen, RJ, 2001)	2.04
"Tacrolimus has been associated with similar efficacy and safety in heart transplant recipients compared with cyclosporine."	( Conversion to tacrolimus for the treatment of cyclosporine-associated nephrotoxicity in heart transplant recipients. Bloom, R; Brozena, S; Grossman, R; Israni, A; Pankewycz, O, 2002)	1.4
"Tacrolimus has been found to be active in a topical formulation with the latter exerting its effects by acting on the signal transduction pathways inside T cells and inhibiting gene transcription."	( Tacrolimus: a review of its use for the management of dermatoses. Adamiak, A; Chow, M; Gupta, AK, 2002)	2.48

Actions

Tacrolimus may cause local irritation, which mostly disappears after 2 weeks. It does not cause hirsutism or gingival hyperplasia, which are common disfiguring complications of cyclosporine. Tacrolims can lower cholesterol, LDL, and apolipoprotein B.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Tacrolimus can cause islet cell damage and decrease in insulin secretion which can lead to post-transplant diabetes mellitus and rarely diabetic ketoacidosis."	( Tacrolimus-induced acute pancreatitis and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in pediatric kidney transplant recipient. Gulati, S; Mazumder, MA; Mir, IM; Narula, AS; Shehwar, D, 2022)	2.89
"LCP-tacrolimus displays enhanced oral bioavailability compared to immediate-release (IR-) tacrolimus. "	( Tacrolimus Exposure Before and After a Switch From Twice-Daily Immediate-Release to Once-Daily Prolonged Release Tacrolimus: The ENVARSWITCH Study. Anglicheau, D; Buchler, M; Choukroun, G; Colosio, C; Conti, F; Crépin, S; Debette-Gratien, M; Dharancy, S; Duvoux, C; Etienne, I; Garrouste, C; Mariat, C; Marquet, P; Merville, P; Micallef, L; Monchaud, C; Rerolle, JP; Salamé, E; Saliba, F; Tafzi, N; Thierry, A; Woillard, JB, 2023)	2.91
"Tacrolimus can inhibit pro-inflammatory synergistic action of TNF-α/IL-17A on human keratinocytes by regulating IκBζ expression."	( Tacrolimus Inhibits TNF-α/IL-17A-Produced pro-Inflammatory Effect on Human Keratinocytes by Regulating IκBζ. Guo, J; Hu, Y; Tu, J; Yin, L; Yin, Z, 2020)	2.72
"Tacrolimus did increase the expression of pS264-AQP2 in the apical plasma membrane (by immunohistochemistry)."	( Phosphatase inhibition increases AQP2 accumulation in the rat IMCD apical plasma membrane. Efe, O; Ilori, TO; Klein, JD; Ren, H; Ruiz, JA; Sands, JM; Yang, B, 2016)	1.16
"Tacrolimus can enhance outcomes in nerve allograft reconstruction and accelerates reinnervation of complex functional allograft transplants."	( The role of immunophilin ligands in nerve regeneration. Birchall, MA; Seifalian, AM; Toll, EC, 2011)	1.09
"Tacrolimus appears to cause few if any functional changes in the SC of healthy human skin because of its poor permeability into skin with an intact barrier function."	( Comparison of the effects of daily applications between topical corticosteroid and tacrolimus ointments on normal skin: evaluation with noninvasive methods. Kikuchi, K; Tagami, H, 2002)	1.98
"Tacrolimus could not inhibit the infection of Friend MuLV in all mice, furthermore, it could enhance the infection of Friend MuLV in F1 mice. "	( Effects of tacrolimus on infection of Friend murine leukemia virus to Fv-4 gene heterozygous mice. Chen, XB; Cheng, Z; Gu, HX; Yang, BF; Zhang, FM; Zhong, ZH, 2004)	2.16
"Tacrolimus may cause local irritation, which mostly disappears after 2 weeks."	( [Topical immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, in the treatment of atopic dermatitis]. Bruijnzeel-Koomen, CA; de Bruin-Weller, MS, 2005)	1.33
"Tacrolimus may inhibit activity of Caspase-3, attenuate apoptosis of neural cells and ameliorate neurological function recovery after SCI by inducing high expression of HSP 70."	( [Effect of tacrolimus on apoptosis and expression of heat shock protein 70 after acute spinal cord injury in rats]. Chen, AM; Guo, FJ; Pan, F; Zhu, CL, 2006)	2.17
"Tacrolimus patients had lower GCF MMP-8 levels than gingivitis (p<0.005), but levels similar to the healthy group."	( Gingival crevicular fluid and serum matrix metalloproteinase-8 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 levels in renal transplant patients undergoing different immunosuppressive therapy. Afacan, B; Atilla, G; Emingil, G; Sorsa, T; Tervahartiala, T; Töz, H, 2008)	1.07
"Tacrolimus is able to inhibit several cellular processes thought to be important in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, e.g."	( Topical treatment of mild to moderate plaque psoriasis with 0.3% tacrolimus gel and 0.5% tacrolimus cream: the effect on SUM score, epidermal proliferation, keratinization, T-cell subsets and HLA-DR expression. de Jong, EM; van de Kerkhof, PC; van Erp, PE; van Vlijmen, I; Vissers, WH, 2008)	1.31
"Tacrolimus does not cause hirsutism or gingival hyperplasia, which are common disfiguring complications of cyclosporine."	( Tacrolimus (FK506): the pros and cons of its use as an immunosuppressant in pediatric liver transplantation. Cox, KL; Freese, DK, 1996)	2.46
"Tacrolimus can lower cholesterol, LDL, and apolipoprotein B."	( Effects of tacrolimus on hyperlipidemia after successful renal transplantation: a Southeastern Organ Procurement Foundation multicenter clinical study. Adams, PA; Armata, T; Blanton, J; Burdick, JF; Gaber, AO; Hayes, JM; Jonsson, J; Light, JA; McCune, TR; Mulloy, L; Peters, TG; Pruett, T; Rohr, MS; Selman, SH; Thacker LR, II; Wright, FH; Yium, J, 1998)	1.41
"For tacrolimus, Cminss displays a reasonable correlation with systemic drug exposure as measured by AUC, however, there is little correlation between Cminss and clinical events within recommended therapeutic ranges."	( Pharmacological surrogates of allograft outcome. Kahan, BD; Mahalati, K, 2000)	0.79
"Tacrolimus did not activate the neural motilin receptor of the rabbit gastric antrum and had low affinity for the smooth-muscle motilin receptor."	( In vitro evaluation of motilin agonism by macrolide immunosuppressive drugs. De Vos, M; Depoortere, I; Lefebvre, R; Peeters, TL; Schoonjans, R; Van Vlem, B; Vanholder, R, 2002)	1.04

Treatment

Tacrolimus treatment ameliorated mesangial alterations by suppressing the expressions of Th17-related cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-6. The most significant effect on the IOP was associated with glaucoma.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Tacrolimus treatment is effective and safe for VKC. "	( When to start tacrolimus ointment for vernal keratoconjunctivitis? A proposed treatment protocol. Arnon, R; Goldberg, D; Mostovoy, D; Niazov, Y; Rozen-Knisbacher, I; Sharabi-Nov, A; Stanescu, N; Yahalomi, T, 2022)	2.52
"Tacrolimus treatment ameliorated mesangial alterations by suppressing the expressions of Th17-related cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-6."	( Th17 Cells Participate in Thy1.1 Glomerulonephritis Which Is Ameliorated by Tacrolimus. Fukusumi, Y; Kawachi, H; Kazama, JJ; Takada, A; Watanabe, S; Yasuda, H; Zhang, Y, 2022)	1.67
"Tacrolimus treatment prolonged allograft survival in the allogeneic transplantation model and enhanced tumor growth in both subcutaneous and orthotopic HCC models. "	( Therapeutic Effects of Anti-PD1 Immunotherapy on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Under Administration of Tacrolimus. Chen, CH; Chou, HC; Hsu, PN; Hsu, YC; Huang, HF; Lee, HS; Lee, YT; Lin, SW; Sheu, JC; Su, CW; Wang, LF; Weng, MT; Wu, MC; Wu, YM, 2023)	2.57
"Tacrolimus pre-treatment dose-dependently resulted in lesser seizure severity according to Racine's scale, delayed start-up latency of the first myoclonic jerk and attenuated the spike percentages detected by EEG in seizure-induced rats."	( Immunosuppressant Tacrolimus Treatment Delays Acute Seizure Occurrence, Reduces Elevated Oxidative Stress, and Reverses PGF2α Burst in the Brain of PTZ-Treated Rats. Egilmez, CB; Erbas, O; Erdogan, MA; Pazarlar, BA, 2023)	1.97
"Tacrolimus (TAC)-based treatment is associated with nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for this toxicity have not been fully explored. "	( Pathway-level multi-omics analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of long-term tacrolimus exposure. Cho, YS; Kim, DH; Long, NP; Moon, KS; Oh, JH; Park, SM; Phat, NK; Shin, JG; Thu, VTA; Yen, NTH, 2023)	2.57
"Tacrolimus treatment induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, and autophagic activity was enhanced in the kidney organoids."	( Human kidney organoids model the tacrolimus nephrotoxicity and elucidate the role of autophagy. Ju, JH; Kim, D; Kim, DS; Kim, HL; Kim, HW; Kim, J; Kim, JW; Kim, YK; Lee, JY; Lim, SW; Nam, SA; Seo, E; Yang, CW, 2021)	1.62
"In tacrolimus-treated eyes, the most significant effect on the IOP was associated with glaucoma history or medication; however, its effect on the IOP was limited to 1.7 mmHg elevation (P = 0.006)."	( Reduced steroid-induced intraocular pressure elevation in tacrolimus-treated refractory allergic ocular diseases. Ebihara, N; Fujishima, H; Fukushima, A; Inoue, Y; Miyazaki, D; Namba, K; Ohashi, Y; Okamoto, S; Shimizu, D; Shoji, J; Takamura, E; Uchio, E, 2020)	1.32
"Tacrolimus-treated recipients experienced a lower risk of gestational hypertension (28.0%; OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.27-2.39; p < 0.01)."	( Pregnancy outcomes in female patients exposed to cyclosporin-based versus tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimens after liver/kidney transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, P; Chen, X; Dai, R; Gong, X; Li, J; Liu, L; Yan, J, 2021)	1.57
"Tacrolimus was treated to a goal serum trough of > 5 ng/mL and prednisone was tapered every month."	( Adapting MRI as a clinical outcome measure for a facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy trial of prednisone and tacrolimus: case report. Bindschadler, M; Friedman, SD; Johnstone, LM; Tapscott, SJ; Wang, LH, 2021)	1.55
"Tacrolimus-treated mice showed no difference in innate susceptibility following primary infection, whereas susceptibility to secondary challenge was significantly increased."	( Tacrolimus exposure windows responsible for Listeria monocytogenes infection susceptibility. Erickson, JJ; Gregory, EJ; Miller-Handley, H; Prasanphanich, NS; Shao, TY; Way, SS, 2021)	2.79
"The tacrolimus-treated EAE groups exhibited less demyelination and inflammation and weak immunoreactivity for all of the immunization biomarkers."	( The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Oral-Formulated Tacrolimus in Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Ahn, SW; Jeon, GS; Kim, JM; Kim, MJ; Kim, SH; Mun, SK; Sung, JJ, 2017)	1.19
"Tacrolimus treatment significantly altered the relative abundance of Allobaculum, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus and CD4"	( Immunosuppressive effect of the gut microbiome altered by high-dose tacrolimus in mice. Hu, X; Jiao, W; Liu, L; Mukherjee, A; Sun, Z; Tang, H; Xu, Y; Zeng, S; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z, 2018)	1.44
"Tacrolimus group was pre-treated with tacrolimus (100 nM) for 0.5 h, and the autophagy inhibition group was pre-treated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) (10 mM) and tacrolimus (100 nM) for 0.5 h."	( Tacrolimus alleviates Ox-LDL damage through inducing vascular endothelial autophagy. Duan, XT; Shao, N; Xu, XS; Zhang, X; Zhang, YF, 2018)	2.64
"Tacrolimus treatment in diabetic rats further decreased the BDNF expression level in the DG and CA3 region."	( Influence of Tacrolimus on Depressive-Like Behavior in Diabetic Rats Through Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Regulation in the Hippocampus. Chun, YT; Chung, BH; Cui, S; Hong, S; Kang, HG; Ko, EJ; Lee, J; Lee, MY; Lim, SW; Luo, K; Quan, Y; Shin, YJ; Yang, CW, 2019)	1.6
"Tacrolimus treatment was associated with a higher incidence of dysglycaemia at 3 and 6 months."	( Continuous glucose monitoring after kidney transplantation in non-diabetic patients: early hyperglycaemia is frequent and may herald post-transplantation diabetes mellitus and graft failure. Bringer, J; Mourad, G; Renard, E; Wojtusciszyn, A, 2013)	1.11
"Tacrolimus treatment was discontinued and oral clarithromycin (800 mg/day), rifampicin (450 mg/day), and ethambutol (750 mg/day) treatment was initiated."	( Paradoxical response to disseminated non-tuberculosis mycobacteriosis treatment in a patient receiving tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor: a case report. Imamura, Y; Izumikawa, K; Kakeya, H; Kohno, S; Miyazaki, T; Nakamura, S; Takazono, T; Yanagihara, K, 2014)	1.12
"Tacrolimus treatment significantly increased blood glucose concentrations (p < 0.05) and lowered HOMA-ß and ISI (p < 0.01) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. "	( Tacrolimus reversibly reduces insulin secretion, induces insulin resistance, and causes islet cell damage in rats. Li, CF; Liu, XJ; Niu, YJ; Shen, ZY; Teng, YQ; Wang, HY; Wang, LT; Xu, C; Yin, JP, 2014)	3.29
"Tacrolimus treatment resulted in a reduction of albuminuria; its discontinuation restored albuminuria to the initial levels."	( Early alteration of kidney function in nonuremic type 1 diabetic islet transplant recipients under tacrolimus-mycophenolate therapy. Efendi, A; Gillard, P; Gorus, F; Hilbrands, R; Jacobs-Tulleneers-Thevissen, D; Keymeulen, B; Kuypers, D; Lee, DH; Ling, Z; Mathieu, C; Pipeleers, D; Rustandi, M, 2014)	1.34
"Tacrolimus treatment alone did not cause overt renal or pancreatic islet injury, but the addition of EVR significantly enhanced the TAC-induced organ injury, as demonstrated by aggravated nephrotoxicity and pancreatic islet dysfunction. "	( Combined treatment of tacrolimus and everolimus increases oxidative stress by pharmacological interactions. Bae, SK; Chung, BH; Doh, KC; Heo, SB; Jin, L; Li, C; Lim, SW; Piao, SG; Yang, CW; Zheng, YF, 2014)	2.16
"In tacrolimus-treated rats a lower intensity of apoptosis was found in the distal tubules."	( The effect of immunosuppressive therapy on renal cell apoptosis in native rat kidneys. Baranowska-Bosiacka, I; Bober, J; Ciechanowski, K; Domański, L; Domański, M; Kabat-Koperska, J; Kedzierska, K; Kolasa, A; Osekowska, B; Parafiniuk, M; Safranow, K; Sindrewicz, K; Smektała, T; Sporniak-Tutak, K; Urasińska, E, 2015)	0.93
"Tacrolimus BD treatment was significantly associated with inferior graft (risk ratio: 1.81; p = 0.001) and patient survival (risk ratio: 1.72; p = 0.004) in multivariate analyses."	( Improved survival in liver transplant recipients receiving prolonged-release tacrolimus in the European Liver Transplant Registry. Adam, R; Baccarani, U; Bachellier, P; Bechstein, WO; Boudjema, K; Colledan, M; Delvart, V; Dokmak, S; Ericzon, BG; Hanvesakul, R; Karam, V; Klempnauer, J; Kollmar, O; Krawczyk, M; Mantion, G; Muiesan, P; Němec, P; Neuhaus, P; Paul, A; Pratschke, J; Rossi, M; Rummo, OO; Samuel, D; Tisone, G; Trunečka, P; Zamboni, F, 2015)	1.37
"Tacrolimus-treated renal transplant recipients had significantly higher combined endpoint-free survival rates mainly driven by lower acute rejection rates despite less immunosuppressive medication at 7 years."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus compared with ciclosporin-A in renal transplantation: 7-year observational results. Arias, M; Banas, B; Dietl, KH; Hörsch, S; Krämer, BK; Krüger, B; Kunzendorf, U; Marcen, R; Margreiter, R; Montagnino, G; Mühlbacher, F; Olbricht, CJ; Rigotti, P; Ronco, C; Sester, U, 2016)	1.47
"In tacrolimus treated subjects the frequency of these phenomena is significantly lower."	( Cyclosporine-A, but not tacrolimus significantly increases reactivity of vascular smooth muscle cells. Grześk, E; Grześk, G; Malinowski, B; Manysiak, S; Odrowąż-Sypniewska, G; Sinjab, TA; Szadujkis-Szadurska, K; Słupski, M; Tejza, B; Wiciński, M, 2016)	1.26
"Tacrolimus treatment was performed using the tight dose-adjusting strategy."	( ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 1236C/T polymorphism significantly affects the therapeutic outcome of tacrolimus in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis. Endo, K; Hiramoto, K; Kakuta, Y; Kanazawa, Y; Kimura, T; Kinouchi, Y; Kuroha, M; Negoro, K; Onodera, M; Shiga, H; Shimosegawa, T, 2017)	1.39
"When tacrolimus treatment was initiated at the time the obliterative lesion had already started to develop, it inhibited the progression of OAD significantly."	( Tacrolimus treatment effectively inhibits progression of obliterative airway disease even at later stages of disease development. Hollmén, M; Koskinen, PK; Lemström, KB; Nykänen, AI; Tikkanen, JM, 2008)	2.24
"Tacrolimus-treated patients had a lower insignificant incidence of hyperlipidemia (P = 0.05), but a significantly higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (P = 0.04).There was no significant change or difference in blood pressure between groups."	( Long-term graft outcome in patients with chronic allograft nephropathy after immunosuppression modifications. El-Agroudy, AE; El-Baz, M; El-Dahshan, KF; Ghoneim, MA; Ismail, AM; Mahmoud, K; Shokeir, AA, 2009)	1.07
"Tacrolimus-treated patients had a lower insignificant incidence of hyperlipidemia (P = .05) but a significantly higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (P = .04)."	( Immunosuppression modifications and graft outcome in patients with chronic allograft nephropathy. El-Agroudy, AE; El-Baz, M; El-Dahshan, K; Ghoneim, MA; Ismail, AM; Mahmoud, K; Shokeir, AA, 2008)	1.07
"Tacrolimus-treated patients had a lower insignificant incidence of hyperlipidemia (P=0.05), but a significantly higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (P=0.04).There was no significant change or difference in blood pressure between groups."	( Long-term graft outcome in patients with chronic allograft dysfunction after immunosuppression modifications. El-Agroudy, AE; El-Baz, M; El-Dahshan, K; Ghoneim, MA; Mahmoud, K; Shokeir, AA, 2008)	1.07
"Tacrolimus-treated patients had less acute rejection risk at 6 months and 1 year."	( Tacrolimus versus cyclosporine microemulsion for heart transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Hetzer, R; Ye, F; Ying-Bin, X; Yu-Guo, W, 2009)	2.52
"Tacrolimus treatment of RA-FLS results in potentiation of GR translocation to the nucleus even in the presence of a low concentration of Dex (10-9M)."	( Potentiation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated signaling by the immunosuppressant tacrolimus in rheumatoid synoviocytes. Aiba, Y; Eguchi, K; Ishibashi, H; Koga, T; Komori, A; Maeda, Y; Migita, K; Miyashita, T; Motokawa, S; Nakamura, M; Shindo, H; Torigoshi, T; Uemura, T; Yatsuhashi, H, )	1.07
"Tacrolimus-treated patients who were UGT1A9 -275T>A and/or -2152C>T carriers displayed a 20% lower MPA area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC(0-12)) (P = 0.012)."	( UGT1A9 -275T>A/-2152C>T polymorphisms correlate with low MPA exposure and acute rejection in MMF/tacrolimus-treated kidney transplant patients. Budde, K; de Fijter, JW; Hartmann, A; Kuypers, D; Le Meur, Y; Mamelok, R; Schmidt, J; van Agteren, M; van der Werf, M; van Gelder, T; van Schaik, RH, 2009)	1.29
"Tacrolimus-treated patients experienced fewer incidences of acute rejection (MD = -0.14; 95% CI, -0.28 to -0.01; P = .04)."	( Tacrolimus versus cyclosporine for adult lung transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Fan, Y; Weng, YG; Xiao, YB, 2009)	2.52
"Tacrolimus treatment restored insulin levels in both experiments."	( Antiapoptotic effect of tacrolimus on cytokine-challenged human islets. Arias-Díaz, J; Cantero, JL; Del Castillo, JM; García-Martín, MC; Giné, E; Vara, E, 2009)	1.38
"Tacrolimus-treated wildtype mice were less sensitive to colitis and had fewer activated T-cells. "	( T-cell regulation of neutrophil infiltrate at the early stages of a murine colitis model. de Haar, C; Escher, JC; Lambrecht, BN; Lindenbergh-Kortleve, DJ; Nieuwenhuis, EE; Samsom, JN; Simons-Oosterhuis, Y; van Lierop, PP; van Rijt, LS, 2010)	1.8
"Tacrolimus treatment also ameliorated oxidative stress and DNA damage in the liver of the core gene transgenic mice."	( Tacrolimus ameliorates metabolic disturbance and oxidative stress caused by hepatitis C virus core protein: analysis using mouse model and cultured cells. Fujie, H; Koike, K; Matsuura, Y; Miyamura, T; Miyoshi, H; Moriishi, K; Moriya, K; Shintani, Y; Shinzawa, S; Suzuki, T; Tsutsumi, T; Yotsuyanagi, H, 2009)	2.52
"Tacrolimus treatment was stopped."	( Progressive necrotic encephalopathy following tacrolimus therapy for liver transplantation. Aridon, P; Conaldi, PG; D'Amelio, M; Di Benedetto, N; Grasso, G; Ragonese, P; Savettieri, G, 2009)	1.33
"The Tacrolimus-treated group developed a more aggressive tumor and a drug-related nephrotoxic effect."	( Action of tacrolimus on Wistar rat kidneys implanted with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. Czeczko, NG; Dietz, UA; Inácio, CM; Malafaia, O; Marcondes, CA; Nassif, PA; Ribas Filho, JM, 2010)	1.32
"In tacrolimus-treated cases, there was a decrease in CD4 and MHC II, with no change in CD8 between the pre- and post-treated areas."	( Diphencyprone and topical tacrolimus as two topical immunotherapeutic modalities. Are they effective in the treatment of alopecia areata among Egyptian patients? A study using CD4, CD8 and MHC II as markers. Hunter, N; Marei, N; Shaker, O, 2011)	1.18
"In tacrolimus-treated renal transplant recipients with GI burdens, a conversion from MMF to EC-MPS improves GI-related symptoms and HRQoL."	( Improved gastrointestinal symptoms and quality of life after conversion from mycophenolate mofetil to enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in renal transplant patients receiving tacrolimus. Hwang, HS; Hyoung, BJ; Kim, CD; Kim, JK; Kim, S; Kim, YH; Kim, YL; Kim, YS; Oh, HY; Shin, GT; Yang, CW, 2010)	1.07
"Tacrolimus treatment diminished TNF-α but not IL-1 expression increase after LPS challenge in hepatic tissue."	( Tacrolimus modulates liver and pancreas nitric oxide synthetase and heme-oxygenase isoforms and cytokine production after endotoxemia. Arias-Díaz, J; Balibrea, JL; Balibrea, JM; Cuesta-Sancho, S; Fernández-Sevilla, E; García-Martín, MC; Olmedilla, Y; Vara, E, 2011)	2.53
"Tacrolimus treatment of mice for 1 week dose-dependently decreased splenic CD4(+)/FoxP3(+) (regulatory T cells), increased splenic CD4(+)/IL-17(+) (T-helper 17) cells, and caused endothelial dysfunction and hypertension."	( FK506 binding protein 12 deficiency in endothelial and hematopoietic cells decreases regulatory T cells and causes hypertension. Banes-Berceli, AK; Chatterjee, P; Chiasson, VL; Mitchell, BM; Talreja, D; Young, KJ, 2011)	1.09
"Tacrolimus ointment treatment continued for 12 months."	( Treatment of refractory atopic blepharoconjunctivitis with topical tacrolimus 0.03% dermatologic ointment. Sakarya, R; Sakarya, Y, 2012)	1.34
"Tacrolimus treatment significantly attenuated TREC content within cultured CD4+CD8- cells from PM/DMpatients (p < 0.05), but total cell counts were not significantly changed."	( The effects of FK506 on refractory inflammatory myopathies. Kaji, R; Kuroda, Y; Mitsui, T; Ueno, S, 2011)	1.09
"Tacrolimus treatment did not modify neither systolic nor diastolic arterial pressure but increased ET-1 content, ET(A)- and ET(B)-type receptor expression in aorta."	( Changes by tacrolimus of the rat aortic proteome: involvement of endothelin-1. Barrientos, A; López-Farré, AJ; Macaya, C; Marques, M; Modrego, J; Rodríguez, P; Segura, A; Zamorano-León, JJ, 2012)	1.49
"Tacrolimus treatment increased bone formation markers in RA patients."	( Tacrolimus treatment increases bone formation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ju, JH; Kang, KY; Kim, HY; Park, SH; Song, YW; Yoo, DH, 2013)	2.55
"Tacrolimus-treated and knockout mice exhibited significantly increased levels of aortic TGF-β receptor activation as evidenced by SMAD2/3 phosphorylation, along with increased collagen and fibronectin expression compared to controls."	( Endothelial cell transforming growth factor-β receptor activation causes tacrolimus-induced renal arteriolar hyalinosis. Chiasson, VL; Jones, KA; Kopriva, SE; Mahajan, A; Mitchell, BM; Young, KJ, 2012)	1.33
"Tacrolimus-treated black American patients had greater freedom from allograft rejection requiring treatment at 1 year than those treated with cyclosporine (64% vs. "	( Ethnic disparity in clinical outcome after heart transplantation is abrogated using tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil-based immunosuppression. Mehra, MR; Park, MH; Scott, RL; Uber, PA, 2002)	1.98
"Tacrolimus treatment is associated with a significantly better cardiovascular risk profile and superior renal function compared with cyclosporin microemulsion treatment, which appears to translate into improved long-term graft survival."	( Tacrolimus versus cyclosporin immunosuppression: long-term outcome in renal transplantation. Jurewicz, WA, 2003)	2.48
"Tacrolimus treatment was continued (n = 4) or temporarily withheld (n = 7) for 1-14 d."	( Tacrolimus-associated posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Beguelin, GZ; Champlin, R; Couriel, D; de Lima, M; Forman, AD; Giralt, SA; Hosing, C; Ippoliti, C; Kumar, AJ; Wong, R, 2003)	2.48
"Tacrolimus treated cats survived longer (median, 44 days; range, 24 to 52 days) than untreated cats (median, 23 days; range, 8 to 34 days)."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after multidose oral administration and efficacy in the prevention of allograft rejection in cats with renal transplants. Craigmill, AL; Gregory, CR; Griffey, SM; Jackson, J; Kyles, AE; Stanley, SD, 2003)	1.36
"Tacrolimus treats the signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis, reduces the incidence of flares, and offers the potential for long-term disease control."	( Atopic dermatitis management with tacrolimus ointment (Protopic). Allen, BR; Kapp, A; Reitamo, S, 2003)	1.32
"Tacrolimus-treated patients exhibit significantly faster recovery from tubular phosphate reabsorption impairment compared to cyclosporine-treated recipients."	( Tacrolimus decreases tubular phosphate wasting in renal allograft recipients. Boratynska, M; Falkiewicz, K; Kaminska, D; Klinger, M; Nahaczewska, W; Owczarek, H; Patrzalek, D; Szepietowski, T; Wozniak, M, 2003)	2.48
"Tacrolimus-treated mature DC had reduced T-cell stimulatory capacity. "	( In vitro treatment of dendritic cells with tacrolimus: impaired T-cell activation and IP-10 expression. Ebner, S; Fritsch, P; Herold, M; Heufler, C; Hofer, S; Ivarsson, L; Mayer, G; Neyer, S; Tiefenthaler, M, 2004)	2.03
"Tacrolimus treatment reduces the ability of DC to stimulate T cells and the impaired production of DC-derived IP-10 (CXCL10) and IL-12 might play a role in the immunosuppressive action of tacrolimus."	( In vitro treatment of dendritic cells with tacrolimus: impaired T-cell activation and IP-10 expression. Ebner, S; Fritsch, P; Herold, M; Heufler, C; Hofer, S; Ivarsson, L; Mayer, G; Neyer, S; Tiefenthaler, M, 2004)	2.03
"The tacrolimus-treated patients had a superior outcome regarding neurologic function and progression rate of cerebral hemiatrophy but no better seizure outcome."	( An open study of tacrolimus therapy in Rasmussen encephalitis. Bien, CG; Elger, CE; Gleissner, U; Sassen, R; Urbach, H; Widman, G, 2004)	1.14
"Tacrolimus treatment was safe and well tolerated."	( Efficacy of tacrolimus in the treatment of steroid refractory autoimmune hepatitis. Aqel, BA; Dickson, RC; Harnois, DM; Machicao, V; Rosser, B; Satyanarayana, R, 2004)	1.42
"With tacrolimus treatment (0.64 mg/kg per day, 0-13 postoperative days, intramuscularly), recipients' body weights and their survival were evaluated."	( Immunologic benefits of longer graft in rat allogenic small bowel transplantation. Fujishiro, J; Hashizume, K; Inoue, S; Kaneko, M; Kaneko, T; Kobayashi, E; Tahara, K, 2005)	0.78
"tacrolimus-treated rats, respectively."	( Systemic toxicity of tacrolimus given by various routes and the response to dose reduction. Akar, Y; Arici, G; Durukan, A; Yucel, G; Yucel, I, 2005)	1.37
"Tacrolimus treatment remained of borderline significance (2.77, P = .05)."	( Factors influencing the onset of diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation: a single French center experience. Bondor, CI; Kessler, M; Marin, M; Renoult, E, 2005)	1.05
"In tacrolimus-treated animals, median survival was 152+/-65 days with the longest survivor being electively sacrificed on POD 390 (P=0.0064)."	( Tacrolimus versus cyclosporine induction therapy in pulmonary transplantation in miniature swine. Avsar, M; Haverich, A; Niedermeyer, J; Reinhard, R; Simon, AR; Steinkamp, T; Strüber, M; Warnecke, G, 2005)	2.29
"Tacrolimus-treated patients had significantly lower cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels and also had fewer new-onset infections."	( Tacrolimus as secondary intervention vs. cyclosporine continuation in patients at risk for chronic renal allograft failure. Waid, T, 2005)	2.49
"Tacrolimus-treated patients were mainly withdrawn from the study due to MMF discontinuation."	( Immunosuppressive drugs after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. Claes, K; Coosemans, W; Evenepoel, P; Kuypers, DR; Maes, B; Malaise, J; Pirenne, J; Squifflet, JP; Van Ophem, D; Vanrenterghem, Y, )	0.85
"Tacrolimus pretreatment failed to block respiratory reactions to provoking doses of aspirin in 5 of 8 patients with AERD, and in the other 3 patients did not block higher doses of aspirin. "	( Failure of tacrolimus to prevent aspirin-induced respiratory reactions in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Gupta, S; Mehra, PK; Simon, RA; Stevenson, DD; White, AA; Woessner, KM, 2005)	2.16
"Only tacrolimus-treated recipients showed preserved luminal epithelial coverage with airway goblet cells, whereas, in animals that received FK778, no epithelium was found."	( FK778 and tacrolimus prevent the development of obliterative airway disease after heterotopic rat tracheal transplantation. Böger, R; Detter, C; Deuse, T; Haddad, M; Koch-Nolte, F; Reichenspurner, H; Schäfer, H; Schrepfer, S; Schwedhelm, E, 2005)	1.19
"Tacrolimus-treated patients exhibit significantly faster recovery from tubular phosphate reabsorption impairment compared with cyclosporine-treated recipients."	( Renal function and tubular phosphate handling in long-term cyclosporine- and tacrolimus-based immunosuppression in kidney transplantation. Boratyńska, M; Falkiewicz, K; Kamińska, D; Klinger, M; Nahaczewska, W; Owczarek, H; Patrzałek, D; Szyber, P; Woźniak, M, )	1.08
"tacrolimus treatment. The median duration of therapy with calcium-channel blocker in the tyrosinemia group was 5 (1-13) vs."	( Normal glomerular filtration rate in long-term follow-up of children after orthotopic liver transplantation. Alvarez, F; Herzog, D; Martin, S; Turpin, S, 2006)	1.06
"Tacrolimus-treated patients experienced more application site skin burning (tacrolimus gel and cream both 31.0% versus 7.5% for calcipotriol; p = 0.011)."	( 0.3% Tacrolimus gel and 0.5% Tacrolimus cream show efficacy in mild to moderate plaque psoriasis: Results of a randomized, open-label, observer-blinded study. Bieber, T; Lahfa, M; Lorette, G; Ortonne, JP; Prinz, JC; Rubins, A; van de Kerkhof, PC; Wozel, G, 2006)	1.57
"Tacrolimus treatment achieved a significant reduction of CD25+ cells."	( The effects of tacrolimus ointment on regulatory T lymphocytes in atopic dermatitis. Antiga, E; Caproni, M; del Bianco, E; Fabbri, P; Torchia, D; Volpi, W, 2006)	1.41
"Of tacrolimus-treated patients, 43% displayed hypomagnesemia. "	( Tacrolimus-associated hypomagnesemia in renal transplant recipients. Gross, MD; Jeevanantham, V; Monk, RD; Navaneethan, SD; Sankarasubbaiyan, S, 2006)	2.4
"Tacrolimus was treated at 0.1-10 ng/ml."	( FK506 (tacrolimus) improves lung injury through inhibition of Fas-mediated inflammation. Hirayama, Y; Koshika, T; Masunaga, T, 2006)	1.51
"Tacrolimus-treated patients were significantly older than cyclosporine-treated patients (49 +/- 14 vs."	( Relative risk of new-onset diabetes during the first year after renal transplantation in patients receiving tacrolimus or cyclosporine immunosuppression. Hilbrands, LB; Hoitsma, AJ, )	1.07
"Tacrolimus-treated specimens featured a significant reduction of the expression of ELAM-1, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, while hydrocortisone-treated lesions did not."	( Expression of adhesion molecules in atopic dermatitis is reduced by tacrolimus, but not by hydrocortisone butyrate: a randomized immunohistochemical study. Antiga, E; Caproni, M; Fabbri, P; Torchia, D; Volpi, W, 2006)	1.29
"Two tacrolimus-treated patients developed perianal abscesses, 1 after improvement in fistula drainage."	( Topical tacrolimus in the treatment of perianal Crohn's disease: exploratory randomized controlled trial. Hart, AL; Kamm, MA; Plamondon, S, 2007)	1.25
"Tacrolimus treatment reduced proteinuria and increased serum albumin (time effect, P = 0.047 and 0.032 respectively)."	( A pilot study on tacrolimus treatment in membranous or quiescent lupus nephritis with proteinuria resistant to angiotensin inhibition or blockade. Chan, TM; Lam, MF; Tang, CS; Tang, SC; Tse, KC, 2007)	1.4
"Tacrolimus treatment in periodontitis-induced rats conferred protection against the inflammation-induced tissue and bone loss associated with periodontitis, through a mechanism involving IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6."	( Protective effects of Tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, in experimental periodontitis in rats. Andia, DC; Guimarães, MR; Nassar, CA; Nassar, PO; Rossa, C; Spolidorio, DM; Spolidorio, LC, 2007)	1.38
"Tacrolimus-treated patients had significantly greater improvements in the Eczema Area Severity Index score compared with pimecrolimus-treated patients (mean percent reduction from baseline to study end: 57% vs 39%, respectively; p=0.0002). "	( Tacrolimus ointment is more effective than pimecrolimus cream in adult patients with moderate to very severe atopic dermatitis. Abramovits, W; Breneman, D; Fleischer, AB; Jaracz, E, 2007)	3.23
"Tacrolimus-treated peritoneal macrophages, however, were able to present synthetic OVA peptide, SIINFEKL."	( Calcineurin inhibitors block MHC-restricted antigen presentation in vivo. Gerelchuluun, T; Im, SA; Kim, K; Kim, KH; Lee, CK; Lee, YH; Lee, YR; Park, SI; Song, S, 2007)	1.06
"Tacrolimus-treated subjects had significantly reduced pocket depth and gingival enlargement measures (Pocket Depths: -0.40 +/- 0.58 vs 0.30 +/- 0.35, P < 0.01; Gingival Enlargement Index: -1.12 +/- 0.83 vs-0.10 +/- 0.89, P < 0.05; tacrolimus vs cyclosporine, respectively), and decreased subjective disfigurement compared with the cyclosporine-treated group over the 12 months."	( Conversion of cyclosporine to tacrolimus in stable renal allograft recipients: quantification of effects on the severity of gingival enlargement and hirsutism and patient-reported outcomes. Butcher, BE; Cottrell, S; Fraser, I; Nicholls, KM; Sharp, K; Tripodi, R; Varigos, GA; Walker, RG, 2007)	1.35
"In tacrolimus- and CsA-treated patients, but not in patients with GO, the level of TGF-beta1 gene expression was associated with functional phenotypes of TGF-beta1."	( Transforming growth factor-beta1 gene expression and cyclosporine A-induced gingival overgrowth: a pilot study. Boratyńska, M; Dobosz, T; Radwan-Oczko, M; Zietek, M, 2008)	0.86
"The tacrolimus pretreatment significantly reduced the hamster-specific complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies response directed to liver NPC but not to lymph node cell targets."	( Tacrolimus pretreatment attenuates preexisting xenospecific immunity and abrogates hyperacute rejection in a presensitized hamster to rat liver transplant model. Celli, S; Demetris, AJ; Fung, JJ; Pan, F; Rao, AS; Starzl, TE; Tsugita, M; Valdivia, LA, 1996)	2.22
"Tacrolimus-treated patients had an increased intestinal permeability and significantly higher endotoxin levels compared with healthy volunteers."	( The effect of tacrolimus (FK506) on intestinal barrier function and cellular energy production in humans. Barclay, GR; Bjarnason, I; Gabe, SM; Johnson, PG; Silk, DB; Tolou-Ghamari, Z; Tredger, JM; Williams, R, 1998)	1.38
"In tacrolimus-treated rats, the velocity of rolling leukocytes was significantly faster than in vehicle-treated rats (P<0.01)."	( Tacrolimus (FK506) attenuates leukocyte accumulation after transient retinal ischemia. Hiroshiba, N; Honda, Y; Kiryu, J; Miyamoto, K; Ogura, Y; Tsujikawa, A, 1998)	2.26
"Tacrolimus treated patients had a mean creatinine of 1.8 +/- 0.8 mg/dl, as compared to 1.6 +/- 0.7 mg/dl in controls."	( [Quality of life following transplantation. The impact ofa new immunosuppressive substance]. Franke, G; Heemann, U; Kohnle, M; Lütkes, P; Philipp, T; Witzke, O; Zimmermann, U, 1999)	1.02
"Tacrolimus-treated patients had a lower incidence of hyperlipidemia through 6 months posttransplant."	( Randomized trial of tacrolimus (Prograf) in combination with azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporine (Neoral) with mycophenolate mofetil after cadaveric kidney transplantation. Ahsan, N; Corwin, C; Danovitch, G; Fitzsimmons, WE; Gonwa, T; Halloran, P; Hardy, M; Johnson, C; Light, J; Metzger, R; Mulloy, L; Rocher, L; Salm, K; Scandling, J; Shield, C; Sorensen, J; Stegall, M; Tolzman, D; van Veldhuisen, P; Wachs, M, 2000)	1.35
"Tacrolimus-treated animals developed significantly less proteinuria and had lower serum creatinine levels than those receiving cyclosporin. "	( Tacrolimus has less fibrogenic potential than cyclosporin A in a model of renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Bicknell, GR; Jain, S; Nicholson, ML, 2000)	3.19
"Tacrolimus ointment-treated patients showed significantly greater improvement than vehicle-treated patients for all efficacy parameters evaluated, including the %BSA affected, the total score and individual scores for signs of atopic dermatitis, the patient's assessment of pruritus, and EASI score."	( Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: part I, efficacy. Breneman, D; Hanifin, JM; Langley, R; Ling, MR; Rafal, E, 2001)	2.47
"Tacrolimus treatment ameliorated the histopathological features and prevented the decrease in villin protein expression."	( Expression of peptide transporter following intestinal transplantation in the rat. Inui, KI; Katsura, T; Masuda, S; Motohashi, H; Saito, H; Sakamoto, S; Tanaka, K; Uemoto, S, 2001)	1.03
"Tacrolimus treatment added with donor specific BMT down-regulated IL-12 and IFN-gamma transcript, resulted in a significant prolongation of intestinal allograft survival."	( Impact of tacrolimus and bone marrow augmentation on intestinal allograft survival and intragraft cytokine expression in rats. Kobayashi, E; Nakao, A; Shen, SD; Tanaka, N; Yoshino, T, 2001)	1.43
"Tacrolimus-treated patients appear to have less hyperlipidemic and have LDL less susceptible to oxidation than patients treated with CsA."	( Tacrolimus, cyclosporine and plasma lipoproteins in renal transplant recipients. Neylan, JF; Santanam, N; Sgoutas, DS; Venkiteswaran, K, 2001)	2.47
"Treatment with tacrolimus was switched to everolimus (EVO), but EVO was discontinued because of pneumonitis."	( Successful Treatment of Conjunctival Kaposi Sarcoma in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative Kidney Transplant Recipient: A Case Report. Gunay, E; Oncul, H, 2020)	0.9
"Treatment with tacrolimus ointment was started as the patient had an elevated intraocular pressure due to prolonged steroid use."	( Ointment tacrolimus for steroid resistant adenoviral nummular keratitis. Jamaluddin Ahmad, M; Khaliddin, N; Lott, PW; Singh, S, 2020)	1.31
"Treatment with tacrolimus was superior to sodium cromoglycate when comparing severity scores for symptoms of itching, foreign body sensation, and photophobia, as well as for signs of limbal inflammatory activity and keratitis."	( Tacrolimus eye drops as monotherapy for vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a randomized controlled trial. Belfort, R; Freitas, D; Gomes, JÁP; Müller, EG; Santos, MSD, 2017)	2.25
"Treatment with tacrolimus was an independent risk factor associated with increased risk for rPSC (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.15-2.86, p = 0.010)."	( Risk factors and prognosis for recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation: a Nordic Multicentre Study. Bergquist, A; Boberg, KM; Bottai, M; Castedal, M; Isoniemi, H; Jørgensen, KK; Lindström, L; Rasmussen, A; Rostved, AA, 2018)	0.82
"Treatment of tacrolimus toxicity includes holding tacrolimus and supportive care. "	( Treatment of prolonged tacrolimus toxicity using phenytoin in a haemodialysis patient. Hamid, M; McGowan, M; Meaney, CJ; O'Connor, M; Su, W, 2019)	1.19
"Treatment of tacrolimus significantly ameliorated the TNF-mediated axonal loss."	( Axonal Protection by Tacrolimus with Inhibition of NFATc1 in TNF-Induced Optic Nerve Degeneration. Fujita, N; Kitaoka, Y; Sase, K; Takagi, H; Tsukahara, C, 2019)	1.19
"Treatment with tacrolimus was continued for 18.1 ± 13.9 months. "	( Efficacy and safety of systemic tacrolimus in high-risk penetrating keratoplasty after graft failure with systemic cyclosporine. Omoto, M; Shimazaki, J; Yamaguchi, T; Yamazoe, K, 2014)	1.04
"When treated with tacrolimus, however, BP and the renal abundance of phosphorylated NCC were lower in mice lacking FKBP12 along the nephron than in control mice."	( Renal Deletion of 12 kDa FK506-Binding Protein Attenuates Tacrolimus-Induced Hypertension. Bachmann, S; Blankenstein, KI; Bleich, M; Ellison, DH; Himmerkus, N; Lazelle, RA; McCully, BH; Mutig, K; Terker, AS; Yang, CL, 2016)	1
"Treatment with tacrolimus from 0.001 to 1 µg/ml led to an increase in mineralization compared with the control group."	( Effects of tacrolimus on morphology, proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from gingiva tissue. Ha, DH; Jeong, JH; Kim, JO; Park, JB; Yong, CS, 2016)	1.16
"Treatment with tacrolimus and mTORi is the most diabetogenic immunosuppressive regimen. "	( Risk Factors of Recurrence of Diabetic Nephropathy in Renal Transplants. Bautista, J; Calvo, M; Calvo, N; de la Manzanara, V; Delgado, J; Moreno, A; Perez-Flores, I; Rodriguez Cubillo, B; Rodriguez, B; Sanchez-Fructuoso, AI; Shabaka, A, 2016)	0.79
"Treatment with tacrolimus monotherapy during 60 days may induce increases in alveolar bone volume (BV/TV,%; P<0.05) and a non-significant decrease in trabecular separation (Tb.Sp,mm; P>0.05), represented by a decrease in osteoclast number (N.Oc/BS; P<0.05) and maintenance of osteoblast number (N.Ob/BS; P>0.05)."	( Treatment with tacrolimus enhances alveolar bone formation and decreases osteoclast number in the maxillae: a histomorphometric and ultrastructural study in rats. Andia, DC; Cerri, PS; Guimarães, MR; Nassar, CA; Nassar, PO; Spolidorio, LC, 2008)	1.04
"Treatment with tacrolimus was started orally or intravenously and aimed for serum trough levels of 10-15 ng/ml."	( The effect of tacrolimus (FK-506) on Japanese patients with refractory Crohn's disease. Chiba, T; Inoue, S; Kasahara, K; Kitamura, H; Matsuura, M; Mikami, S; Nakase, H; Tamaki, H; Ueno, S; Uza, N, 2008)	1.05
"Treatment with tacrolimus before the final challenge completely inhibited the recovery of substance P content, whereas dexamethasone facilitated the recovery."	( Depletion of substance P, a mechanism for inhibition of mouse scratching behavior by tacrolimus. Chikumoto, T; Igeta, K; Inagaki, N; Itoh, T; Katoh, H; Kim, JF; Nagai, H; Nagao, M; Shiraishi, N; Tanaka, H, 2010)	0.92
"Pretreatment with tacrolimus also produced significant (p<0.05) reduction in TBARS, total calcium, TNF-alpha, IL-8 and MPO whereas it showed an increase in GSH level at higher dose."	( Activity of tacrolimus: an immunosuppressant, in pyloric ligation-induced peptic ulcer in the rat. Muthuraman, A; Sood, S, 2009)	1.06
"Treatment with tacrolimus was performed in groups TT and TC."	( Action of tacrolimus on Wistar rat kidneys implanted with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. Czeczko, NG; Dietz, UA; Inácio, CM; Malafaia, O; Marcondes, CA; Nassif, PA; Ribas Filho, JM, 2010)	1.1
"Treatment with tacrolimus, alone or in combination with topical corticosteroids for acute flares, may be a useful option for long-term management of AD in pediatric patients."	( The safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Eichenfield, LF; McCollum, AD; Paik, A, )	0.77
"Treatment with tacrolimus was successful in preventing disease relapses."	( Neuromyelitis optica-IgG+ optic neuritis associated with celiac disease and dysgammaglobulinemia: a role for tacrolimus? Bossuyt, X; Buyse, G; Jansen, K; Lagae, L; Meyts, I; Régal, L; Renard, M; Roelens, F, 2011)	0.92
"Treatment with tacrolimus 0.1 percent ointment was prescribed with a very good response after two months."	( Annular erythematous papules in the neckline. Aneiros-Cachaza, J; Aneiros-Fernández, J; Arias-Santiago, S; Espiñeira-Carmona, MJ; Fernández-Pugnaire, MA; Naranjo-Sintes, R, 2011)	0.71
"Treatment with tacrolimus (FK-506) has been shown to induce a significant decrease in the number of spermatocytes, spermatids, and Sertoli cells. "	( Immunosuppressant prograf® (tacrolimus) induces histopathological disorders in the peritubular tissue of rat testes. Caneguim, BH; Cerri, PS; Miraglia, SM; Sasso-Cerri, E; Spolidório, LC, 2011)	1.02
"Pre-treatment with tacrolimus markedly protected RGC-5 cells from NMDA-induced neurotoxicity, and then both spontaneous RGC death and degenerative changes to the optic nerve in p50-deficient mice were significantly reduced by the chronic administration of tacrolimus."	( Development of spontaneous neuropathy in NF-κBp50-deficient mice by calcineurin-signal involving impaired NF-κB activation. Hayashi, T; Murata, T; Nakamura-Yanagidaira, T; Sano, K; Takahashi, Y, 2011)	0.69
"Treatment with tacrolimus resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the invasive potential of HCC cells in vitro, in the density of peritumoral lymphatic vessels, and in the number and volume of metastatic lymph nodes in August Copenhagen Irish (ACI) rats."	( Tacrolimus enhances the invasion potential of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and promotes lymphatic metastasis in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma: involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor-C. Dai, Z; Fan, J; Fu, X; Tan, C; Wang, W; Xu, M; Zhao, Y; Zhou, J; Zhou, S; Zhou, Z; Zhu, H, 2011)	2.15
"Treatment with Tacrolimus induced an increase in serum amylase in normal mice, but did not affect blood glucose or the histological pattern of the pancreatic parenchyma. "	( Action of tacrolimus in arginine induced experimental acute pancreatitis. Caron, PE; Matias, JE; Moreira, M; Nicoluzzi, JE; Repka, JC; Souza, CJ, )	0.89
"Treatment with tacrolimus for 14 d reduced the colon weight per unit length and suppressed the release of IFN-γ and IL-1β, but not other cytokines, in inflamed colons of colitic mice compared with vehicle-treated mice."	( Tacrolimus ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice: implication of interferon-γ and interleukin-1β suppression. Koshiba, M; Maeda, N; Miyata, K; Okada, Y; Takakura, S, 2011)	2.15
"Treatment with tacrolimus (FK506) showed a dose dependant inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia in arterialised vein grafts in rats (Tab. "	( Tacrolimus inhibits intimal hyperplasia in arterialised veins in rats. Adamec, M; Lodererova, A; Matia, I; Varga, M, 2012)	2.17
"Treatment with tacrolimus or IVIG may slow down tissue and function loss and prevent development of intractable epilepsy."	( Rasmussen encephalitis: incidence and course under randomized therapy with tacrolimus or intravenous immunoglobulins. Bast, T; Becker, AJ; Bien, CG; Elger, CE; Herkenrath, P; Karenfort, M; Kruse, B; Kuczaty, S; Kurlemann, G; Rona, S; Sassen, R; Schubert-Bast, S; Tiemeier, H; Urbach, H; Vieker, S; Vlaho, S; von Lehe, M; Wilken, B, 2013)	0.96
"Treatment of tacrolimus with weak base (1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonene) gives, in addition to 8-epitacrolimus, the open-chain acid corresponding to 5-deoxy-Δ(5,6)-tacrolimus, a rare non-cyclic derivative of tacrolimus."	( Some transformations of tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive drug. Frydenvang, K; Hansen, L; Hansen, SH; Jaroszewski, JW; Johansen, KT; Nielsen, PG; Skytte, DM, 2013)	1.05
"Treatment with tacrolimus ointment (0.03% or 0.1%) does not increase the risk of cutaneous bacterial, viral, or fungal infections in patients with atopic dermatitis."	( Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis is not associated with an increase in cutaneous infections. Eichenfield, L; Fleischer, AB; Jaracz, E; Ling, M; Maher, RM; Rico, MJ; Satoi, Y, 2002)	2.11
"Treatment with tacrolimus resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the number of pulmonary metastases in the BALB/c mice (197+/-16 in untreated mice, 281+/-26 in mice treated with 2 mg/kg of tacrolimus, and 339+/-25 in mice treated with 4 mg/kg of tacrolimus; no treatment vs. "	( Tacrolimus enhances transforming growth factor-beta1 expression and promotes tumor progression. Lagman, M; Li, B; Maluccio, M; Sharma, V; Suthanthiran, M; Vyas, S; Yang, H, 2003)	2.11
"Treatment with tacrolimus ointment completely resolved the oral lesions after 2 months of therapy."	( Successful treatment of oral lichen planus-like chronic graft-versus-host disease with topical tacrolimus: a case report. Rogers, RS; Sánchez, AR; Sheridan, PJ, 2004)	0.88
"Treatment with tacrolimus ointment 0.1% resulted in the rapid improvement of each recurred lesion and allowed withdrawal of indomethacin."	( Treatment of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis with tacrolimus ointment. Hara, D; Kuroda, K; Mieno, H; Tajima, S, 2004)	0.91
"Pretreatment with tacrolimus ointment did not suppress nonlesional skin infiltrate, in contrast to triamcinolone acetonide. "	( Modulation of the atopy patch test: tacrolimus 0.1% compared with triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%. Bruijnzeel-Koomen, CA; de Bruin-Weller, MS; Knol, EF; Laaper-Ertmann, M; Oldhoff, JM, 2006)	0.94
"Pretreatment with tacrolimus 0.1% ointment does not inhibit the APT reaction in patients with atopic dermatitis."	( Modulation of the atopy patch test: tacrolimus 0.1% compared with triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%. Bruijnzeel-Koomen, CA; de Bruin-Weller, MS; Knol, EF; Laaper-Ertmann, M; Oldhoff, JM, 2006)	0.94
"Treatment with tacrolimus ointment did not increase the ceramide fractions toward or to normal."	( A study to determine the effect of tacrolimus on ceramide levels in the stratum corneum of patients with atopic dermatitis. Paslin, D; Wertz, P, 2006)	0.96
"Treatment with tacrolimus ointment in patients with moderate and severe AD can therefore be considered cost-effective."	( Cost-effectiveness of tacrolimus ointment vs. standard treatment in patients with moderate and severe atopic dermatitis: a health-economic model simulation based on a patient survey and clinical trial data. Hjelmgren, J; Jörgensen, ET; Lindemalm-Lundstam, B; Ragnarson Tennvall, G; Svensson, A, 2007)	0.99
"Treatment by tacrolimus and cyclosporin A, two inhibitors of calcineurin (but not by a related substance rapamycin, which does not inhibit calcineurin), increased the levels of AChE transcripts in the control soleus muscles and in tonically electrically stimulated soleus and EDL muscles, even to reach those in the control EDL muscles."	( The role of muscle activation pattern and calcineurin in acetylcholinesterase regulation in rat skeletal muscles. Pregelj, P; Sketelj, J; Trinkaus, M; Trontelj, JJ; Zupan, D, 2007)	0.69
"Rats treated with tacrolimus, although still impaired, performed significantly better than those treated with vehicle alone (P < .01)."	( Tacrolimus (FK506) ameliorates skilled motor deficits produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Butcher, SP; Crawford, JH; Marston, HM; Sharkey, J, 1996)	2.06
"Treatment with tacrolimus suppressed leukocyte rolling; the maximum number of rolling leukocytes was reduced by 60.1% at 12 hours after reperfusion (P<0.05). "	( Tacrolimus (FK506) attenuates leukocyte accumulation after transient retinal ischemia. Hiroshiba, N; Honda, Y; Kiryu, J; Miyamoto, K; Ogura, Y; Tsujikawa, A, 1998)	2.1
"Treatment with tacrolimus was associated with a reduction in episodes of acute rejection (0.52; 0.36 to 0.75), a reduction in the use of antilymphocyte antibodies to treat rejection (0.37; 0.25 to 0."	( Tacrolimus versus cyclosporin for immunosuppression in renal transplantation: meta-analysis of randomised trials. Bell, RC; Knoll, GA, 1999)	2.09

Toxicity

Study was to evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects at different tacrolimus trough levels and dosages. Risk of graft failure, death, and adverse events in the first year was similar for the once-daily and twice-daily groups.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" At present, it is unclear whether these immunosuppressive and toxic effects result from interference with related biochemical processes."	( The immunosuppressive and toxic effects of FK-506 are mechanistically related: pharmacology of a novel antagonist of FK-506 and rapamycin. Beattie, TR; Dumont, FJ; Harrison, R; Kindt, VM; Koprak, SL; Lin, CS; Sewell, T; Siekierka, JJ; Staruch, MJ; Wyvratt, M, 1992)	0.28
" Lessons are still being learned about dosage and what determines safe dose schedules."	( Selected topics on FK 506, with special references to rescue of extrahepatic whole organ grafts, transplantation of "forbidden organs," side effects, mechanisms, and practical pharmacokinetics. Abu-Elmagd, K; Fung, JJ; Porter, KA; Starzl, TE; Todo, S; Tzakis, A, 1991)	0.28
" It is suggested that this model may help to clarify the mechanism of action of cyclosporin as an immunosuppressant and its toxic effects on the liver and kidney following prolonged therapy."	( Further evidence that cyclosporin A protects mitochondria from calcium overload by inhibiting a matrix peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase. Implications for the immunosuppressive and toxic effects of cyclosporin. Griffiths, EJ; Halestrap, AP, 1991)	0.28
"The toxic effects of FK-506 (FK), a newly discovered immunosuppressive agent isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis, were studied in the human fetal pancreas (HFP) system."	( Toxicity of FK-506 in human fetal pancreas. Hullett, DA; Landry, AS; Leonard, DK; Sollinger, HW, 1989)	0.28
"The immunosuppressive and toxic properties of the recently discovered macrolide antibiotic FK506 were examined in comparison and in conjunction with cyclosporine administration in the rat."	( Immunosuppressive activity, lymphocyte subset analysis, and acute toxicity of FK-506 in the rat. A comparative and combination study with cyclosporine. Hasan, NU; Stephen, M; Thomson, AW; Whiting, PH; Woo, J, 1989)	0.28
" In summary, full response to FK506 conversion was observed in 69% of uncontrollable AR cases; however, 74% and 22% of this probably over-immunosuppressed population experienced major adverse events and LPS under FK506 therapy, respectively."	( Conversion from cyclosporine to FK506 for salvage of immunocompromised pediatric liver allografts. Efficacy, toxicity, and dose regimen in 23 children. Barker, A; De Ville de Goyet, J; Debande, B; Jamart, J; Lamy, ME; Rahier, J; Reding, R; Sempoux, C; Sokal, E; Wallemacq, PE, 1994)	0.29
" However, the lack of a suitable animal model has hindered the study of FK nephrotoxicity, which has been noted as a common adverse effect in human trials."	( Enhancement of FK506 nephrotoxicity by sodium depletion in an experimental rat model. Andoh, TF; Bennett, WM; Burdmann, EA; Houghton, DC; Lindsley, J, 1994)	0.29
" The present study was undertaken to examine whether the toxic effects of tacrolimus show administration time-dependent variations."	( Administration time-dependent toxicity of a new immunosuppressive agent, tacrolimus (FK 506). Ebihara, A; Fujimura, A, 1994)	0.75
" However, various blood and serum parameters, including ALT, bilirubin, urea, creatinine and glucose, when analyzed alone or in multivariate fashion, also correlated significantly with the incidence and severity of early postoperative neurotoxicity, indicating that neurotoxicity following LTX may be caused by various factors and is not exclusively a drug-specific side effect of immunosuppression."	( Neurotoxicity after orthotopic liver transplantation. A comparison between cyclosporine and FK506. Bechstein, WO; Blumhardt, G; Christe, W; Mueller, AR; Neuhaus, P; Platz, KP; Schattenfroh, N; Stoltenburg-Didinger, G, 1994)	0.29
"Nephrotoxicity represents a serious side effect of immunosuppression following liver transplantation."	( Nephrotoxicity following orthotopic liver transplantation. A comparison between cyclosporine and FK506. Bachmann, S; Bechstein, WO; Blumhardt, G; Kahl, A; Mueller, AR; Neuhaus, P; Platz, KP, 1994)	0.29
" These data suggest that FK506 is reversibly and mildly toxic to monolayers of human renal proximal tubule cells and are consistent with clinical reports of reversible nephrotoxicity."	( Cytotoxic effects of FK506 on human renal proximal tubule cells in culture. Atcherson, MM; Trifillis, AL, 1994)	0.29
" Thus, it is hypothesized that both the immunosuppressive and toxic effects of FK506 and CsA, but not of rapamycin, are mediated through an immunophilin-drug-calcineurin complex."	( Nephrotoxicity of immunosuppressants in rats: comparison of macrolides with cyclosporin. Mihatsch, MJ; Ryffel, B; Weber, E, )	0.13
"Recent studies in liver and kidney transplant recipients revealed a nephrotoxic adverse effect of the new macrolide immunosuppressant FK-506."	( Nephrotoxicity of FK-506 in the rat. Studies on glomerular and tubular function, and on the relationship between efficacy and toxicity. Dieperink, H; Kemp, E; Leyssac, PP; Nielsen, FT; Starklint, H, 1995)	0.29
" The lack of a suitable animal model has hindered the study of the nephrotoxicity of the drug which has emerged as a common adverse effect in clinical trials."	( Functional and structural characteristics of experimental FK 506 nephrotoxicity. Andoh, TF; Bennett, WM; Burdmann, EA; Houghton, DC; Lindsley, J, 1995)	0.29
"Increasing clinical experience of FK 506 in transplantation therapy has revealed a number of potentially restrictive adverse effects associated with its use."	( Pancreatic and nephrotoxicity of immunomodulator compounds. Hammond, TG; Kind, CN, 1995)	0.29
" Despite these successes, major improvements in immunosuppressive therapy are needed, especially a reduction in toxic side effects and a rigorous definition of the relation between drug concentration and clinical effects."	( Toxic effects of immunosuppressive drugs: mechanisms and strategies for controlling them. Kaplan, B; Kaufman, D; Shaw, LM, 1996)	0.29
"In our experience, anemia, renal toxicity, hyperkalemia, chronic diarrhea, and allergies were the most common adverse effects of FK506."	( Experience of FK506 immune suppression in pediatric heart transplantation: a study of long-term adverse effects. Asante-Korang, A; Boyle, GJ; Fricker, FJ; Miller, SA; Webber, SA, 1996)	0.29
" The toxic potential of tacrolimus was markedly enhanced by ischemia."	( Diltiazem minimizes tubular damage due to FK506-mediated nephrotoxicity following ischemia and reperfusion in rats. Baltes, A; Becker, G; Hamar, P; Heemann, U; Philipp, T; Witzke, O, 1996)	0.6
"FK506 (tacrolimus) is a safe and effective immunosuppressant for the prevention of organ rejection after organ transplantation."	( Relationship of FK506 whole blood concentrations and efficacy and toxicity after liver and kidney transplantation. Fitzsimmons, WE; Kershner, RP, 1996)	0.75
"FK506 (tacrolimus) has been shown to be a safe and effective immunosuppressant for the prevention of organ rejection after liver and kidney transplantation."	( Relationship of whole-blood FK506 concentrations to rejection and toxicity in liver and kidney transplants. Hedayat, S; Kershner, RP; Su, G, 1996)	0.75
" FK506 metabolites exhibit greater toxicity than the parent drug, while CsA metabolites are far less toxic than CsA itself."	( Implication of CYP 3A in the toxicity of cyclosporin G (CsG), cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 on rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Claude, JR; Duc, HT; Dutertre-Catella, H; Ellouk-Achard, S; Martin, C; Pham-Huy, C; Thevenin, M; Warnet, JM, 1997)	0.3
" Nephrotoxicity is the main adverse effect of both compounds."	( Modulation of energy status and cytotoxicity induced by FK506 and cyclosporin A in a renal epithelial cell line. Claude, JR; Dutertre-Catella, H; Ellouk-Achard, S; Martin, C; Massicot, F; Pham-Huy, C; Rucay, P; Thevenin, M; Warnet, JM, 1997)	0.3
"We recently reported partially to wholly reversible hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, including severe hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, as a side effect in pediatric transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus immunosuppression."	( Arteritis and increased intracellular calcium as a possible mechanism for tacrolimus-related cardiac toxicity in a pediatric transplant recipient. Armstrong, R; Asfar, S; Atkison, PR; Grant, D; Guiraudon, C; Joubert, GI; Wall, W, 1997)	0.72
" The clinical usefulness of tacrolimus is limited, however, by severe adverse effects, including neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity."	( A tacrolimus-related immunosuppressant with reduced toxicity. Barker, J; DaSilva, C; Dumont, FJ; Koo, G; Koprak, S; Parsons, WH; Pivnichny, J; Sigal, NH; Sinclair, PJ; Singer, I; Staruch, MJ; Talento, A; Williamson, AR; Wong, F; Woods, J; Wyvratt, M, 1998)	1.32
" The aim of this study was to compare the toxic effects of the two drugs on hepatocytes in primary culture as a function of their metabolism and to explore the variations of cytotoxicity when both drugs are associated."	( FK506 (Tacrolimus) decreases the cytotoxicity of cyclosporin A in rat hepatocytes in primary culture: implication of CYP3A induction. Claude, JR; Duc, HT; Dutertre-Catella, H; Ellouk-Achard, S; Martin, C; Thevenin, M; Warnet, JM, 1998)	0.76
" The most important adverse events were hypertension (45."	( Efficacy and safety of oral low-dose tacrolimus treatment in liver transplantation. Andreu, H; Calleja, JL; Cuervas-Mons, V; Edo, A; Gonzalez-Pinto, I; Margarit, C; Moreno-Gonzalez, E; Rimola, A, 1998)	0.57
" For these women pregnancy generally proceeds without significant adverse effects on mother and child."	( Drug safety issues in pregnancy following transplantation and immunosuppression: effects and outcomes. Armenti, VT; Davison, JM; Moritz, MJ, 1998)	0.3
" Patient survival, graft survival, rate of rejection, and adverse events were examined."	( Primary adult liver transplantation under tacrolimus: more than 90 months actual follow-up survival and adverse events. Fung, JJ; Jain, AB; Kashyap, R; Rakela, J; Starzl, TE, 1999)	0.57
"Renal toxicity is a serious side effect of therapy with tacrolimus (FK506), an immunosuppressive agent administered to renal transplant recipients."	( Effect of hepatocyte growth factor on tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hongsi, J; Ichimaru, N; Kitamura, M; Kokado, Y; Matsumiya, K; Matsumoto, K; Nakamura, T; Nishimura, K; Okuyama, A; Takada, S; Takahara, S, 1999)	0.82
" Monitoring of tacrolimus levels, which had been in the desired range (5-8 ng/ml) until recently, revealed an increase to toxic level of 54 ng/ml."	( Tacrolimus toxicity due to drug interaction with mibefradil in a patient after liver transplantation. Lochs, H; Mai, I; Ocran, KW; Plauth, M, 1999)	2.1
"The calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) are associated with dose- and efficacy-limiting adverse events, including nephrotoxicity, which may diminish their overall benefits for long-term graft survival."	( Nephrotoxicity of immunosuppressive drugs: long-term consequences and challenges for the future. Bennett, WM; de Mattos, AM; Olyaei, AJ, 2000)	0.56
"8%), adverse effects persisted."	( Treatment of tacrolimus-related adverse effects by conversion to cyclosporine in liver transplant recipients. Emre, S; Fishbein, TM; Genyk, Y; Guy, SR; Miller, CM; Schluger, LK; Schwartz, ME; Sheiner, PA, 2000)	0.68
" The mean peak of the whole blood TAC trough level during the toxic episodes was 32."	( Clinical and histological analysis of acute tacrolimus (TAC) nephrotoxicity in renal allografts. Ishikawa, N; Oshima, T; Shimizu, T; Shinmura, H; Tanabe, K; Tokumoto, T; Toma, H; Yamaguchi, Y, 1999)	0.56
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a safe and effective treatment for the prevention of rejection of renal allografts."	( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. FK506/MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group. Jensik, SC; Mendez, R; Miller, J; Pirsch, JD, 2000)	2.06
" Patients were followed for 1 yr posttransplant for the incidence of biopsy-confirmed acute rejection, patient and graft survival, and adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. FK506/MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group. Jensik, SC; Mendez, R; Miller, J; Pirsch, JD, 2000)	0.62
" The incidence of most adverse events was similar across treatment groups and comparable with previous reports."	( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. FK506/MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group. Jensik, SC; Mendez, R; Miller, J; Pirsch, JD, 2000)	0.62
"Tacrolimus in combination with an initial dose of MMF 2 g/day is a very effective and safe regimen in cadaveric kidney transplant recipients."	( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. FK506/MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group. Jensik, SC; Mendez, R; Miller, J; Pirsch, JD, 2000)	2.06
"Although conversion between tacrolimus and cyclosporine has been performed when indicated for rejection or adverse effects, the safety and metabolic outcome of elective conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporine has not previously been examined."	( Conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporine in stable renal transplant patients: safety, metabolic changes, and pharmacokinetic comparison. Hart, P; Higgins, RM; Kashi, H; Lam, FT, 2000)	0.95
"Conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporin has not previously been reported as routine clinical practice, but only as indicated by rejection or adverse effects."	( Conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporin in stable renal transplant patients: safety, metabolic changes, and pharmacokinetic comparison. Hart, P; Higgins, RM; Kashi, H; Lam, FT, 2000)	1
"Safety assessments included monitoring of adverse events, clinical laboratory values, and tacrolimus blood concentrations."	( Safety and efficacy of 1 year of tacrolimus ointment monotherapy in adults with atopic dermatitis. The European Tacrolimus Ointment Study Group. Christophers, E; Jablonska, S; Kapp, A; Lahfa, M; Marks, R; Perrot, JL; Reitamo, S; Rubins, A; Rustin, M; Ruzicka, T; Schöpf, E; Wollenberg, A, 2000)	0.81
"Local irritation, adverse events such as burning sensation (47% of patients), pruritus (24% of patients), and erythema (12% of patients) were common but tended to occur only when initiating treatment."	( Safety and efficacy of 1 year of tacrolimus ointment monotherapy in adults with atopic dermatitis. The European Tacrolimus Ointment Study Group. Christophers, E; Jablonska, S; Kapp, A; Lahfa, M; Marks, R; Perrot, JL; Reitamo, S; Rubins, A; Rustin, M; Ruzicka, T; Schöpf, E; Wollenberg, A, 2000)	0.59
"Up to 1 year of tacrolimus ointment use was safe and effective in patients with atopic dermatitis."	( Safety and efficacy of 1 year of tacrolimus ointment monotherapy in adults with atopic dermatitis. The European Tacrolimus Ointment Study Group. Christophers, E; Jablonska, S; Kapp, A; Lahfa, M; Marks, R; Perrot, JL; Reitamo, S; Rubins, A; Rustin, M; Ruzicka, T; Schöpf, E; Wollenberg, A, 2000)	0.93
"The induction of diabetes has been recognised as adverse effect of the immunsuppressive drug FK506/Tacrolimus."	( Diabetes mellitus and islet cell specific autoimmunity as adverse effects of immunsuppressive therapy by FK506/tacrolimus. Hauss, J; Kohlhaw, K; Lamesch, P; List, C; Lohmann, T; Richter, O; Schwarz, C; Seissler, J; Wenzke, M, 2000)	0.74
"Between 10%-28% of patients who receive the immunosuppressant cyclosporine (CsA) experience some form of neurotoxic adverse event."	( Neurotoxicity of calcineurin inhibitors: impact and clinical management. Bechstein, WO, 2000)	0.31
" Despite the very strong activity of these medications and common adverse effects, the literature on the subject infrequently associates these phenomena with the possibility of interaction with other drugs or factors causing changes in cyclosporin A, tacrolimus or their metabolites levels in the blood, or else with changes in other pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [Adverse effects of drug interactions of cyclosporin A and tacrolimus therapy]. Nowak, JL, 2000)	0.73
" The most common adverse events were the sensation of skin burning, pruritus, flu-like symptoms, skin erythema, and headache."	( Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: part II, safety. Fleischer, AB; Lawrence, I; Monroe, E; Soter, NA; Webster, GF, 2001)	1.75
" Transient skin burning and itching were the most common drug application site adverse events."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. Hanifin, JM; Kang, S; Lawrence, I; Lucky, AW; Pariser, D, 2001)	0.59
" Efficacy and safety parameters analyzed were patient and graft survival, incidence and severity of rejection, and adverse events in correlation to immunosuppressive drug levels."	( A novel management strategy of steroid-free immunosuppression after liver transplantation: efficacy and safety of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. Braun, F; Canelo, R; Füzesi, L; Lorf, T; Oellerich, M; Ramadori, G; Ringe, B; Schütz, E, 2001)	0.52
" Double drug immunosuppression with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil is effective and safe in terms of patient and graft survival as well as incidence and severity of rejection."	( A novel management strategy of steroid-free immunosuppression after liver transplantation: efficacy and safety of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. Braun, F; Canelo, R; Füzesi, L; Lorf, T; Oellerich, M; Ramadori, G; Ringe, B; Schütz, E, 2001)	0.8
" The principal adverse reactions to FK 506 therapy were hyperglycaemia, renal dysfunction and hyperkalaemia."	( Two-year follow-up study of the efficacy and safety of FK 506 in kidney transplant patients. Japanese FK 506 Study Group. , 1994)	0.29
"Nephrotoxicity represents a serious side-effect of immunosuppression following orthotopic liver transplantation."	( Nephrotoxicity after orthotopic liver transplantation in cyclosporin A and FK 506-treated patients. Bachmann, S; Bechstein, WO; Blumhardt, G; Kahl, A; Mueller, AR; Neuhaus, P; Platz, KP, 1994)	0.29
" Pravastatin, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has been shown to be effective and safe for cholesterol reduction in adult heart transplant recipients."	( Safety and efficacy of pravastatin therapy for the prevention of hyperlipidemia in pediatric and adolescent cardiac transplant recipients. Fricker, FJ; Harker, K; Kahler, DA; Penson, MG; Schowengerdt, KO; Thompson, JR; Williams, BJ, 2001)	0.31
"Pravastatin therapy is effective and safe when used in pediatric and adolescent cardiac transplant recipients."	( Safety and efficacy of pravastatin therapy for the prevention of hyperlipidemia in pediatric and adolescent cardiac transplant recipients. Fricker, FJ; Harker, K; Kahler, DA; Penson, MG; Schowengerdt, KO; Thompson, JR; Williams, BJ, 2001)	0.31
"5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 h after MMF oral dose) were obtained within the first 2 weeks after transplantation, 3 months after grafting, and at every adverse clinical event [side effect or acute rejection (AR)]."	( Pharmacokinetic basis for the efficient and safe use of low-dose mycophenolate mofetil in combination with tacrolimus in kidney transplantation. Chaib Eddour, D; De Meyer, M; König, J; Malaise, J; Mourad, M; Schepers, R; Squifflet, JP; Wallemacq, P, 2001)	0.52
" A transient sensation of burning at the application site was the only adverse event in 31 of the 47 (66%) enrolled patients, but this condition improved after several days."	( Safe and effective treatment of refractory facial lesions in atopic dermatitis using topical tacrolimus following corticosteroid discontinuation. Imaizumi, A; Kashima, M; Kawakami, T; Koro, O; Matsunaga, R; Mizoguchi, M; Morita, E; Murakami, N; Nakamura, K; Soma, Y; Tamaki, K; Yajima, K; Yamamoto, S, 2001)	0.53
"The present results indicate that topical tacrolimus treatment following corticosteroid discontinuation is safe and effective in refractory facial AD."	( Safe and effective treatment of refractory facial lesions in atopic dermatitis using topical tacrolimus following corticosteroid discontinuation. Imaizumi, A; Kashima, M; Kawakami, T; Koro, O; Matsunaga, R; Mizoguchi, M; Morita, E; Murakami, N; Nakamura, K; Soma, Y; Tamaki, K; Yajima, K; Yamamoto, S, 2001)	0.79
"To determine whether conversion from cyclosporin A (CsA) to tacrolimus (TAC)-based immunosuppressive therapy is safe and might lead to improvement in the clinical side effect profile we studied 55 cardiac allograft recipients."	( Conversion from cyclosporin A to tacrolimus is safe and decreases blood pressure, cholesterol levels and TGF-beta 1 type I receptor expression. Baan, CC; Balk, AH; Knoop, CJ; Maat, LP; Mol, WM; Niesters, HG; van Riemsdijk-van Overbeeke, IC; Vantrimpont, PM; Weimar, W, 2001)	0.83
" Renal and systemic vasoconstriction, increased release of endothelin-1, decreased production of nitric acid and increased expression of TGF-beta are the major adverse pathophysiologic abnormalities of these agents."	( Nephrotoxicity of immunosuppressive drugs: new insight and preventive strategies. Bennett, WM; de Mattos, AM; Olyaei, AJ, 2001)	0.31
" The overall frequency of adverse events was similar in the two groups, though hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia were more common in the ciclosporin group and tremor and hypomagnesaemia were more frequent in the tacrolimus group."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus compared with ciclosporin microemulsion in renal transplantation: a randomised multicentre study. Margreiter, R, 2002)	0.81
"Pimecrolimus cream 1% appears to be a safe and effective alternative to currently used therapies for AD."	( Safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus (ASM 981) cream 1% in the treatment of mild and moderate atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents. Boguniewicz, M; Bush, C; Cherill, R; Eichenfield, LF; Graeber, M; Langley, RG; Lucky, AW; Marshall, K, 2002)	0.31
"No evidence of a retinal toxic reaction was seen in the eyes receiving 10 or 50 microg of tacrolimus."	( Ocular toxicity of intravitreal tacrolimus. Genaidy, MM; Passos, E; Peyman, GA, )	0.64
" Intravitreal doses of 500 and 1000 microg of tacrolimus proved to be toxic to the retina."	( Ocular toxicity of intravitreal tacrolimus. Genaidy, MM; Passos, E; Peyman, GA, )	0.67
" In conclusion, the PK/PD model where the myocardial drug concentration of FK506 was linked with its adverse effect could describe, for the first time, the anti-clockwise hysteresis observed in the relationship between blood FK506 concentration and QTprolongation."	( Quantitative relationship between myocardial concentration of tacrolimus and QT prolongation in guinea pigs: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model incorporating a site of adverse effect. Iga, T; Minematsu, T; Ohtani, H; Sato, H; Sawada, Y; Yamada, Y, 2001)	0.55
"There were no appreciable differences between treatment groups in the overall incidence of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream in the long-term management of atopic dermatitis in children. Bos, JD; Caputo, R; Cherill, R; de Prost, Y; Dobozy, A; Goodfield, M; Graeber, M; Hultsch, T; Manjra, A; Molloy, S; Papp, K; Paul, C; Wahn, U, 2002)	0.31
" Treatment with pimecrolimus was well tolerated and was not associated with clinically relevant adverse events compared with the conventional treatment group."	( Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream in the long-term management of atopic dermatitis in children. Bos, JD; Caputo, R; Cherill, R; de Prost, Y; Dobozy, A; Goodfield, M; Graeber, M; Hultsch, T; Manjra, A; Molloy, S; Papp, K; Paul, C; Wahn, U, 2002)	0.31
"Nephrotoxicity is an adverse effect of cyclosporine and tacrolimus."	( Long-term comparison of tacrolimus- and cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in pediatric heart-transplant recipients. Bacanu, SA; Boyle, GJ; Ellis, D; English, RF; Fricker, J; Harker, K; Law, YM; Miller, SA; Pigula, FA; Pophal, SA; Sutton, R; Webber, SA, 2002)	0.87
" Tacrolimus, one of the newer agents used in solid-organ transplantation, is gaining increasing popularity because of its ability to reverse refractory rejection in cyclosporine-treated patients and its favorable side-effect profile."	( Tacrolimus in cardiac transplantation: efficacy and safety of a novel dosing protocol. Baran, DA; Chan, M; Cheng, J; Correa, R; Courtney, MC; Fallon, JT; Galin, I; Gass, AL; Lansman, SL; Sandler, D; Segura, L; Spielvogel, D, 2002)	2.67
" We conclude that administration of tacrolimus via a tailored protocol soon after transplantation ensures a safe and effective means of immunosuppression."	( Tacrolimus in cardiac transplantation: efficacy and safety of a novel dosing protocol. Baran, DA; Chan, M; Cheng, J; Correa, R; Courtney, MC; Fallon, JT; Galin, I; Gass, AL; Lansman, SL; Sandler, D; Segura, L; Spielvogel, D, 2002)	2.03
" Most adverse events were mild or moderate and unrelated to treatment."	( Safety and efficacy of nonsteroid pimecrolimus cream 1% in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants. Bush, C; Cherill, R; Fölster-Holst, R; Gupta, A; Ho, VC; Kaufmann, R; Marshall, K; Potter, P; Takaoka, R; Thurston, M; Todd, G; Vanaclocha, F, 2003)	0.32
"Pimecrolimus was safe in infants with AD, with rapid and sustained efficacy."	( Safety and efficacy of nonsteroid pimecrolimus cream 1% in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants. Bush, C; Cherill, R; Fölster-Holst, R; Gupta, A; Ho, VC; Kaufmann, R; Marshall, K; Potter, P; Takaoka, R; Thurston, M; Todd, G; Vanaclocha, F, 2003)	0.32
" Within each treatment group, the overall 12-week adjusted incidence rate of application site adverse events was similar for both head/neck and non-head/neck areas."	( Safe treatment of head/neck AD with tacrolimus ointment. Hanifin, JM; Kang, S; Paller, A; Rico, MJ; Satoi, Y; Soter, N, 2003)	0.59
"Tacrolimus ointment is a safe and effective treatment for atopic dermatitis on the head and neck."	( Safe treatment of head/neck AD with tacrolimus ointment. Hanifin, JM; Kang, S; Paller, A; Rico, MJ; Satoi, Y; Soter, N, 2003)	2.04
" Full pharmacokinetic profile (days 1, 8 and 22), trough concentrations (days 3 and 15), physical examinations, laboratory measurements and adverse events were recorded."	( Occlusive treatment of chronic hand dermatitis with pimecrolimus cream 1% results in low systemic exposure, is well tolerated, safe, and effective. An open study. Ebelin, ME; Kaufmann, R; Scott, G; Steinmeyer, K; Thaçi, D, 2003)	0.32
" No serious adverse events occurred; 4/13 subjects showed a total of 6 adverse events at the application site: burning (n=4), and pruritus (n=2)."	( Occlusive treatment of chronic hand dermatitis with pimecrolimus cream 1% results in low systemic exposure, is well tolerated, safe, and effective. An open study. Ebelin, ME; Kaufmann, R; Scott, G; Steinmeyer, K; Thaçi, D, 2003)	0.32
" The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects of cerivastatin combined with tacrolimus in renal transplant patients."	( Tacrolimus and cerivastatin pharmacokinetics and adverse effects after single and multiple dosing with cerivastatin in renal transplant recipients. Haas, CS; Kunzendorf, U; Liebelt, J; Oberbarnscheidt, M; Renders, L; Schöcklmann, HO, 2003)	1.97
" Lipid concentrations, routine laboratory parameters and adverse events were obtained and analysed throughout the study period of 6 months."	( Tacrolimus and cerivastatin pharmacokinetics and adverse effects after single and multiple dosing with cerivastatin in renal transplant recipients. Haas, CS; Kunzendorf, U; Liebelt, J; Oberbarnscheidt, M; Renders, L; Schöcklmann, HO, 2003)	1.76
" Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were significantly lowered by cerivastatin whereas no significant effect of cerivastatin on serum creatininkinase concentrations was observed and no adverse effects were documented."	( Tacrolimus and cerivastatin pharmacokinetics and adverse effects after single and multiple dosing with cerivastatin in renal transplant recipients. Haas, CS; Kunzendorf, U; Liebelt, J; Oberbarnscheidt, M; Renders, L; Schöcklmann, HO, 2003)	1.76
" Severe adverse events due to HAART have been already reported for post exposure prophylaxis in HIV infected patients."	( [Acute liver toxicity of antiretroviral therapy (HAART) after liver transplantation in a patient with HIV-HCV coinfection and associated hepatocarcinoma (HCC)]. Antonini, M; Boschetto, A; D'Offizzi, G; Del Nonno, F; Ettorre, GM; Lonardo, MT; Maritti, M; Moricca, P; Narciso, P; Palmieri, GP; Perracchio, L; Santoro, E; Vennarecci, G; Visco, G, )	0.13
" Emollients and topical corticosteroids have represented the standard of treatment for patients with AD, despite their numerous adverse effects and patients' tendency towards steroid resistance."	( Long-term safety of tacrolimus ointment in children treated for atopic dermatitis. Eichenfield, LF; Shainhouse, T, 2003)	0.64
" Disappearance of cosmetic side-effects and improvement of cardiovascular risk factors, together with conservation of renal function, encourage us to use tacrolimus as an efficacious and safe immunosuppressive therapy."	( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus rescue therapy in 55 kidney transplant patients treated with cyclosporine. Amenábar, JJ; Gaínza, FI; Gómez-Ullate, P; Lampreabe, I; Orbe, J; Urbizu, JM; Virto, J; Zárraga, S, 2003)	0.83
" Adverse effects were renal dysfunction in 26, hypertension in 23, and neurotoxicity in two."	( Effectiveness and safety of mycophenolate mofetil as monotherapy in liver transplantation. Cuervas-Mons, V; Gómez, A; Herreros, A; Jimenez, M; Lopez-Monclus, J; Moreno, JM; Navarrete, E; Revilla, J; Rubio, E; Sánchez Turrión, V, 2003)	0.32
" Twenty-two patients (66%) displayed adverse events: five rejections (15%) including four acute episodes, controlled by CI re-introduction, and one chronic reaction."	( Effectiveness and safety of mycophenolate mofetil as monotherapy in liver transplantation. Cuervas-Mons, V; Gómez, A; Herreros, A; Jimenez, M; Lopez-Monclus, J; Moreno, JM; Navarrete, E; Revilla, J; Rubio, E; Sánchez Turrión, V, 2003)	0.32
" Many of the side effects of MMF were mild; it was safe accompanied by a low incidence of rejection reactions."	( Effectiveness and safety of mycophenolate mofetil as monotherapy in liver transplantation. Cuervas-Mons, V; Gómez, A; Herreros, A; Jimenez, M; Lopez-Monclus, J; Moreno, JM; Navarrete, E; Revilla, J; Rubio, E; Sánchez Turrión, V, 2003)	0.32
" Concern regarding potential systemic toxic effects has limited treatment options for children younger than 2 years."	( The safety and efficacy of tacrolimus therapy in patients younger than 2 years with atopic dermatitis. Korman, NJ; Patel, RR; Vander Straten, MR, 2003)	0.62
" Data collected included severity of AD, response to therapy, concentration and blood levels of tacrolimus, any adverse effects, and results of laboratory tests, including complete blood cell count, liver function tests, and serum chemistry profiles."	( The safety and efficacy of tacrolimus therapy in patients younger than 2 years with atopic dermatitis. Korman, NJ; Patel, RR; Vander Straten, MR, 2003)	0.83
"Tacrolimus ointment appears to be effective and safe in the treatment of AD in children younger than 2 years."	( The safety and efficacy of tacrolimus therapy in patients younger than 2 years with atopic dermatitis. Korman, NJ; Patel, RR; Vander Straten, MR, 2003)	2.06
"To clarify the incidence and pathophysiological mechanism of cardiovascular adverse effects of tacrolimus, the present prospective study performed scheduled cardiovascular examinations at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20, and 24 weeks after starting the tacrolimus therapy in 68 consecutive kidney transplantation recipients enrolled from 26 institutes in Japan."	( Multicenter prospective investigation on cardiovascular adverse effects of tacrolimus in kidney transplantations. Hori, M; Seino, Y; Sonoda, T, 2003)	0.77
" A safety assessment was based on adverse events reported by patients or observed by the physician."	( Efficacy and safety of topically applied tacrolimus ointment in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Hong, HS; Tsai, HJ; Wong, WR, 2003)	0.58
" No significant adverse events related to Protopic were observed."	( Efficacy and safety of topically applied tacrolimus ointment in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Hong, HS; Tsai, HJ; Wong, WR, 2003)	0.58
"The results of the study suggest that Protopic ointment may be a safe and effective therapy for treating patients at least 2 years of age with moderate to severe AD."	( Efficacy and safety of topically applied tacrolimus ointment in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Hong, HS; Tsai, HJ; Wong, WR, 2003)	0.58
" Although topical corticosteroids are often used to control the predominant symptoms of the disease, the chronicity of the condition increases the risk of long-term adverse effects."	( An open-label pilot study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topically applied tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of hand and/or foot eczema. Brooke, E; Fleischer, A; Jorizzo, JL; Lang, W; McCarty, MA; Osborne, BE; Thelmo, MC, 2003)	0.54
"Nephrotoxicity is the most prominent side effect of the new immunosuppressive drug FK506."	( In vitro FK506 kidney tubular cell toxicity. Ishibashi, M; Kameoka, H; Kawaguchi, N; Kokado, Y; Moutabarrik, A; Okuyama, A; Onishi, S; Sonoda, T; Takahara, S; Takano, Y, 1992)	0.28
"Tacrolimus, at dosages of both 2 mg/day and 3 mg/day, is efficacious and safe as monotherapy for patients with active RA, but treatment with the 3-mg dose of tacrolimus resulted in generally better ACR response rates."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind trial. Baldassare, AR; Borton, MA; Furst, DE; Kaine, JL; Mekki, QA; Mengle-Gaw, LJ; Schwartz, BD; Stevenson, JT; Wisemandle, W; Yocum, DE, 2003)	2.07
" The most common adverse effects were a burning sensation (16%) at the site of application and transient taste disturbance (8%)."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus in the management of ulcerative/erosive oral lichen planus. Buchanan, JA; Hodgson, TA; Kaliakatsou, F; Porter, SR; Sahni, N, )	0.4
" The safety assessment included monitoring all adverse events and clinical laboratory values."	( A multicenter trial of the efficacy and safety of 0.03% tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis in Korea. Chang, HS; Kim, DW; Kim, KH; Lee, KH; Park, CW; Park, YM; Seo, PG; Sung, KJ; Won, CH; Won, YH; Yang, JM, 2004)	0.57
" The most common adverse events associated with tacrolimus treatment were transient skin burning sensation (45."	( A multicenter trial of the efficacy and safety of 0.03% tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis in Korea. Chang, HS; Kim, DW; Kim, KH; Lee, KH; Park, CW; Park, YM; Seo, PG; Sung, KJ; Won, CH; Won, YH; Yang, JM, 2004)	0.83
"03% tacrolimus ointment should be considered effective and safe in both Korean children and adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis."	( A multicenter trial of the efficacy and safety of 0.03% tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis in Korea. Chang, HS; Kim, DW; Kim, KH; Lee, KH; Park, CW; Park, YM; Seo, PG; Sung, KJ; Won, CH; Won, YH; Yang, JM, 2004)	1.13
" There were no significant differences between the tacrolimus groups and placebo group in the incidence of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus (FK506) in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled dose-finding study. Abe, T; Hara, M; Hashimoto, H; Irimajiri, S; Kondo, H; Sugawara, S; Uchida, S, 2004)	0.89
"2%) withdrew from the study for adverse events possibly or probably related to tacrolimus, 33 patients (3."	( Safety of tacrolimus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: long-term experience. Bensen, WG; Borton, MA; Burch, FX; Furst, DE; Mekki, QA; Mengle-Gaw, LJ; Schwartz, BD; Wisememandle, W; Yocum, DE, 2004)	0.95
"This study demonstrates that tacrolimus was safe and well-tolerated and provided clinical benefit over a period of at least 12 months."	( Safety of tacrolimus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: long-term experience. Bensen, WG; Borton, MA; Burch, FX; Furst, DE; Mekki, QA; Mengle-Gaw, LJ; Schwartz, BD; Wisememandle, W; Yocum, DE, 2004)	1.02
"The adverse effects of tacrolimus have limited the use of this potent immunosuppressive drug in clinical transplantation."	( Biodegradable microsphere-loaded tacrolimus enhanced the effect on mice islet allograft and reduced the adverse effect on insulin secretion. Fujino, M; Funeshima, N; Hara, Y; Kawashima, Y; Kitazawa, Y; Li, XK; Lu, FZ; Miyamoto, Y; Takenaka, H; Uno, T; Wang, Q; Yamamoto, H, 2004)	0.92
" According to the Naranjo scale, this adverse drug event was probably the result of improved absorption of tacrolimus secondary to metoclopramide therapy."	( Tacrolimus toxicity associated with concomitant metoclopramide therapy. Callahan, BL; Park, JM; Prescott, WA, 2004)	1.98
" In order to determine the clinical doses of topical tacrolimus and steroids for daily treatment of atopic dermatitis and to elucidate their beneficial and adverse effects, we analyzed the clinical data from 215 patients with atopic dermatitis who were more than 16 years old."	( Dosage and adverse effects of topical tacrolimus and steroids in daily management of atopic dermatitis. Furue, M; Furukawa, F; Katayama, I; Kinukawa, N; Koga, T; Kubota, Y; Moroi, Y; Nakayama, J; Nose, Y; Tanaka, Y; Terao, H; Urabe, K, 2004)	0.84
" There were no treatment-related serious or clinically significant systemic adverse events."	( Long-term safety and tolerability of pimecrolimus cream 1% and topical corticosteroids in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Allen, R; Barbier, N; Bos, JD; Fölster-Holst, R; Gulliver, WP; Lahfa, M; Luger, TA; Molloy, S; Paul, C, 2004)	0.32
"Tacrolimus-induced toxicity is considered a dose-related side effect largely due to a direct action of this potent calcineurin inhibitor on its targets including the kidney and the pancreas."	( Conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporine for a non-dose-dependent tacrolimus-induced toxicity, a pediatric kidney transplant recipient case report. Edefonti, A; Ferraresso, M; Ghio, L; Giani, M; Mihatsch, M, 2004)	2.11
"Long-term survival after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is mainly influenced by adverse events caused by immunosuppression."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in liver transplant recipients with calcineurin inhibitor-induced renal dysfunction. Graziadei, IW; Koch, RO; Königsrainer, A; Margreiter, R; Nachbaur, K; Schulz, F; Vogel, W, 2004)	0.32
"Induction with monoclonal antibodies for prevention of acute cellular rejection (ACR) may avoid many of the adverse events associated with polyclonal antibodies."	( Efficacy and safety of basiliximab with a tacrolimus-based regimen in liver transplant recipients. Cintorino, D; Doria, C; Foglieni, CS; Gruttadauria, S; Lauro, A; Marino, IR; Piazza, T; Scott, VL, 2004)	0.59
" In addition, basiliximab does not increase the incidence of adverse effects or infections."	( Efficacy and safety of basiliximab with a tacrolimus-based regimen in liver transplant recipients. Cintorino, D; Doria, C; Foglieni, CS; Gruttadauria, S; Lauro, A; Marino, IR; Piazza, T; Scott, VL, 2004)	0.59
" Levels were below the level of toxicity and no adverse effects were reported in any of the dogs."	( Investigation on the clinical efficacy and safety of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment (Protopic) in canine atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Lopez, J; Marsella, R; Nicklin, CF; Saglio, S, 2004)	0.57
"Sirolimus is a safe alternative to reduce or eliminate CsA or FK in CAN."	( Is sirolimus a safe alternative to reduce or eliminate calcineurin inhibitors in chronic allograft nephropathy in kidney transplantation? Chen, Y; Chiang, YJ; Chu, SH; Lai, WJ, 2004)	0.32
" There were no significant differences in severe adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine microemulsion in primary cardiac transplant recipients: 6-month results in Taiwan. Chou, NK; Ko, WJ; Wang, CH; Wang, SS, 2004)	0.63
" In conclusion, RATG induction therapy is safe and efficient in HCV-positive liver recipients."	( Efficacy and safety of induction therapy with rabbit antithymocyte globulins in liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Barange, K; Cointault, O; Durand, D; Izopet, J; Kamar, N; Lavayssiere, L; Ribes, D; Rostaing, L; Sandres-Saune, K; Suc, B, 2004)	0.32
" Hyperlipidemia, diarrhea, peripheral edema, rash, and anemia were the most commonly reported adverse events."	( An open-label, pilot study evaluating the safety and efficacy of converting from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus in established renal allograft recipients with moderate renal insufficiency. Adler, SH; Cohen, DJ; Jensik, S; Peddi, VR; Pescovitz, M; Pirsch, J; Thistlethwaite, JR; Vincenti, F, 2005)	0.33
"The rats in the control groups and experimental groups administered topical and intravitreal tacrolimus did not demonstrate any systemic toxic effects."	( Systemic toxicity of tacrolimus given by various routes and the response to dose reduction. Akar, Y; Arici, G; Durukan, A; Yucel, G; Yucel, I, 2005)	0.87
"Topical or intravitreal administration of tacrolimus seems to be systemically safe whereas parenteral administration can cause some systemic haematological changes such as dose-dependent decreased serum cholesterol concentrations."	( Systemic toxicity of tacrolimus given by various routes and the response to dose reduction. Akar, Y; Arici, G; Durukan, A; Yucel, G; Yucel, I, 2005)	0.91
" Moreover, chronic cyclosporine (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity is an important nonimmunologic factor contributing to graft dysfunction and loss, and adverse events may require CsA withdrawal."	( Switching from cyclosporine to tacrolimus in patients with chronic transplant dysfunction or cyclosporine-induced adverse events. Blancho, G; Cantarovich, D; Dantal, J; Giral-Classe, M; Hourmant, M; Karam, G; Megnigbeto, A; Renou, M; Soulillou, JP, 2005)	0.61
" The most common adverse effect following the application of topical calcineurin inhibitors is mild to moderate symptoms of irritation such as burning, erythema and pruritus, which occurred in up to 20% of all children treated with tacrolimus and 10% of children treated with pimecrolimus, and usually faded after a few days."	( Safety and efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of childhood atopic dermatitis. Breuer, K; Kapp, A; Werfel, T, 2005)	0.51
" Overall adverse event frequency was similar in both groups, but MMF intolerance was more frequent with tacrolimus and hyperlipidaemia more frequent with cyclosporin-ME."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus compared with cyclosporin microemulsion in primary SPK transplantation: 3-year results of the Euro-SPK 001 trial. Adamec, M; Boucek, P; Malaise, J; Saudek, F, 2005)	0.85
" There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events (AEs), including application site reactions in the 2 studies involving 650 children."	( Tacrolimus ointment is more effective than pimecrolimus cream with a similar safety profile in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: results from 3 randomized, comparative studies. Antaya, R; Blum, RR; Crowe, A; Fleischer, AB; Jaracz, E; Kirsner, RS; Langley, RG; Lebwohl, M; Linowski, GJ; Paller, AS; Rico, MJ, 2005)	1.77
"Careful steroid withdrawal from a platform of tacrolimus and MMF is safe and not associated with a significant risk of rejection or graft dysfunction."	( Late steroid withdrawal for renal transplant recipients on tacrolimus and MMF is safe. Borrows, R; Cairns, T; Griffith, M; Hakim, N; Loucaidou, M; McLean, AG; Palmer, A; Papalois, V; Taube, D, 2005)	0.83
"Neurotoxicity is a well-recognized side effect of calcineurin inhibitors."	( Successful conversion to rapamycin for calcineurin inhibitor-related neurotoxicity following liver transplantation. Forgacs, B; Lappin, J; Merhav, HJ; Mieles, L, 2005)	0.33
" None of the patients had toxic levels tacrolimus (>15 ng/mL) at the time of symptoms, which persisted despite reduction of CNI dose."	( Successful conversion to rapamycin for calcineurin inhibitor-related neurotoxicity following liver transplantation. Forgacs, B; Lappin, J; Merhav, HJ; Mieles, L, 2005)	0.6
" Graft function, incidence of acute rejection (AR), findings of protocol graft biopsy and adverse effects were compared."	( Quadruple immunosuppression with basiliximab, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone is safe and effective for renal transplantation. Fukuzawa, N; Harada, H; Hirano, T; Iwami, D; Miura, M; Ogawa, Y; Satoh, H; Seki, T; Taniguchi, A; Togashi, M, 2005)	0.59
" This regimen is safe and effective for application during the early period after renal transplantation."	( Quadruple immunosuppression with basiliximab, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone is safe and effective for renal transplantation. Fukuzawa, N; Harada, H; Hirano, T; Iwami, D; Miura, M; Ogawa, Y; Satoh, H; Seki, T; Taniguchi, A; Togashi, M, 2005)	0.59
" Lipid profile, oral glucose tolerance, and adverse events were monitored."	( Efficacy and cardiovascular safety of daclizumab, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and early steroid withdrawal in renal transplant recipients: a multicenter, prospective, pilot trial. Abramowicz, D; Kuypers, D; Meurisse, M; Mourad, M; Squifflet, JP; Vanrenterghem, Y; Wissing, M, 2005)	0.56
"03% is effective and safe for the management of mild to moderate AD in both adult and pediatric patients, and has a rapid onset of action."	( Tacrolimus ointment 0.03% shows efficacy and safety in pediatric and adult patients with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. Boguniewicz, M; Breneman, D; Chapman, MS; Gold, MH; Jaracz, E; Linowski, GJ; Schachner, LA; Shull, T, 2005)	1.77
" Efficacy and safety assessments included percent body surface area affected, Eczema Area and Severity Index score, individual signs of AD, and the incidence of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment treatment for up to 4 years in patients with atopic dermatitis. Caro, I; Clark, RA; Eichenfield, L; Hanifin, JM; Jaracz, E; Korman, N; Paller, AS; Rico, MJ; Weinstein, G, 2005)	0.64
" Common adverse events included skin burning, pruritus, skin infection, skin erythema, flu-like symptoms, and headache."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment treatment for up to 4 years in patients with atopic dermatitis. Caro, I; Clark, RA; Eichenfield, L; Hanifin, JM; Jaracz, E; Korman, N; Paller, AS; Rico, MJ; Weinstein, G, 2005)	0.64
"Tacrolimus ointment therapy is a rapidly effective and safe treatment for the management of AD in pediatric and adult patients for up to 4 years."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment treatment for up to 4 years in patients with atopic dermatitis. Caro, I; Clark, RA; Eichenfield, L; Hanifin, JM; Jaracz, E; Korman, N; Paller, AS; Rico, MJ; Weinstein, G, 2005)	2.08
" Efficacy and safety assessments included percentage of body surface area affected and incidence of adverse events, respectively."	( Tacrolimus ointment is safe and effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: results in 8000 patients. Abramovits, W; Fleischer, AB; Gottlieb, AB; Horn, TD; Jaracz, E; Koo, JY; McCall, CO; Pariser, DM; Rico, MJ, 2005)	1.77
" Two of the most common adverse events, skin burning and pruritus, were generally mild, transient in nature, and decreased in prevalence as AD improved."	( Tacrolimus ointment is safe and effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: results in 8000 patients. Abramovits, W; Fleischer, AB; Gottlieb, AB; Horn, TD; Jaracz, E; Koo, JY; McCall, CO; Pariser, DM; Rico, MJ, 2005)	1.77
" Early steroid withdrawal in pediatric renal transplant recipients is efficacious and safe and does not increase risk of rejection, preserving optimal growth and renal function, and reducing cardiovascular risk factors."	( Early discontinuation of steroids is safe and effective in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Benedetti, E; Briars, L; John, E; Knight, PS; Kraft, KA; Lumpaopong, A; Oberholzer, J; Sankary, HN; Testa, G; Verghese, P, 2005)	0.33
" While providing excellent short-term efficacy, topical corticosteroid usage is limited by potential adverse effects, including impairment of the function and viability of Langerhans cells/dendritic cells."	( Immunomodulation and safety of topical calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Hultsch, T; Kapp, A; Spergel, J, 2005)	0.33
" Primary safety and tolerability assessments included skin infection and application site adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment 0.1% (Protopic) in atopic dermatitis: a Canadian open-label multicenter study. Langley, R; Tan, J, )	0.44
"Only 3 (12%) QID patients and 4 (17%) BID patients reported adverse events (primarily mild, transient application-site burning) with no significant difference between treatment groups in the frequency, type, or severity of adverse events."	( A randomized study of the safety, absorption and efficacy of pimecrolimus cream 1% applied twice or four times daily in patients with atopic dermatitis. Abrams, K; Caro, I; Gottlieb, A; Ling, M; Pariser, D; Scott, G; Stewart, D, 2005)	0.33
" Cutaneous adverse events were recorded to evaluate safety."	( Tacrolimus ointment 0.03% is safe and effective for the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients: results from a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. Boguniewicz, M; Jaracz, E; Lamerson, C; Mosser, J; Raimer, S; Schachner, LA; Sheehan, MP; Shull, T, 2005)	1.77
" Overall, the incidence of cutaneous adverse events reported was similar for both treatment groups."	( Tacrolimus ointment 0.03% is safe and effective for the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients: results from a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. Boguniewicz, M; Jaracz, E; Lamerson, C; Mosser, J; Raimer, S; Schachner, LA; Sheehan, MP; Shull, T, 2005)	1.77
"03% is a safe and effective treatment alternative for pediatric patients with mild to moderate AD."	( Tacrolimus ointment 0.03% is safe and effective for the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients: results from a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. Boguniewicz, M; Jaracz, E; Lamerson, C; Mosser, J; Raimer, S; Schachner, LA; Sheehan, MP; Shull, T, 2005)	1.77
"Clinical adverse events developed in 25 patients (46."	( Safety of tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive agent, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in elderly patients. Kawai, S; Yamamoto, K, 2006)	0.74
"0 mg/day is safe and well-tolerated and provides clinical benefit."	( Safety of tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive agent, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in elderly patients. Kawai, S; Yamamoto, K, 2006)	0.74
" In children they can develop systemic adverse events after their application, though sometimes they are useful to reduce the long consumption of other drugs, as topical steroids, or to have influence in the critical aspects of immunomodulation."	( [Safety of topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus in children with atopic dermatitis]. Marín Hernández, D; Rodríguez Orozco, AR; Ruiz Reyes, H, )	0.46
" The most frequently reported adverse events were common childhood disorders such as nasopharyngitis, pyrexia, upper respiratory tract infections, ear infections, and bronchitis."	( Safety and tolerability of 1% pimecrolimus cream among infants: experience with 1133 patients treated for up to 2 years. Barbier, N; Cork, M; de Prost, Y; Papp, KA; Paul, C; Rossi, AB, 2006)	0.33
" Patients were assessed at weekly intervals for adverse events and efficacy."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment monotherapy in chinese children with atopic dermatitis. Chan, HH; Ma, KC; Yeung, CK, )	0.44
" Pruritus and burning sensation were the two main adverse events reported."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment monotherapy in chinese children with atopic dermatitis. Chan, HH; Ma, KC; Yeung, CK, )	0.44
"Long-term tacrolimus therapy appears safe and effective in refractory IBD."	( Tacrolimus is safe and effective in patients with severe steroid-refractory or steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease--a long-term follow-up. Baumgart, DC; Dignass, AU; Pintoffl, JP; Sturm, A; Wiedenmann, B, 2006)	2.18
" Safety and tolerability were evaluated by monitoring adverse events."	( Safety, efficacy, and dosage of 1% pimecrolimus cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in daily practice. Abrams, B; Cribier, B; Friedlander, SF; García-Díez, A; Gelmetti, C; Hofmann, H; Houwing, RH; Kownacki, S; Langley, RG; Lübbe, J; McGeown, C; Morren, MA; Schneider, D; Virtanen, M; Wisseh, S; Wolff, K, 2006)	0.33
"No clinically unexpected adverse events were reported."	( Safety, efficacy, and dosage of 1% pimecrolimus cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in daily practice. Abrams, B; Cribier, B; Friedlander, SF; García-Díez, A; Gelmetti, C; Hofmann, H; Houwing, RH; Kownacki, S; Langley, RG; Lübbe, J; McGeown, C; Morren, MA; Schneider, D; Virtanen, M; Wisseh, S; Wolff, K, 2006)	0.33
" Severe adverse events included bleeding after percutaneous portal access (n=2), severe pneumonia attributed to sirolimus toxicity (n=1), kidney graft loss after immunosuppression discontinuation (n=1), reversible humoral kidney rejection (n=1) and fever of unknown origin (n=1)."	( Sequential kidney/islet transplantation: efficacy and safety assessment of a steroid-free immunosuppression protocol. Armanet, M; Badet, L; Baertschiger, R; Becker, CD; Berney, T; Bosco, D; Bühler, L; Hadaya, K; Majno, P; Morel, P; Philippe, J; Toso, C; Wojtusciszyn, A, 2006)	0.33
" We evaluated total Quantitative MG (Q-MG) score, anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody titer in the blood, interleukin 2 (IL-2) production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), administration dosage of prednisolone (PSL), and adverse effects of FK506."	( Long-term therapeutic efficacy and safety of low-dose tacrolimus (FK506) for myasthenia gravis. Igarashi, S; Naruse, S; Nishizawa, M; Onodera, O; Oyake, M; Shimohata, T; Tada, M; Tanaka, K; Tsuji, S, 2006)	0.58
" Although adverse effects were observed in three patients (33."	( Long-term therapeutic efficacy and safety of low-dose tacrolimus (FK506) for myasthenia gravis. Igarashi, S; Naruse, S; Nishizawa, M; Onodera, O; Oyake, M; Shimohata, T; Tada, M; Tanaka, K; Tsuji, S, 2006)	0.58
"Our study indicates that low-dose FK506 treatment may be efficacious not only in controlling intractable myasthenic symptoms, but also in reducing steroid dosage, and that FK506 is safe as an adjunctive drug to PSL for MG treatment for a maximum of 3 years."	( Long-term therapeutic efficacy and safety of low-dose tacrolimus (FK506) for myasthenia gravis. Igarashi, S; Naruse, S; Nishizawa, M; Onodera, O; Oyake, M; Shimohata, T; Tada, M; Tanaka, K; Tsuji, S, 2006)	0.58
" These compounds represent a relatively safe class of topical anti-inflammatory, nonsteroidal therapy."	( Safety of topical calcineurin inhibitors in atopic dermatitis: evaluation of the evidence. Leung, DY; Spergel, JM, 2006)	0.33
"020) [corrected] Adverse events (AEs) incidence and type were comparable between groups."	( Safety and efficacy of early intervention with pimecrolimus cream 1% combined with corticosteroids for major flares in infants and children with atopic dermatitis. Abrams, K; Kianifard, F; Korman, N; Molina, C; Siegfried, E, 2006)	0.33
"Renal calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) toxicity is a frequent side effect of immunosuppression with CNIs in solid organ transplantation, leading to acute and chronic renal failure."	( Reverse diastolic intrarenal flow due to calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) toxicity. Banas, B; Böger, CA; Krämer, BK; Mihatsch, MJ; Rümmele, P, 2006)	0.33
" Prevention of allograft nephropathy requires a balance of maintaining adequate immunosuppression, while avoiding the toxic effects of CNIs."	( Treatment strategies in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients with calcineurin inhibitor-induced nephrotoxicity. Höcker, B; Tönshoff, B, 2006)	0.33
"We investigated whether high-dose Mizoribine (MIZ: a water-soluble anti-metabolite), 4-6 mg/kg/d was as effective and safe as mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for patients after kidney transplantation."	( Revival of effective and safe high-dose mizoribine for the kidney transplantation. Doi, A; Hirakata, H; Kitada, H; Ota, M; Sugitani, A; Tanaka, M; Yoshida, J, )	0.13
" No serious adverse events were observed."	( Multicentre, phase II trial on the safety and efficacy of topical tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of lichen sclerosus. Brinkmeier, T; Fritsch, P; Frosch, P; Gollnick, H; Gross, G; Hengge, UR; Hofmann, H; Krause, W; Marini, A; Meurer, M; Meykadeh, N; Moll, I; Müller, K; Ruzicka, T; Stadler, R, 2006)	0.57
"1% was safe and effective for the treatment of long-standing active lichen sclerosus."	( Multicentre, phase II trial on the safety and efficacy of topical tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of lichen sclerosus. Brinkmeier, T; Fritsch, P; Frosch, P; Gollnick, H; Gross, G; Hengge, UR; Hofmann, H; Krause, W; Marini, A; Meurer, M; Meykadeh, N; Moll, I; Müller, K; Ruzicka, T; Stadler, R, 2006)	0.57
" No drug intolerance, adverse events or episodes of rejection occurred during the study."	( Orlistat treatment is safe in overweight and obese liver transplant recipients: a prospective, open label trial. Aerts, R; Cassiman, D; Fevery, J; Libbrecht, L; Mertens, A; Muls, E; Nevens, F; Pirenne, J; Roelants, M; Van der Merwe, SW; Vandenplas, G; Verslype, C, 2006)	0.33
" There were no treatment-related adverse events, no induction of skin atrophy nor any other application site side effects."	( Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream 1% in adult patients with vitiligo: results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. Dawid, M; Grassberger, M; Veensalu, M; Wolff, K, 2006)	0.33
"1% tacrolimus ointment was considered to be safe in the majority of patients."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment with topical corticosteroids in adult patients with atopic dermatitis: review of randomised, double-blind clinical studies conducted in Japan. Nakagawa, H, 2006)	1.21
"Several trials have indicated that topical tacrolimus is safe and effective for several immunologic-based skin disorders."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment 0.03% treatment in a 1-month-old "red baby": a case report. La Rosa, M; Leonardi, S; Marchese, G; Rotolo, N, )	0.7
"The concomitant use of caspofungin with CyA or TAC in liver transplant patients is safe and seemed to be without hepatotoxic effect."	( Safety profile of concomitant use of caspofungin and cyclosporine or tacrolimus in liver transplant patients. Broelsch, C; Fruhauf, N; Gensicke, J; Gu, Y; Malagó, M; Paul, A; Radtke, A; Rath, P; Saner, F, 2006)	0.57
" Safety assessment was measured by incidence rate of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment in pediatric Patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Akaraphanth, R; Aunhachoke, K; Chunharas, A; Limpongsanuruk, W; Noppakun, N; Singalavanija, S; Wananukul, S; Wisuthsarewong, W, 2006)	0.64
" Incidence of adverse events included application site burning (21%), itching (17%), pruritus (9%), infections(3%), and erythema and folliculitis (2%)."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment in pediatric Patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Akaraphanth, R; Aunhachoke, K; Chunharas, A; Limpongsanuruk, W; Noppakun, N; Singalavanija, S; Wananukul, S; Wisuthsarewong, W, 2006)	0.64
"Topical tacrolimus ointment is effective and safe in moderate to severe AD."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment in pediatric Patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Akaraphanth, R; Aunhachoke, K; Chunharas, A; Limpongsanuruk, W; Noppakun, N; Singalavanija, S; Wananukul, S; Wisuthsarewong, W, 2006)	1.08
" The primary end-point was the incidence of adverse events."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. Dobozy, A; Goldschmidt, WF; Harper, J; Palatsi, R; Remitz, A; Rustin, M; Sharpe, G; Smith, CH; Turjanmaa, K; van der Valk, PG, 2007)	0.62
" Drug-related adverse events were only observed in the tacrolimus group."	( Efficacy and safety of methylprednisolone aceponate ointment 0.1% compared to tacrolimus 0.03% in children and adolescents with an acute flare of severe atopic dermatitis. Arcangeli, F; Belloni-Fortina, A; Bieber, T; Fölster-Holst, R; Städtler, G; Vick, K; Worm, M, 2007)	0.82
" Cutaneous adverse events (local burning, stinging, and itching) occurred in 17."	( An open-label pilot study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topically applied pimecrolimus cream for the treatment of steroid-induced rosacea-like eruption. Chu, CY, 2007)	0.34
" The lack of a time-related increase in dose-corrected tacrolimus exposure observed with the CYP3A4*1/CYP3A5*1 and CYP3A4*1B/CYP3A5*1 genotypes is associated with tacrolimus-related nephrotoxicity, possibly as a result of higher concentrations of toxic metabolites."	( CYP3A5 and CYP3A4 but not MDR1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms determine long-term tacrolimus disposition and drug-related nephrotoxicity in renal recipients. de Jonge, H; Kuypers, DR; Lerut, E; Naesens, M; Vanrenterghem, Y; Verbeke, K, 2007)	0.81
" Early results of this ongoing study indicate that a tolerogenic protocol with alemtuzumab induction and tacrolimus maintenance monotherapy is safe in immunologically high-risk renal transplant patients."	( Alemtuzumab (Campath 1H) induction with tacrolimus monotherapy is safe for high immunological risk renal transplantation. Gugliuzza, KK; Lappin, JA; Rajaraman, S; Thomas, PG; Vaidya, S; Woodside, KJ, 2007)	0.82
" We report the toxic effects of tacrolimus in rabbits receiving intramuscular injections (1 mg/kg/d) and the subsequent dosage modifications that resulted in improved animal survival without toxic effects."	( Severe tacrolimus toxicity in rabbits. Bishop, AT; Friedrich, PF; Gades, NM; Giessler, GA, 2007)	1.08
"In this study, we investigate the toxic effects of tacrolimus (FK506) on the cardiovascular system at the histopathological level in a rat model and whether these effects can be reversed by the blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-inhibitors) or an angiotensin receptor antagonist (ARB)."	( The blockade of the renin-angiotensin system reverses tacrolimus related cardiovascular toxicity at the histopathological level. Agirbasli, M; Akoglu, E; Cakalagaoglu, F; Deniz, H; Ogutmen, B; Papila-Topal, N; Tuglular, S, 2007)	0.84
" The most common adverse events (AEs) that occur with tacrolimus ointment treatment are transient application-site reactions, such as burning or pruritus."	( The safety of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a review. Rustin, MH, 2007)	0.95
" Information abstracted included proportion with clinical response and remission (using a modified disease activity index), ability to wean from steroids, need for surgery / time to surgery, and side-effect profile."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in refractory ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a single-center experience. Barrett, T; Benson, A; Buchman, AL; Sparberg, M, 2008)	0.66
" Adverse reactions were generally mild."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in refractory ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a single-center experience. Barrett, T; Benson, A; Buchman, AL; Sparberg, M, 2008)	0.66
"Our experience with tacrolimus in UC and CD indicates that it is safe and relatively well tolerated, although its clinical efficacy is quite variable."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in refractory ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a single-center experience. Barrett, T; Benson, A; Buchman, AL; Sparberg, M, 2008)	0.98
"Present data suggest that pimecrolimus-eluting stents are safe and have a similar healing profile to bare metal stents."	( Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus-eluting stents in porcine coronary arteries. Baffour, R; Diener, T; Harder, C; Hellinga, D; Jones, R; Pakala, R; Seabron, R; Tio, FO; Tittelbach, M; Virmani, R; Waksman, R; Wittchow, E, )	0.13
" The most common treatment-related adverse events are transient local reactions, particularly skin burning (16."	( An update on the safety and tolerability of pimecrolimus cream 1%: evidence from clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance. Cork, MJ; Langley, RG; Luger, TA; Paul, C; Schneider, D, 2007)	0.34
"1% ointments is rapidly effective and safe in pediatric and adult patients."	( Tacrolimus in dermatology-pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, drug interactions, dosages, and side effects: part I. Dogra, S; Sehgal, VN; Srivastava, G, )	1.57
" However, the CNIs have a significant adverse impact on renal function and cardiovascular disease, and extended long-term graft survival has not been achieved."	( Calcineurin inhibitor-sparing regimens in solid organ transplantation: focus on improving renal function and nephrotoxicity. Flechner, SM; Klintmalm, G; Kobashigawa, J, )	0.13
" We present nine cases of painful neuromuscular disorders, an unusual and rare side effect of high-dose voriconazole in association with tacrolimus."	( Neuromuscular painful disorders: a rare side effect of voriconazole in lung transplant patients under tacrolimus. Amrein, C; Bergé, MM; Billaud, EM; Boussaud, V; Chevalier, P; Daudet, N; Guillemain, R; Le Beller, C; Lillo-Le Louet, A, 2008)	0.76
" In summary, after long-term follow-up, a CNI-free maintenance regimen consisting of sirolimus, MMF, and steroids was both safe and efficacious among low to moderate immunologic risk renal transplant recipients."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of a calcineurin inhibitor-free regimen in live-donor renal transplant recipients. Bakr, MA; Ghoneim, MA; Hamdy, AF, 2008)	0.35
"1% ointment applied immediately after surgery of fully established LS is a tolerable and most probably safe adjuvant novel treatment option."	( Safety and tolerability of adjuvant topical tacrolimus treatment in boys with lichen sclerosus: a prospective phase 2 study. Ebert, AK; Rösch, WH; Vogt, T, 2008)	0.61
" Adverse drug reactions presented as symptomatic events in 39 patients (33."	( Safety of long-term tacrolimus therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: an open-label, uncontrolled study in non-elderly patients. Kawai, S; Ohno, I; Seino, Y; Tanaka, K; Utsunomiya, K, 2008)	0.67
" This study shows that adding daclizumab at 1 mg/kg to standard immunosuppressive therapy provides safe and effective IL-2R blockade."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of daclizumab in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Alexander, SR; Bouw, MR; Colombani, P; Knechtle, S; Nevins, T; Nieforth, K; Pescovitz, MD, 2008)	0.35
" Tacrolimus was discontinued in 28 patients, and was discontinued because of adverse reactions in 21 patients."	( Safety profile of tacrolimus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Akimoto, K; Kawai, S; Kusunoki, Y; Nishio, S; Takagi, K, 2008)	1.59
" The incidence of adverse events was low and comparable between treatment groups."	( Sustained efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream 1% when used long-term (up to 26 weeks) to treat children with atopic dermatitis. Barbier, N; Boguniewicz, M; Cherill, R; Eichenfield, LF; Langley, RG; Lucky, AW, )	0.13
"Despite their efficacy, the calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) ciclosporin and tacrolimus carry a risk of debilitating adverse effects, especially nephrotoxicity, that affect the long-term outcome and survival of children who are given organ transplants."	( Calcineurin inhibitor sparing in paediatric solid organ transplantation : managing the efficacy/toxicity conundrum. Brown, NW; Dhawan, A; Tredger, JM, 2008)	0.58
"It is safe for patients with CAN to use substitute sirolimus for CNI; the incidence of acute rejection did not increase."	( Observation of efficacy and safety of converting the calcineurin inhibitor to sirolimus in renal transplant recipients with chronic allograft nephropathy. Chen, J; Cheng, D; Cheng, Z; Ji, S; Li, L; Liu, Z; Sha, G; Sun, Q; Tang, Z; Wen, J, 2008)	0.35
" Adverse events were observed in seven cases (12."	( Single center prospective study of tacrolimus efficacy and safety in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Amano, K; Kameda, H; Nagasawa, H; Nishi, E; Ogawa, H; Sekiguchi, N; Suzuki, K; Takei, H; Takeuchi, T; Tsuzaka, K, 2009)	0.63
"The composite rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 22 months clinical follow-up was 40."	( Real world safety and efficacy of the Janus Tacrolimus-Eluting stent: long-term clinical outcome and angiographic findings from the Tacrolimus-Eluting STent (TEST) registry. Capodanno, D; Capranzano, P; Dangas, G; Di Salvo, ME; Fiscella, D; Galassi, AR; Mehran, R; Mirabella, F; Parisi, R; Scardaci, F; Tamburino, C; Ussia, G, 2009)	0.61
" Past treatments have relied on a wide variety of anti-inflammatory and antifungal agents, but corticosteroids have limited use because of long-term adverse effects."	( Role of topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis: a review of pathophysiology, safety, and efficacy. Cook, BA; Warshaw, EM, 2009)	0.35
"To examine whether tacrolimus is more effective and safe than cyclosporine (CsA) in inducing remission in patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS)."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Bagga, A; Choudhry, S; Dinda, A; Hari, P; Kalaivani, M; Sharma, S, 2009)	0.99
" Adverse events were consistent with the established safety profile for tacrolimus."	( Improvement of cardiovascular risk factors and cosmetic side effects in kidney transplant recipients after conversion to tacrolimus. Bachleda, P; Dedochova, J; Horak, P; Horcicka, V; Krejci, K; Strebl, P; Valkovsky, I; Zadrazil, J; Zahalkova, J, 2009)	0.79
"Immunosuppression has improved graft and recipient survival in transplantation but is accompanied by several adverse effects like dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease."	( Adverse effects on the lipid profile of immunosuppressive regimens: tacrolimus versus cyclosporin measured using C2 levels. Aranda Narváez, JM; Fernández Aguilar, JL; González Sánchez, AJ; Pérez Daga, JA; Sánchez Pérez, B; Santoyo Santoyo, J; Suárez Muñoz, MA, 2009)	0.59
"Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) tends to reoccur frequently, so the therapeutic agent must have a high benefit versus adverse effect ratio for long-term and repetitive uses."	( Experience with repetitive use of pimecrolimus: exploring the effective and safe use in the treatment of relapsing seborrheic dermatitis. Durmazlar, PK; Eren, C; Eskioglu, F; Oktay, B; Tatlican, S, 2010)	0.36
"Retreatment of the recurrence of SD with pimecrolimus as monotherapy is an effective and safe approach in the management of the disease."	( Experience with repetitive use of pimecrolimus: exploring the effective and safe use in the treatment of relapsing seborrheic dermatitis. Durmazlar, PK; Eren, C; Eskioglu, F; Oktay, B; Tatlican, S, 2010)	0.36
" Long-term safety studies of up to 4 years have not shown adverse events associated with systemic use of immunosuppressive agents, that is, increased risk of infections, lymphomas or skin cancers."	( Long-term safety of tacrolimus ointment in atopic dermatitis. Reitamo, S; Remitz, A, 2009)	0.68
" Only short-term adverse events were detected."	( Long-term safety of tacrolimus ointment in atopic dermatitis. Reitamo, S; Remitz, A, 2009)	0.68
" The primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 180+/-14 days and expected to be below 20%."	( The ProLimus trial: a prospective, non-randomised, multicentre trial to evaluate the safety and clinical performance of the pimecrolimus eluting stent system (ProGenic). Agostoni, P; Birkemeyer, R; Grube, E; Haine, S; Haude, M; Jung, W; Müller, R; Sarno, G; van Langenhove, G; Verheye, S; Vrints, C; Wijns, W; Willems, T, 2009)	0.35
" This paper examines the side effect profile of tacrolimus in a large group of pediatric heart recipients."	( Tacrolimus in pediatric heart transplantation: ameliorated side effects in the steroid-free, statin era. Burch, M; Dawkins, H; Dewar, C; Fenton, M; Simmonds, J, )	1.83
"Based on this study, treatment with TacroBell is considered to be efficient and safe after primary renal transplantation."	( A 6-month, multicenter, single-arm pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of generic tacrolimus (TacroBell) after primary renal transplantation. Cho, BH; Han, DJ; Huh, KH; Kang, CM; Kim, HC; Kim, SJ; Kim, YL; Kim, YS; Lee, S; Moon, IS, 2009)	0.57
" The most common side effect of pimecrolimus is burning."	( Topical use of pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis: update on the safety and efficacy. Werfel, T, 2009)	0.35
" In conclusion, the conversion to tacrolimus in heart transplant recipients with ongoing or recurrent acute cellular rejection was safe and effective also during a long-term follow-up."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of conversion to tacrolimus in heart transplant recipients with ongoing or recurrent acute cellular rejection. Kautzner, J; Kubánek, M; Málek, I; Skalická, B; Vymětalová, J, 2010)	0.9
" Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 92."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus for lupus nephritis: a placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter study. Hashimoto, H; Kawai, S; Miyasaka, N, 2009)	0.66
"Although tacrolimus levels decreased initially after conversion to Advagraf therapy, 1:1 conversion is safe for hepatorenal function in liver transplant recipients."	( Evaluation of clinical safety of conversion to Advagraf therapy in liver transplant recipients: observational study. Alamo-Martinez, JA; Barrera-Pulido, L; Bernal Bellido, C; Gomez-Bravo, MA; Marin-Gomez, LM; Pascasio, JM; Suárez Artacho, G, )	0.55
" This article examines clinical, laboratory, and histologic findings that evolved into a paradigm that was never fully consistent with observed outcomes and new evidence that may offer an alternative interpretation for adverse events that are attributed to CNI nephrotoxicity in kidney transplant recipients."	( Chronic calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity: reflections on an evolving paradigm. Gaston, RS, 2009)	0.35
" During Visit 2 and 3 the following were recorded: impact of treatment change on the severity of GI symptoms (4 point scale: 1-worsening, 2-no change, 3-improvement, 4-resolution), EC-MPS tolerance, adverse events (AEs), patient compliance and physician satisfaction with treatment (4 point scale: 1-bad, 2-fair, 3-good, 4-very good)."	( Safety and tolerance of sodium mycophenolate in patients after renal transplantation--an observational study. Baczkowska, T; Chmura, A; Cieciura, T; Durlik, M; Gozdowska, J; Matlosz, B; Pazik, J; Szmidt, J; Urbanowicz, A, 2009)	0.35
"The following was concluded in our study: (1) sodium mycophenolate is well tolerated; (2) after switching from MMF to EC-MPS, gastrointestinal symptoms alleviated; (3) EC-MPS is a safe medication, with a low adverse events rate."	( Safety and tolerance of sodium mycophenolate in patients after renal transplantation--an observational study. Baczkowska, T; Chmura, A; Cieciura, T; Durlik, M; Gozdowska, J; Matlosz, B; Pazik, J; Szmidt, J; Urbanowicz, A, 2009)	0.35
" Corticosteroid (CS)-free maintenance immunosuppression not only eliminates the well-known adverse effects but also may improve long-term outcome."	( Safety and efficacy of steroid-free immunosuppression with tacrolimus and daclizumab in liver transplant recipients: 6-year follow-up in a single center. Ciszek, M; Foroncewicz, B; Krawczyk, M; Mucha, K; Paczek, L; Porowski, D; Ryszkowska, E; Ziółkowski, J, 2009)	0.6
" They are involved in therapeutic drug monitoring, particularly for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, prevention and management of drug interactions, and may be called in to identify side effects and adverse events related to drug therapy."	( [Designing a tool to describe drug interactions and adverse events for learning and clinical routine]. Allenet, B; Auzéric, M; Bedouch, P; Bellemère, J; Charpiat, B; Conort, O; Juste, M; Rose, FX; Roubille, R, 2009)	0.35
"In a cohort of 32 renal transplant patients who are potentially at risk for adverse events, we compared tacrolimus (TAC) abbreviated AUC values calculated by a method developed in Asians (AUCw) with those derived for Caucasians (AUCa)."	( Evaluation of tacrolimus abbreviated area-under-the-curve monitoring in renal transplant patients who are potentially at risk for adverse events. Chamberlain, CE; Hale, DA; Hon, YY; Kirk, AD; Kleiner, DE; Mannon, RB; Ring, MS, )	0.71
" Nanosomal Tacrolimus in human studies showed that it is safe and the pharmacokinetics profile is similar to the marketed HCO-60 based Tacrolimus."	( Polyoxyl 60 hydrogenated castor oil free nanosomal formulation of immunosuppressant Tacrolimus: pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability in rodents and humans. Ahmad, A; Ahmad, I; Ahmad, MU; Ali, SM; Kale, P; Maheshwari, K; Paithankar, M; Rane, RC; Saptarishi, D; Sehgal, A; Sheikh, S, 2010)	0.98
"Tacrolimus is known to potentially lead to adverse events in recipients with diarrhoea and/or calcium channel blocker (CCB) co-administration."	( Tacrolimus nephrotoxicity: beware of the association of diarrhea, drug interaction and pharmacogenetics. Bensman, A; Deschênes, G; Fakhoury, M; Fargue, S; Isapof, A; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Leroy, S; Ulinski, T, 2010)	3.25
" We evaluated the incidence of adverse events (AEs), tested specific group differences and assessed the relationship of selected AEs with drug levels."	( Cyclosporine, tacrolimus and sirolimus retain their distinct toxicity profiles despite low doses in the Symphony study. Bernasconi, C; Ekberg, H; Erken, U; Ketteler, M; Mjörnstedt, L; Navrátil, P; Nöldeke, J; Yussim, A, 2010)	0.72
" Overall, the frequency of adverse events was comparable between treatment groups (24."	( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment versus pimecrolimus cream in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis previously treated with corticosteroids. Antaya, R; Heffernan, MP; Kirsner, RS, 2010)	0.67
" TAC can be considered both effective and safe for the treatment of various manifestations of SLE."	( Single center prospective study of tacrolimus efficacy and safety in the treatment of various manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Amano, K; Kameda, H; Nagasawa, H; Nishi, E; Okuyama, A; Suzuki, K; Takei, H; Takeuchi, T; Tsuzaka, K, 2011)	0.65
" During the study, 15 adverse events related to the ointment were reported."	( Efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus for the treatment of face and neck vitiligo. Chang, WY; Cheng, GS; Huang, CC; Lo, YH; Wu, CS, 2010)	0.65
" As in adults, valganciclovir appears to be as efficacious and safe as oral ganciclovir."	( The efficacy and safety of valganciclovir vs. oral ganciclovir in the prevention of symptomatic CMV infection in children after solid organ transplantation. Amir, J; Avitzur, Y; Davidovits, M; Lapidus-Krol, E; Mor, E; Shapiro, R; Steinberg, R, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse reactions responsible for discontinuation included gastrointestinal symptoms, renal dysfunction, and infection."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in 101 consecutive patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Inoue, E; Kaneko, H; Kitahama, M; Koseki, Y; Momohara, S; Okamoto, H; Taniguchi, A; Yamanaka, H, 2010)	0.67
"1% tacrolimus suspension in ears of atopic beagle dogs without OE was associated with adverse local reactions, development of OE, change in otic cytology, vestibular dysfunction, or hearing loss detected by brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)."	( Safety and tolerability of 0.1% tacrolimus solution applied to the external ear canals of atopic beagle dogs without otitis. Flynn-Lurie, AK; House, RA; Kelley, LS; Marsella, R; Simpson, AC, 2010)	1.27
" However, despite being effective, most common adverse events of tacrolimus are low-and-variable bioavailability, burning sensation and pruritus at application site, which prompt for development of novel carrier that could effectively target tacrolimus to site-of-action without producing undesirable side-effects."	( Targeting tacrolimus to deeper layers of skin with improved safety for treatment of atopic dermatitis. Pople, PV; Singh, KK, 2010)	1
" The traditional treatment for AD flares is topical corticosteroids, which are fast acting and effective for relief of symptoms, but may cause adverse effects, including those resulting from systemic absorption, particularly in children."	( The safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Eichenfield, LF; McCollum, AD; Paik, A, )	0.43
" Our aim was to characterize the short- and long-term outcomes and adverse events associated with the use of tacrolimus in a steroid-refractory pediatric population."	( Outcomes and adverse events in children and young adults undergoing tacrolimus therapy for steroid-refractory colitis. Bousvaros, A; Mitchell, P; Pensabene, L; Watson, S, 2011)	0.82
" The Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI) and other measures of disease activity, adverse events, and long-term outcomes were assessed."	( Outcomes and adverse events in children and young adults undergoing tacrolimus therapy for steroid-refractory colitis. Bousvaros, A; Mitchell, P; Pensabene, L; Watson, S, 2011)	0.6
" The most common adverse events included hypertension (52%) and tremor (44%)."	( Outcomes and adverse events in children and young adults undergoing tacrolimus therapy for steroid-refractory colitis. Bousvaros, A; Mitchell, P; Pensabene, L; Watson, S, 2011)	0.6
" A safe and effective immunosuppressive agent that does not predispose to viral infection is needed in transplantation."	( Assessment of efficacy and safety of FK778 in comparison with standard care in renal transplant recipients with untreated BK nephropathy. First, MR; Fitzsimmons, W; Guasch, A; Holman, J; Roy-Chaudhury, P; Woodle, ES, 2010)	0.36
" Although the treatment with FK778 decreased BK viral load in this study, it was associated with a less favorable rejection profile and renal function and a higher incidence of serious adverse events compared with reduction of immunosuppression."	( Assessment of efficacy and safety of FK778 in comparison with standard care in renal transplant recipients with untreated BK nephropathy. First, MR; Fitzsimmons, W; Guasch, A; Holman, J; Roy-Chaudhury, P; Woodle, ES, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of the study is to characterize the pharmacokinetics and the gastrointestinal side effect profiles of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) in de novo kidney transplant patients of Hispanic ethnicity."	( The pharmacokinetics of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium and its gastrointestinal side effects in de novo renal transplant recipients of Hispanic ethnicity. Hutchinson, I; Min, DI; Qazi, Y; Shah, T; Tellez-Corrales, E; Wang, J; Wilson, J; Yang, JW, 2011)	0.37
"To report the first histopathologic description of optic nerve demyelination from tacrolimus (FK 506) toxicity in the absence of toxic levels of tacrolimus in a patient presenting with asymmetric bilateral visual loss after 5 years of tacrolimus therapy."	( Asymmetric bilateral demyelinating optic neuropathy from tacrolimus toxicity. Balcer, LJ; Brozena, SC; Galetta, SL; Levin, MH; Moss, HE; Mourelatos, Z; Pruitt, AA; Trojanowski, JQ; Vagefi, MR; Venneti, S, 2011)	0.84
" Our patient illustrates that demyelination of the optic nerve causing asynchronous vision loss can be associated with tacrolimus toxicity in the absence of toxic drug levels."	( Asymmetric bilateral demyelinating optic neuropathy from tacrolimus toxicity. Balcer, LJ; Brozena, SC; Galetta, SL; Levin, MH; Moss, HE; Mourelatos, Z; Pruitt, AA; Trojanowski, JQ; Vagefi, MR; Venneti, S, 2011)	0.82
" No clinically relevant, drug-related adverse events were reported."	( Pimecrolimus 1% cream for oral erosive lichen planus: a 6-week randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study with a 6-week open-label extension to assess efficacy and safety. Bennett, R; Hull, CM; Machan, M; McCaughey, C; Zone, JJ, 2011)	0.37
" The main challenges now facing pediatricians include ensuring long-term quality of life, optimizing immunosuppression while preventing associated adverse events, and managing a smooth transition from childhood to adolescence and adulthood."	( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in pediatric liver recipients. Kelly, D, 2011)	0.68
"The main objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of and the risk factors for the adverse effects of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression in patients who obtained renal transplant from living donors."	( Adverse effects of tacrolimus in renal transplant patients from living donors. Al-Khayyat, G; Bulatova, N; Qosa, H; Yousef, AM, 2011)	0.91
"There is a significant prevalence of tacrolimus adverse effects and supratherapeutic TAC blood concentrations in Jordanian renal transplant patients in spite of using low TAC doses and overall adequate renal function."	( Adverse effects of tacrolimus in renal transplant patients from living donors. Al-Khayyat, G; Bulatova, N; Qosa, H; Yousef, AM, 2011)	0.97
" Nevertheless, the chronic nephrotoxicity of these drugs represents a significant adverse factor limiting their long-term use."	( Calcineurin inhibitor-induced renal allograft nephrotoxicity. Bachleda, P; Krejci, K; Tichy, T; Zadrazil, J, 2010)	0.36
" We look in detail at the disputed relationship between blood concentrations of cyclosporine and tacrolimus and histological manifestation of toxicity and summarize data showing that for toxic effects, local renal exposure to CI and their metabolites can play a more significant role than systemic exposure."	( Calcineurin inhibitor-induced renal allograft nephrotoxicity. Bachleda, P; Krejci, K; Tichy, T; Zadrazil, J, 2010)	0.58
" Together with optimization of local kidney exposure to CI and their metabolites, efforts to reduce systemic levels as much as possible are the most important preventive measure for reducing toxic renal graft damage."	( Calcineurin inhibitor-induced renal allograft nephrotoxicity. Bachleda, P; Krejci, K; Tichy, T; Zadrazil, J, 2010)	0.36
" There was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of additional use of tacrolimus in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to DMARDs--a multicenter, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Kawai, S; Miyasaka, N; Takeuchi, T; Tanaka, Y; Yamamoto, K, 2011)	0.64
" One randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that tacrolimus significantly improved lupus nephritis disease activity index (LNDAI) as compared with a placebo, but no difference was observed between these two groups in terms of treatment-related adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus therapy for lupus nephritis: a systematic review of clinical trials. Choi, SJ; Dai Ji, J; Lee, HS; Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2011)	0.93
" Tacrolimus trough levels, laboratory parameters, metabolic disorders, selected patient reported outcomes, and adverse events were assessed."	( Efficacy, safety, and immunosuppressant adherence in stable liver transplant patients converted from a twice-daily tacrolimus-based regimen to once-daily tacrolimus extended-release formulation. Beckebaum, S; Cicinnati, VR; de Geest, S; Erim, Y; Gerken, G; Iacob, S; Kaiser, G; Klein, CG; Paul, A; Radtke, A; Saner, F; Sotiropoulos, GC; Sweid, D, 2011)	1.49
" Despite being effective, most common adverse events of tacrolimus are burning sensation and pruritus at the application site prompting for development of novel carrier that could effectively target tacrolimus to site-of-action without producing undesirable toxic-effects."	( Safer than safe: lipid nanoparticulate encapsulation of tacrolimus with enhanced targeting and improved safety for atopic dermatitis. Pople, P; Singh, KK, 2011)	0.86
" However, long-term administration of CNI may cause an adverse effect on kidney function, known as chronic nephrotoxicity."	( Is arteriolar vacuolization a predictor of calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity? Goto, N; Horike, K; Inaguma, D; Kawaguchi, T; Morozumi, K; Murata, M; Ogiyama, Y; Otsuka, Y; Suzuki, T; Takeda, A; Uchida, K; Watarai, Y; Yamaguchi, Y; Yamauchi, Y, 2011)	0.37
" We collected clinical information, including patient background, treatment efficacy (evaluated using the DAS score), and adverse events observed."	( Single-center, retrospective analysis of efficacy and safety of tacrolimus as a second-line DMARD in combination therapy and the risk factors contributing to adverse events in 115 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Amano, H; Kageyama, M; Kempe, K; Kusaoi, M; Matsudaira, R; Matsushita, M; Morimoto, S; Nawata, M; Ogasawara, M; Onuma, S; Sekiya, F; Tada, K; Takasaki, Y; Tamura, N; Toyama, S; Yamaji, K, 2012)	0.62
" In this pictorial essay, we review the two most common brain injury patterns, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and acute toxic leukoencephalopathy (ATL)."	( Medication neurotoxicity in children. Chaturvedi, A; Ishak, GE; Iyer, RS; Khanna, PC; Pruthi, S, 2011)	0.37
" Red cell exchange transfusion is a potentially safe and effective way of managing severe and symptomatic tacrolimus toxicity."	( Red cell exchange transfusion as a rescue therapy for tacrolimus toxicity in a paediatric renal transplant. Astley, P; Inward, C; Marriage, S; McCarthy, H; Tizard, EJ, 2011)	0.83
" Nephrotoxicity is an adverse effect that limits their successful use."	( Quantitative proteomic analysis of cyclosporine-induced toxicity in a human kidney cell line and comparison with tacrolimus. Essig, M; Gastinel, LN; Lamoureux, F; Marquet, P; Mestre, E; Sauvage, FL, 2011)	0.58
" Topical calcineurin inhibitors including tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are safe and efficacious in atopic dermatitis."	( Topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of atopic dermatitis - an update on safety issues. Czarnecka-Operacz, M; Jenerowicz, D, 2012)	0.64
" Adverse events were few; none led to dose modifications/discontinuation."	( Renal function and safety in stable kidney transplant recipients converted from immediate-release to prolonged-release tacrolimus. Lauzurica, R; Morales, JM; van Hooff, J, 2012)	0.59
" Sometimes chronic and severe adverse effects refractory to usual therapy other than corticosteroids appear."	( Tacrolimus in the treatment of chronic and refractory late-onset immune-mediated adverse effects related to silicone injections. Alijotas-Reig, J; Garcia-Gimenez, V; Vilardell-Tarrés, M, 2012)	1.82
"To evaluate the effectiveness of tacrolimus in the treatment of refractory cases of late-onset adverse effects related to MGS injections."	( Tacrolimus in the treatment of chronic and refractory late-onset immune-mediated adverse effects related to silicone injections. Alijotas-Reig, J; Garcia-Gimenez, V; Vilardell-Tarrés, M, 2012)	2.1
"Case-series study of seven patients with late-onset adverse effects related to MGS injections."	( Tacrolimus in the treatment of chronic and refractory late-onset immune-mediated adverse effects related to silicone injections. Alijotas-Reig, J; Garcia-Gimenez, V; Vilardell-Tarrés, M, 2012)	1.82
" Skin burning and pruritus were common adverse events among the Asian, United States and European studies."	( Overview of efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment in patients with atopic dermatitis in Asia and other areas. Kim, KH; Kono, T, 2011)	0.65
") topically is safe for the rabbit eye."	( Ocular safety and pharmacokinetics study of FK506 suspension eye drops after corneal transplantation. Chen, JQ; Huang, X; Yuan, J; Zhai, JJ; Zhou, SY, 2012)	0.38
"Sirolimus is a safe immunosuppressive option in liver transplant recipients suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma."	( Impact of the conversion of the immunosuppressive regimen from prograf to advagraf or to sirolimus in long-term stable liver transplant recipients: indications, safety, and outcome. Croner, RS; Hohenberger, W; Müller, V; Perrakis, A; Schwarz, K; Yedibela, S, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events incidence was low during both treatment phases."	( Renal function, efficacy and safety postconversion from twice- to once-daily tacrolimus in stable liver recipients: an open-label multicenter study. Boillot, O; Sańko-Resmer, J; Thorburn, D; Wolf, P, 2012)	0.61
"This 39-month study following the initial 6-month FK506E study period showed an FK506E-based immunosuppressive regimen in living donor kidney transplantation recipients to be safe and effective."	( A 39-month follow-up study to evaluate the safety and efficacy in kidney transplant recipients treated with modified-release tacrolimus (FK506E)-based immunosuppression regimen. Ha, J; Han, DJ; Kim, HC; Kim, SJ; Kim, YS; Moon, IS; Park, JB; Yang, CW, 2012)	0.59
"We conclude that switching from Prograf to Graceptor is safe and has the advantage of improving adherence."	( Safety and efficacy of conversion from twice-daily tacrolimus (prograf) to once-daily prolonged-release tacrolimus (graceptor) in stable kidney transplant recipients. Hama, K; Hirano, T; Iwamoto, H; Jojima, Y; Katayama, H; Kihara, Y; Konno, O; Nakamura, Y; Shimazu, M; Soga, A; Takeuchi, H; Toraishi, T; Yokoyama, T, 2012)	0.63
" Myfortic with tacrolimus-based immunosuppression was efficient and safe after de novo renal transplantation in Korean patients."	( A 6-month, open-label, multicenter clinical study in Korean de novo renal transplant patients evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerance of myfortic concomitantly used with tacrolimus. Ju, MK; Kim, SJ; Kim, YS; Moon, IS; Park, SH, 2012)	0.92
"To examine the efficacies and adverse events of low-dose tacrolimus in intractable myasthenia gravis (MG) patients during a long-term follow-up."	( [Therapeutic efficacy and safety of tacrolimus for intractable myasthenia gravis: a report of 36 patients]. Feng, HY; Huang, RX; Huang, X; Liu, WB; Qiu, L, 2011)	0.89
" And the adverse events of tacrolimus were monitored in each patient."	( [Therapeutic efficacy and safety of tacrolimus for intractable myasthenia gravis: a report of 36 patients]. Feng, HY; Huang, RX; Huang, X; Liu, WB; Qiu, L, 2011)	0.94
" Adverse events occurred in 6 patients (16."	( [Therapeutic efficacy and safety of tacrolimus for intractable myasthenia gravis: a report of 36 patients]. Feng, HY; Huang, RX; Huang, X; Liu, WB; Qiu, L, 2011)	0.64
" And the adverse events should be closely monitored."	( [Therapeutic efficacy and safety of tacrolimus for intractable myasthenia gravis: a report of 36 patients]. Feng, HY; Huang, RX; Huang, X; Liu, WB; Qiu, L, 2011)	0.64
" The serum creatinine, sirolimus trough level, liver function, acute rejection episodes, and drug-related adverse effects were monitored."	( Sirolimus conversion in liver transplant recipients with calcineurin inhibitor-induced complications: efficacy and safety. Guo, ZY; Han, M; He, X; Hu, AB; Ju, WQ; Liang, WH; Tai, Q; Wu, LW; Zhu, XF, 2012)	0.38
" The adverse effects of sirolimus included hyperlipidemia (7/25), anemia (8/25), and mouth ulcers (9/25)."	( Sirolimus conversion in liver transplant recipients with calcineurin inhibitor-induced complications: efficacy and safety. Guo, ZY; Han, M; He, X; Hu, AB; Ju, WQ; Liang, WH; Tai, Q; Wu, LW; Zhu, XF, 2012)	0.38
"Sirolimus monotherapy is effective and safe in liver transplant recipients."	( Sirolimus conversion in liver transplant recipients with calcineurin inhibitor-induced complications: efficacy and safety. Guo, ZY; Han, M; He, X; Hu, AB; Ju, WQ; Liang, WH; Tai, Q; Wu, LW; Zhu, XF, 2012)	0.38
" Six of eight (75%) CYP3A5*3/*3 cases had potentially toxic MaxC0 (>20 ng/mL) compared with none of four CYP3A5*1/*1 cases and 3 of 26 (11."	( Risk of tacrolimus toxicity in CYP3A5 nonexpressors treated with intravenous nicardipine after kidney transplantation. Fukuda, T; Gardiner, R; Goebel, J; Hooper, DK; Kirby, CL; Logan, B; Roy-Chaudhury, A; Vinks, AA, 2012)	0.81
" A NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) was not defined because of findings observed also in the low-dose group."	( Safety assessment of intraportal liver cell application in New Zealand white rabbits under GLP conditions. Attaran, M; Barthold, M; Kafert-Kasting, S; Kriegbaum, H; Meyburg, J; Ott, M; Perrier, AL; Priesner, C; Schneider, A, 2012)	0.38
" In patients whose active RA persists despite treatment with MTX, TAC in combination with MTX is safe and well tolerated and provided clinical benefit for a long time in this single-center retrospective study."	( Long-term therapeutic effects and safety of tacrolimus added to methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Akahira, L; Eri, T; Fujio, K; Kanda, H; Kanzaki, T; Kawahata, K; Kubo, K; Michishita, K; Yamamoto, K, 2013)	0.65
" Six patients experienced minor adverse events, including three minor infections."	( Efficacy and safety of multitarget therapy with mizoribine and tacrolimus for systemic lupus erythematosus with or without active nephritis. Kishimoto, M; Nomura, A; Ohara, Y; Okada, M; Rokutanda, R; Shimizu, H; Suyama, Y; Yamaguchi, K, 2012)	0.62
" Given the lack of adverse events reported and the cost savings recognized, conversion from brand-name tacrolimus to generic tacrolimus should be encouraged."	( Evaluation of clinical and safety outcomes associated with conversion from brand-name to generic tacrolimus in transplant recipients enrolled in an integrated health care system. Chan, J; Hui, RL; Nguyen, LM; Spence, MM, 2012)	0.81
" Multivariate modeling showed no significant effect of baseline MPA dose on 12-month risk of biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft loss or estimated GFR, or on safety events including MPA discontinuation other than a higher rate of gastrointestinal adverse events in patients with an initial MPA dose>2000 mg (p=0."	( Association of mycophenolic acid dose with efficacy and safety events in kidney transplant patients receiving tacrolimus: an analysis of the Mycophenolic acid Observational REnal transplant registry. Chan, L; Doria, C; Greenstein, S; McCague, K; Narayanan, M; Sankari, B; Ueda, K; Wiland, A, )	0.34
" Interestingly, T-MNLC showed no evident toxicity exhibiting safe drug delivery."	( Development and evaluation of colloidal modified nanolipid carrier: application to topical delivery of tacrolimus, Part II--in vivo assessment, drug targeting, efficacy, and safety in treatment for atopic dermatitis. Pople, PV; Singh, KK, 2013)	0.6
"Elderly kidney transplant recipients receiving rabbit antithymocyte globulin did not experience different short-term graft survival, graft function or rates of infection, malignancy or hematologic adverse reactions than did nonelderly patients; they experienced fewer episodes of delayed graft function, but had lower 3-year patient survival."	( Evaluating safety and efficacy of rabbit antithymocyte globulin induction in elderly kidney transplant recipients. Campos, S; Dinh, DB; Feyssa, EL; Jawa, P; Khanmoradi, K; Knorr, JP; Ortiz, JA; Parsikia, A; Zaki, RF, 2013)	0.39
" MPA was discontinued exclusively because of adverse events (16."	( Safety profile comparing azathioprine and mycophenolate in kidney transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus and corticosteroids. Cristelli, MP; Franco, MF; Medina-Pestana, JO; Tedesco-Silva, H, 2013)	0.61
" The safety of the study drug was assessed using the incidences of adverse events, drug discontinuations, and abnormal laboratory results."	( Mizoribine versus mycophenolate mofetil in combination therapy with tacrolimus for de novo kidney transplantation: evaluation of efficacy and safety. Cho, BH; Huh, KH; Joo, DJ; Ju, MK; Kang, CM; Kim, CD; Kim, SJ; Kim, YS; Lee, S; Park, KT; So, BJ, 2013)	0.63
"Converting patients to extended-release tacrolimus with was safe in terms of rejection, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia as well as renal and liver functions."	( Tacrolimus effects and side effects after liver transplantation: is there a difference between immediate and extended release? Eberlin, M; Foltys, D; Heise, M; Hoppe-Lotichius, M; Kraemer, I; Otto, G; Thrun, I; Weiler, N; Zimmermann, T, )	1.84
" A Markov model was used to evaluate the time-dependent probability of an adverse event occurrence by CYP3A5 phenotypes and ABCB1 genotypes."	( A Markov chain model to evaluate the effect of CYP3A5 and ABCB1 polymorphisms on adverse events associated with tacrolimus in pediatric renal transplantation. Conrado, DJ; Derendorf, H; Heuberger, J; Shilbayeh, S; Sy, SK, 2013)	0.6
" There were 4 significant infectious adverse events during a total of 21."	( The safety and efficacy of noncorticosteroid triple immunosuppressive therapy in the treatment of refractory chronic noninfectious uveitis in childhood. Dick, AD; Guly, CM; Hinchcliffe, A; Lee, RW; Little, JA; Ramanan, AV; Sen, ES; Strike, H, 2014)	0.4
" Two cases of serious adverse events were associated with cytomegalovirus infection in the multi-target group, namely gastric ulcer and pancytopenia, both of which were successfully treated by antiviral therapy."	( Efficacy and safety of multi-target therapy using a combination of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and a steroid in patients with active lupus nephritis. Hiromura, K; Ikeuchi, H; Kaneko, Y; Kuroiwa, T; Maeshima, A; Mishima, K; Nojima, Y; Sakairi, T; Sakurai, N; Takahashi, S, 2014)	0.64
"A post-marketing surveillance (PMS) program was implemented to assess the safety and effectiveness of tacrolimus (TAC) in Japanese rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and to identify risk factors related to adverse drug reactions (ADRs)."	( Post-marketing surveillance of the safety and effectiveness of tacrolimus in 3,267 Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Harigai, M; Ishida, K; Kawai, S; Miyasaka, N; Takeuchi, T; Yamamoto, K, 2014)	0.86
"Patients were registered centrally and monitored for all adverse events (AEs) for 24 weeks."	( Post-marketing surveillance of the safety and effectiveness of tacrolimus in 3,267 Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Harigai, M; Ishida, K; Kawai, S; Miyasaka, N; Takeuchi, T; Yamamoto, K, 2014)	0.64
" The most common adverse effects included hyperglycemia (5 cases), myelosuppression (3 cases), and dizziness tinnitus (3 cases), majority of which were temporary and manageable."	( [The clinical efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in patients with myasthenia gravis]. Chen, YP; Wang, W; Wang, ZK; Wei, DN; Zhang, J, 2013)	0.66
" Adverse events were manageable and not common."	( [The clinical efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in patients with myasthenia gravis]. Chen, YP; Wang, W; Wang, ZK; Wei, DN; Zhang, J, 2013)	0.66
" Although improved suppression of HCV replication is anticipated, 20 to 40% of treated subjects have required early treatment discontinuation due to various adverse events including anemia (100%), infection (30%), nephrotoxicity (20%) and rejection (5 to 10%)."	( Drug-drug interactions with oral anti-HCV agents and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity in the liver transplant setting. Fontana, RJ; Tischer, S, 2014)	0.4
" Ophthalmic examination revealed no evidence of toxic effects of implants."	( Tacrolimus-loaded PLGA implants: in vivo release and ocular toxicity. Da Silva, GR; Fialho, SL; Fulgêncio, GO; Silva-Cunha, A; Souza, MC; Souza, PA, 2014)	1.85
" The common adverse drug reactions were infections, renal disorders, and glucose tolerance disorders at incidence rates of 23."	( Safety and efficacy of once-daily modified-release tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: interim analysis of multicenter postmarketing surveillance in Japan. Abe, R; So, M; Takahashi, K; Usuki, S, 2014)	0.65
"This interim analysis shows that a TAC-MR-based immunosuppressive regimen is safe and effective as used in Japanese clinical practice."	( Safety and efficacy of once-daily modified-release tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: interim analysis of multicenter postmarketing surveillance in Japan. Abe, R; So, M; Takahashi, K; Usuki, S, 2014)	0.65
" We retrospectively examined our data to identify the tacrolimus trough concentration that combined efficacy with minimal adverse effects."	( Tacrolimus-related adverse effects in liver transplant recipients: its association with trough concentrations. Arikichenin, O; Jayanthi, V; Narasimhan, G; Perumalla, R; Reddy, MS; Rela, M; Shanmugam, N; Shanmugam, V; Srinivasan, V; Varghese, J; Venugopal, K, 2014)	2.09
" The most common adverse drug reactions were infections, at an incidence rate of 25."	( Safety and efficacy of once-daily modified-release tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients: a multicenter postmarketing surveillance in Japan. Abe, R; Horike, H; So, M; Uemoto, S, 2014)	0.65
"This study shows that a TAC-MR-based immunosuppressive regimen is safe and effective as used in Japanese clinical practice."	( Safety and efficacy of once-daily modified-release tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients: a multicenter postmarketing surveillance in Japan. Abe, R; Horike, H; So, M; Uemoto, S, 2014)	0.65
" The adverse event rates were 33%, 37."	( The effectiveness and safety of rescue treatments in 108 patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis with sequential rescue therapies in a subgroup of patients. Beglinger, C; Bojic, D; Frei, P; Jojic, N; Juillerat, P; Mottet, C; Mwinyi, J; Protic, M; Radojicic, Z; Rogler, G; Schoepfer, A; Seibold, F; Vavricka, S, 2014)	0.4
"Conversion from twice-daily tacrolimus to once-daily tacrolimus one month after transplantation is safe and effective."	( Safety and efficacy of conversion from twice-daily tacrolimus to once-daily tacrolimus one month after transplantation: randomized controlled trial in adult renal transplantation. Cho, HR; Huh, KH; Kim, YS; Lee, JS; Oh, CK, 2014)	0.95
" Pregnancy with SLE is associated with an increase risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes."	( Safety of tacrolimus treatment during pregnancy and lactation in systemic lupus erythematosus: a report of two patients. Izumi, Y; Migita, K; Miyashita, T, 2014)	0.8
"In conclusion, substantial dose reduction and daily administration of low doses of TAC compose a safe and efficient immunosuppressive regimen during TVR-based triple therapy."	( Daily low-dose tacrolimus is a safe and effective immunosuppressive regimen during telaprevir-based triple therapy for hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplant. Achterfeld, A; Canbay, A; Gerken, G; Herzer, K; Jochum, C; Papadopoulos-Köhn, A; Paul, A; Timm, J, 2015)	0.77
"Treatment with systemic tacrolimus is possibly safe and effective in reducing graft rejection and prolonging graft survival in patients with high-risk PKP after graft failure with systemic CsA."	( Efficacy and safety of systemic tacrolimus in high-risk penetrating keratoplasty after graft failure with systemic cyclosporine. Omoto, M; Shimazaki, J; Yamaguchi, T; Yamazoe, K, 2014)	0.99
" Therefore, minimization of side effects, based on safe approaches, can prolong pancreas allograft survival."	( Tacrolimus in pancreas transplant: a focus on toxicity, diabetogenic effect and drug-drug interactions. Rangel, EB, 2014)	1.85
"Previous reports revealed the potential value of the soluble CD30 level (sCD30) as biomarker for the risk of acute rejection and graft failure after renal transplantation, here we examined its use for the prediction of safe tapering of calcineurin inhibitors as well as late acute rejection."	( Soluble CD30 does not predict late acute rejection or safe tapering of immunosuppression in renal transplantation. Hilbrands, LB; Joosten, I; Valke, LL; van Cranenbroek, B, 2015)	0.42
"In a cohort of renal transplant patients receiving triple immunosuppressive therapy we examined whether sCD30 can be used as a marker for safe (rejection-free) discontinuation of tacrolimus at six months after transplantation (TDS cohort: 24 rejectors and 44 non-rejecting controls)."	( Soluble CD30 does not predict late acute rejection or safe tapering of immunosuppression in renal transplantation. Hilbrands, LB; Joosten, I; Valke, LL; van Cranenbroek, B, 2015)	0.61
"Calcineurin inhibitors are effective immunosuppressive agents, but associated adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity may limit efficacy."	( Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and experimental tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity. Abbud-Filho, M; Baptista, MA; Caldas, HC; Fernandes, IM; Fernandes, MB; Toloni, LD, 2014)	0.63
" Our results suggest that concentrations lower than 300 ng/ml of CsA and 16 ng/ml of FK-506 are safe for use, as they did not induce genotoxic and mutagenic damage or affect MRC-5 cell viability and proliferation."	( Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of high concentrations of the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporine and tacrolimus in MRC-5 cells. Camargo-Godoy, RB; Cilião, HL; Cólus, IM; Ribeiro, DL; Serpeloni, JM; Specian, AF, 2015)	0.63
" In conclusion, BSA nanoparticles might be a more safe carrier for delivery of hydrophobic drug TAC."	( Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles for delivery of tacrolimus to reduce its kidney uptake and functional nephrotoxicity. Gao, Y; Li, C; Li, J; Li, X; Liu, Y; Ma, S; Wang, D; Zhang, C; Zhao, L; Zhou, Y, 2015)	0.67
" There were no cases of discontinuation related to the appearance of adverse events in the ABT+ TAC group."	( Comparison of efficacy and safety of tacrolimus and methotrexate in combination with abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; a retrospective observational study in the TBC Registry. Fujibayashi, T; Fukaya, N; Hirano, Y; Ishiguro, N; Kaneko, A; Kawasaki, M; Kida, D; Kojima, T; Miyake, H; Oguchi, T; Takahashi, N; Takemoto, T; Tsuboi, S; Yabe, Y, 2015)	0.69
" The profile and frequency of adverse events was similar in the 2 groups; in both groups, there was no evidence for impairment of humoral or cellular immunity."	( Safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis: a 5-year randomized trial. Boguniewicz, M; Boznanski, A; Dakovic, R; Kristjansson, S; Luger, T; Nieto, A; Paller, AS; Poulin, Y; Qaqundah, P; Ring, J; Schauer, U; Schuttelaar, ML; Sigurgeirsson, B; Todd, G; Vertruyen, A; von Berg, A; Zhu, X, 2015)	0.42
"Long-term management of mild-to-moderate AD in infants with PIM or TCSs was safe without any effect on the immune system."	( Safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis: a 5-year randomized trial. Boguniewicz, M; Boznanski, A; Dakovic, R; Kristjansson, S; Luger, T; Nieto, A; Paller, AS; Poulin, Y; Qaqundah, P; Ring, J; Schauer, U; Schuttelaar, ML; Sigurgeirsson, B; Todd, G; Vertruyen, A; von Berg, A; Zhu, X, 2015)	0.42
" Other objectives are: to assess the incidence of treated biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft loss, or death; the incidences of components of the composite efficacy endpoint; renal function via estimated glomerular filtration rate using various formulae (MDRD-4, Nankivell, Cockcroft-Gault, chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration and Hoek formulae); the incidence of proteinuria; the incidence of adverse events and serious adverse events; the incidence and severity of cytomegalovirus and HCV infections and HCV-related fibrosis."	( Evaluating the efficacy, safety and evolution of renal function with early initiation of everolimus-facilitated tacrolimus reduction in de novo liver transplant recipients: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Braun, F; Dworak, M; Nashan, B; Schemmer, P; Schlitt, H; Wimmer, P, 2015)	0.63
" The primary end point was the incidence of adverse events (AEs) in both groups."	( A single center, open-label, randomized pilot study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tacrolimus modified release, Advagraf, versus tacrolimus twice daily, Prograf, in stable renal recipients (single). Cho, WT; Choi, JY; Kim, SJ; Park, JB; Yang, SS, 2015)	0.64
"A regimen of TAC-MR once daily can be considered as an effective and safe alternative formulation of tacrolimus in stable renal transplant patients."	( A single center, open-label, randomized pilot study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tacrolimus modified release, Advagraf, versus tacrolimus twice daily, Prograf, in stable renal recipients (single). Cho, WT; Choi, JY; Kim, SJ; Park, JB; Yang, SS, 2015)	0.85
"Switching to MT and/or TS several years after heart transplantation appeared safe in the short-term perspective, showing no detectable changes in tacrolimus C0 levels, safety or efficacy, during an average follow-up of six months."	( Safety and efficacy of the switch to generic mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus in heart transplant patients. Rådegran, G; Söderlund, C, 2015)	0.85
" The study was terminated prematurely due to a high incidence of adverse events."	( A 12-month single arm pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sirolimus in combination with tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients at high immunologic risk. Huh, KH; Kim, BS; Kim, YS; Lee, J; Lee, JG; Lee, JJ; Park, Y, 2015)	0.63
" However, they are associated with some adverse events, including nephrotoxicity, a risk factor for allograft failure."	( Arteriosclerosis in zero-time biopsy is a risk factor for tacrolimus-induced chronic nephrotoxicity. Ishida, H; Omoto, K; Shimizu, T; Tanabe, K; Yagisawa, T, 2015)	0.66
" No significant difference existed between total adverse events and withdrawals in the tacrolimus and pimecrolimus groups."	( Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus versus Pimecrolimus for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis in Children: A Network Meta-Analysis. Huang, X; Xu, B, 2015)	0.95
" Renal failure in heart and lung transplant recipients is an essential adverse cause of morbidity and mortality, often originating in the early postoperative phase."	( Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of Tacrolimus Early After Heart and Lung Transplantation. Donker, DW; Kesecioglu, J; Kirkels, JH; Meulenbelt, J; Sikma, MA; van de Graaf, EA; van Maarseveen, EM; Verhaar, MC, 2015)	0.7
" Tacrolimus trough levels, laboratory parameters, metabolic disorders, and adverse events were assessed."	( Conversion of twice-daily to once-daily tacrolimus is safe in stable adult living donor liver transplant recipients. Kim, SH; Kim, YK; Lee, SD; Park, SJ, 2015)	1.59
"5 months after conversion, 9 patients returned to Tac-BID because of adverse events."	( Conversion of twice-daily to once-daily tacrolimus is safe in stable adult living donor liver transplant recipients. Kim, SH; Kim, YK; Lee, SD; Park, SJ, 2015)	0.68
"The conversion from Tac-BID to Tac-OD with similar target trough levels after conversion is safe and effective for long-term stable LDLT patients."	( Conversion of twice-daily to once-daily tacrolimus is safe in stable adult living donor liver transplant recipients. Kim, SH; Kim, YK; Lee, SD; Park, SJ, 2015)	0.68
"The most frequent side-effect of CNIs is nephrotoxicity, which in the long term can contribute, to allograft deterioration."	( The safety of calcineurin inhibitors for kidney-transplant patients. Malvezzi, P; Rostaing, L, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse event (AE) profiles were similar for both groups, with comparable incidences of AEs and serious AEs."	( Conversion of once-daily extended-release tacrolimus is safe in stable liver transplant recipients: A randomized prospective study. Choi, GS; Joh, JW; Kim, JM; Kwon, CH; Lee, S; Lee, SK; Sinn, DH, 2016)	0.7
" Adverse drug reactions occurred in 18 patients."	( Evaluation of the Safety and Effectiveness of Add-On Tacrolimus in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Who Failed to Show an Adequate Response to Biological DMARDs: The Interim Results of a Specific Drug Use-Results Survey of Tacrolimus. Ishida, K; Shiraki, K; Yoshiyasu, T, 2015)	0.67
"Sirolimus should not be started within the first month after liver transplantation (LT) because of an increased risk of adverse outcomes."	( Everolimus is safe within the first month after liver transplantation. Barrera, P; Briceño, J; Ciria, R; De la Mata, M; Ferrín, G; González, V; Guerrero-Misas, M; Montero, JL; Pérez-Medrano, I; Poyato, A; Pozo, JC; Rodríguez-Perálvarez, M; Sánchez-Frías, M, 2015)	0.42
"Everolimus combined with reduced tacrolimus proved to be safe within the first month after LT."	( Everolimus is safe within the first month after liver transplantation. Barrera, P; Briceño, J; Ciria, R; De la Mata, M; Ferrín, G; González, V; Guerrero-Misas, M; Montero, JL; Pérez-Medrano, I; Poyato, A; Pozo, JC; Rodríguez-Perálvarez, M; Sánchez-Frías, M, 2015)	0.7
" There was no significant difference in the adverse reaction between the two groups at the 6th or 12th months."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus vs. cyclophosphamide for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: A meta-analysis of Chinese adults. Hu, ML; Li, ZQ; Wang, YM; Zhang, C, 2015)	0.73
"Oral tacrolimus is an effective and safe option for the short-term treatment of severe plaque psoriasis."	( Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Tacrolimus in Adult Patients With Refractory Severe Plaque Psoriasis. Dogra, S; Mittal, A; Narang, T; Sharma, A, 2016)	1.19
" Significantly, more CsA-ME patients received lipid-lowering medication and experienced cosmetic and cardiovascular adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus compared with ciclosporin-A in renal transplantation: 7-year observational results. Arias, M; Banas, B; Dietl, KH; Hörsch, S; Krämer, BK; Krüger, B; Kunzendorf, U; Marcen, R; Margreiter, R; Montagnino, G; Mühlbacher, F; Olbricht, CJ; Rigotti, P; Ronco, C; Sester, U, 2016)	0.74
"In summary, the use of the generics TAP/MOW is effective and seems to be safe and cost-efficient in stable liver-transplantation patients."	( Efficacy and safety of a conversion from the original tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil to the generics Tacpan and Mowel after liver transplantation. Bellmann, MC; Darstein, F; Galle, PR; Heise, M; Hoppe-Lotichius, M; Lang, H; Mittler, J; Rüttger, B; Vollmar, J; Weyer, V; Zimmermann, A; Zimmermann, T, 2015)	0.67
" Outcomes included short- and long-term clinical response, colectomy free rates, and rate of adverse events in randomised controlled trials [RCTs] and observational studies."	( Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus Therapy for Active Ulcerative Colitis; A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ido, A; Komaki, F; Komaki, Y; Sakuraba, A, 2016)	0.74
"In the present meta-analysis, tacrolimus was associated with high clinical response and colectomy-free rates without increased risk of severe adverse events for active UC."	( Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus Therapy for Active Ulcerative Colitis; A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ido, A; Komaki, F; Komaki, Y; Sakuraba, A, 2016)	1.03
"One-to-one dosage conversion in stable LDLT recipients is a safe strategy."	( Safe One-to-One Dosage Conversion From Twice-Daily to Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Long-Term Stable Recipients After Liver Transplantation. Chen, CL; Li, WF; Lin, CC; Lin, TL; Lin, YH; Wang, CC; Wang, SH; Wu, YJ; Yong, CC, 2016)	0.67
"Both groups were followed for 24 months after transplantation for immunosuppressive regimen-associated and time-dependent occurrences of adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs)."	( Time-Dependent and Immunosuppressive Drug-Associated Adverse Event Profiles in De Novo Kidney Transplant Recipients Converted from Tacrolimus to Sirolimus Regimens. Felipe, CR; Felix, MJ; Osmar Medina-Pestana, J; Tedesco-Silva, H, 2016)	0.64
" The overall adverse events were also compared between the two groups."	( Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy and safety between tacrolimus and infliximab for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis: a single center experience. Asano, K; Esaki, M; Kitazono, T; Maehata, Y; Matsumoto, T; Moriyama, T; Nakamura, S; Nuki, Y; Umeno, J, 2016)	0.68
" While no serious adverse events were observed, the incidence of adverse events was higher in patients treated with Tac than in those treated with IFX."	( Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy and safety between tacrolimus and infliximab for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis: a single center experience. Asano, K; Esaki, M; Kitazono, T; Maehata, Y; Matsumoto, T; Moriyama, T; Nakamura, S; Nuki, Y; Umeno, J, 2016)	0.68
"Tac and IFX may be equally efficacious for the induction and maintenance of remission in patients with UC while minor adverse events are more frequent with the former treatment."	( Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy and safety between tacrolimus and infliximab for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis: a single center experience. Asano, K; Esaki, M; Kitazono, T; Maehata, Y; Matsumoto, T; Moriyama, T; Nakamura, S; Nuki, Y; Umeno, J, 2016)	0.68
" Although human islets are prone to direct toxic effect of tacrolimus and sirolimus, we found no additive effects of the drug combination."	( Treatment with Tacrolimus and Sirolimus Reveals No Additional Adverse Effects on Human Islets In Vitro Compared to Each Drug Alone but They Are Reduced by Adding Glucocorticoids. Bergan, S; Foss, A; Kloster-Jensen, K; Korsgren, O; Sahraoui, A; Scholz, H; Vethe, NT, 2016)	1.03
" Conversion to MPS was associated with a higher incidence of adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of Elective Conversion From Sotrastaurin (STN) to Tacrolimus (TAC) or Mycophenolate (MPS) in Stable Kidney Transplant Recipients. Aguiar, W; Campos, E; Cristelli, M; Felipe, C; Ferreira, A; Franco, M; Gerbase de Lima, M; Hannun, P; Medina-Pestana, J; Sandes-Freitas, T; Tedesco-Silva, H, 2016)	0.67
" Throughout the treatment period, 37 patients experienced 71 adverse events (AEs) in total, and four patients left the study because of AEs."	( Efficacy and safety of low-dose tacrolimus for active rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to methotrexate. Kim, SI; Lee, MS; Lee, SI; Lee, SS; Lee, WS; Yoo, WH, 2016)	0.72
"In patients whose active RA persists despite treatment with MTX, low-dose tacrolimus in combination with MTX appears to be safe and well tolerated, and provides clinical benefit."	( Efficacy and safety of low-dose tacrolimus for active rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to methotrexate. Kim, SI; Lee, MS; Lee, SI; Lee, SS; Lee, WS; Yoo, WH, 2016)	0.95
"In this study, it was aimed to investigate the toxic and teratogenic effects of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus and their combinations with prednisolone using an in vitro rat embryo culture technique."	( Investigation of developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of cyclosporine A, tacrolimus and their combinations with prednisolone. Acar, H; Fazliogullari, Z; Karabulut, AK; Unver Dogan, N; Uysal, II, 2016)	0.88
" Although the patient was stable after treatment of rejection, a further examination showed a very rare but specific side-effect of tacrolimus."	( Unusual case of tacrolimus vascular toxicity after deceased donor renal transplantation. Hamazoe, R; Hisamitsu, K; Kimura, M; Kobayashi, N; Naka, T; Sugitani, A; Takahashi, C; Taniguchi, K; Yamamoto, O; Yoshida, H, 2016)	0.98
" We evaluated the safety and tolerability of ATII-cell transplantation by assessing the emergent adverse side effects that appeared within 12 months."	( Safety and Tolerability of Alveolar Type II Cell Transplantation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Arguis, P; Bayas, JM; Burgos, F; Closa, D; de la Bellacasa, JP; Fiblà, JJ; Gay-Jordi, G; Guillamat-Prats, R; Hernandez-Gonzalez, F; Marin, P; Martorell, J; Molins, L; Ramirez, J; Rodríguez-Villar, C; Rovira, I; Sánchez, M; Serrano-Mollar, A; Soy, D; Tetley, TD; Xaubet, A, 2016)	0.43
"No significant adverse events were associated with the ATII-cell intratracheal transplantation."	( Safety and Tolerability of Alveolar Type II Cell Transplantation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Arguis, P; Bayas, JM; Burgos, F; Closa, D; de la Bellacasa, JP; Fiblà, JJ; Gay-Jordi, G; Guillamat-Prats, R; Hernandez-Gonzalez, F; Marin, P; Martorell, J; Molins, L; Ramirez, J; Rodríguez-Villar, C; Rovira, I; Sánchez, M; Serrano-Mollar, A; Soy, D; Tetley, TD; Xaubet, A, 2016)	0.43
"Our results support the hypothesis that ATII-cell intratracheal transplantation is safe and well tolerated in patients with IPF."	( Safety and Tolerability of Alveolar Type II Cell Transplantation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Arguis, P; Bayas, JM; Burgos, F; Closa, D; de la Bellacasa, JP; Fiblà, JJ; Gay-Jordi, G; Guillamat-Prats, R; Hernandez-Gonzalez, F; Marin, P; Martorell, J; Molins, L; Ramirez, J; Rodríguez-Villar, C; Rovira, I; Sánchez, M; Serrano-Mollar, A; Soy, D; Tetley, TD; Xaubet, A, 2016)	0.43
"After LT, an immunosuppressive regimen without steroids could be a safe and feasible treatment for HBVrelated HCC patients, thus resulting in the reduction of HBV recurrence."	( Efficacy and Safety of a Steroid-Free Immunosuppressive Regimen after Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Shen, Y; Wang, C; Wang, W; Wei, Q; Wu, J; Xie, H; Xu, X; Zhang, M; Zheng, S; Zhou, L; Zhuang, L; Zhuang, R, 2016)	0.43
"Safety was evaluated based on occurrence of adverse events."	( A Clinical Trial Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Topical Tacrolimus versus Methylprednisolone in Ocular Graft-versus-Host Disease. Abud, TB; Amparo, F; Ciolino, JB; Dana, R; Di Zazzo, A; Dohlman, TH; Hamrah, P; Saboo, US, 2016)	0.67
" In comparison with few minor adverse events in other two cohorts, several serious adverse events were documented in the tacrolimus group."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of common steroid-sparing agents in idiopathic nephrotic children. Babu, BG; Basu, B; Mahapatra, TK, 2017)	0.66
" Taking together the long-term efficacy and safety data observed, MMF appears as a safe and effective alternative to tacrolimus in managing pediatric FRNS/SDNS."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of common steroid-sparing agents in idiopathic nephrotic children. Babu, BG; Basu, B; Mahapatra, TK, 2017)	0.66
" Treatment was generally well-tolerated; only localized adverse effects were reported."	( Effectiveness and safety of topical tacrolimus monotherapy for repigmentation in vitiligo: a comprehensive literature review. Oranges, CM; Sisti, A; Sisti, G, 2016)	0.71
" GFJ was also effective in achieving a clinical improvement in most cases without causing any severe adverse events, and it helped to decrease the dosages of glucocorticoid and TAC."	( Efficacy and Safety of Grapefruit Juice Intake Accompanying Tacrolimus Treatment in Connective Tissue Disease Patients. Fujii, T; Hashimoto, M; Imura, Y; Mimori, T; Nakashima, R; Ohmura, K; Tsuji, H; Yoshifuji, H; Yukawa, N, 2016)	0.68
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."	( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships. Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)	0.43
" The surveillance after transplantation is a very important issue because of both the rejection risk and the adverse effects due to medications after transplantation."	( A rare but important adverse effect of tacrolimus in a heart transplant recipient: diabetic ketoacidosis. Akcan, L; Bayrakçı, B; Ertuğrul, İ; Gönç, EN; Kesici, S; Öztürk, Z, )	0.4
" Further studies are needed to confirm if monitoring of M-III could minimalize adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity or infections."	( Tacrolimus Metabolite M-III May Have Nephrotoxic and Myelotoxic Effects and Increase the Incidence of Infections in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Borowiec, A; Chmura, A; Dadlez, M; Hryniewiecka, E; Jazwiec, R; Nazarewski, S; Paczek, L; Samborowska, E; Tszyrsznic, W; Zegarska, J; Zochowska, D, 2016)	1.88
"Tacrolimus requires close therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to ensure efficacy and minimize adverse effects."	( Impact of a Clinical Solid Organ Transplant Pharmacist on Tacrolimus Nephrotoxicity, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, and Institutional Revenue Generation in Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients. Griffin, SP; Nelson, JE, 2016)	2.12
" Analysis of withdrawal due to adverse events showed the same pattern."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis : A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2017)	0.73
"8%) patients had adverse events after conversion, with a liver function test (LFT) abnormality being the most common adverse event (n = 17)."	( Risk Factors for the Adverse Events after Conversion from Twice-Daily to Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Stable Liver Transplantation Patients. Jeong, J; Kim, H; Lee, KW; Suh, KS; Suh, SW; Yi, NJ, 2016)	0.66
"We investigated the correlation between CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms and the adverse events in patients with UC."	( The effect of CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms on adverse events in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with tacrolimus. Andoh, A; Asada, A; Bamba, S; Imaeda, H; Inatomi, O; Morita, Y; Nishida, A; Sasaki, M; Sugimoto, M; Takahashi, K, 2017)	0.67
" The incidence of overall adverse events was significantly higher in CYP3A5 expressers than in non-expressers (P=0."	( The effect of CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms on adverse events in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with tacrolimus. Andoh, A; Asada, A; Bamba, S; Imaeda, H; Inatomi, O; Morita, Y; Nishida, A; Sasaki, M; Sugimoto, M; Takahashi, K, 2017)	0.67
"The adverse events especially nephrotoxicity were frequently observed in CYP3A5 expressers."	( The effect of CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms on adverse events in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with tacrolimus. Andoh, A; Asada, A; Bamba, S; Imaeda, H; Inatomi, O; Morita, Y; Nishida, A; Sasaki, M; Sugimoto, M; Takahashi, K, 2017)	0.67
" All side effects and adverse reactions were thoroughly documented."	( Long-term efficacy and side effects of low-dose tacrolimus for the treatment of Myasthenia Gravis. Chen, Y; Huang, X; Jing, F; Tao, X; Wang, W; Wang, Z; Wei, D, 2017)	0.71
"Switching patients from a CNI to belatacept may represent a safe approach to immunosuppression and is being further explored in an ongoing phase 3b trial."	( Safety and Efficacy Outcomes 3 Years After Switching to Belatacept From a Calcineurin Inhibitor in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Results From a Phase 2 Randomized Trial. Alberu, J; Del Carmen Rial, M; Grinyó, JM; Jones-Burton, C; Kamar, N; Manfro, RC; Nainan, G; Steinberg, SM; Vincenti, F, 2017)	0.46
" The combination was generally well tolerated, with an adverse event profile consistent with that observed in previous clinical trials of SMV or DCV separately."	( Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of simeprevir, daclatasvir, and ribavirin in patients with recurrent hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection after orthotopic liver transplantation: The Phase II SATURN study. Andreone, P; Berenguer, M; Calleja, JL; Cieciura, T; Donato, MF; Durlik, M; Fagiuoli, S; Forns, X; Herzer, K; Janssen, K; Jessner, W; Kalmeijer, R; Lenz, O; Mariño, Z; Ouwerkerk-Mahadevan, S; Peeters, M; Shukla, U; Sterneck, M; Verbinnen, T, 2017)	0.46
" Although some immunosuppressants such as rituximab and azathioprine have proven to be effective in relapse prevention, the high costs or intolerable adverse events preclude their wide application."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus treatment for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Bu, B; Chen, B; Ke, G; Wu, Q, 2017)	0.77
" There were no serious adverse effects on liver or renal function associated with the therapy."	( Drug interactions and safety profiles with concomitant use of caspofungin and calcineurin inhibitors in allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation. Hino, M; Hirose, A; Koh, H; Koh, S; Kuno, M; Makuuchi, Y; Nakamae, H; Nakamae, M; Nakane, T; Nakashima, Y; Nanno, S; Nishimoto, M; Okamura, H; Takakuwa, T; Tokuwame, A; Yoshimura, T, 2017)	0.46
" The main adverse effects in TAC treatment were glucose intolerance, diabetes and abnormal aminotransferase."	( The efficacy and safety of tacrolimus monotherapy in adult-onset nephrotic syndrome caused by idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Chen, J; Li, H; Li, X; Liang, Q; Qu, F; Xie, X, 2017)	0.75
" Conclusions Our survey revealed that a six-month course of tacrolimus is a safe and effective treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus patients with refractory thrombocytopenia."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with refractory thrombocytopenia: a retrospective study. Feng, X; Li, Y, 2018)	1.03
" Fifty-three per cent of patients experienced adverse effects, none of whom required treatment withdrawal."	( Medium to long-term efficacy and safety of oral tacrolimus in moderate to severe steroid refractory ulcerative colitis. Amo Trillo, V; González Grande, R; Jiménez Pérez, M; Olmedo Martín, RV, 2017)	0.71
" Overall, 125 adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occurred in 94 patients (15."	( Safety and effectiveness of tacrolimus add-on therapy for rheumatoid arthritis patients without an adequate response to biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs): Post-marketing surveillance in Japan. Ishida, K; Shiraki, K; Takeuchi, T; Yoshiyasu, T, 2018)	0.77
" And the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of tacrolimus were monitored in each patient from the beginning of tacrolimus treatment to the end of the follow-up period."	( A multicenter prospective observational study on the safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in patients with myasthenia gravis. Ahn, SW; Cho, EB; Hong, YH; Joo, IS; Kang, SY; Kim, BJ; Min, JH; Minn, YK; Nam, TS; Oh, J; Oh, SY; Park, JS; Park, YE; Seok, HY; Seok, JI; Seok, JM; Shin, HY; Shin, JY; Suh, BC; Sung, JJ, 2017)	0.95
" The adverse events reported in each included study were used as safety evaluation."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus for myasthenia gravis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Li, W; Lu, J; Wang, L; Xi, J; Zhang, S; Zhang, T; Zhao, C; Zhou, L, 2017)	0.77
"The incidence of serious adverse events was not significantly different between the TAC and IFX groups."	( Comparison of Safety and Efficacy of Tacrolimus versus Infliximab for Active Ulcerative Colitis. Shimoyama, T; Takeuchi, K; Yamamoto, T, 2018)	0.75
" Adverse drug reactions are well described in adults but few data are available in children."	( Adverse Events under Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in the First 3 Years Post-Renal Transplantation in Children. Aurich, B; Baudouin, V; Ha, P; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Lancia, P; Maisin, A, 2018)	0.8
" Adverse events were collected from medical records and coded using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities and the implications of tacrolimus and cyclosporine analysed."	( Adverse Events under Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in the First 3 Years Post-Renal Transplantation in Children. Aurich, B; Baudouin, V; Ha, P; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Lancia, P; Maisin, A, 2018)	1
" The frequencies of toxic nephropathy and gastrointestinal pain were higher than those in the Summary of Product Characteristics of tacrolimus (> 20%) and cyclosporine (> 10%)."	( Adverse Events under Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in the First 3 Years Post-Renal Transplantation in Children. Aurich, B; Baudouin, V; Ha, P; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Lancia, P; Maisin, A, 2018)	1
" The present study was designed to find the toxic effects of tacrolimus on lungs and kidneys."	( Tacrolimus induced nephrotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity in Wistar rats. Akhtar, T; Ghazanfar, R; Shan, T; Sheikh, N, )	1.82
"Consecutive patients who were treated with adding tacrolimus onto anti-TNF therapy with methotrexate for active RA despite anti-TNF therapy with methotrexate, were retrospectively analyzed in terms of treatment response, achieving remission, subsequent treatment tapering and adverse events."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of add-on tacrolimus for persistent, active rheumatoid arthritis despite treatment with methotrexate and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Iwagaitsu, S; Kajiura, M; Naniwa, T, 2018)	1
"The results show that steroid-free low-dose tacrolimus-based IS following LT is safe and decreases the incidence of NODM significantly."	( Steroid-free immunosuppression with low-dose tacrolimus is safe and significantly reduces the incidence of new-onset diabetes mellitus following liver transplantation. Axelson, C; Bennet, W; Castedal, M; Skoglund, C, 2018)	1
" Our results suggest that a low Tac target C0 range (5-8 ng/ml) with a low fixed starting dose (3 mg/day) would be safe and effective among Chinese KTRs."	( A Low Fixed Tacrolimus Starting Dose Is Effective and Safe in Chinese Renal Transplantation Recipients. Bai, YJ; Li, Y; Li, YM; Shi, YY; Tang, JT; van Gelder, T; Wang, LL; Yan, L; Zou, YG, 2018)	0.86
" Three serious adverse events were associated with calcineurin inhibitors."	( Safety and Efficacy of Combination Treatment With Calcineurin Inhibitors and Vedolizumab in Patients With Refractory Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Christensen, B; Cohen, RD; Colman, RJ; Gibson, PR; Goeppinger, SR; Kassim, O; Micic, D; Rubin, DT; Weber, CR; Yarur, A, 2019)	0.51
"Combination therapy of vedolizumab with either cyclosporin or tacrolimus is effective and safe at inducing and maintaining clinical remission in patients with CD and UC with up to 52 weeks of follow-up evaluation."	( Safety and Efficacy of Combination Treatment With Calcineurin Inhibitors and Vedolizumab in Patients With Refractory Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Christensen, B; Cohen, RD; Colman, RJ; Gibson, PR; Goeppinger, SR; Kassim, O; Micic, D; Rubin, DT; Weber, CR; Yarur, A, 2019)	0.75
"Our findings demonstrate that localized immunosuppression with TAC hydrogel is a long-term safe and reliable treatment."	( Local Injections of Tacrolimus-loaded Hydrogel Reduce Systemic Immunosuppression-related Toxicity in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation. Banz, Y; Dhayani, A; Dzhonova, DV; Leckenby, J; Olariu, R; Prost, JC; Rieben, R; Taddeo, A; Vemula, PK; Voegelin, E, 2018)	0.8
" However, the long-term use of TCS is limited by cutaneous adverse events such as skin atrophy."	( Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of adult and pediatric atopic dermatitis: Review on safety and benefits. Morimoto, H; Nakagawa, H; Ohtsuki, M, 2018)	1.92
" The primary outcome was complete remission (CR) at 6 months, and secondary outcomes included overall response and adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus combination therapy in patients with lupus nephritis: a nationwide multicentre study. Bae, SC; Choe, JY; Chung, WT; Jung, SY; Kang, JH; Kim, YS; Lee, HS; Lee, J; Lee, KE; Lee, SS; Lee, YA; Park, DJ; Park, SH; Park, YJ; Suh, CH; Yoo, DH, )	0.39
" Twenty-one patients reported 29 adverse events, including severe infection requiring hospitalisation (n=3, 10."	( Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus combination therapy in patients with lupus nephritis: a nationwide multicentre study. Bae, SC; Choe, JY; Chung, WT; Jung, SY; Kang, JH; Kim, YS; Lee, HS; Lee, J; Lee, KE; Lee, SS; Lee, YA; Park, DJ; Park, SH; Park, YJ; Suh, CH; Yoo, DH, )	0.39
" The adverse drug effects of tacrolimus were monitored."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in Osserman grade III and Osserman grade IV Myasthenia Gravis. Cao, M; Fang, XJ; Jiang, QL; Liang, Y; Liu, XM; She, SF; Wang, SS; Zhao, LN, 2018)	1.08
" Nineteen patients in the tacrolimus group had adverse drug reactions, but no severe adverse effects appeared."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in Osserman grade III and Osserman grade IV Myasthenia Gravis. Cao, M; Fang, XJ; Jiang, QL; Liang, Y; Liu, XM; She, SF; Wang, SS; Zhao, LN, 2018)	1.09
"Our study suggested that tacrolimus could be an effective and safe treatment for Osserman grade III and Osserman grade IV MG patients."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in Osserman grade III and Osserman grade IV Myasthenia Gravis. Cao, M; Fang, XJ; Jiang, QL; Liang, Y; Liu, XM; She, SF; Wang, SS; Zhao, LN, 2018)	1.09
" With increased use and new approvals in many different types of solid tumors and hematological malignancies, practitioners in oncology should have an appreciation and understanding of the potential adverse effects of these unique treatment approaches."	( Tacrolimus for the treatment of immune-related adverse effects refractory to systemic steroids and anti-tumor necrosis factor α therapy. Beardslee, T; Draper, A; Kudchadkar, R, 2019)	1.96
"Costimulatory blockade-based and anti-CD20 antibody/tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive therapies seem to be comparably safe with steroid therapy in nonhuman primates receiving corneal xenotransplantation, as they did not reactivate Rhesus Cytomegalovirus and maintained manageable systemic status."	( Long-term safety outcome of systemic immunosuppression in pig-to-nonhuman primate corneal xenotransplantation. Che, JH; Choi, HJ; Choi, SH; Hwang, ES; Kim, HP; Kim, J; Kim, JM; Kim, MK; Lee, HJ; Park, CG; Roh, KM; Yoon, CH, 2018)	0.73
" Nineteen cases of adverse events occurred in 11 patients (35."	( Safety and Efficacy of Once-Daily Prolonged-Release Tacrolimus in Living Donor Liver Transplantation: An Open-Label, Prospective, Single-Arm, Phase 4 Study. Kim, SH; Lee, EC; Park, SJ, 2018)	0.73
"Our study confirmed delayed initiation of tacrolimus after antilymphocyte induction therapy is safe and effective in renal transplant recipients with slow or delayed graft function."	( Delayed Initiation of Tacrolimus Is Safe and Effective in Renal Transplant Recipients With Delayed and Slow Graft Function. Chen, Y; Cheng, Y; Liu, H; Liu, Y; Shen, Y, 2018)	1.06
"Transient erythema after alcohol consumption is a side effect of topical tacrolimus use."	( [Transient erythema after alcohol consumption; a side effect of tacrolimus]. de Graaf, NPJ; Rustemeyer, T; van Leent, EJM, 2018)	0.95
" There were no adverse events by TAC in mothers and fetuses."	( Changes in the blood level, efficacy, and safety of tacrolimus in pregnancy and the lactation period in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arawaka, S; Fujita, D; Hiramatsu, Y; Kimura, Y; Kotani, T; Makino, S; Nagayasu, Y; Nakamura, E; Shabana, K; Takeuchi, T; Yoshida, S, 2018)	0.73
"Calcineurin inhibitors are effective immunosuppressive agents, but associated adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity may limit efficacy."	( Tetrahydrocurcumin Ameliorates Tacrolimus-Induced Nephrotoxicity Via Inhibiting Apoptosis. Jang, HJ; Kim, HJ; Lee, JH; Oh, MY; Park, CS, 2018)	0.77
"Tacrolimus has been associated with notable extrarenal adverse effects (AEs), which are unpredictable and impact patient morbidity."	( The impact of tacrolimus exposure on extrarenal adverse effects in adult renal transplant recipients. Brazeau, D; Campagne, O; Mager, DE; Tornatore, KM; Venuto, RC, 2019)	2.32
"High-intensity statin therapy appears safe and efficacious in HT recipients receiving tacrolimus and is a reasonable option for the treatment of refractory hyperlipidemia."	( Safety and tolerability of high-intensity statin therapy in heart transplant patients receiving immunosuppression with tacrolimus. Corkish, ME; Heeney, SA; Hollis, IB; Tjugum, SL, 2019)	0.95
" Data for adverse drug reactions were collected."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Conversion From Cyclosporine to Once-Daily Prolonged-Release Tacrolimus in Stable Kidney Transplant Patients: A Multicenter Observational Study in Japan. Aikawa, A; Sugamori, H; Tanaka, H; Uno, S; Usuki, S, 2018)	0.7
" Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were recorded."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Once-Daily, Prolonged-Release Tacrolimus in De Novo Kidney Transplant Recipients: 5-year, Multicenter Postmarketing Surveillance in Japan. Uchida, H; Uno, S; Wakasugi, N, 2018)	0.73
" Adverse events were recorded."	( Efficacy and Safety of Delayed Prolonged-Release Tacrolimus Initiation in De Novo Hepatitis C Virus-Negative Orthotopic Liver Transplant Recipients: A Single-Center, Single-Arm, Prospective Study. Baliellas, C; Busquets, J; Fabregat, J; González-Castillo, A; González-Vilatarsana, E; Lladó, L; Ramos, E; Xiol, X, 2019)	0.77
" The only reported side effect was discomfort upon application."	( Long-term use of topical tacrolimus ointment: a safe and effective option for the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. de Castro, RS; de Holanda, EC; José, NK; Müller, GG, )	0.43
"Despite the small sample size and study design limitations, these results support the long-term use of topical tacrolimus as an effective and safe option for the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis, with good compliance of patients to the treatment."	( Long-term use of topical tacrolimus ointment: a safe and effective option for the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. de Castro, RS; de Holanda, EC; José, NK; Müller, GG, )	0.65
"Our aim was to determine potentially adverse effects of immunosuppressive protocols after liver transplantation in children."	( Predictable and Unusual Adverse Effects of Immunosuppression in Pediatric Liver Transplant Patients. Dalgıç, A; Dalgıç, B; Eğritaş Gürkan, Ö; Ekşi Bozbulut, N; Öztürk, H; Sapmaz, A; Sarı, S; Sözen, H, 2019)	0.51
" In addition to these predictable adverse effects, unusual adverse effects of immunosuppression were also observed."	( Predictable and Unusual Adverse Effects of Immunosuppression in Pediatric Liver Transplant Patients. Dalgıç, A; Dalgıç, B; Eğritaş Gürkan, Ö; Ekşi Bozbulut, N; Öztürk, H; Sapmaz, A; Sarı, S; Sözen, H, 2019)	0.51
"Within the safety population (everolimus 1014, MPA 1012), adverse events with a suspected relation to study drug occurred in 62."	( Safety of Everolimus With Reduced Calcineurin Inhibitor Exposure in De Novo Kidney Transplants: An Analysis From the Randomized TRANSFORM Study. Adel Bakr, M; Basic-Jukic, N; Bernhardt, P; Buchler, M; Cassuto, E; Chadban, S; Citterio, F; Cruzado, JM; Garcia, VD; Hernandez Gutierrez, MP; Kim, DY; Kuypers, D; Pascual, J; Russ, G; Sommerer, C; Soo Kim, M; Tedesco-Silva, H; Uyen, HD; Viklicky, O, 2019)	0.51
"De novo everolimus with reduced-exposure CNI yielded a comparable incidence, though a distinctly different pattern, of adverse events versus current standard of care."	( Safety of Everolimus With Reduced Calcineurin Inhibitor Exposure in De Novo Kidney Transplants: An Analysis From the Randomized TRANSFORM Study. Adel Bakr, M; Basic-Jukic, N; Bernhardt, P; Buchler, M; Cassuto, E; Chadban, S; Citterio, F; Cruzado, JM; Garcia, VD; Hernandez Gutierrez, MP; Kim, DY; Kuypers, D; Pascual, J; Russ, G; Sommerer, C; Soo Kim, M; Tedesco-Silva, H; Uyen, HD; Viklicky, O, 2019)	0.51
"The immunosuppressants tacrolimus and mycophenolate are important components to the success of organ transplantation, but are also associated with adverse effects, such as nephrotoxicity, anemia, leukopenia, and new-onset diabetes after transplantation."	( Genetic Variants Associated With Immunosuppressant Pharmacokinetics and Adverse Effects in the DeKAF Genomics Genome-wide Association Studies. Dorr, CR; Guan, W; Iklé, D; Israni, AK; Jacobson, PA; Keating, BJ; Mannon, RB; Matas, AJ; Oetting, WS; Remmel, RP; Schladt, DP; van Setten, J; Wu, B, 2019)	0.82
"We performed a genome-wide association study, using a genotyping array tailored specifically for transplantation outcomes containing 722 147 single nucleotide polymorphisms, and 2 cohorts of kidney allograft recipients-a discovery cohort and a confirmation cohort-to identify and then confirm genetic variants associated with immunosuppressant pharmacokinetics and adverse outcomes."	( Genetic Variants Associated With Immunosuppressant Pharmacokinetics and Adverse Effects in the DeKAF Genomics Genome-wide Association Studies. Dorr, CR; Guan, W; Iklé, D; Israni, AK; Jacobson, PA; Keating, BJ; Mannon, RB; Matas, AJ; Oetting, WS; Remmel, RP; Schladt, DP; van Setten, J; Wu, B, 2019)	0.51
"These results show that adverse effects associated with tacrolimus and mycophenolate are complex, and recipient risk is not determined by a few genetic variants with large effects with but most likely are due to many variants, each with small effect sizes, and clinical factors."	( Genetic Variants Associated With Immunosuppressant Pharmacokinetics and Adverse Effects in the DeKAF Genomics Genome-wide Association Studies. Dorr, CR; Guan, W; Iklé, D; Israni, AK; Jacobson, PA; Keating, BJ; Mannon, RB; Matas, AJ; Oetting, WS; Remmel, RP; Schladt, DP; van Setten, J; Wu, B, 2019)	0.76
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded in 258 of 633 patients (40."	( Effectiveness and safety of tacrolimus therapy for myasthenia gravis: A single arm meta-analysis. Lu, J; Wang, L; Wu, H; Xi, J; Zhang, S; Zhang, T; Zhao, C; Zhou, L, 2019)	0.81
" There was a greater number of adverse events in the LEF + MTX group (66 in LEF + MTX and 49 in TAC + MTX)."	( Efficacy and safety of add-on tacrolimus versus leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis patients with inadequate response to methotrexate. Baek, HJ; Cha, HS; Choi, IA; Jun, JB; Kang, SW; Kang, YM; Lee, YJ; Park, SH; Shin, K; Song, YW, 2019)	0.8
"TAC is an effective and safe agent in induction therapy of patients with lupus nephritis."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in induction therapy of patients with lupus nephritis. Lin, S; Lin, W; Yang, S; Zhou, T, 2019)	0.82
" Similarly, the incidence of new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT), a major side-effect of tacrolimus, can also be reduced by optimizing tacrolimus exposure."	( An update on the safety of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients, with a focus on tacrolimus minimization. Jouve, T; Malvezzi, P; Noble, J; Rostaing, L, 2019)	1.03
"Only a few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and some uncontrolled trials have reported the efficacy and adverse events (AEs) of tacrolimus (Tac) in patients with refractory Crohn's disease (CD)."	( Therapeutic Efficacy and Adverse Events of Tacrolimus in Patients with Crohn's Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iida, T; Nakase, H; Nojima, M, 2019)	0.98
"Calcineurin inhibitor-induced neurotoxicity (CIIN) is a common and debilitating side effect after liver transplantation (LT)."	( Donor Age Predicts Calcineurin Inhibitor Induced Neurotoxicity After Liver Transplantation. Agustin Garcia-Gil, F; Jose Araiz, J; Laredo, V; Lorente, S; Lué, A; Martinez, E; Navarro, M; Serrano, MT, 2019)	0.51
"Trichomegaly is a known adverse effect of systemic administration of cyclosporine but is less commonly associated with systemic tacrolimus or with topical calcineruin inhibitors."	( Trichomegaly induced by topical tacrolimus for the treatment of periorbital vitiligo: A brief report of a new adverse effect. Cowen, EW; Molés-Poveda, P, 2019)	1
"Mizoribine (MZR) was effective and safe for living Chinese donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) on tacrolimus-based treatment 1 year after transplantation."	( Efficacy and Safety of Mizoribine Combined With Tacrolimus in Living Donor Kidney Transplant Recipients: 3-Year Results by a Chinese Single Center Study. Chen, XG; Liu, H; Shen, ZY; Shi, Y, 2019)	0.99
" There were no significant differences in adverse events among the MZR or the MMF group, whereas the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly lower in the MZR treatment group (P = ."	( Efficacy and Safety of Mizoribine Combined With Tacrolimus in Living Donor Kidney Transplant Recipients: 3-Year Results by a Chinese Single Center Study. Chen, XG; Liu, H; Shen, ZY; Shi, Y, 2019)	0.77
" Remission rate, relapse rate, and adverse events in the two groups were assessed."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus-based treatment for nephrotic idiopathic membranous nephropathy in young adults: A retrospective study. Bai, DF; Fang, W; Hu, Z; Ji, CF; Wang, L; Yuan, JZ; Zhang, J; Zhang, XJ, 2019)	0.82
"The TC-coated silicone plate was more effective in inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis versus the MMC-coated silicone plate and was associated with fewer adverse effects in the rabbit model."	( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus-coated silicone plates as an alternative to mitomycin C in a rabbit model of conjunctival fibrosis. Han, GS; Jung, HS; Kim, ES; Kim, JY; Suh, LH; Tchah, H; Yoon, SY, 2019)	0.82
" Adverse events were scarce including the two recipients who switched to tacrolimus from cyclosporine at the beginning of the treatment."	( Safety of Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy for Renal Function in Post-Kidney Transplant Patients Infected with Hepatitis C Virus and a 100% 12-Week Sustained Virologic Response: A Single-Center Study. Haga, I; Kawagishi, N; Nakamura, A; Takayama, T, 2020)	0.79
" Drug-related treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 28 patients (35."	( Efficacy and safety of prolonged-release tacrolimus in stable pediatric allograft recipients converted from immediate-release tacrolimus - a Phase 2, open-label, single-arm, one-way crossover study. Czubkowski, P; D'Antiga, L; Debray, D; Iserin, F; Kazeem, G; Kelly, D; Marks, SD; Reding, R; Riva, S; Rivet, C; Rubik, J; Sellier-Leclerc, AL; Tönshoff, B; Undre, N; Vondrak, K; Webb, NJA, 2019)	0.78
" The final result is a ready-to-use compounding vehicle, containing minimal excipients, safe for children's use and stable for 6 months."	( Development of a safe and versatile suspension vehicle for pediatric use: Formulation development. Alarie, H; Leclair, G; Roullin, VG, 2019)	0.51
" However, its monitoring remains complicated and underexposure increases the risk of rejection, whereas overexposure increases the risk of adverse effects, primarily nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, infections, malignancies, diabetes, and gastrointestinal complaints."	( Tacrolimus: 20 years of use in adult kidney transplantation. What we should know about its nephrotoxicity. Bentata, Y, 2020)	2
"Guidelines recommend classical combined therapy of steroid and cyclophosphamide (CYC) for patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), while it is associated with severe adverse effects."	( Effectiveness and safety of cyclophosphamide or tacrolimus therapy for idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Jiang, F; Xu, G; Zou, H, 2020)	0.81
" Although the cumulative incidence of serious and non-serious adverse events was not different significantly between the two groups, the incidence after first 3 months was lower in TAC group."	( Effectiveness and safety of cyclophosphamide or tacrolimus therapy for idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Jiang, F; Xu, G; Zou, H, 2020)	0.81
" Adverse events were assessed throughout."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in de novo pediatric transplant recipients randomized to receive immediate- or prolonged-release tacrolimus. Debray, D; Dhawan, A; Grenda, R; Holt, RCL; Kazeem, G; Kelly, D; Lachaux, A; Marks, SD; Parisi, F; Undre, N; Vondrak, K; Webb, NJA, 2019)	0.82
" No severe adverse effects were seen during the treatment."	( Young children with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis can be treated safely and effectively with either topical tacrolimus or mild corticosteroids. Ahola, M; Mäkelä, MJ; Mikkola, T; Pelkonen, AS; Perälä, M; Remitz, A, 2020)	0.77
" Small children may need stronger but nevertheless safe ointment options when treating moderate-to-severe AD."	( Young children with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis can be treated safely and effectively with either topical tacrolimus or mild corticosteroids. Ahola, M; Mäkelä, MJ; Mikkola, T; Pelkonen, AS; Perälä, M; Remitz, A, 2020)	0.77
" Secondary end points were 12-month survival rate, adverse events, and changes in laboratory data."	( Multicenter Prospective Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Combined Immunosuppressive Therapy With High-Dose Glucocorticoid, Tacrolimus, and Cyclophosphamide in Interstitial Lung Diseases Accompanied by Anti-Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene 5-Pos Akizuki, S; Handa, T; Hashimoto, M; Hatta, K; Hirata, S; Hosono, Y; Imura, Y; Katayama, M; Mimori, T; Murakami, K; Nakashima, R; Nojima, T; Ohmura, K; Sugiyama, E; Taguchi, Y; Tanaka, M; Tanizawa, K; Tsuji, H; Uozumi, R; Yagita, M; Yoshifuji, H, 2020)	0.76
" No adverse events were reported during the study."	( Efficacy and safety of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) related decapeptide solution plus Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment versus Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in the treatment of stable vitiligo. Godse, K; Grandhi, S; Mahajan, S; Parsad, D; Pathak, R; Shah, B; Sharma, A; Shendkar, S; Teli, C, 2019)	0.73
" Pancreatitis is the most common adverse event after ERCP (PEP)."	( Tacrolimus and Indomethacin Are Safe and Effective at Reducing Pancreatitis After Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Patients Who Have Undergone Liver Transplantation. Ahmad, NA; Chandrasekhara, V; Forde, KA; Ginsberg, GG; Khungar, V; Kochman, ML; Thiruvengadam, NR, 2020)	2
"CsA is an effective and safe agent in the therapy of patients with SRNS."	( Efficacy and safety of cyclosporine a for patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a meta-analysis. Li, HY; Zhang, X; Zhong, H; Zhong, Z; Zhou, T, 2019)	0.51
" Only one patient discontinued add-on TAC therapy due to an adverse event (itching sensation)."	( Clinical effectiveness and safety of additional administration of tacrolimus in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to abatacept: A retrospective cohort study. Asai, S; Fujibayashi, T; Hayashi, M; Hirano, Y; Ishiguro, N; Kato, T; Kida, D; Kojima, T; Oguchi, T; Suzuki, M; Takahashi, N; Yabe, Y, 2019)	0.75
"To evaluate the association between tacrolimus trough levels and dosage in Pakistani patients undergoing live donor liver transplantation (LDLT), and the efficacy and adverse effects at different tacrolimus trough levels and dosages."	( Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus in Pakistani Living Donor Liver Transplant Recipients. Ahmad, A; Azam, F; Bhatti, ABH; Dar, FS; Javed, N; Khan, M, 2019)	1.07
" Acute cellular rejection (ACR), sepsis and other adverse events were monitored at different tacrolimus trough levels in early post-transplantation period."	( Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus in Pakistani Living Donor Liver Transplant Recipients. Ahmad, A; Azam, F; Bhatti, ABH; Dar, FS; Javed, N; Khan, M, 2019)	1.02
" Sepsis (27%) psychosis (20%), seizures (10%), and renal insufficiency (13%) were the most common adverse effects."	( Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus in Pakistani Living Donor Liver Transplant Recipients. Ahmad, A; Azam, F; Bhatti, ABH; Dar, FS; Javed, N; Khan, M, 2019)	0.8
"5 ng/ml appears to be safe in Pakistani liver transplant recipients significantly minimising the risk of ACR and other adverse events."	( Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus in Pakistani Living Donor Liver Transplant Recipients. Ahmad, A; Azam, F; Bhatti, ABH; Dar, FS; Javed, N; Khan, M, 2019)	0.8
" Infection, nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal symptoms and hypertension are the most common adverse events."	( Off-label use of tacrolimus in children with glomerular disease: Effectiveness, safety and pharmacokinetics. Hao, GX; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Song, LL; Su, LQ; Zhang, DF; Zhao, W, 2020)	0.9
"Acute nephrotoxicity is a common adverse reaction of tacrolimus therapy; however, its risk factors in pediatric nephrotic syndrome (NS) remain to be evaluated."	( Risk factors and clinical characteristics of tacrolimus-induced acute nephrotoxicity in children with nephrotic syndrome: a retrospective case-control study. Gao, P; Guan, XL; Huang, R; Liu, MC; Luan, JW; Shang-Guan, XF; Wang, XW; Xu, H, 2020)	1.07
" Both regimens were well-tolerated, and medication side effect burden tended to be less severe in the intervention group."	( Preliminary assessment of safety and adherence to a once-daily immunosuppression regimen in kidney transplantation: Results of a randomized controlled pilot study. Dubay, D; Fleming, JN; McGillicuddy, JW; Nadig, S; Posadas-Salas, A; Rao, V; Rohan, V; Su, Z; Taber, DJ, 2020)	0.56
" We analyzed the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), graft rejection, serum creatinine, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody, and the occurrence of adverse events among the 3 groups."	( Efficacy and Safety of a Quadruple Regimen Compared with Triple Regimens in Patients with Mycophenolic Acid-Related Gastrointestinal Complications After Renal Transplantation: A Short-Term Single-Center Study. Geng, L; Li, E; Peng, Z; Sun, H; Tian, J; Xian, W, 2020)	0.56
"At our institution, tacrolimus is used as a second-line agent for the prevention and treatment of graft-versus-host-disease in the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) unit after patients have experienced a serious or intolerable adverse event to cyclosporine."	( Safety of two-hour intermittent intravenous infusions of tacrolimus in the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation unit. Bacopoulos, AJ; Dara, C; Deotare, U; Ho, L; Kim, DD; Lipton, JH; Loach, D; Messner, HA; Michelis, FV; Ng, P; Thyagu, S; Viswabandya, A; Yang, A, 2021)	1.19
" The most common serious adverse drug reactions (ADR) included pneumonia (1."	( Long-term Safety and Effectiveness of Tacrolimus in Patients With Lupus Nephritis: 5-year Interim Postmarketing Surveillance Study in Japan (TRUST). Makino, H; Takeuchi, T; Uno, S; Wakasugi, N, 2021)	0.89
" We used a random-effects model with a Bayesian approach to appraise both renal outcomes and serious adverse effects."	( The efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive therapies in the treatment of IgA nephropathy: A network meta-analysis. Dong, L; Hu, T; Qin, W; Tan, J; Tang, Y; Tarun, P; Xu, Y; Ye, D; Zhong, Z, 2020)	0.56
"We conclude that administration of IV tacrolimus twice daily over 4 h may be safe and effective in preventing GvHD in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant."	( Twice-daily intravenous bolus tacrolimus infusion: A safe and effective regimen for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis. Baize, T; Bhandari, S; Emmons, R; Figg, L; Hashmi, H; Hegazi, M; Krem, MM; Kumar, R; Rhodes, JB; Tripathi, P, 2020)	1.12
" Transplantation of hPSC-derived cell populations into preclinical models has generated teratomas (tumors arising from undifferentiated hPSCs), unwanted tissues, and other types of adverse events."	( Improving the safety of human pluripotent stem cell therapies using genome-edited orthogonal safeguards. Cromer, MK; Fowler, JL; Lesch, BJ; Loh, KM; Martin, RM; Nishimura, T; Ponce, E; Porteus, MH; Uchida, N, 2020)	0.56
" In 21 patients, EVR dose, trough level, outcomes, and adverse effects were assessed."	( Safety and Efficacy of Everolimus Rescue Treatment After Pediatric Living Donor Liver Transplantation. Bessho, K; Deguchi, K; Kodama, T; Noguchi, Y; Nomura, M; Okuyama, H; Saka, R; Tazuke, Y; Ueno, T; Watanabe, M, )	0.13
"In this single-center, prospective, randomized study, adverse events (AEs), serious AEs (SAEs), viral infections, laboratory abnormalities, dose reductions, and temporary or permanent discontinuation of the immunosuppressant were compared among patients receiving r-ATG/EVR (n = 85), BAS/EVR (n = 102), and BAS/MPS (n = 101)."	( Immunosuppressive Drug-Associated Adverse Event Profiles in De Novo Kidney Transplant Recipients Receiving Everolimus and Reduced Tacrolimus Doses. Felipe, CR; Medina Pestana, JO; Miranda, TA; Santos, RHN; Tedesco-Silva Junior, H, 2020)	0.76
"Basiliximab-induced IS protocol is a safe regimen that reduces medium-term renal dysfunction and achieves similar survival without increasing the acute rejection or infection rate in liver transplantation recipients."	( Efficacy and safety of basiliximab as initial immunosuppression in liver transplantation: A single center study. Alsebaey, A; Hashim, M; Ragab, A; Soliman, HE; Waked, I, )	0.13
"A TAC Cmin of 4-7 ng/mL seems safe and capable of improving graft and kidney function."	( Redefining Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus in Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation: A Target Trough Concentration of 4-7 ng/mL During the First Month After Liver Transplantation is Safe and Improves Graft and Renal Function. Bardou-Jacquet, E; Bellissant, E; Bergeat, D; Boudjema, K; Camus, C; Collet, N; Houssel-Debry, P; Jézéquel, C; Lemaitre, F; Pastoret, C; Petitcollin, A; Rayar, M; Renard, T; Tron, C; Verdier, MC, 2020)	0.82
"Design choices in EHR systems strongly influence safe prescribing of ciclosporin, tacrolimus, and diltiazem, and breaches are prevalent in general practices in England."	( Impact of Electronic Health Record Interface Design on Unsafe Prescribing of Ciclosporin, Tacrolimus, and Diltiazem: Cohort Study in English National Health Service Primary Care. Bacon, S; Croker, R; Curtis, HJ; Goldacre, B; MacKenna, B; Walker, AJ, 2020)	1
" Evidence on the use of TCIs for infants has almost been exclusively collected for pimecrolimus, with >4000 infants evaluated in clinical trials, consistently confirming that pimecrolimus is a safe and effective treatment for infants with AD."	( Unmet medical needs in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants: An Expert consensus on safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus. Augustin, M; Lambert, J; Luger, T; Paul, C; Pincelli, C; Torrelo, A; Vestergaard, C; Wahn, U; Werfel, T, 2021)	0.62
"Haploidentical HSCT with PTCy is a safe and effective therapy for children with acute leukemia."	( Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation With Post-transplant Cyclophosphamide for Pediatric Acute Leukemia is Safe and Effective. Chatterjee, G; Kapoor, R; Nivargi, S; Rastogi, N; Sharma, A; Yadav, SP, 2021)	0.62
"Lung toxicity is a rare but serious side effect of sirolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressive agent in solid-organ transplant recipients."	( Role of Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomogram Scan in Sirolimus-Induced Lung Toxicity: A Rare Case Report. Albaiz, F; Alothman, B; Alrasheedi, S; Saleemi, A; Saleemi, S; Shah, YZ, 2020)	0.56
"We have demonstrated that delayed CNI introduction without antibody induction is safe and helps preserve kidney function."	( Delayed Calcineurin Inhibitor Introduction Without Antibody Induction in Liver Transplantation Is Safe and Helps Preserve Kidney Function. Assawasirisin, C; Dumronggittigule, W; Kositamongkol, P; Limsrichamrern, S; Mahawithitwong, P; Sangserestid, P; Sirivatanauksorn, Y; Tovikkai, C, 2021)	0.62
" Genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes have been identified as the potential targets in developing a pharmacogenetic strategy, to individualize drug dose and also in preventing the adverse events."	( Impact of Pharmacogenetic Determinants of Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate on Adverse Events in Renal Transplant Patients. Kutala, VK; Raju, SB; Sreenu, B; Thishya, K, 2021)	0.89
"The rationale of the study was to explore polymorphisms in tacrolimus and mycophenolate metabolic pathways that influence the adverse clinical outcomes in renal transplant recipients."	( Impact of Pharmacogenetic Determinants of Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate on Adverse Events in Renal Transplant Patients. Kutala, VK; Raju, SB; Sreenu, B; Thishya, K, 2021)	1.13
" CYP3A5 AG- and UGT1A9-440 CC-genotypes showed increased risk and ABCC 3972C>T CC-genotype showed protection against adverse events."	( Impact of Pharmacogenetic Determinants of Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate on Adverse Events in Renal Transplant Patients. Kutala, VK; Raju, SB; Sreenu, B; Thishya, K, 2021)	0.89
"There are limited real-world data available regarding adverse events (AEs) of immunosuppressants."	( Mtor inhibitors associated with higher cardiovascular adverse events-A large population database analysis. Abagyan, R; Nguyen, VN; Tsunoda, SM, 2021)	0.62
" For safe and socioeconomically efficient conversion of the innovator into a generic formulation, high- -quality data are necessary, in view of the different and country-specific comorbidities and pharmacokinetics in kidney transplant recipients."	( STABIL-study: The Course of Therapy, Safety and Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Conversion of Prograf® to Tacrolimus HEXAL®/Crilomus® in Renal Transplant Recipients - an Observational Study in Germany. Budde, K; Dienes, K; Halleck, F; Kalb, K; Lehner, LJ; Pein, U; Roehle, R; Schenker, P; Seeger, W; Weigand, K, 2021)	0.84
"In conclusion, conversion to the generic tacrolimus formulation can be considered safe and feasible in long-term kidney transplant recipients in Germany."	( STABIL-study: The Course of Therapy, Safety and Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Conversion of Prograf® to Tacrolimus HEXAL®/Crilomus® in Renal Transplant Recipients - an Observational Study in Germany. Budde, K; Dienes, K; Halleck, F; Kalb, K; Lehner, LJ; Pein, U; Roehle, R; Schenker, P; Seeger, W; Weigand, K, 2021)	1.1
" The proportion of patients with at least one adverse event related to the immunosuppression scheme with tacrolimus associated with MMF was 39."	( Safety and effectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil associated with tacrolimus for liver transplantation immunosuppression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Andraus, W; Bernardo, WM; Carneiro-D'Albuquerque, LA; Coelho, FF; Ernani, L; Fernandes, FA; Herman, P; Miranda Neto, AA; Nacif, LS; Silva, MBBE; Silveira Júnior, S; Tustumi, F, 2021)	1.07
" Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and associated inflammations may exacerbate the toxic effects of tacrolimus."	( Evaluation of the Effect of Captopril and Losartan on Tacrolimus-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Abeyat, H; Behmanesh, MA; Poormoosavi, SM; Sangtarash, E, 2021)	1.08
" The etiology of this adverse effect is complex, and effective therapeutic interventions remain to be determined."	( Bioenergetic maladaptation and release of HMGB1 in calcineurin inhibitor-mediated nephrotoxicity. Becker, EJ; Benavides, GA; Darley-Usmar, V; Mannon, RB; Zmijewska, AA; Zmijewski, JW, 2021)	0.62
"To classify the most common adverse reactions associated with dupilumab treatment in patients with AD."	( Retrospective analysis of adverse events with dupilumab reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration. Jorizzo, JL; Wang, Y, 2021)	0.62
"The United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting (FAERS) database was analyzed for common adverse reactions associated with dupilumab, topical pimecrolimus, and topical tacrolimus."	( Retrospective analysis of adverse events with dupilumab reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration. Jorizzo, JL; Wang, Y, 2021)	0.81
"The most common adverse reaction associated with dupilumab was ocular complications."	( Retrospective analysis of adverse events with dupilumab reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration. Jorizzo, JL; Wang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Adverse effects are reported by patients, health care providers, and pharmaceutical companies, they have not been corroborated."	( Retrospective analysis of adverse events with dupilumab reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration. Jorizzo, JL; Wang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Treatment-emergent adverse events were similar in patients who converted to LCPT and in those who remained on IR-Tac."	( Efficacy and Safety of Once-Daily LCP-Tacrolimus Versus Twice-Daily Immediate-Release Tacrolimus in Adult Hispanic Stable Kidney Transplant Recipients: Sub-Group Analysis from a Phase 3 Trial. Akkina, S; Bunnapradist, S; Faravardeh, A; Guerra, G; Meier-Kriesche, U; Moten, MA; Patel, SJ; Stevens, DR; Villicana, R, 2021)	0.89
" Erythromycin is associated with adverse reactions, including corrected QT interval prolongation and cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme inhibition."	( Safe Use of Erythromycin For Refractory Gastroparesis After Small Bowel Transplantation. Cruz, RJ; Humar, A; Poloyac, K; Roberts, M; Stein, W, 2022)	0.72
" None of the patients experienced severe adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus as long-term monotherapy for myasthenia gravis. Fujita, K; Iida, S; Itani, K; Kaneko, S; Kunieda, T; Kusaka, H; Morise, S; Murakami, A; Nakamura, M; Takenouchi, N; Wate, R; Yakushiji, Y, 2021)	0.93
"Sublingual tacrolimus use in pancreas transplant patients appears to be a safe and effective strategy to avoid oral or intravenous therapy in the perioperative period and may reduce the time to achieve therapeutic levels."	( Safety and Efficacy of Perioperative Sublingual Tacrolimus in Pancreas Transplant Compared With Oral Tacrolimus. Gonzales, H; Kalbavi, V; Patel, N; Perez, C; Rohan, V; Taber, DJ, 2021)	1.27
" Identification of high-risk patients for CNI nephrotoxicity before renal transplantation enables better use and selection of immunosuppression with reduced adverse effects and, eventually, successful treatment of the kidney recipients."	( Calcineurin Inhibitors Nephrotoxicity Prevention Strategies With Stress on Belatacept-Based Rescue Immunotherapy: A Review of the Current Evidence. Abdulmalik, H; Al Faifi, IS; El Hennawy, HM; El Nazer, W; Fahmy, AE; Faifi, ASA; Kamal, A; Mahedy, A; Safar, O; Zaitoun, MF, 2021)	0.62
"Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly anti-PD-1 antibody, have dramatically changed cancer treatment; however, fatal immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can develop."	( A case report on severe nivolumab-induced adverse events similar to primary sclerosing cholangitis refractory to immunosuppressive therapy. Arai, J; Ariizumi, H; Hamada, K; Hirasawa, Y; Horiike, A; Imamura, CK; Ishida, H; Ishiguro, T; Iwamoto, S; Kiuchi, Y; Kobayashi, S; Kubota, Y; Matsui, H; Oguro, N; Ohkuma, R; Sakaki, M; Sambe, T; Shida, M; Shiozawa, E; Taniguchi, M; Tate, G; Tsunoda, T; Tsurutani, J; Uchida, N; Wada, S; Yoshimura, K, 2021)	0.62
" However, tacrolimus may be more likely to cause mild adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of topical administration of tacrolimus in oral lichen planus: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cheng, B; Hu, J; Su, Z; Tao, X, 2022)	1.38
" Furthermore, the adverse effects of tacrolimus were minor and transient and did not affect tacrolimus' continued application."	( Efficacy and safety of topical administration of tacrolimus in oral lichen planus: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cheng, B; Hu, J; Su, Z; Tao, X, 2022)	1.25
" Thus, tacrolimus ointment combined with dupilumab is an effective and safe treatment option for facial AD."	( Effectiveness and safety of tacrolimus ointment combined with dupilumab for patients with atopic dermatitis in real-world clinical practice. Imai, Y; Inoue, Y; Kanazawa, N; Matsutani, M; Nakatani-Kusakabe, M; Natsuaki, M; Yamanishi, K, 2021)	1.37
" TAC monotherapy had a higher CR in the early stage and had fewer drug-related adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus monotherapy versus cyclophosphamide-corticosteroid combination therapy for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: A meta-analysis. Ding, L; Gong, L; Jiang, W; Lu, J; Qian, X; Tang, W; Xie, F; Xu, M; Xu, W, 2021)	0.93
" The incidence of adverse reactions in the TA + tripterygium glycosides group was lower in the control and TA groups."	( Effect and safety evaluation of tacrolimus and tripterygium glycosides combined therapy in treatment of Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Li, X; Ran, F; Xu, H; Zhang, H; Zhao, G, 2021)	0.9
" The purpose of this study was to clarify the adverse events associated with tacrolimus in solid organ transplantation using a spontaneous reporting system database."	( Current status of adverse event profile of tacrolimus in patients with solid organ transplantation from a pharmacovigilance study. Hosohata, K; Inada, A; Kambara, H; Niinomi, I; Oyama, S; Wakabayashi, T, 2021)	1.11
"We performed a retrospective pharmacovigilance disproportionality analysis using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database."	( Current status of adverse event profile of tacrolimus in patients with solid organ transplantation from a pharmacovigilance study. Hosohata, K; Inada, A; Kambara, H; Niinomi, I; Oyama, S; Wakabayashi, T, 2021)	0.88
"It was suggested that there is a diversity in the strength of the association between tacrolimus and adverse events in patients receiving heart, kidney, and liver transplantation."	( Current status of adverse event profile of tacrolimus in patients with solid organ transplantation from a pharmacovigilance study. Hosohata, K; Inada, A; Kambara, H; Niinomi, I; Oyama, S; Wakabayashi, T, 2021)	1.11
" However, tacrolimus + MMF did pose a greater risk of serious adverse events than monotherapy."	( A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing the effectiveness and safety of voclosporin or tacrolimus plus mycophenolate mofetil as induction treatment for lupus nephritis. Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2023)	1.52
" We prospectively analyzed graft function, drug compliance, and adverse reactions after switching regimen for 24 weeks."	( Efficacy and Safety Evaluation After Conversion From Twice-Daily to Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Stable Liver Transplant Recipients: A Phase 4, Open-Label, Single-Center Study. Cho, HD; Hwang, S; Jung, DH; Kang, WH; Kim, KH; Kim, M; Kim, SH; Kim, SM; Lee, SG; Moon, DB; Na, BG; Park, GC; Song, GW; Yang, G; Yoon, YI, 2021)	0.85
" There were 37 adverse reactions after conversion; most of them were mild, and thrombocytopenia developed in 1 patient as an adverse drug response."	( Efficacy and Safety Evaluation After Conversion From Twice-Daily to Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Stable Liver Transplant Recipients: A Phase 4, Open-Label, Single-Center Study. Cho, HD; Hwang, S; Jung, DH; Kang, WH; Kim, KH; Kim, M; Kim, SH; Kim, SM; Lee, SG; Moon, DB; Na, BG; Park, GC; Song, GW; Yang, G; Yoon, YI, 2021)	0.85
"The conversion to once-daily tacrolimus in stable liver transplant recipients is an effective and safe therapeutic strategy improving drug compliance."	( Efficacy and Safety Evaluation After Conversion From Twice-Daily to Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Stable Liver Transplant Recipients: A Phase 4, Open-Label, Single-Center Study. Cho, HD; Hwang, S; Jung, DH; Kang, WH; Kim, KH; Kim, M; Kim, SH; Kim, SM; Lee, SG; Moon, DB; Na, BG; Park, GC; Song, GW; Yang, G; Yoon, YI, 2021)	1.14
" In general, adverse events of tacrolimus occur more often as the concentration of tacrolimus in the blood increases."	( Tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity from bipolar disorder to status epilepticus under the therapeutic serum level: a case report. Cheon, SM; Jin, B; Kim, GY, 2021)	2.35
"1%) and topical corticosteroids (mild and moderate potency) are safe to use in young children with moderate to severe AD, and have comparable efficacy and safety profiles."	( Safety of tacrolimus 0.03% and 0.1% ointments in young children with atopic dermatitis: a 36-month follow-up study. Mäkelä, M; Pelkonen, A; Perälä, M; Remitz, A; Salava, A, 2022)	1.12
" Therefore, administration of xanthenone along with tacrolimus could be a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the adverse effects and increase the tolerability to tacrolimus immunosuppressive therapy."	( Impact of the ACE2 activator xanthenone on tacrolimus nephrotoxicity: Modulation of uric acid/ERK/p38 MAPK and Nrf2/SOD3/GCLC signaling pathways. Ali, FEM; Azouz, AA; Hersi, F; Hussein Elkelawy, AMM; Omar, HA, 2022)	1.23
" The levels of satisfaction from treatment and any adverse effects (AEs) were also assessed in both groups."	( The efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus 1% cream vs. sertaconazole 2% cream in the treatment of patients with facial seborrhoeic dermatitis: a randomized blinded trial. Azizzadeh, M; Bagheri, B; Pahlevan, D, 2022)	0.72
"Neurotoxicity secondary to anticalcineurinics is a prevalent side effect in transplant recipients."	( Assessment of Tacrolimus Neurotoxicity Measured by Retinal OCT. Cordoba Herrera, C; Facundo Molas, C; Fayos de Arizon, L; Guirado Perich, L; Mousavi Ahmadian, K; Perez Mir, M; Serra Cabañas, N, )	0.49
" The relapse rate, no response rate, change in estimate of the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and overall incidence of adverse reactions showed no significant difference between TAC combined with corticosteroids group and control group."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus combined with corticosteroids in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Li, Y; Tian, Z; Xie, Y; Xu, J; Yang, Y, 2022)	1.03
" However, it is unclear whether the combination of these two drugs causes additive or synergistic adverse drug reactions."	( Signal of safety due to adverse drug reactions induced by tacrolimus with or without azithromycin. Sunaga, T; Yonezawa, R, 2022)	0.97
"Data from the US Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System from 1974 to Q3/2021 were used."	( Signal of safety due to adverse drug reactions induced by tacrolimus with or without azithromycin. Sunaga, T; Yonezawa, R, 2022)	0.97
" Major adverse events were respiratory and urinary infections, with MMF having the highest infection rate."	( Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus in the Treatment of Pediatric Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Nephritis. Ma, R; Wang, X; Wu, D; Yang, Y, 2022)	1.03
" Our findings suggest that both treatments are safe and the combination of tacrolimus and 308-nm EL is more effective than 308-nm EL alone for periocular vitiligo."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of 308-nm excimer laser as monotherapy and combination therapy with topical tacrolimus in the treatment of periocular vitiligo. Chen, S; Gao, Y; Jin, W; Lu, Y; Wu, J; Zhou, F, 2022)	1.16
" 13 (33%) of 39 patients reported adverse events; transitory mild burning or pruritus (grade 1) was the most common, seen in eight (21%) patients."	( Activity and safety of topical pimecrolimus in patients with early stage mycosis fungoides (PimTo-MF): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. de la Cámara, AG; de la Cruz, J; Estrach, T; Fernández-de-Misa, R; Gallardo, F; García-Díaz, N; Jiménez, B; Lora, D; Maroñas Jiménez, L; Muniesa, C; Ortiz-Romero, PL; Pedro Vaqué, J; Piris Pinilla, MÁ; Postigo, C; Riveiro-Falkenbach, E; Rodríguez Peralto, JL; Sánchez-Beato, M; Sanmartín, O; Servitje, O; Vega, R, 2022)	0.72
"Pimecrolimus 1% cream seems active and safe in patients with early stage mycosis fungoides."	( Activity and safety of topical pimecrolimus in patients with early stage mycosis fungoides (PimTo-MF): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. de la Cámara, AG; de la Cruz, J; Estrach, T; Fernández-de-Misa, R; Gallardo, F; García-Díaz, N; Jiménez, B; Lora, D; Maroñas Jiménez, L; Muniesa, C; Ortiz-Romero, PL; Pedro Vaqué, J; Piris Pinilla, MÁ; Postigo, C; Riveiro-Falkenbach, E; Rodríguez Peralto, JL; Sánchez-Beato, M; Sanmartín, O; Servitje, O; Vega, R, 2022)	0.72
" The safety endpoints were the incidence of HBV virologic breakthrough and adverse events."	( The efficacy and safety of tacrolimus and entecavir combination therapy in the treatment of hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis: a multi-center, placebo controlled, and single-blind randomized trial. Hou, JH; Li, RZ; Li, ZL; Liu, DL; Xie, BY; Xie, XF; Xu, LX; Ye, ZM; Zhang, L; Zhang, WH, 2022)	1.02
" In conclusion, these results suggest that tacrolimus translocation into the brain and neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex and CA1 are the underlying mechanisms of tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity and that ibudilast could be a protective agent against this adverse event."	( Neuroprotective effects of ibudilast against tacrolimus induced neurotoxicity. Egashira, N; Fu, R; Hirota, T; Ieiri, I; Matsukane, R; Tsuchiya, Y; Yamamoto, S; Zhang, W, 2022)	1.24
" TTO did not induce any adverse reactions."	( Preclinical safety of tetrahydrocurcumin loaded lipidic nanoparticles incorporated into tacrolimus ointment: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Arora, C; Chitkara, D; Kakkar, V; Saini, K; Saini, M; Sharma, S, 2022)	0.94
" Four patients discontinued treatment due to insufficient response or adverse events."	( Effect and safety profile of belimumab and tacrolimus combination therapy in thirty-three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Fukui, S; Ikeda, Y; Kidoguchi, G; Kishimoto, M; Kitada, A; Nakai, T; Nomura, A; Okada, M; Tamaki, H, 2022)	0.98
" The primary endpoint was 12-month survival rate and the secondary endpoints included respiratory-related events, adverse events, exacerbation in HRCT findings and laboratory parameters during therapy courses, and changes in respiratory function."	( The efficacy and safety of tacrolimus on top of glucocorticoids in the management of IIM-ILD: A retrospective and prospective study. Bai, Z; Chen, Y; Dong, L; Hu, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhong, J, 2022)	1.02
" The incidence rate of drug-associated adverse events (AEs) was comparable between two groups and none of the patients discontinued the treatment due to severe AEs."	( The efficacy and safety of tacrolimus on top of glucocorticoids in the management of IIM-ILD: A retrospective and prospective study. Bai, Z; Chen, Y; Dong, L; Hu, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhong, J, 2022)	1.02
"Neurotoxicity, including optic nerve injury, is one of the most common adverse effects of tacrolimus, the principal calcineurin inhibitor used after kidney transplantation (KTx)."	( Visual evoked potentials as a method for the prospective assessment of tacrolimus neurotoxicity in patients after kidney transplantation. Kolonko, A; Pojda-Wilczek, D; Sirek, S, 2022)	1.18
" Safety outcomes included the rates of treatment-emergent adverse events and premature isavuconazole discontinuation."	( Isavuconazole for the Treatment of Invasive Mold Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter Study on Efficacy and Safety in Real-life Clinical Practice. Aguado, JM; Bodro, M; Carratalà, J; Cordero, E; Fariñas, MDC; Fernández-Ruiz, M; Fortún, J; Goikoetxea, J; Gutiérrez Martín, I; Illaro, A; López-Viñau, T; Moreno, A; Muñoz, P; Ramos-Martínez, A; Rodriguez-Álvarez, R; Ruiz-Ruigómez, M; Sabé, N; Salto-Alejandre, S; Valerio, M; Vidal, E, 2023)	0.91
" At least 1 treatment-emergent adverse event occurred in 17."	( Isavuconazole for the Treatment of Invasive Mold Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter Study on Efficacy and Safety in Real-life Clinical Practice. Aguado, JM; Bodro, M; Carratalà, J; Cordero, E; Fariñas, MDC; Fernández-Ruiz, M; Fortún, J; Goikoetxea, J; Gutiérrez Martín, I; Illaro, A; López-Viñau, T; Moreno, A; Muñoz, P; Ramos-Martínez, A; Rodriguez-Álvarez, R; Ruiz-Ruigómez, M; Sabé, N; Salto-Alejandre, S; Valerio, M; Vidal, E, 2023)	0.91
"Isavuconazole is a safe therapeutic option for IMD in SOT recipients, with efficacy comparable to other patient groups."	( Isavuconazole for the Treatment of Invasive Mold Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter Study on Efficacy and Safety in Real-life Clinical Practice. Aguado, JM; Bodro, M; Carratalà, J; Cordero, E; Fariñas, MDC; Fernández-Ruiz, M; Fortún, J; Goikoetxea, J; Gutiérrez Martín, I; Illaro, A; López-Viñau, T; Moreno, A; Muñoz, P; Ramos-Martínez, A; Rodriguez-Álvarez, R; Ruiz-Ruigómez, M; Sabé, N; Salto-Alejandre, S; Valerio, M; Vidal, E, 2023)	0.91
" No organic stenosis of the renal artery was detected on the kidney magnetic resonance angiography, and the patient was discharged on POD 51, without any other adverse events, including rejection."	( Acute Calcineurin Inhibitor Nephrotoxicity Diagnosed Using Kidney Doppler Ultrasonography After Heart Transplant: A Case Report. Fujita, T; Fukushima, S; Hada, T; Mochizuki, H; Seguchi, O; Tsukamoto, Y; Watanabe, T; Yoshihara, F, 2022)	0.72
" However, its therapeutic index is narrow, and it is prone to adverse side effects, along with an increased risk of toxicity, namely, cardio-, nephro-, hepato-, and neurotoxicity."	( The effect of tacrolimus-induced toxicity on metabolic profiling in target tissues of mice. Dang, R; Guo, J; Han, W; Li, Y; Meng, J; Si, Q; Wang, S; Wei, N; Wu, L; Xie, D, 2022)	1.08
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressive agent and has toxic side effects such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity."	( Protective effect of silymarin on tacrolimus-induced kidney and liver toxicity. Ciftci, MK; Terzi, F, 2022)	2.44
" Although tacrolimus has been reported to cause adverse events, such as increased blood pressure, abnormal glucose metabolism, and susceptibility to infection, there have been no studies on the impact of tacrolimus in SLE pregnancies at these points."	( Safety of tacrolimus use during pregnancy and related pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A retrospective single-center analysis in Japan. Fukui, S; Kitada, A; Kusaoi, M; Nakai, T; Okada, M; Rokutanda, R; Tamura, N; Yamaji, K, 2023)	1.72
" We defined overall adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) as follows: (1) fetal death after 10 gestational weeks, (2) preterm delivery, (3) delivery due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preeclampsia, or placental insufficiency, or (4) the diagnosis of small for gestational age infants."	( Safety of tacrolimus use during pregnancy and related pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A retrospective single-center analysis in Japan. Fukui, S; Kitada, A; Kusaoi, M; Nakai, T; Okada, M; Rokutanda, R; Tamura, N; Yamaji, K, 2023)	1.31
"Both prolonged-release formulations of tacrolimus are safe and effective in immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplant recipients."	( Real-life comparison of efficacy and safety profiles of two prolonged-release tacrolimus formulations in de novo kidney transplant recipients: 24 months of follow-up. Baczkowska, T; Czarnecka, K; Czarnecka, P; Durlik, M; Lagiewska, B, 2023)	1.41
" The incidence of adverse events including infection and renal dysfunction showed no significant differences between the tacrolimus therapy group and conventional therapy group."	( The efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in patients with dermatomyositis/polymyositis: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Liao, J; Liu, J; Peng, X; Wang, J; Xie, X, 2023)	1.42
" The adverse effect profile of tacrolimus is yet to be completely understood."	( Adverse Effects of Tacrolimus and Its Associated Risk Factors in Renal Transplant Recipients. Manikandan, S; Meera, M; Parameswaran, S, 2023)	1.52
" The blood sugar levels (fasting and postprandial) were monitored, and patients were asked regularly about the adverse effects of tacrolimus experienced by them for 6 months posttransplant."	( Adverse Effects of Tacrolimus and Its Associated Risk Factors in Renal Transplant Recipients. Manikandan, S; Meera, M; Parameswaran, S, 2023)	1.44
" Other adverse effects observed included tremors, diarrhea, alopecia, cyto- megalovirus infection, headache, biopsy-proven calci- neurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, and BK virus infection."	( Adverse Effects of Tacrolimus and Its Associated Risk Factors in Renal Transplant Recipients. Manikandan, S; Meera, M; Parameswaran, S, 2023)	1.24
"Posttransplant diabetes mellitus is a common adverse effect of tacrolimus among renal transplant recipients."	( Adverse Effects of Tacrolimus and Its Associated Risk Factors in Renal Transplant Recipients. Manikandan, S; Meera, M; Parameswaran, S, 2023)	1.48
" The incidences of serious adverse events were 25."	( A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus and Corticosteroids in Combination With or Without Mycophenolate Mofetil in Liver Transplantation Recipients Infected With Hepatitis B Virus. Choi, NG; Choi, ST; Chu, CW; Chung, YK; Ha, TY; Hwang, S; Jung, BH; Jung, DH; Kim, KK; Lee, SG; Moon, DB; Park, JI; Ryu, JH; Shin, MH; Song, GW; Yang, K; Yoon, YI, 2023)	1.14
"Although the study involved a small number of patients, the triple-drug regimen can be considered safe and effective for immunosuppression after living donor liver transplantation in patients infected with HBV."	( A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus and Corticosteroids in Combination With or Without Mycophenolate Mofetil in Liver Transplantation Recipients Infected With Hepatitis B Virus. Choi, NG; Choi, ST; Chu, CW; Chung, YK; Ha, TY; Hwang, S; Jung, BH; Jung, DH; Kim, KK; Lee, SG; Moon, DB; Park, JI; Ryu, JH; Shin, MH; Song, GW; Yang, K; Yoon, YI, 2023)	1.14
"We set out to use machine learning algorithms (MLAs) to identify variables that predict the therapeutic effects and adverse events following tacrolimus and cyclosporine administration in renal transplant patients."	( Developing supervised machine learning algorithms to evaluate the therapeutic effect and laboratory-related adverse events of cyclosporine and tacrolimus in renal transplants. Shah, S; Sridharan, K, 2023)	1.31
"Tacrolimus is a powerful macrolide calcineurin inhibitor that has low adverse effects which lead to a rapid response in the control of signs and symptoms in comparison to that of corticosteroids in Oral Lichen Planus(OLP)."	( Efficacy and Safety of Topical Tacrolimus in Comparison with Topical Corticosteroids, Calcineurin Inhibitors, Retinoids and Placebo in Oral Lichen Planus: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bhor, K; Manoj, R; Pinto, J; Samson, S; Santosh, V; Waghmare, M, 2023)	2.64
" The results revealed no significant difference in clinical resolution and adverse effects between tacrolimus and corticosteroids."	( Efficacy and Safety of Topical Tacrolimus in Comparison with Topical Corticosteroids, Calcineurin Inhibitors, Retinoids and Placebo in Oral Lichen Planus: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bhor, K; Manoj, R; Pinto, J; Samson, S; Santosh, V; Waghmare, M, 2023)	1.41
" Secondary outcomes included incidences of infection, hypertension, diabetes, other serious adverse events (AEs), hospitalization, and death."	( Comparative safety of generic versus brand calcineurin inhibitors in solid organ transplant patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Qian, J; Tanni, KA, )	0.13
"There is an urgent need for safe and targeted interventions to mitigate post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP)."	( Preclinical safety evaluation of calcineurin inhibitors delivered through an intraductal route to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis demonstrates endocrine and systemic safety. Azar, PRS; Barakat, MT; Bottino, R; Ding, Y; Husain, SZ; Jayaraman, T; Khalid, A; Lin, YC; Murayi, JA; Ni, J; Papachristou, GI; Poropatich, R; Swaminathan, G; Tsai, CY; Wang, J; Wen, L; Yu, M, 2023)	0.91
"Intraductal delivery of RC-CnI formulation was safe and well-tolerated with no significant acute or subacute endocrine or systemic toxicities, underscoring its clinical utility to prevent PEP."	( Preclinical safety evaluation of calcineurin inhibitors delivered through an intraductal route to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis demonstrates endocrine and systemic safety. Azar, PRS; Barakat, MT; Bottino, R; Ding, Y; Husain, SZ; Jayaraman, T; Khalid, A; Lin, YC; Murayi, JA; Ni, J; Papachristou, GI; Poropatich, R; Swaminathan, G; Tsai, CY; Wang, J; Wen, L; Yu, M, 2023)	0.91
" This systematic review is intended to synthesize the clinical trial literature and concisely report the updated safety and adverse effects of topical medications used to treat atopic dermatitis in children."	( Safety of topical medications in the management of paediatric atopic dermatitis: An updated systematic review. Hwang, A; Lio, P; Miller, C; Zhao, S, 2023)	0.91
" Safety data was well reported in tacrolimus trials with the most frequently reported adverse events being burning sensation, pruritus and cutaneous infections."	( Safety of topical medications in the management of paediatric atopic dermatitis: An updated systematic review. Hwang, A; Lio, P; Miller, C; Zhao, S, 2023)	1.19
"Data discussed here support the use of steroid-sparing medications (tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, crisaborole, delgocitinib) as safe options with minimal adverse events for managing paediatric AD, although a larger number of TCI studies reported burning and pruritus compared to TCS studies."	( Safety of topical medications in the management of paediatric atopic dermatitis: An updated systematic review. Hwang, A; Lio, P; Miller, C; Zhao, S, 2023)	1.15
" However, CyA greatly increases the plasma concentration of AT; therefore, concomitant use might increase the frequency of statin-induced adverse effects."	( Safety Profile of the Concomitant Use of Atorvastatin and Cyclosporine in Renal Transplant Recipients. Harabayashi, R; Nagayama, K; Nakamura, Y; Sugimoto, T; Takahashi, K; Takahashi, M; Uchida, J, 2023)	0.91
"Cutaneous immune-related adverse events (cirAEs) remain a prevalent and common sequelae of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, often necessitating treatment interruption and prolonged immune suppression."	( Detection of novel therapies using a multi-national, multi-institutional registry of cutaneous immune-related adverse events and management. Baumrin, E; Cardones, AR; Carlesimo, M; Caro, G; Chen, ST; Dulmage, BO; Freites-Martinez, A; Hirner, JP; Kaffenberger, BH; Markova, A; McLellan, BN; Mital, R; Otto, TS; Owen, DH; Rossi, A; Sauder, MB; Savu, A; Seminario-Vidal, L; Sibaud, V, 2023)	0.91
" No serious adverse events were reported."	( Detection of novel therapies using a multi-national, multi-institutional registry of cutaneous immune-related adverse events and management. Baumrin, E; Cardones, AR; Carlesimo, M; Caro, G; Chen, ST; Dulmage, BO; Freites-Martinez, A; Hirner, JP; Kaffenberger, BH; Markova, A; McLellan, BN; Mital, R; Otto, TS; Owen, DH; Rossi, A; Sauder, MB; Savu, A; Seminario-Vidal, L; Sibaud, V, 2023)	0.91
"Conversion to OD-TAC in pediatric LT recipients with stable graft function is safe and effective."	( Safety and Efficacy of Conversion to Once-Daily Tacrolimus from Twice-Daily Tacrolimus in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients. An, S; Choi, GS; Joh, JW; Kim, JM; Lee, S; Rhu, J, 2023)	1.17
" This study elucidated the molecular processes underlying the toxic effects of TAC using an integrative omics approach."	( Pathway-level multi-omics analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of long-term tacrolimus exposure. Cho, YS; Kim, DH; Long, NP; Moon, KS; Oh, JH; Park, SM; Phat, NK; Shin, JG; Thu, VTA; Yen, NTH, 2023)	1.13
" In addition, the risk of graft failure, death, and adverse events in the first year was similar for the once-daily and twice-daily tacrolimus groups."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily prolonged-release tacrolimus versus twice-daily tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: A meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Chen, CF; Chen, HA; Hsueh, KC; Huang, KH; Sun, SH; Tam, KW; Tung, MC; Wang, CY; Wang, TS; Wang, YH, 2023)	1.37
" We compared 6-month colectomy rates, time to colectomy, improvement in disease activity indices, and adverse effects."	( Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus or Infliximab Therapy in Children and Young Adults With Acute Severe Colitis. Ajithkumar, A; Bogursky, A; Bousvaros, A; Lillehei, C; Liu, E; Manokaran, K; Rufo, PA; Spaan, J; Weil, BR; Weinbren, N; Zalieckas, JM; Zimmerman, LA, 2023)	1.22
" The types of adverse effects differed by therapy."	( Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus or Infliximab Therapy in Children and Young Adults With Acute Severe Colitis. Ajithkumar, A; Bogursky, A; Bousvaros, A; Lillehei, C; Liu, E; Manokaran, K; Rufo, PA; Spaan, J; Weil, BR; Weinbren, N; Zalieckas, JM; Zimmerman, LA, 2023)	1.22
" In terms of adverse effects, there was no significant difference between the level of eGFR before and after multi-target therapy."	( Efficacy and safety of multi-target therapy in children with lupus nephritis. Chen, L; Cheng, C; Jiang, X; Mo, Y; Ouyang, X; Rong, L; Zheng, X, 2023)	0.91
"Multi-target therapy could be an effective treatment option with minimal adverse effects for LN children who are refractory to initial first-line induction therapies or had combined proliferative and membranous LN."	( Efficacy and safety of multi-target therapy in children with lupus nephritis. Chen, L; Cheng, C; Jiang, X; Mo, Y; Ouyang, X; Rong, L; Zheng, X, 2023)	0.91
" Adverse effects of multi-target therapy were infrequent and minimal that can be improved by symptomatic therapy."	( Efficacy and safety of multi-target therapy in children with lupus nephritis. Chen, L; Cheng, C; Jiang, X; Mo, Y; Ouyang, X; Rong, L; Zheng, X, 2023)	0.91
"Rivaroxaban may be a safe and effective alternative in LDLT recipients with no significant adverse incidents."	( Exploring safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban after living donor liver transplantation: a retrospective study. Dar, FS; Khalid, A; Khan, BA; Khan, MY; Naveed, A; Rashid, S; Saeed, Z, 2023)	0.91
" Therefore, the competition for CYP3A4 may affect the metabolism of tacrolimus and result in its increased plasma concentrations, as well as in adverse reactions."	( Safety analysis of co-administering tacrolimus and omeprazole in renal transplant recipients - A review. Idasiak-Piechocka, I; Miedziaszczyk, M, 2023)	1.42
"A course of tacrolimus of more than one year was effective and well-tolerated in young children with MG, and tacrolimus improved MG symptoms and reduced the dose and adverse events of oral prednisone."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in young children with myasthenia gravis. Li, W; Zhang, L; Zhang, M; Zhang, Y; Zhou, S, 2023)	1.57
" Clinical efficacy and adverse reactions were primary clinical endpoints."	( Efficacy and safety of dupilumab plus topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis in 6- to 12-year-old patients. Chen, JG; Chen, M; Gao, SS; Wang, R, 2023)	1.17
" The absence of a significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups suggested a high safety profile of dupilumab."	( Efficacy and safety of dupilumab plus topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis in 6- to 12-year-old patients. Chen, JG; Chen, M; Gao, SS; Wang, R, 2023)	1.17
" This treatment protocol effectively alleviates symptoms, enhances the quality of life of patients, and shows no increased risk of adverse reactions."	( Efficacy and safety of dupilumab plus topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis in 6- to 12-year-old patients. Chen, JG; Chen, M; Gao, SS; Wang, R, 2023)	1.17

Pharmacokinetics

The present study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles of a once-daily formulation of tacrolimus in patients before and after introduction of renal transplantation. The concentration measured 3 h postdose (C(3) was tightly correlated with the AUC(0-12) in b.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Rabbits are a good animal model for pharmacokinetic studies of these drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of coadministration of methylprednisolone and tacrolimus in rabbits. Chow, FS; Jusko, WJ; Piekoszewski, W, 1994)	0.51
"8 (SD) and half-life averaged 12."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in liver transplant patients. Hebert, MF; Jusko, WJ; Klintmalm, GB; Lee, CC; Mekki, QA; Piekoszewski, W; Piergies, AA; Schechter, P; Shaefer, MS, 1995)	0.61
"This study provides pharmacokinetic guidelines for the use of tacrolimus in patients undergoing hepatic transplantation."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in liver transplant patients. Hebert, MF; Jusko, WJ; Klintmalm, GB; Lee, CC; Mekki, QA; Piekoszewski, W; Piergies, AA; Schechter, P; Shaefer, MS, 1995)	0.86
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of this drug and to see if trough level, which has been used widely in therapeutic drug monitoring, can be used as an appropriate substitute for other pharmacokinetic measurement tests."	( Intra- and interindividual variation in the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus (FK506) in kidney transplant recipients--importance of trough level as a practical indicator. Ichikawa, Y; Ihara, H; Ikoma, F; Nagano, S; Nojima, M; Shinkuma, D, 1995)	0.53
" Currently, most of the pharmacokinetic data available for tacrolimus are based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, which does not distinguish tacrolimus from its metabolites."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus. Burckart, G; Jain, A; Lever, J; McMichael, J; Prasad, T; Starzl, T; Swaminathan, A; Venkataramanan, R; Warty, V; Zuckerman, S, 1995)	0.83
" Immunoassays of low intra- and interday variability and high sensitivity are necessary to adequately characterize terminal elimination phase concentrations in pharmacokinetic studies."	( Tacrolimus (FK506): validation of a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for and application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. Alak, A; Bekersky, I; Dressler, DE; Farmen, RH; Lee, JW; Sukovaty, RL, 1997)	1.74
" Elimination was not influenced by dose, as shown by estimates of the terminal half-life of 63 hours (27."	( Population pharmacokinetics of sirolimus in kidney transplant patients. Ferron, GM; Jusko, WJ; Mishina, EV; Zimmerman, JJ, 1997)	0.3
" No pharmacokinetic interaction was found between sirolimus and cyclosporine."	( Population pharmacokinetics of sirolimus in kidney transplant patients. Ferron, GM; Jusko, WJ; Mishina, EV; Zimmerman, JJ, 1997)	0.3
" Since the liver and the spleen are primary components of the RES, and the brain and the kidney have a poor RES, we hypothesized that a W/O/W emulsion of tacrolimus would possess the pharmacokinetic benefits of local immunosuppression."	( The pharmacokinetics of water-in-oil-in-water-type multiple emulsion of a new tacrolimus formulation. Harada, Y; Hashimoto, H; Kazui, T; Kimura, T; Li, XK; Suzuki, Y; Uno, T; Yamaguchi, T, 1997)	0.72
" Tacrolimus demonstrates considerable interindividual variation in its pharmacokinetic profile."	( Measurement of tacrolimus (FK506) and its metabolites: a review of assay development and application in therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies. Alak, AM, 1997)	1.56
" Pharmacokinetic investigations were performed after establishing a stable maintenance dose with trough levels in the desired window of 5-12 ng/ml."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus (FK 506) in children and adolescents with renal transplants. Bauer, S; Ehrich, JH; Filler, G; Greiner, C; Grygas, R; Mai, I; Stolpe, HJ, 1997)	0.62
" We recommend the performance of at least one pharmacokinetic study after establishing stable FK 506 trough levels to ascertain a safe profile."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus (FK 506) in children and adolescents with renal transplants. Bauer, S; Ehrich, JH; Filler, G; Greiner, C; Grygas, R; Mai, I; Stolpe, HJ, 1997)	0.62
" With the expanded use of tacrolimus (Prograf) as well in renal transplant patients, there is a lack of pharmacokinetic studies clarifying drug interactions between the three agents."	( Unexpected augmentation of mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in renal transplant patients receiving tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in combination therapy, and analogous in vitro findings. Burke, G; Ciancio, G; de Faria, L; Esquenazi, V; Miller, J; Rosen, A; Roth, D; Tsaroucha, A; Tzakis, A; Zucker, K, 1997)	0.81
" The mean terminal elimination half-life of tacrolimus was 18."	( Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in BMT patients. Antin, J; Bekersky, I; Boswell, GW; Fay, J; Fitzsimmons, W; Maher, R; Nash, R; Weisdorf, D; Wingard, J, 1998)	2
" Whole blood samples for the intravenous pharmacokinetic profile were taken before initiation of the first infusion, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h post-infusion, and every 24 h thereafter until intravenous administration was discontinued."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus (FK506) in paediatric liver transplant recipients. Bernard, O; Clement De Clety, S; De Ville De Goyet, J; Firdaous, I; Furlan, V; Lykavieris, L; Möller, A; Otte, JB; Reding, R; Schäfer, A; Sokal, E; Stadler, P; Taburet, AM; Undre, NA; Van Leeuw, V; Wallemacq, PE, )	0.45
" A pharmacokinetic interaction with rifampin, an antituberculosis agent and potent inducer of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, and tacrolimus was evaluated in six healthy male volunteers."	( Effects of rifampin on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Bekersky, I; Dressler, D; Fisher, RM; Hebert, MF; Marsh, CL, 1999)	0.82
"We report pharmacokinetic data on tacrolimus in 14 heart transplant patients (2 women, 12 men)."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in heart transplant recipients. Arbustini, E; Bascapè, V; Bellotti, E; Calvi, M; Martinelli, L; Molinaro, M; Pellegrini, C; Regazzi, MB; Rinaldi, M; Viganò, M, 1999)	0.87
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of MPA estimated before and after clamping the t-tube were compared to evaluate any significant differences at a P of."	( Effect of t-tube clamping on the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in liver transplant patients on oral therapy of mycophenolate mofetil. Fung, JJ; Hamad, I; Jain, AB; Venkataramanan, R; Warty, VS; Zhang, S; Zuckerman, S, 1999)	0.3
"A novel macromolecular prodrug of Tacrolimus (FK506), FK506-dextran conjugate, was developed and its physico-chemical, biological and pharmacokinetic characteristics were studied."	( Synthesis and pharmacokinetics of a novel macromolecular prodrug of Tacrolimus (FK506), FK506-dextran conjugate. Akamatsu, K; Hamashima, T; Hashida, M; Nishikawa, M; Takakura, Y; Yoshimura, N; Yura, H, 1999)	0.82
" These pharmacokinetic alterations due to diltiazem contrasted with those seen in normal rats."	( Role of diltiazem on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxic rats. Ito, K; Suzuki, T; Tada, H; Yanagiwara, S, 1999)	0.62
" Pharmacokinetic profiles and biochemical studies were performed three times, in steady state, before, and after conversion."	( Conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporine in stable renal transplant patients: safety, metabolic changes, and pharmacokinetic comparison. Hart, P; Higgins, RM; Kashi, H; Lam, FT, 2000)	0.65
" Pharmacokinetic profiles were measured before and after conversion, and showed that cyclosporine (Neoral) exhibited significantly less interpatient and intrapatient variability than tacrolimus, for area under the curve (AUC), maximum concentration after dose (Cmax), minimum concentration after dose (Cmin), and time to maximum concentration (Tmax)."	( Conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporine in stable renal transplant patients: safety, metabolic changes, and pharmacokinetic comparison. Hart, P; Higgins, RM; Kashi, H; Lam, FT, 2000)	0.84
" Pharmacokinetic studies showed that cyclosporine in the form of Neoral exhibited less inter- and intrapatient variability than tacrolimus, although this is of uncertain clinical significance."	( Conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporine in stable renal transplant patients: safety, metabolic changes, and pharmacokinetic comparison. Hart, P; Higgins, RM; Kashi, H; Lam, FT, 2000)	0.86
" Pharmacokinetic profiles were measured before and after conversion, and showed that cyclosporin (Neoral) exhibited significantly less interpatient and intrapatient variability than tacrolimus, for area under the curve (AUC), maximum concentration postdose (Cmax), minimum concentration postdose (Cmin), time to maximum concentration (Tmax)."	( Conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporin in stable renal transplant patients: safety, metabolic changes, and pharmacokinetic comparison. Hart, P; Higgins, RM; Kashi, H; Lam, FT, 2000)	0.84
" Pharmacokinetic studies showed cyclosporin in the form of Neoral showed less inter- and intrapatient variability than tacrolimus, although this is of uncertain clinical significance."	( Conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporin in stable renal transplant patients: safety, metabolic changes, and pharmacokinetic comparison. Hart, P; Higgins, RM; Kashi, H; Lam, FT, 2000)	0.86
" These novel techniques not only are illuminating the 'black box' that has obscured the pharmacodynamic effects of immunosuppressants but also are uncovering new mechanisms of action of these drugs."	( Pharmacodynamics of immunosuppressive drugs. Dambrin, C; Klupp, J; Morris, RE, 2000)	0.31
"In this study, the estimates of the pharmacokinetic parameters of tacrolimus agreed with those obtained from conventional pharmacokinetic studies."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Asian paediatric liver transplant patients. Aw, M; Chan, SY; Charles, BG; Ho, PC; Lim, SM; Quak, SH; Sam, WJ, 2000)	0.83
"There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters among the three study groups after intravenous administration of the drugs."	( The pharmacokinetics and metabolic disposition of tacrolimus: a comparison across ethnic groups. Bekersky, I; Benet, LZ; Carrier, S; Christians, U; Dressler, D; Floren, LC; Frassetto, L; Mancinelli, LM, 2001)	0.56
" This should be carefully taken into account when interpreting pharmacokinetic results for tacrolimus."	( Comparative clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in paediatric and adult patients. Verbeeck, RK; Wallemacq, PE, 2001)	0.8
" In this study, we examined whether the absorptive barriers, multidrug resistance protein (MDR1), or cytochrome P450 IIIA4 (CYP3A4) are important pharmacokinetic factors for tacrolimus and are prognostic indicators for LDLT outcome."	( Pharmacokinetic and prognostic significance of intestinal MDR1 expression in recipients of living-donor liver transplantation. Hashida, T; Inui , K; Masuda, S; Saito, H; Tanaka, K; Uemoto, S, 2001)	0.5
"The aim of this study was to investigate the population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplant recipients and to identify factors that may explain pharmacokinetic variability."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in children who receive cut-down or full liver transplants. Charles, BG; Lynch, SV; Staatz, CE; Taylor, PJ; Tett, SE; Willis, C, 2001)	0.83
" Factors screened for influence on the pharmacokinetic parameters were weight, age, gender, postoperative day, days since commencing tacrolimus therapy, transplant type (whole child liver or cut-down adult liver), liver function tests (bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase [ALP], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), creatinine clearance, hematocrit, corticosteroid dose, and concurrent therapy with metabolic inducers and inhibitors of tacrolimus."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in children who receive cut-down or full liver transplants. Charles, BG; Lynch, SV; Staatz, CE; Taylor, PJ; Tett, SE; Willis, C, 2001)	0.8
"Nonlinear mixed-effect modeling was useful for analysis of pharmacokinetic characteristics of tacrolimus in LDLT patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in adult recipients receiving living-donor liver transplantation. Fukatsu, S; Hashida, T; Igarashi, T; Inui, K; Kiuchi, T; Saito, H; Takayanagi, K; Tanaka, K; Uemoto, S; Yano, I, 2001)	0.82
" The purpose of this study was to describe tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic parameters, to identify relationships between clinical covariates and pharmacokinetic estimates, and to develop a model to predict tacrolimus clearance in HCT patients."	( Factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus (FK506) in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) patients. Brundage, RC; Jacobson, P; Ng, J; Ratanatharathorn, V; Uberti, J, 2001)	0.84
" Although the clinical pharmacokinetics of these drugs in paediatric transplant recipients are still under investigation, it is evident that the pharmacokinetic parameters observed in adults may not be applicable to children, especially in younger age groups."	( Immunosuppressive therapy for paediatric transplant patients: pharmacokinetic considerations. del Mar Fernández De Gatta, M; Domínguez-Gil, A; García, MJ; Santos-Buelga, D, 2002)	0.31
" In the pharmacokinetic study, whole blood and ventricular FK506 concentrations were analyzed, using a 4-compartment model during and after intravenous infusion of FK506 (0."	( Quantitative relationship between myocardial concentration of tacrolimus and QT prolongation in guinea pigs: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model incorporating a site of adverse effect. Iga, T; Minematsu, T; Ohtani, H; Sato, H; Sawada, Y; Yamada, Y, 2001)	0.55
"The pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between tacrolimus (TAC) and sirolimus (SRL), similarly structured immunosuppressive compounds that share binding proteins, is unknown."	( A clinical pharmacokinetic study of tacrolimus and sirolimus combination immunosuppression comparing simultaneous to separated administration. Fraser, A; MacDonald, AS; Mahalati, K; McAlister, VC; Peltekian, KM, 2002)	0.85
"To study the dose-response relationship of the pharmacokinetic interaction between diltiazem and tacrolimus in kidney and liver transplant recipients."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between tacrolimus and diltiazem: dose-response relationship in kidney and liver transplant recipients. Jones, TE; Morris, RG, 2002)	0.81
"Nonrandomised seven-period stepwise pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between tacrolimus and diltiazem: dose-response relationship in kidney and liver transplant recipients. Jones, TE; Morris, RG, 2002)	0.59
" Hence, diltiazem affects blood tacrolimus concentrations for longer than would be predicted from the half-life of diltiazem in plasma."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between tacrolimus and diltiazem: dose-response relationship in kidney and liver transplant recipients. Jones, TE; Morris, RG, 2002)	0.87
"Tacrolimus concentrations were measured in blood samples obtained from 22 transplant recipients during the first week of transplant, within pharmacokinetic profiles, and throughout the first 6 months post-transplant, using the Pro Tac II ELISA method."	( The impact of ethnic miscegenation on tacrolimus clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring. da Silva Moreira, SR; Felipe, CR; Garcia, R; Machado, PG; Pestana, JO; Silva, HT, 2002)	2.03
"Current data indicate that pharmacokinetic (PK) monitoring of cyclosporin microemulsion (CsA) should be performed using the 2-h concentration (C2), that tacrolimus (Tac) is commonly monitored using the trough level, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) should be monitored using the 1-h (C1), 2-h (C2) and 6-h (C6) concentrations."	( Universal approach to pharmacokinetic monitoring of immunosuppressive agents in children. Feber, J; Filler, G; Lepage, N; Mai, I; Weiler, G, 2002)	0.51
"Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM and P-PHARM on retrospective data from 35 paediatric liver-transplant patients receiving tacrolimus therapy."	( Comparison of two population pharmacokinetic programs, NONMEM and P-PHARM, for tacrolimus. Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2002)	0.74
" The aim of this study is to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in adult liver transplant recipients and test this model in individualizing therapy."	( Toward better outcomes with tacrolimus therapy: population pharmacokinetics and individualized dosage prediction in adult liver transplantation. Lynch, SV; Staatz, CE; Taylor, PJ; Tett, SE; Willis, C, 2003)	0.84
" MPA pharmacokinetic profiles were determined in 21 liver transplant recipients (age, 2 to 15 years; 12 boys) administered mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for at least 6 months."	( Mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Adams, JE; Aw, MM; Brown, NW; Dhawan, A; Gonde, CE; Heaton, ND; Itsuka, T; Mieli-Vergani, G; Tredger, JM, 2003)	0.32
" In contrast, there is no pharmacokinetic interaction between mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and tacrolimus."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus-based combination therapies. Undre, NA, 2003)	0.86
" It is often assumed that the diverse dosing contributes to the observed pharmacokinetic differences between the two drugs."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and cyclosporine at equivalent molecular doses. Højskov, C; Jørgensen, KA; Karamperis, N; Pedersen, AR; Poulsen, JH; Povlsen, JV, 2003)	0.59
" This long-term pharmacokinetic study has shown that when sirolimus is combined with tacrolimus, dose changes of sirolimus are reflected by pharmacokinetic exposure parameters."	( Long-term pharmacokinetic study of the novel combination of tacrolimus and sirolimus in de novo renal allograft recipients. Claes, K; Evenepoel, P; Kuypers, DR; Maes, B; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2003)	0.79
" A slight delay in mean residence time (MRT0-12) and time to the peak concentration (tmax) was found after night doses, but there was no statistical significance."	( Chronopharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: occurrence of acute rejection. Hayase, Y; Iinuma, M; Kato, T; Murakami, M; Satoh, S; Shimoda, N; Suzuki, T; Tada, H, 2003)	0.62
" Twenty-five full pharmacokinetic studies were performed in 22 heart transplant patients (11 men and 7 women) at less than 1 year posttransplant."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in heart transplantation: new strategies of monitoring. Arizón del Prado, JM; Aumente Rubio, MD; Cárdenas Aranzana, M; López Granados, A; López Malo de Molina, MD; Mesa Rubio, D; Rodriguez Esteban, E; Romo Peñas, E; Segura Saint-Gerons, C; Segura Saint-Gerons, J, 2003)	0.61
" Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of free and total MPA and its glucuronides depend directly or indirectly on graft function and the type of co-administered calcineurin-inhibitor."	( Twelve-month evaluation of the clinical pharmacokinetics of total and free mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolites in renal allograft recipients on low dose tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil. Abramowicz, D; Armstrong, V; Daems, J; Kuypers, DR; Mourad, M; Oellerich, M; Shipkova, M; Squifflet, JP; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2003)	0.51
"The authors conducted a prospective 12-month multicenter pharmacokinetic study on MPA (MPA, free MPA, free fraction MPA) and its metabolites (MPAG, Acyl-MPAG)."	( Twelve-month evaluation of the clinical pharmacokinetics of total and free mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolites in renal allograft recipients on low dose tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil. Abramowicz, D; Armstrong, V; Daems, J; Kuypers, DR; Mourad, M; Oellerich, M; Shipkova, M; Squifflet, JP; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2003)	0.51
"They have demonstrated that in renal transplant recipients MPA, free MPA, Acyl-MPAG and MPAG have a particular pharmacokinetic profile when combined with tacrolimus which differs from the combination with CsA."	( Twelve-month evaluation of the clinical pharmacokinetics of total and free mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolites in renal allograft recipients on low dose tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil. Abramowicz, D; Armstrong, V; Daems, J; Kuypers, DR; Mourad, M; Oellerich, M; Shipkova, M; Squifflet, JP; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2003)	0.71
" More extensive pharmacokinetic measurements like area under the concentration curves might be necessary for routine therapeutic drug monitoring of MMF."	( Twelve-month evaluation of the clinical pharmacokinetics of total and free mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolites in renal allograft recipients on low dose tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil. Abramowicz, D; Armstrong, V; Daems, J; Kuypers, DR; Mourad, M; Oellerich, M; Shipkova, M; Squifflet, JP; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2003)	0.51
"We demonstrated that pharmacokinetic interaction occurs between steroids and tacrolimus in renal transplant patients."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between corticosteroids and tacrolimus after renal transplantation. Anglicheau, D; Beaune, P; Cassinat, B; Flamant, M; Legendre, C; Martinez, F; Schlageter, MH; Thervet, E, 2003)	0.79
" Blood concentrations appear to have a long-terminal half-life (30-40 hours after a single dose in fasted subjects, 50-100 hours after the final dose on day 28 in psoriasis patients)."	( Pharmacokinetics of pimecrolimus, a novel nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug, after single and multiple oral administration. Burtin, P; Ebelin, ME; Greig, G; Hartmann, S; Komar, M; Osborne, SA; Rappersberger, K; Scott, G; Wolff, K, 2003)	0.32
" A pharmacokinetic interaction between St."	( Effects of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Akhtar, S; Chen, YL; Hebert, MF; Larson, AM; Park, JM, 2004)	0.57
" Steady-state tacrolimus pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated on two occasions in an open-label, three-arm, two-period sequential study: twice daily dosing (Phase I) and once daily dosing (Phase II)."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: twice daily versus once daily dosing. Brennan, DC; Hardinger, KL; Koch, MJ; Miller, BW; Park, JM; Schnitzler, MA, 2004)	1.01
" The aim of this study was to perform a pharmacodynamic investigation of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplant recipients."	( A pharmacodynamic investigation of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation. Lynch, SV; Staatz, CE; Taylor, PJ; Tett, SE, 2004)	0.83
" Fifty-one SRL and 55 TAC pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained from 20 male and 14 female recipients of liver alone (LTx, n = 23), small bowel alone, and with liver (SBTx, n = 11)."	( Pharmacokinetics of sirolimus and tacrolimus in pediatric transplant patients. Holt, DW; McGhee, W; Reyes, J; Schubert, M; Shaw, LM; Sindhi, R; Venkataramanan, R; Webber, S, 2004)	0.6
" Study design We conducted a prospective 12-month pharmacokinetic study of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid in 100 de novo recipients."	( Clinical efficacy and toxicity profile of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid in relation to combined long-term pharmacokinetics in de novo renal allograft recipients. Claes, K; Evenepoel, P; Kuypers, DR; Maes, B; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2004)	0.82
"Tacrolimus and microemulsified cyclosporin display a wide intra- and inter-individual variation in pharmacokinetic properties in young subjects."	( A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and microemulsified cyclosporin in paediatric renal transplant recipients. Acott, PD; Crocker, JF; McLellan, H; Renton, KW, 2004)	2.03
" Dosage and target concentration recommendations for tacrolimus vary from centre to centre, and large pharmacokinetic variability makes it difficult to predict what concentration will be achieved with a particular dose or dosage change."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus in solid organ transplantation. Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2004)	0.83
" The specific characteristics of the inter-relationship between dose, concentration and clinical (side-)effects for tacrolimus have not yet been identified and extensive long-term pharmacokinetic studies are presently lacking."	( Time-related clinical determinants of long-term tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in combination therapy with mycophenolic acid and corticosteroids: a prospective study in one hundred de novo renal transplant recipients. Claes, K; Coosemans, W; Evenepoel, P; Kuypers, DR; Maes, B; Pirenne, J; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2004)	0.79
"A prospective pharmacokinetic study of tacrolimus was conducted in 100 de novo renal allograft recipients during the first year post-transplantation."	( Time-related clinical determinants of long-term tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in combination therapy with mycophenolic acid and corticosteroids: a prospective study in one hundred de novo renal transplant recipients. Claes, K; Coosemans, W; Evenepoel, P; Kuypers, DR; Maes, B; Pirenne, J; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2004)	0.85
" Model-independent pharmacokinetic parameters for tacrolimus were calculated and dose-corrected when appropriate: AUC12, peak plasma concentration (Cmax), pre-dose trough concentration (C0), time to Cmax, average steady-state blood concentration, steady-state total body clearance, terminal half-life, volume of distribution and an estimate for tacrolimus bioavailability was derived from additional steady-state intravenous clearance data."	( Time-related clinical determinants of long-term tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in combination therapy with mycophenolic acid and corticosteroids: a prospective study in one hundred de novo renal transplant recipients. Claes, K; Coosemans, W; Evenepoel, P; Kuypers, DR; Maes, B; Pirenne, J; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2004)	0.83
" The MDR1 polymorphism was not associated with any pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Influence of CYP3A5 and MDR1 (ABCB1) polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients. Habuchi, T; Kato, T; Li, Z; Ohyama, C; Sato, K; Satoh, S; Suzuki, T; Tada, H; Tsuchiya, N, 2004)	0.55
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic variability of sirolimus (Rapamycin, SRL) in our renal transplant (RTx) recipients, dose-normalized trough concentration (C(0)) of SRL, and their intrasubject coefficients of variation (%CV) were analyzed."	( Pharmacokinetic variability of sirolimus in Taiwanese renal transplant recipients. Chen, J; Chueh, SC; Lai, MK; Wang, SM, 2004)	0.32
" The role of immunosuppressants in post-transplant outcome is crucial, and associations between exposure-related pharmacokinetic parameters and clinical outcome have been made for several drugs in this class."	( Pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressants: a perspective on ethnic differences. Dirks, NL; Huth, B; Meibohm, B; Yates, CR, 2004)	0.32
"The aims of this study were to determine whether disposition-related pharmacokinetic parameters such as T(max) and mean residence time (MRT) could be used as predictors of clinical efficacy of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients, and to what extent these parameters would be influenced by clinical variables."	( Time to reach tacrolimus maximum blood concentration,mean residence time, and acute renal allograft rejection: an open-label, prospective, pharmacokinetic study in adult recipients. Kuypers, DR; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2004)	0.87
"We previously demonstrated, in a prospective pharmacokinetic study in de novo renal allograft recipients, that patients who experienced early acute rejection did not differ from patients free from rejection in terms of tacrolimus pharmacokinetic exposure parameters (dose interval AUC, preadministration trough blood concentration, C(max), dose)."	( Time to reach tacrolimus maximum blood concentration,mean residence time, and acute renal allograft rejection: an open-label, prospective, pharmacokinetic study in adult recipients. Kuypers, DR; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2004)	0.87
"Tacrolimus has become an effective alternative to cyclosporine as a component of primary immunosuppression in pediatric renal transplant patients, but the information on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of tacrolimus in young patients is still limited."	( Effect of age, ethnicity, and glucocorticoid use on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in pediatric renal transplant patients. Aviles, DH; Kim, JS; Leblanc, PL; Matti Vehaskari, V; Silverstein, DM, 2005)	2.02
" Serial blood samples to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters taken on Day 1 (first ointment application) and Day 14 (last application) showed minimal systemic exposure to tacrolimus."	( A multicenter study of the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus ointment after first and repeated application to children with atopic dermatitis. Alomar, A; Bourke, J; Foster, C; Green, A; Harper, J; Jackson, K; Rubins, A; Smith, C; Stevenson, P; Undre, N; Zigure, S, 2005)	0.78
" Neither the cyclosporine nor the tacrolimus dosage was adjusted for at least 3 days before and during blood sampling for pharmacokinetic profiling."	( Effects of calcineurin inhibitors on sirolimus pharmacokinetics during staggered administration in renal transplant recipients. Chen, KH; Chen, RR; Hu, RH; Huang, JD; Lee, PH; Sun, SW; Tsai, MK; Wu, FL, 2005)	0.61
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of tacrolimus were calculated in steady-state on day 28 after transplantation."	( Impact of CYP3A5 and MDR1(ABCB1) C3435T polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients. Habuchi, T; Kagaya, H; Kato, T; Li, Z; Miura, M; Sato, K; Satoh, S; Suzuki, T; Tada, H; Tsuchiya, N, 2005)	0.83
" The MDR1 C3435T polymorphisms did not affect any tacrolimus pharmacokinetic parameter in either group."	( Impact of CYP3A5 and MDR1(ABCB1) C3435T polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients. Habuchi, T; Kagaya, H; Kato, T; Li, Z; Miura, M; Sato, K; Satoh, S; Suzuki, T; Tada, H; Tsuchiya, N, 2005)	0.81
"We performed 24-hour monitoring of cyclosporine (NEO) and tacrolimus (TAC) blood concentrations, evaluating pharmacokinetic parameters and characterizing circadian variations."	( Pharmacokinetic differences between morning and evening administration of cyclosporine and tacrolimus therapy. Abudoshukur, M; Ashizawa, T; Hama, K; Hirano, T; Iwahori, T; Johjima, Y; Konno, O; Matsuno, N; Nagao, T; Nakamura, Y; Oka, K; Okuyama, K; Takeuchi, H; Uchiyama, M, 2005)	0.79
"We evaluated the relative clinical potency of cyclosporine (CyA) and tacrolimus (Tac) using pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug to obtain the most suitable converting dose and target trough level."	( Optimal dose and target trough level in cyclosporine and tacrolimus conversion in renal transplantation as evaluated by lymphocyte drug sensitivity and pharmacokinetic parameters. Akashi, I; Ashizawa, T; Hama, K; Hirano, T; Iwahori, T; Iwamoto, H; Jojima, Y; Konno, O; Matsuno, N; Nagao, T; Nakamura, Y; Oka, K; Okuyama, K; Takeuchi, H; Uchiyama, M, 2005)	0.81
"To investigate the population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in an adult liver transplant cohort using routine drug monitoring data and to identify patient characteristics that influence pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in full liver transplant patients: modelling of the post-operative clearance. Antignac, M; Boleslawski, E; Farinotti, R; Hannoun, L; Hulot, JS; Lechat, P; Touitou, Y; Urien, S, 2005)	0.87
" Bayesian estimations performed at different POD times indicated that acceptable precisions in individual pharmacokinetic predictions could be obtained after the 15th POD."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in full liver transplant patients: modelling of the post-operative clearance. Antignac, M; Boleslawski, E; Farinotti, R; Hannoun, L; Hulot, JS; Lechat, P; Touitou, Y; Urien, S, 2005)	0.61
" A randomized, calcineurin inhibitor crossover, steady-state pharmacokinetic study in stable renal transplant patients receiving EC-MPS demonstrated increased MPA exposure of 19% higher, MPA C(max,ss) 19% lower and MPA C(min,ss) approximately twofold higher with tacrolimus, than cyclosporine microemulsion."	( Randomized calcineurin inhibitor cross over study to measure the pharmacokinetics of co-administered enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium. Balez, S; Bastien, MC; Kaplan, B; Meier-Kriesche, HU; Minnick, P; Picard, F; Schmouder, R; Sechaud, R; Yeh, CM, 2005)	0.51
" Tacrolimus is a potent agent with a narrow therapeutic window and large inter- and intraindividual pharmacokinetic variability."	( Pharmacokinetic considerations relating to tacrolimus dosing in the elderly. Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2005)	1.5
" We investigated pharmacodynamic properties of the 2 drugs and their clinical relevance in liver transplantation."	( Pharmacodynamic analysis of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in living-donor liver transplant patients. Fukatsu, S; Fukudo, M; Inui, K; Katsura, T; Masuda, S; Ogura, Y; Oike, F; Takada, Y; Tanaka, K; Yano, I, 2005)	0.62
" Pharmacodynamic assessment in combination with blood concentration monitoring may be useful for determining the individual therapeutic range of tacrolimus and cyclosporine."	( Pharmacodynamic analysis of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in living-donor liver transplant patients. Fukatsu, S; Fukudo, M; Inui, K; Katsura, T; Masuda, S; Ogura, Y; Oike, F; Takada, Y; Tanaka, K; Yano, I, 2005)	0.82
"To assess the influence of cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) on mycophenolic acid (MPA) and correlation analysis of the pharmacokinetic parameters and patient characteristics, clinical outcome in Chinese kidney transplant recipients, the pharmacokinetics of 1000 mg mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) twice daily was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)."	( Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in Chinese kidney transplant patients. Huang, HF; Liu, J; Lu, XY; Sheng-Tu, JZ, 2005)	0.58
"Thirty-one 12-hour pharmacokinetic profiles were studied in 15 patients (8 men and 7 women, 42."	( Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in lung transplantation: new strategies for monitoring. Jakob, H; Kamler, M; Ragette, R; Teschler, H; Weinreich, G, 2005)	1.77
"To: (i) test different pharmacokinetic models to fit full tacrolimus concentration-time profiles; (ii) estimate the tacrolimus pharmacokinetic characteristics in stable lung transplant patients with or without cystic fibrosis (CF); (iii) compare the pharmacokinetic parameters between these two patient groups; and (iv) design maximum a posteriori Bayesian estimators (MAP-BE) for pharmacokinetic forecasting in these patients using a limited sampling strategy."	( Pharmacokinetic study of tacrolimus in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis lung transplant patients and design of Bayesian estimators using limited sampling strategies. Debord, J; Estenne, M; Knoop, C; Marquet, P; Rousseau, A; Saint-Marcoux, F; Thiry, P, 2005)	0.88
" Finally, Bayesian estimation using the best model and a limited sampling strategy was tested in the two groups of patients for its ability to provide accurate estimates of the main tacrolimus pharmacokinetic parameters and exposure indices."	( Pharmacokinetic study of tacrolimus in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis lung transplant patients and design of Bayesian estimators using limited sampling strategies. Debord, J; Estenne, M; Knoop, C; Marquet, P; Rousseau, A; Saint-Marcoux, F; Thiry, P, 2005)	0.82
"A particular pharmacokinetic model was designed to fit the complex and highly variable tacrolimus blood concentration-time profiles."	( Pharmacokinetic study of tacrolimus in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis lung transplant patients and design of Bayesian estimators using limited sampling strategies. Debord, J; Estenne, M; Knoop, C; Marquet, P; Rousseau, A; Saint-Marcoux, F; Thiry, P, 2005)	0.85
" The purpose of this study was to detect interpatient pharmacokinetic variability of tacrolimus and to assess the predictability of individual tacrolimus concentrations at various times for the area under the curve (AUC) seeking to find the best sampling time for an abbreviated AUC to predict the total body exposure of tacrolimus after the first oral dose in Chinese renal transplantation recipients."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after the first oral administration in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Chen, LZ; Chen, YH; Dai, YP; Fei, JG; Li, J; Qiu, J; Zheng, KL, 2005)	0.84
"5, and 3 hours as an abbreviated AUC were as good as a full pharmacokinetic study (r = ."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after the first oral administration in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Chen, LZ; Chen, YH; Dai, YP; Fei, JG; Li, J; Qiu, J; Zheng, KL, 2005)	0.62
"The objectives of this study were to develop population pharmacokinetic models of tacrolimus in an Asian population with whole blood and plasma drug concentration data, to compare the variability of the pharmacokinetic parameters in these two matrices and to search for the main patient characteristics that explain the variability in pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in whole blood and plasma in asian liver transplant patients. Aw, M; Chan, SY; Ho, PC; Holmes, MJ; Lee, KH; Lim, SG; Prabhakaran, K; Quak, SH; Sam, WJ; Tham, LS, 2006)	0.85
"Prospective pharmacokinetic assessment followed by model fitting."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in whole blood and plasma in asian liver transplant patients. Aw, M; Chan, SY; Ho, PC; Holmes, MJ; Lee, KH; Lim, SG; Prabhakaran, K; Quak, SH; Sam, WJ; Tham, LS, 2006)	0.62
"Whole blood and plasma population pharmacokinetic models of tacrolimus in Asian adult and paediatric liver transplant patients were developed using prospective data in a clinical setting."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in whole blood and plasma in asian liver transplant patients. Aw, M; Chan, SY; Ho, PC; Holmes, MJ; Lee, KH; Lim, SG; Prabhakaran, K; Quak, SH; Sam, WJ; Tham, LS, 2006)	0.86
" This study compared the pharmacokinetic profiles of MPA and its major metabolite MPA glucuronide (MPAG) in combination with tacrolimus (TAC) or cyclosporine (CyA) during the maintenance period (>6 months) following renal transplantation."	( Effects of calcineurin inhibitors on pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolite during the maintenance period following renal transplantation. Hashimoto, H; Kagawa, Y; Maeda, T; Naito, T; Otsuka, A; Ozono, S; Shinno, K; Suzuki, K; Takayama, T; Ushiyama, T, 2006)	0.54
"The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of time on pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of mycophenolic acid (MPA) in the early post-transplant period in kidney recipients."	( Comparison of mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetic parameters in kidney transplant patients within the first 3 months post-transplant. Durlik, M; Gralak, B; Majchrnak, J; Pawinski, T; Szlaska, I; Urbanowicz, A, 2006)	0.33
"Levofloxacin significantly increased the mean area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) and the other pharmacokinetic parameters of ciclosporin and tacrolimus by about 25%."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between levofloxacin and ciclosporin or tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: ciclosporin, tacrolimus and levofloxacin in renal transplantation. Basile, V; Capone, D; Carrano, R; Federico, S; Gentile, A; Palmiero, G, 2006)	0.77
" When MPA AUC and C(0) were within the recommended ranges, CEM proliferation was inhibited by almost all serum samples, but when these pharmacokinetic parameters were below the recommended ranges, CEM proliferation was very variable and, therefore, unpredictable."	( Sequential determination of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mycophenolic acid in liver transplant patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Brunet, M; Cirera, I; Jiménez, O; Londoño, MC; Martorell, J; Millán, O; Rimola, A; Rojo, I; Vidal, E, 2006)	0.33
"A single-institution, open-label prospective pharmacokinetic evaluation of the interaction between intravenous itraconazole and intravenous cyclosporin A and tacrolimus was conducted in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the drug interaction between intravenous itraconazole and intravenous tacrolimus or intravenous cyclosporin A in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Boyette, RM; Leather, H; Tian, L; Wingard, JR, 2006)	0.75
" Children<6 years old need to start with a 50% higher tacrolimus dose to achieve the same pharmacokinetic and immunosuppressive results."	( The pharmacokinetics and immunosuppressive response of tacrolimus in paediatric renal transplant recipients. Carasi, C; Ghio, L; Ginevri, F; Montini, G; Murer, L; Plebani, M; Thafam, BS; Ujka, F; Varagnolo, C; Zacchello, G, 2006)	0.83
" In pediatric transplant recipients, co-administration of these two drugs has been shown to result in a significant decrease of exposure to TAC, whereas conflicting data have been obtained regarding this pharmacokinetic interaction in adults."	( Co-administration of sirolimus alters tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in a dose-dependent manner in adult renal transplant recipients. Baldan, N; De Martin, S; Ekser, B; Frison, L; Furian, L; Margani, G; Palatini, P; Rigotti, P, 2006)	0.6
" Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether CYP3A and ABCB1 polymorphisms are associated with the area under the time concentration curve (AUC0-12) calculated using a two time point sample strategy."	( Influence of different allelic variants of the CYP3A and ABCB1 genes on the tacrolimus pharmacokinetic profile of Chinese renal transplant recipients. Bekers, O; Chan, HW; Chau, KF; Cheung, CY; de Vrie, JE; Kwan, TH; Leung, KT; Li, CS; Op den Buijsch, RA; van Dieijen-Visser, MP; Wijnen, PA; Wong, KM, 2006)	0.56
" Ocular pharmacokinetic parameters of FK506 were calculated by 3p87 software."	( [The pharmacokinetics of FK506 and its nanoparticles in aqueous humor of rabbits]. Chen, JQ; Fei, WL; Liu, YM; Pang, ZQ; Wang, Z; Ye, CT; Yuan, J; Zhong, SL, 2006)	0.33
" Some of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of ABCB1 gene are associated with pharmacokinetic characteristics of TRL."	( The effect of MDR1 (ABCB1) polymorphism on the pharmacokinetic of tacrolimus in Turkish renal transplant recipients. Akbas, SH; Bilgen, T; Gultekin, M; Keser, I; Luleci, G; Tosun, O; Tuncer, M; Yucetin, L, 2006)	0.57
"Population pharmacokinetic analysis using data from a retrospective chart review."	( Factors affecting the apparent clearance of tacrolimus in Korean adult liver transplant recipients. Hahn, HJ; Lee, JY; Oh, JM; Shin, WG; Son, IJ; Suh, KS; Yi, NJ, 2006)	0.59
" A number of clinical covariates were screened for their influence on these pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Factors affecting the apparent clearance of tacrolimus in Korean adult liver transplant recipients. Hahn, HJ; Lee, JY; Oh, JM; Shin, WG; Son, IJ; Suh, KS; Yi, NJ, 2006)	0.59
" However, transplanted patients exhibit heterogeneous immunological responses and high inter- and intraindividual pharmacokinetic variabilities."	( Chronopharmacokinetics of ciclosporin and tacrolimus. Baraldo, M; Furlanut, M, 2006)	0.6
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with the nonlinear mixed-effects modeling program NONMEM to estimate population mean parameters of apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution (V/F)."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenomic analysis of tacrolimus in pediatric living-donor liver transplant recipients. Egawa, H; Fukudo, M; Goto, M; Inui, K; Katsura, T; Masuda, S; Ogura, Y; Oike, F; Takada, Y; Uemoto, S; Uesugi, M; Yano, I, 2006)	0.58
"THP-1 cells were cultured as macrophages and then treated with plasma trough and peak concentration doses of SIR, SIR/CsA or SIR/TAC to assess the time- and dose-dependent mRNA or protein expression of selected atherogenic genes."	( The pharmacodynamic effects of sirolimus and sirolimus-calcineurin inhibitor combinations on macrophage scavenger and nuclear hormone receptors. Carl, SM; Friedman, GS; Jin, S; Knipp, GT; Mathis, AS; Peng, F, 2007)	0.34
" These findings may provide a rationale for the development of novel drug delivery strategies to mitigate adverse pharmacodynamic responses."	( The pharmacodynamic effects of sirolimus and sirolimus-calcineurin inhibitor combinations on macrophage scavenger and nuclear hormone receptors. Carl, SM; Friedman, GS; Jin, S; Knipp, GT; Mathis, AS; Peng, F, 2007)	0.34
" No difference was observed in Tac pharmacokinetic parameters in relation to ABCB1 polymorphisms."	( CYP3A5 and ABCB1 polymorphisms and tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in renal transplant candidates: guidelines from an experimental study. De Meyer, M; Eddour, DC; Elens, L; Haufroid, V; Lison, D; Malaise, J; Mourad, M; VanKerckhove, V; Wallemacq, P, 2006)	0.61
"2 ng/mL, Cmax 10."	( Differential pharmacokinetic interaction of tacrolimus and cyclosporine on everolimus. Curtis, JJ; Hricik, DE; Kovarik, JM; Pescovitz, MD; Scantlebury, V; Vasquez, A, 2006)	0.59
"Pretransplantation, there were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of (R)-lansoprazole between the 3 ABCBI C3435T genotypes."	( Influence of ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole and gastroesophageal symptoms in Japanese renal transplant recipients classified as CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers and treated with tacrolimus. Habuchi, T; Inoue, K; Ishikawa, M; Kagaya, H; Kanno, S; Miura, M; Sagae, Y; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Suzuki, T; Tada, H, 2006)	0.52
"Recent studies show that measuring pharmacodynamic (PD) effects offers a unique possibility to predict immunosuppression."	( Pharmacodynamics of T-cell function for monitoring immunosuppression. Barten, MJ; Bittner, HB; Dhein, S; Garbade, J; Gummert, JF; Mohr, FW; Tarnok, A, 2007)	0.34
" A total of 72 pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained."	( Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and determination of area under the curve by abbreviated sampling strategy in Chinese liver transplant recipients. Chen, H; Deng, X; Fei, Y; Li, H; Peng, C; Qiu, W; Shen, B; Shen, C; Yang, W; Yu, Z; Zhou, G, 2007)	0.34
"MMF and EC-MPS are associated with similar MPA exposure and equivalent pharmacodynamic effect."	( Conversion from mycophenolate mofetil to enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in maintenance renal transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus: clinical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic outcomes. Arns, W; Bauer, S; Budde, K; Fischer, W; Glander, P; Grohmann, J; Hoffmann, U; Krämer, BK; Neumayer, HH, 2007)	0.54
" Key pharmacokinetic parameters, including C(max), AUC, t((1/2)), CL, and V(ss), were derived from concentration-time data."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between anidulafungin and tacrolimus. Damle, B; Dowell, JA; Henkel, T; Krause, D; Stogniew, M, 2007)	0.58
" In the adult and pediatric pharmacokinetic studies, serial blood samples were obtained after single and repeated topical application."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus following topical application of tacrolimus ointment in adult and pediatric patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Carlin, CS; Croy, R; Eichenfield, L; Goodman, JJ; Holum, ME; Jaracz, E; Keirns, J; Krafchik, BR; Krueger, GG; Pang, ML; Sawamoto, T, 2007)	0.66
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were performed in 26 recipients of first living donor kidney transplants at day 7 after morning (a."	( Circadian and time-dependent variability in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics. Felipe, CR; Garcia, R; Medina-Pestana, JO; Park, SI; Pinheiro-Machado, PG; Tedesco-Silva, H, 2007)	0.6
"002) meaning a significant different pharmacokinetic response in these two cohorts."	( Influence of the CYP3A5 genotype on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in young kidney transplant recipients. Edefonti, A; Ferraresso, M; Ghio, L; Grillo, P; Martina, V; Tirelli, A; Torresani, E, 2007)	0.61
" Pharmacokinetic investigations of oral tacrolimus administration at 2 mg were performed both before and at the end of the SchE treatment period."	( Effects of Schisandra sphenanthera extract on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in healthy volunteers. Li, Q; Shen, Y; Su, D; Wu, XC; Xin, HW; Xiong, L; Yu, AR; Zhu, M, 2007)	0.84
"To analyze the pharmacokinetic properties of the immunosuppressants cyclosporine and tacrolimus when either is coadministered with oral posaconazole."	( Effect of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Gelone, S; Kantesaria, B; Krishna, G; Mant, TG; Martinho, M; Sansone-Parsons, A, 2007)	0.8
"Two single-center, open-label pharmacokinetic studies of cyclosporine in a multiple-dose design and of tacrolimus in a one-sequence, crossover, single- and multiple-dose design."	( Effect of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Gelone, S; Kantesaria, B; Krishna, G; Mant, TG; Martinho, M; Sansone-Parsons, A, 2007)	0.79
" Since these drugs have narrow therapeutic windows and show considerable pharmacokinetic variability, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is essential to avoid adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity while maximizing immunosuppressive efficacy."	( [Individualized dosage regimen of immunosuppressive drugs based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis]. Fukudo, M, 2007)	0.34
"Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressant used after organ transplantation, has a narrow therapeutic range and its pharmacokinetic variability complicates its daily dose assessment."	( Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics: influence of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette B1 (ABCB1) and cytochrome (CYP) 3A polymorphisms. Bekers, O; Cheung, CY; Christiaans, MH; de Vries, JE; Op den Buijsch, RA; Stolk, LM; Undre, NA; van Dieijen-Visser, MP; van Hooff, JP, 2007)	3.23
" The aim of this study was to perform population pharmacokinetic analysis of oral tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients and clarify the potential role of CYP3A5, MDR1 and IL-10 genetic polymorphisms in the variability of population pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and CYP3A5, MDR1 and IL-10 polymorphisms in adult liver transplant patients. Gao, J; Li, D; Lou, YQ; Lu, W; Zhang, GL; Zhu, JY, 2007)	0.85
"The liver function in patients as indicated by the total bilirubin level (TBIL) and different CYP3A5*3 genotypes in donors (CYPD) and recipients (CYPR) were observed to influence tacrolimus pharmacokinetic parameter of apparent clearance (Cl/F)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and CYP3A5, MDR1 and IL-10 polymorphisms in adult liver transplant patients. Gao, J; Li, D; Lou, YQ; Lu, W; Zhang, GL; Zhu, JY, 2007)	0.82
"Fourteen patients participated in the study and seven participated in the intensified pharmacokinetic protocol."	( Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in hepatitis C virus and HIV co-infected liver transplant recipients in the ANRS HC-08 study. Abbara, C; Barrail, A; Boissonnas, A; Bonhomme-Faivre, L; Duclos-Vallée, JC; Samuel, D; Taburet, AM; Teicher, E; Vincent, I; Vittecoq, D, 2007)	0.59
" Twelve-hour pharmacokinetic investigations to measure CsA and its six main metabolites, Tac and mycophenolate concentrations were performed before and after 1-week treatment with 30 mg cinacalcet once daily."	( Cinacalcet's effect on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus, cyclosporine and mycophenolate in renal transplant recipients. Asberg, A; Bergan, S; Falck, P; Holdaas, H; Midtvedt, K; Reubsaet, JL; Vethe, NT, 2008)	0.6
" Namely, CYA blood concentration is usually monitored at 2 h after administration (C(2)) substituted for peak concentration (C(p)) and TAC at trough concentration (C(t))."	( Evidence of different pharmacokinetics including relationship among AUC, peak, and trough levels between cyclosporine and tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients using new pharmacokinetic parameter--why cyclosporine is monitored by C(2) level and tacrol Akashi, I; Ashizawa, T; Hama, K; Hirano, T; Iwahori, T; Iwamoto, H; Jojima, Y; Kihara, Y; Konno, O; Kuzuoka, K; Matsuno, N; Mejit, A; Nagao, T; Nakamura, Y; Oka, K; Okuyama, K; Senuma, K; Taira, S; Takeuchi, H; Toraishi, T; Unezaki, S; Yokoyama, T, 2008)	0.55
" The mean dose-unadjusted and -adjusted Cmax of MPA with 30 mg lansoprazole were significantly lower than those without PPI (11."	( Influence of lansoprazole and rabeprazole on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics one year after renal transplantation. Habuchi, T; Inoue, K; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Suzuki, T, 2008)	0.35
" There were also no significant differences in the MPA pharmacokinetic parameters among three tacrolimus C(0) groups: 5 < or = C(0) < 10, 10 < or = C(0) < 15 and 15 < or =C(0) < 20 ng/mL."	( No pharmacokinetic interactions between mycophenolic acid and tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients. Habuchi, T; Inoue, K; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Suzuki, T, 2008)	0.81
"Low and highly variable systemic exposure has been shown in pharmacokinetic studies of tacrolimus ointment performed in patients (adults and children) with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis."	( [Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus following topical application of tacrolimus ointment in adult and paediatric patients with atopic dermatitis]. Undre, NA, 2008)	0.89
" Sirolimus half-life and mean residence time (MRT) are shorter than in adults."	( Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolate mofetil and sirolimus in children. Bendrick-Peart, J; Christians, U; Filler, G, 2008)	0.35
", mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS), seem to have different pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Pharmacodynamic monitoring of the conversion from mycophenolate mofetil to enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in stable kidney-allograft recipients. Böhler, T; Canivet, C; Durand, D; Galvani, S; Kamar, N; Negre-Salvayre, A; Rostaing, L; Salvayre, R; Therville, N; Thomsen, M, 2008)	0.35
" The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the nanostructured aggregates containing amorphous or crystalline nanoparticles of TAC produced by ultra-rapid freezing (URF)."	( Nebulization of nanoparticulate amorphous or crystalline tacrolimus--single-dose pharmacokinetics study in mice. Johnston, KP; McConville, JT; Overhoff, KA; Sinswat, P; Williams, RO, 2008)	0.59
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)	0.35
" The aim was to analyze retrospectively the modification induced by CYP3A5 gene polymorphism on TAC's pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from 26 adolescents receiving TAC as their main immunosuppressive drug."	( The effect of CYP3A5 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in adolescent kidney transplant recipients. Belingheri, M; Edefonti, A; Ferraresso, M; Ghio, L; Martina, V; Mattiello, C; Meregalli, E; Tirelli, S; Torresani, E, 2008)	0.59
" Most pharmacokinetic (PK) studies have been focused on MPA, but not its metabolites, in kidney transplant recipients."	( Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its phenolic-glucuronide and ACYl glucuronide metabolites in stable thoracic transplant recipients. Ensom, MH; Levy, RD; Partovi, N; Riggs, KW; Ting, LS, 2008)	0.35
" Since these drugs have a narrow therapeutic range and show large inter- and intraindividual pharmacokinetic variability, frequent therapeutic drug monitoring is required to control their blood concentrations."	( Pharmacodynamic monitoring of calcineurin phosphatase activity in transplant patients treated with calcineurin inhibitors. Yano, I, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of MPA were calculated by the noncompartmental method."	( Impact of changing from cyclosporine to tacrolimus on pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in renal transplant recipients with diabetes. Cibrik, DM; Lake, KD; Park, JM, 2008)	0.61
" Namely, CyA blood concentration is usually monitored at two hours after administration (C2), a surrogate for peak concentration (Cp), and TAC at trough concentration (Ct)."	( Evidence of different pharmacokinetics between cyclosporine and tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients: why cyclosporine is monitored by C2 level and tacrolimus by trough level. Hama, K; Hirano, T; Iwamoto, H; Konno, O; Matsuno, N; Nagao, T; Nakamura, Y; Takeuchi, H; Toraishi, T; Unezaki, S, 2008)	0.58
" Population pharmacokinetic data analysis was performed using the nonlinear mixed-effects model (NONMEM) program on the model building group."	( [Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Chinese renal transplant patients]. Bi, SS; Chen, WQ; Li, L; Liu, X; Lu, W; Zhang, GM; Zhang, XL, 2008)	0.63
"The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the pharmacokinetic profile of tacrolimus on its pancreatic toxicity and efficacy in rats."	( Effect of pharmacokinetic profile on the pancreatic toxicity and efficacy of tacrolimus in rats. Asano, M; Hanaoka, K; Mitamura, T; Niwa, T; Seki, J; Yamada, A, 2008)	0.8
"An open-label, randomized, 3-way crossover, drug-drug interaction study of the investigational anti-HBV combination agent, emtricitabine/tenofovir DF and the antirejection agent, tacrolimus was conducted in healthy volunteers to evaluate the potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction between these drugs."	( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination. Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)	0.77
" Drug concentrations were measured by LC/MS/MS and steady state pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for each drug using noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination. Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)	0.58
"The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the geometric least-squares mean ratio for AUCtau, Cmax and Ctau for each drug together vs."	( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination. Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)	0.58
"It was concluded that there was no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction between emtricitabine/tenofovir DF and tacrolimus when administered together."	( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination. Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)	0.79
"The pharmacokinetics of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in liver transplant recipients may change because of pharmacokinetic interactions with coadministered immunosuppressants or because changes in the enterohepatic anatomy may affect biotransformation of MMF to mycophenolic acid (MPA) and enterohepatic recirculation of MPA through the hydrolysis of mycophenolate acid glucuronide to MPA in the gut."	( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in combination with standard-dose or reduced-dose tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients. Barcéna, R; Bernardos, A; Bouw, R; Bowles, M; Durand, F; Herrero, JI; Ives, J; Klempnauer, J; Mamelok, R; Marotta, P; McKay, D; Mentha, G; Nashan, B; Neuhaus, P; Patch, D; Saliba, F; Truman, M, 2009)	0.56
" A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to estimate the effects of demographic factors, hematocrit, serum albumin concentration, prednisolone dose, TRL dose interval, polymorphisms in genes coding for ABCB1, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, and the pregnane X receptor on TRL pharmacokinetics."	( Explaining variability in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics to optimize early exposure in adult kidney transplant recipients. Danhof, M; de Fijter, JW; den Hartigh, J; Guchelaar, HJ; Ploeger, BA; Press, RR; van der Straaten, T; van Pelt, J, 2009)	0.65
"This study was conducted to evaluate time-dependent pharmacokinetic changes and drug interactions over the first 6 months after transplantation in kidney transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus (TAC), prednisone (PRED) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or sirolimus (SRL)."	( Tacrolimus pharmacokinetic drug interactions: effect of prednisone, mycophenolic acid or sirolimus. Casarini, DE; Felipe, CR; Fernandes, FB; Garcia, R; Medina-Pestana, JO; Park, SI; Pinheiro-Machado, PG; Tedesco-Silva, H, 2009)	1.99
"VRZ TDM data analysis for trough concentration (C0) and peak concentration (C2) was carried out, using validated liquid chromatography assay with ultraviolet detection, for 35 CF lung transplant patients (mean age 25 years, mean weight 47 kg, balanced sex ratio) since 2003."	( Voriconazole pharmacokinetic variability in cystic fibrosis lung transplant patients. Amrein, C; Batisse, A; Berge, M; Billaud, EM; Boussaud, V; Chevalier, P; Dannaoui, E; Guillemain, R; Lillo-Le Louet, A; Loriot, MA; Pham, MH, 2009)	0.35
" Patients receiving CSA had a significantly higher AcMPAG Cmax but not AcMPAG AUC, suggesting that only peak CSA concentrations on a low-dose CSA regimen are sufficient to impair the biliary excretion of AcMPAG."	( Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolites in stable adult liver transplant recipients with renal dysfunction on a low-dose calcineurin inhibitor regimen and mycophenolate mofetil. Armstrong, VW; Beckebaum, S; Cicinnati, VR; Gerken, G; Klein, CG; Oellerich, M; Paul, A; Streit, F, 2009)	0.35
" Mean apparent half-life of tacrolimus was 80 +/- 35 h (range: 25-175 h)."	( The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after first and repeated dosing with 0.03% ointment in infants with atopic dermatitis. Cirule, K; Dickinson, J; Ho, V; Mäkelä, M; Mandelin, J; Reitamo, S; Remitz, A; Rubins, A; Rubins, S; Undre, N; Zigure, S, 2009)	0.95
"A 3-month pharmacokinetic substudy of the prospective, randomized, multicentre, open-label Symphony study was performed."	( The pharmacokinetics of mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients receiving standard-dose or low-dose cyclosporine, low-dose tacrolimus or low-dose sirolimus: the Symphony pharmacokinetic substudy. Brunet, M; Ekberg, H; Gentil, MA; Grinyó, JM; Hernandez, D; Kuypers, DR; Mamelok, RD; Oppenheimer, F; Sánchez-Plumed, J, 2009)	0.56
" Cmax and C2 values tended to increase whereas C0 remained unaffected."	( Rimonabant affects cyclosporine a, but not tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients. Amundsen, R; Asberg, A; Bergan, S; Hartmann, A; Midtvedt, K; Robertsen, I; Vethe, NT, 2009)	0.62
" This reaction is limits not only pharmacokinetic studies in animal but also development of human or humanized proteins as drugs."	( Effect of co-administration of tacrolimus on the pharmacokinetics of multiple subcutaneous administered interferon-alpha in rats. Ishida, T; Kiwada, H; Miyake, M; Mukai, T; Nishibayashi, T; Odomi, M; Yamazaki, H, 2009)	0.64
"001 mg/kg) may be a promising way to assess crossover pharmacokinetic study of human or humanized proteinic formulations with multiple dosing schedules in an experimental animal."	( Effect of co-administration of tacrolimus on the pharmacokinetics of multiple subcutaneous administered interferon-alpha in rats. Ishida, T; Kiwada, H; Miyake, M; Mukai, T; Nishibayashi, T; Odomi, M; Yamazaki, H, 2009)	0.64
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses utilized non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus co-administered with adefovir dipivoxil to liver transplant recipients. Brown, RS; Enejosa, J; McGuire, BM; Ramanathan, S; Schiff, E; Terrault, NA; Tran, TT; Tupper, R; Zhong, L; Zong, J, 2009)	0.68
"The median elimination half-life of tacrolimus was 14."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus co-administered with adefovir dipivoxil to liver transplant recipients. Brown, RS; Enejosa, J; McGuire, BM; Ramanathan, S; Schiff, E; Terrault, NA; Tran, TT; Tupper, R; Zhong, L; Zong, J, 2009)	0.95
" Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters of single-dose and multiple-dose administration, as well as the FK506 concentrations in eye tissues, showed that the FK506 formulation and the dosing regimen ensured the therapeutic concentration of FK506 for treating corneal allograft rejection."	( Preparation of 0.05% FK506 suspension eyedrops and its pharmacokinetics after topical ocular administration. Chen, JQ; Ye, CT; Yuan, J; Zhai, JJ; Zhou, SY, 2009)	0.35
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: new initial dosage suggestions and a model-based dosage adjustment tool. Fasth, A; Friberg, LE; Staatz, CE; Wallin, JE, 2009)	0.64
" Therefore, alternative pharmacokinetic (ie, MPA free fraction and metabolites) and pharmacodynamic approaches to better predict drug efficacy and toxicity are being explored."	( New insights into the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the calcineurin inhibitors and mycophenolic acid: possible consequences for therapeutic drug monitoring in solid organ transplantation. de Jonge, H; Kuypers, DR; Naesens, M, 2009)	0.35
"94) were applied to pharmacokinetic data obtained at 1 year."	( Early phase limited sampling strategy characterizing tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics adapted to the maintenance phase of renal transplant patients. Habuchi, T; Hayakari, M; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Niioka, T; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Suzuki, T, 2009)	0.6
" This study aimed to (1) compare this new assay with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for MPA pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in different populations of allograft recipients given mycophenolate mofetil, (2) develop specific Bayesian estimators for this inhibition assay and test their accuracy, and (3) compare the resulting MPA area under the curve (AUC0-12h) estimates with those of Bayesian estimators developed based on the LC-MS/MS results."	( Performance of the new mycophenolate assay based on IMPDH enzymatic activity for pharmacokinetic investigations and setup of Bayesian estimators in different populations of allograft recipients. Debord, J; Domke, I; Jaqz-Aigrain, E; Knoop, C; Lebranchu, Y; Marquet, P; Prémaud, A; Saint-Marcoux, F; Sauvage, FL; Tiberi, M, 2009)	0.35
" This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study designed to evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic interaction of concomitant administration of maribavir and tacrolimus."	( A randomized, double-blind, pharmacokinetic study of oral maribavir with tacrolimus in stable renal transplant recipients. Bloom, R; Gelone, S; Johnson, J; Pescovitz, MD; Pirsch, J; Villano, SA, 2009)	0.78
" It is essential to know their pharmacokinetic properties and to use them for treatment individualization through TDM in order to improve the treatment outcome."	( Pharmacokinetic optimization of immunosuppressive therapy in thoracic transplantation: part I. Marquet, P; Monchaud, C, 2009)	0.35
" Also a complete 12-hour pharmacokinetic profile was recorded for 15 transplant patients who had the polymorphism and for 15 controls who were randomly chosen since they received the same type and dosage of mycophenolate, same posttransplant time and similar renal function."	( The prevalence of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9) gene promoter region single-nucleotide polymorphisms T-275A and C-2152T and its influence on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in stable renal transplant patients. Arroyo, M; Barrientos, A; Calvo, N; De la Orden, V; Maestro, ML; Ortega, D; Pérez-Flores, I; Sánchez-Fructuoso, AI; Veganzone, S; Viudarreta, M, )	0.13
"There were no differences in dose (D) and body weight (BW)-adjusted pharmacokinetic parameters of tacrolimus among the three groups."	( No impact of age on dose-adjusted pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid and prednisolone 1 month after renal transplantation. Habuchi, T; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Suzuki, T; Tsuchiya, N, 2009)	0.82
" Although there has been an extensive pharmacokinetic (PK) experience with MMF administration following solid organ transplantation in children, there is a paucity of PK data following its use in pediatric AlloSCT recipients."	( An age-dependent pharmacokinetic study of intravenous and oral mycophenolate mofetil in combination with tacrolimus for GVHD prophylaxis in pediatric allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients. Ayello, J; Baxter-Lowe, L; Bhatia, M; Bradley, MB; Cairo, MS; Figurski, M; Garvin, J; George, D; Jin, Z; Militano, O; Moore, V; Morris, E; Satwani, P; Shaw, L; Tallamy, B; van deVen, C, 2010)	0.57
" The aims of this study were: 1) to identify and model the effect of demographic, clinical, and genetic factors and time of drug administration on TAC pharmacokinetic variability; and 2) to assess the influence of the analytical method by modeling the TAC blood concentrations measured simultaneously by microparticle enzyme immune assay (MEIA) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy."	( Time of drug administration, CYP3A5 and ABCB1 genotypes, and analytical method influence tacrolimus pharmacokinetics: a population pharmacokinetic study. Delattre, IK; Haufroid, V; Mourad, M; Musuamba, FT; Verbeeck, RK; Wallemacq, P, 2009)	0.57
"The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in pediatric kidney transplant patients, identify factors that explain variability, and determine dosage regimens."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of tacrolimus in de novo pediatric kidney transplant recipients. André, JL; Bensman, A; Brochard, K; Cloarec, S; Cochat, P; Elie, V; Fakhoury, M; Garaix, F; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Leroy, V; Loirat, C; Niaudet, P; Roussey, G; Zhao, W, 2009)	0.83
"Because tacrolimus (Tac) has a narrow therapeutic index and highly inter- and intra-individual variable pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics, monitoring of drug exposure is recommended, but limited data are available on the kinetics of Tac in paediatric renal transplant recipients, especially of limited sampling strategies."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in stable paediatric renal transplant recipients. Claeys, T; Van Damme-Lombaerts, R; Van Dyck, M, 2010)	1.12
"The aims of this study were (i) to investigate the population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients, including the influence of biological and pharmacogenetic covariates; and (ii) to develop a Bayesian estimator able to reliably estimate the individual pharmacokinetic parameters and inter-dose area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) from 0 to 12 hours (AUC(12)) in renal transplant patients."	( Tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenetic analysis and Bayesian estimation in renal transplant recipients. Benkali, K; Hoizey, G; Le Meur, Y; Marquet, P; Picard, N; Prémaud, A; Rérolle, JP; Rousseau, A; Toupance, O; Turcant, A; Villemain, F, 2009)	2.02
"Full pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained from 32 renal transplant patients at weeks 1 and 2, and at months 1, 3 and 6 post-transplantation."	( Tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenetic analysis and Bayesian estimation in renal transplant recipients. Benkali, K; Hoizey, G; Le Meur, Y; Marquet, P; Picard, N; Prémaud, A; Rérolle, JP; Rousseau, A; Toupance, O; Turcant, A; Villemain, F, 2009)	1.8
"Population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients showed a significant influence of the haematocrit on its CL/F and led to the development of a Bayesian estimator compatible with clinical practice and able to accurately predict tacrolimus individual pharmacokinetic parameters and the AUC(12)."	( Tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenetic analysis and Bayesian estimation in renal transplant recipients. Benkali, K; Hoizey, G; Le Meur, Y; Marquet, P; Picard, N; Prémaud, A; Rérolle, JP; Rousseau, A; Toupance, O; Turcant, A; Villemain, F, 2009)	2.06
" The aim of the study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model describing the relationship between MMF dose and total MPA (tMPA), unbound MPA (fMPA), total MPAG (tMPAG) and unbound MPAG (fMPAG)."	( Pharmacokinetic role of protein binding of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolite in renal transplant recipients. de Winter, BC; Mathot, RA; Shaw, LM; Sombogaard, F; van Gelder, T; van Hest, RM, 2009)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic properties of immunosuppressive drugs are quite different in newborns than in adults and few studies describe the pharmacokinetics of these drugs in pediatric heart transplant recipients."	( Two-year follow-up of the pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressive drugs in a neonate who underwent heart transplantation. Cabano, R; D'Armini, AM; Molinaro, MD; Pellegrini, C; Perotti, G; Regazzi, M; Stronati, M; Tzialla, C; Viganò, M, 2009)	0.35
" These drugs show large interindividual pharmacokinetic variation and are associated with severe adverse affects, including nephrotoxicity and cardiovascular disease."	( Pharmacodynamic monitoring of calcineurin inhibition therapy: principles, performance, and perspectives. de Fijter, JW; van Pelt, J; van Rossum, HH, 2010)	0.36
" Genotyping for CYP3A5*3 was performed in healthy volunteers who had previously participated in the pharmacokinetic study of 2 tacrolimus formulations with a 2 x 2 cross-over design."	( CYP3A5*3 genotype associated with intrasubject pharmacokinetic variation toward tacrolimus in bioequivalence study. Ahyoung Lim, L; Bok Jang, S; Hwan Kim, K; Jung Lee, Y; Soo Park, M; Yong Chung, J, 2010)	0.79
"The present study is to establish the population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of tacrolimus and to estimate PPK parameters of tacrolimus for the individualization of tacrolimus administration in patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplant."	( [Population pharmacokinetic study of tacrolimus in patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplant]. Miao, LY; Rui, JZ; Xue, L; Zhang, Y, 2009)	0.85
"This study investigates the potential pharmacokinetic interactions between an antimicrobial agent, moxifloxacin, and 2 immunosuppressant drugs, cyclosporine and tacrolimus, in kidney transplant recipients."	( Absence of pharmacokinetic interference of moxifloxacin on cyclosporine and tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients. Basile, V; Capone, D; Carrano, R; Federico, S; Kadilli, I; Nappi, R; Polichetti, G; Sabbatini, M; Tarantino, G, 2010)	0.79
" The aim of this study was to detect inter-patient pharmacokinetic variability of tacrolimus and to assess the predictability of individual tacrolimus concentrations at various times of the area under the curve (AUC) seeking to find the best sampling time to predict the exposure of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients with triple therapy."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after the first oral administration in renal transplant recipients on triple immunosuppressive therapy. Catic-Djordjevic, A; Cvetkovic, T; Djordjevic, V; Mikov, M; Paunovic, G; Stojanovic, M; Velickovic-Radovanovic, RM, 2010)	0.88
" However, as a result of differences in their pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, the PK models or Bayesian estimators (MAP-BE) previously developed for the immediate-release formulation cannot be used for the new once-daily formulation."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling and development of Bayesian estimators in kidney transplant patients receiving the tacrolimus once-daily formulation. Debord, J; Marquet, P; Rousseau, A; Saint-Marcoux, F; Undre, N, 2010)	0.57
" The pharmacokinetic samples were collected from 89 de novo pediatric renal-transplant patients treated with MMF and studied during the first 60 postoperative days."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of mycophenolic acid following administration of mycophenolate mofetil in de novo pediatric renal-transplant patients. André, JL; Azougagh, S; Bensman, A; Brochard, K; Cloarec, S; Cochat, P; Deschênes, G; Fakhoury, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Niaudet, P; Roussey, G; Tsimaratos, M; Zhao, W, 2010)	0.36
" Genetic linkage between the three variant genotypes suggests that the pharmacokinetic effects are complex and not related to any one ABCB1 SNP."	( Effect of CYP3A and ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of calcineurin inhibitors: Part I. Goodman, LK; Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2010)	0.36
" After oral administration of tacrolimus, we monitored its plasma concentrations in these volunteers for up to 72 h and calculated the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( An integrative approach for identifying a metabolic phenotype predictive of individualized pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus. Cho, JH; Hwang, D; Kale, DD; Kim, SD; Kim, YL; Lee, HW; Lim, M; Phapale, PB; Yoon, YR, 2010)	0.86
"A prospective randomized phase II pharmacokinetic study was conducted comparing two fixed EVL dosages (0."	( Interaction between everolimus and tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients: a pharmacokinetic controlled trial. Brunet, M; Cabello, M; del Castillo, D; Fernández, AM; Grinyó, JM; Pallardó, L; Pascual, J, 2010)	0.64
" How sotrastaurin and tacrolimus could be partnered in an immunosuppressive regimen will need to be established in the context of controlled clinical trials in organ transplant patients, taking into account the pharmacokinetic interaction on tacrolimus and the potentially enhanced immunosuppressive activity of this drug combination."	( Sotrastaurin and tacrolimus coadministration: effects on pharmacokinetics and biomarker responses. Grenet, O; Kovarik, JM; Seiberling, M; Sfikas, N; Slade, A; Stitah, S; Straube, F; Vitaliti, A; Winter, S, 2010)	1.01
"Specific antibody production is an important issue in crossover pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of protein-based formulations."	( Co-administration of tacrolimus suppresses pharmacokinetic modulation of multiple subcutaneously administered human interferon-alpha in Beagle dogs. Ishida, T; Kamada, N; Kiwada, H; Miyake, M; Mukai, T; Nishibayashi, T; Odomi, M; Yamazaki, H, 2010)	0.68
" Pharmacokinetic model was developed with Linear Regression and General Linear Model repeated measures approach."	( Factors affecting the long-term response to tacrolimus in renal transplant patients: pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic approach. Flordellis, CS; Goumenos, DS; Katsakiori, PF; Nikiforidis, GC; Papapetrou, EP; Sakellaropoulos, GC, 2010)	0.62
" The aims of his study were (i) to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for once-daily tacrolimus in adult renal transplant patients; and (ii) to develop a Bayesian estimator able to reliably estimate individual pharmacokinetic parameters and exposure indices."	( Population pharmacokinetics and Bayesian estimation of tacrolimus exposure in renal transplant recipients on a new once-daily formulation. Benkali, K; Kamar, N; Marquet, P; Premaud, A; Rostaing, L; Rousseau, A; Saint-Marcoux, F; Urien, S; Woillard, JB, 2010)	0.83
"Full pharmacokinetic profiles obtained from 41 adult renal transplant patients who had been switched from ciclosporin to a single daily dose of the new once-daily tacrolimus formulation for more than 6 months were analysed."	( Population pharmacokinetics and Bayesian estimation of tacrolimus exposure in renal transplant recipients on a new once-daily formulation. Benkali, K; Kamar, N; Marquet, P; Premaud, A; Rostaing, L; Rousseau, A; Saint-Marcoux, F; Urien, S; Woillard, JB, 2010)	0.8
"Population pharmacokinetic analysis of once-daily tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients resulted in identification of the CYP3A5*1/*3 genotype as a significant covariate on the apparent clearance of tacrolimus, and the design of an accurate maximum a posteriori Bayesian estimator based on three blood concentration measurements and this covariate."	( Population pharmacokinetics and Bayesian estimation of tacrolimus exposure in renal transplant recipients on a new once-daily formulation. Benkali, K; Kamar, N; Marquet, P; Premaud, A; Rostaing, L; Rousseau, A; Saint-Marcoux, F; Urien, S; Woillard, JB, 2010)	0.86
" Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus is recommended because it demonstrates wide pharmacokinetic interpatient variability."	( A systematic review of the effect of CYP3A5 genotype on the apparent oral clearance of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients. Barry, A; Levine, M, 2010)	0.87
" A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model estimating oral clearance, between-patient variability in oral clearance, central volume of distribution, and residual variability in combination with historical estimates of first-order absorption rate constant, intercompartmental clearance, and peripheral volume of distribution adequately described the sparse MPA data."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of mycophenolic acid coadministered with either tasocitinib (CP-690,550) or tacrolimus in adult renal allograft recipients. Busque, S; Chan, G; Krishnaswami, S; Lamba, M; Melcher, M; Tafti, B, 2010)	0.57
"In this study, we evaluated the influence of different variance from each of the parameters on the output of tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model in Chinese healthy volunteers, using Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (FAST)."	( [Application of Fourier amplitude sensitivity test in Chinese healthy volunteer population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus]. Guan, Z; Liu, LH; Lu, W; Ma, P; Zhang, GM; Zhou, TY, 2010)	0.78
" At 3 days, there was a strong correlation between AUC0-24 and Cmin both for tacrolimus QD (r=."	( Pharmacokinetics of once- versus twice-daily tacrolimus formulations in kidney transplant patients receiving expanded criteria deceased donor organs: a single-center, randomized study. Burgos, D; Cabello, M; Díez de los Rios, MJ; García, P; García-Sáiz, M; González-Molina, M; Gutiérrez, C; Hernández, D; López, V; Sola, E, 2010)	0.85
" We calculated pharmacokinetic parameters of tacrolimus from blood concentrations in steady state at day 28."	( Influence of CYP3A5 and MDR1(ABCB1) polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Deng-Qing, L; Hong-Shan, Z; Jing, L; Rong, G; Shai-Hong, Z; Xin-Min, N, 2010)	0.85
"The pharmacokinetic study of EC-MPS was conducted in 11 de novo kidney transplant patients of Hispanic ethnicity."	( The pharmacokinetics of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium and its gastrointestinal side effects in de novo renal transplant recipients of Hispanic ethnicity. Hutchinson, I; Min, DI; Qazi, Y; Shah, T; Tellez-Corrales, E; Wang, J; Wilson, J; Yang, JW, 2011)	0.37
" The mean daily dose of EC-MPS at the time of the pharmacokinetic study was 1408 ± 108 mg."	( The pharmacokinetics of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium and its gastrointestinal side effects in de novo renal transplant recipients of Hispanic ethnicity. Hutchinson, I; Min, DI; Qazi, Y; Shah, T; Tellez-Corrales, E; Wang, J; Wilson, J; Yang, JW, 2011)	0.37
" The MPA exposure expressed by the AUC appears to be higher in Hispanic patients than those reported in other ethnic groups, which may be the result of various factors such as difference of the uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase enzyme genotypes, but gastrointestinal side effects were acceptable and the Cmax or AUC of MPAG showed correlations with gastrointestinal symptoms."	( The pharmacokinetics of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium and its gastrointestinal side effects in de novo renal transplant recipients of Hispanic ethnicity. Hutchinson, I; Min, DI; Qazi, Y; Shah, T; Tellez-Corrales, E; Wang, J; Wilson, J; Yang, JW, 2011)	0.37
"The creation of virtual populations allows the estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters, such as metabolic clearance in extreme individuals rather than the 'average human'."	( Determination of a quantitative relationship between hepatic CYP3A5*1/*3 and CYP3A4 expression for use in the prediction of metabolic clearance in virtual populations. Allorge, D; Barter, ZE; Lennard, MS; Perrett, HF; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Yeo, KR, 2010)	0.36
" This investigation highlights the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between the calcineurin inhibitors and proliferation signal inhibitors with commonly used anti-microbial agents, specifically addressing mechanism, management, onset of action, magnitude of effect and strength of evidence for each interaction."	( Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between calcineurin inhibitors and proliferation signal inhibitors with anti-microbial agents: implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. Levi, ME; Lindenfeld, J; Mueller, SW; Page, RL, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic characteristics of MMF and its relation to the degree of immune suppression have not been fully clarified in clinical practice."	( [Optimal immunosuppressive therapy based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimetabolites in clinical practice]. Naito, T, 2010)	0.36
" Tacrolimus exposure was significantly increased by sotrastaurin in the initial weeks posttransplant by a pharmacokinetic interaction."	( Pharmacokinetics of sotrastaurin combined with tacrolimus or mycophenolic acid in de novo kidney transplant recipients. Arns, W; Budde, K; Dantal, J; Grinyo, JM; Kovarik, JM; Proot, P; Rostaing, L; Steiger, JU, 2011)	1.54
" Population pharmacokinetic (popPK) parameters were estimated using nonmem."	( Population pharmacokinetic model and Bayesian estimator for two tacrolimus formulations--twice daily Prograf and once daily Advagraf. de Winter, BC; Kamar, N; Marquet, P; Rostaing, L; Rousseau, A; Woillard, JB, 2011)	0.61
"To explore the main factors that make it difficult to empirically monitor tacrolimus (TAC) in the early period post-liver transplantation (LTx), with a specific focus on those aspects related to patient idiosyncrasy and clinical status as well as to the pharmacokinetic (PK) assumptions on which drug individualization in clinical practice is based."	( Pathophysiological idiosyncrasies and pharmacokinetic realities may interfere with tacrolimus dose titration in liver transplantation. Calvo, R; de Urbina, JO; Gastaca, M; Leal, N; Lukas, JC; Oteo, I; Suarez, E; Valdivieso, A, 2011)	0.83
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was done before MPA administration and up to 12 h post-dose at Day 7, 1 month and 3 months post-transplant."	( Influence of MRP2 on MPA pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients-results of the Pharmacogenomic Substudy within the Symphony Study. Andreu, F; Brunet, M; Cruzado, JM; Ekberg, H; Gentil, MÁ; Grinyó, JM; Lloberas, N; Oppenheimer, F; Sánchez-Plumed, J; Torras, J, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of this study was to detect interpatient pharmacokinetic variability of tacrolimus due to patients' gender and to assess the predictability of individual tacrolimus concentrations using abbreviated AUC measurements."	( Gender differences in pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and their clinical significance in kidney transplant recipients. Cvetković, T; Djordjević, AC; Djordjević, V; Mikov, M; Paunović, G; Stojanović, M; Velicković-Radovanović, R, 2011)	0.86
"The present study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles of a once-daily formulation of tacrolimus (CAS 104987-11-3; TAC-once) in patients before and after introduction of renal transplantation."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of a once-daily formulation of tacrolimus in patients with renal transplantation. Deguchi, T; Imanishi, Y; Ishida, K; Ito, S; Itoh, Y; Matsui, K; Matsuura, K, 2011)	0.83
" Coadministration with telaprevir increased the terminal elimination half-life (t(½)) of cyclosporine from a mean (standard deviation [SD]) of 12 (1."	( Effect of telaprevir on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Alves, K; Garg, V; Lee, JE; Luo, X; Nadkarni, P; van Heeswijk, R, 2011)	0.61
" Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring requires the application of reliable and effective methods to study the pharmacodynamic variability by direct measurements of drug effects on immune cell functions."	( Flow cytometry-based pharmacodynamic monitoring after organ transplantation. Barten, MJ; Bittner, HB; Dieterlen, MT; Eberhardt, K; Tarnok, A, 2011)	0.37
" Because there are no pharmacokinetic studies of tacrolimus in this ethnic group, we investigated whether this clinical observation could be corroborated by pharmacokinetic differences between Native Americans and other ethnic and racial groups."	( Pharmacokinetic differences corroborate observed low tacrolimus dosage in Native American renal transplant patients. Benet, LZ; Chakkera, HA; Frassetto, LA; Grover, A, 2011)	0.87
" Twenty-four hour pharmacokinetic studies were carried out on d 0 (pre-conversion), d 1, and d 84 (post-conversion)."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus converted from twice-daily formulation to once-daily formulation in Chinese stable liver transplant recipients. Chen, XY; Dai, XJ; Leng, XS; Zhang, YF; Zhong, DF, 2011)	0.69
" A population-based pharmacokinetic simulator (Simcyp) was used to simulate tacrolimus clearance from in vitro metabolism data and demographic characteristics of Japanese liver transplant patients (JLTs)."	( Bottom-up modeling and simulation of tacrolimus clearance: prospective investigation of blood cell distribution, sex and CYP3A5 expression as covariates and assessment of study power. Barter, Z; Makuuchi, M; Minematsu, T; Ohtani, H; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Sawada, Y, 2011)	0.87
"The aim of this study was to establish population pharmacokinetic models of tacrolimus in healthy Chinese volunteers."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of tacrolimus in healthy Chinese volunteers. Ma, S; Miao, LY; Rui, JZ; Xue, L; Zhang, H, 2011)	0.85
" Population pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of tacrolimus in healthy Chinese volunteers. Ma, S; Miao, LY; Rui, JZ; Xue, L; Zhang, H, 2011)	0.62
" The typical population values of tacrolimus for the pharmacokinetic parameters of apparent clearance (CL/F), apparent distribution volume of the central compartment (V(2)/F), intercompartmental clearance (Q/F), apparent distribution volume of the peripheral compartment (V(3)/F), absorption rate (ka) and lag time (ALAG) were 27."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of tacrolimus in healthy Chinese volunteers. Ma, S; Miao, LY; Rui, JZ; Xue, L; Zhang, H, 2011)	0.9
"Population pharmacokinetic models of tacrolimus were developed in healthy volunteers."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of tacrolimus in healthy Chinese volunteers. Ma, S; Miao, LY; Rui, JZ; Xue, L; Zhang, H, 2011)	0.89
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant with a narrow therapeutic window, with considerable pharmacokinetic variability."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation: early posttransplantation clearance. Bergstrand, M; Karlsson, MO; Nydert, PS; Staatz, CE; Wallin, JE; Wilczek, HE, 2011)	2.1
"The predictive capacity of 2 previously developed population pharmacokinetic models of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplant recipients was tested in 20 new patients using Bayesian forecasting."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation: early posttransplantation clearance. Bergstrand, M; Karlsson, MO; Nydert, PS; Staatz, CE; Wallin, JE; Wilczek, HE, 2011)	0.88
"A population pharmacokinetic model for tacrolimus was developed, to better describe the early posttransplantation phase."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation: early posttransplantation clearance. Bergstrand, M; Karlsson, MO; Nydert, PS; Staatz, CE; Wallin, JE; Wilczek, HE, 2011)	0.92
" A pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between Os and immunosuppressive drugs might adversely affect the efficacy and/or toxicity of the latter agents."	( Oseltamivir, an influenza neuraminidase inhibitor drug, does not affect the steady-state pharmacokinetic characteristics of cyclosporine, mycophenolate, or tacrolimus in adult renal transplant patients. Aoki, FY; Jeffery, J; Lam, H; Sitar, DS, 2011)	0.57
" Pharmacokinetic profiles of MPA and TAC were obtained from 65 stable adult renal allograft recipients on a single occasion (ie, day 15 after transplantation)."	( A simultaneous d-optimal designed study for population pharmacokinetic analyses of mycophenolic Acid and tacrolimus early after renal transplantation. Capron, A; Delaruelle, F; Delattre, IK; Demeyer, M; Haufroid, V; Mourad, M; Musuamba, FT; Verbeeck, RK; Wallemacq, P, 2012)	0.59
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were then analyzed by conventional noncompartmental modeling."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients on a corticosteroid-free regimen. Al-Khatib, M; Ensom, MH; Greanya, ED; Partovi, N; Poulin, E; Shapiro, RJ, 2012)	0.7
" pharmacokinetic parameters for tacrolimus, normalized to a dose of 1 mg, were as follows: area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), 52."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients on a corticosteroid-free regimen. Al-Khatib, M; Ensom, MH; Greanya, ED; Partovi, N; Poulin, E; Shapiro, RJ, 2012)	0.99
" Steady-state tacrolimus area under the curve from 0 to 24 hours and Cmin were comparable for both formulations, with treatment ratio means (90% confidence intervals) of 92."	( Pharmacokinetics in stable kidney transplant recipients after conversion from twice-daily to once-daily tacrolimus formulations. Christiaans, M; Dawood, S; Kallmeyer, J; Karpf, C; Miller, D; Moosa, MR; Undre, N; Van der Walt, I; van Hooff, J, 2012)	0.95
" As demonstrated, pharmacokinetic studies reveal that, as compared with FK506-loaded BSA nanoparticles, the FK506/DM-β-CD inclusion complex-loaded BSA nanoparticles have significant increase at T(max), t(1/2), MRT and decrease at C(max)."	( Preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetic studies of tacrolimus-dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex-loaded albumin nanoparticles. Fu, D; Gao, F; Gao, S; Lan, M; Sun, J; Zhao, H, 2012)	0.62
"The aims were to estimate the mycophenolic acid (MPA) population pharmacokinetic parameters in paediatric liver transplant recipients, to identify the factors affecting MPA pharmacokinetics and to develop a limited sampling strategy to estimate individual MPA AUC(0,12 h)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and dose optimization with limited sampling strategy in liver transplant children. Barau, C; Barrail-Tran, A; Debray, D; Furlan, V; Taburet, AM, 2012)	0.38
" The population parameters were estimated from a model-building set of 16 intensive pharmacokinetic datasets obtained from 16 children."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and dose optimization with limited sampling strategy in liver transplant children. Barau, C; Barrail-Tran, A; Debray, D; Furlan, V; Taburet, AM, 2012)	0.38
" To estimate individual AUC(0,12 h), the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained with the final model, including covariates, were coded in Adapt II(®) software, using the Bayesian approach."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and dose optimization with limited sampling strategy in liver transplant children. Barau, C; Barrail-Tran, A; Debray, D; Furlan, V; Taburet, AM, 2012)	0.38
"This study allowed the estimation of the population pharmacokinetic MPA parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and dose optimization with limited sampling strategy in liver transplant children. Barau, C; Barrail-Tran, A; Debray, D; Furlan, V; Taburet, AM, 2012)	0.38
"A population pharmacokinetic model was developed by nonlinear mixed-effects modelling using NONMEM® version VI, from 182 tacrolimus full concentration-time profiles collected in 78 lung transplant recipients within the first year post-transplantation."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and design of a Bayesian estimator for therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus in lung transplantation. de Winter, BC; Estenne, M; Guillemain, R; Kessler, R; Knoop, C; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Pison, C; Reynaud-Gaubert, M; Rousseau, A; Stern, M, 2012)	0.8
"Population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that lung transplant patients with CF displayed lower bioavailability and a smaller transfer rate constant between transit compartments than those without CF, while the apparent clearance was faster in CYP3A5 expressers than in non-expressers."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and design of a Bayesian estimator for therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus in lung transplantation. de Winter, BC; Estenne, M; Guillemain, R; Kessler, R; Knoop, C; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Pison, C; Reynaud-Gaubert, M; Rousseau, A; Stern, M, 2012)	0.59
" Determining the RGE of NFAT-regulated genes in leukocytes is a new pharmacodynamic approach to measure directly the functional consequences of calcineurin inhibition in T-lymphocytes."	( Pharmacodynamic monitoring by residual NFAT-regulated gene expression in stable pediatric liver transplant recipients. Billing, H; Breil, T; Engelmann, G; Giese, T; Schmidt, J; Schmitt, C; Schmitt, CP; Tönshoff, B, 2012)	0.38
"We retrospectively examined the association of polymorphisms in the CYP3A, CYP2J2, CYP2C8, and ABCB1 genes with pharmacokinetic (PKs) and pharmacodynamic (PDs) parameters of tacrolimus in 103 renal transplant recipients for a period of 1 year."	( Impact of genetic polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and the clinical outcome of renal transplantation. Benitez, J; Caravaca, F; Cubero, JJ; Garcia, M; Gervasini, G; Macias, RM, 2012)	0.85
"Mycophenolate mofetil is a commonly used immunosuppressant in heart transplantation but pharmacokinetic monitoring is not routinely done."	( Pharmacokinetic monitoring of mycophenolic acid in heart transplant patients: correlation the side-effects and rejections with pharmacokinetic parameters. Chojnowski, D; DeNofrio, D; Figurski, MJ; Goldberg, LR; Lake, KD; Nawrocki, A; Pawiński, T; Shaw, LM; Taylor, DO, )	0.13
" The pharmacokinetic parameters, including dose administration, concentration and concentration to dose ratio were extracted and a meta-analysis was performed by using STATA10."	( Meta-analysis of the effect of MDR1 C3435 polymorphism on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients. Bai, Y; Cai, B; Chen, J; Hu, X; Li, Y; Liao, Y; Tang, J; Wang, L, 2012)	0.62
" The overall results showed SNP C3435T could influence the pharmacokinetic parameters in different post transplant times, the subjects with CC genotype had lower concentration dose ratio and need higher tacrolimus dose than the CT and TT genotype."	( Meta-analysis of the effect of MDR1 C3435 polymorphism on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients. Bai, Y; Cai, B; Chen, J; Hu, X; Li, Y; Liao, Y; Tang, J; Wang, L, 2012)	0.81
" This two-part pharmacokinetic interaction study evaluated boceprevir with cyclosporine (part 1) and tacrolimus (part 2)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between the hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor boceprevir and cyclosporine and tacrolimus in healthy volunteers. Butterton, J; Feng, HP; Gupta, S; Hulskotte, E; O'Mara, E; van Zutven, M; Wagner, J; Xuan, F, 2012)	0.81
" The purpose of this study was to establish a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of tacrolimus and evaluate the influence of clinical covariates, including the genetic polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450 3A5 gene (CYP3A5) and gene encoding P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), on the PK parameters in adult Korean kidney transplant recipients."	( Prediction of the tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic parameters according to CYP3A5 genotype and clinical factors using NONMEM in adult kidney transplant recipients. Ha, J; Han, N; Hong, JY; Hong, SH; Ji, E; Kim, IW; Kim, YS; Oh, JM; Shin, WG; Yun, HY, 2013)	0.95
"To define and validate a pharmacokinetic (PK) model for tacrolimus (TAC) that includes patient pathophysiology and has clinical applicability in the first 2 weeks post-liver transplantation (PLT)."	( Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in the early post-liver transplantation period and clinical applicability via Bayesian prediction. Calvo, R; Gastaca, M; Leal, N; Lukas, JC; Ortiz de Urbina, J; Oteo, I; Suarez, E; Valdivieso, A, 2013)	2.08
" The elimination half-life for individual patients varied over tenfold so that a large number of subjects were not at steady state, making the use of a PK model necessary to achieve rapidly and safely the target concentration for TAC in LT."	( Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in the early post-liver transplantation period and clinical applicability via Bayesian prediction. Calvo, R; Gastaca, M; Leal, N; Lukas, JC; Ortiz de Urbina, J; Oteo, I; Suarez, E; Valdivieso, A, 2013)	1.83
" As there are no pharmacokinetic data available in pediatric kidney transplant recipients, the aims of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus(PR) in pediatric and adolescent kidney transplant recipients and to identify covariates that have a significant impacts on tacrolimus(PR) pharmacokinetics, including CYP3A5 polymorphism."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of once daily prolonged-release formulation of tacrolimus in pediatric and adolescent kidney transplant recipients. Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Fakhoury, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Maisin, A; Storme, T; Zhao, W, 2013)	0.8
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of once daily prolonged-release formulation of tacrolimus in pediatric and adolescent kidney transplant recipients. Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Fakhoury, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Maisin, A; Storme, T; Zhao, W, 2013)	0.61
"The pharmacokinetic data were best described by a one-compartment model with first order absorption and lag-time."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of once daily prolonged-release formulation of tacrolimus in pediatric and adolescent kidney transplant recipients. Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Fakhoury, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Maisin, A; Storme, T; Zhao, W, 2013)	0.61
"The population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus(PR) was developed and validated in pediatric and adolescent kidney transplant patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of once daily prolonged-release formulation of tacrolimus in pediatric and adolescent kidney transplant recipients. Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Fakhoury, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Maisin, A; Storme, T; Zhao, W, 2013)	0.88
" A prospective, multicenter, open-label, randomized, two-period (14 days per period), two-sequence, crossover and steady-state pharmacokinetic study was undertaken to compare twice-daily generic tacrolimus (Sandoz) versus reference tacrolimus (Prograf®) in stable renal transplant patients."	( A randomized pharmacokinetic study of generic tacrolimus versus reference tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients. Alloway, RR; Bloom, RD; Sadaka, B; Trofe-Clark, J; Wiland, A, 2012)	0.83
" Pharmacodynamic monitoring offers a unique tool to evaluate the biologic effects of immunosuppressive drugs."	( Pharmacodynamic analysis of tofacitinib and basiliximab in kidney allograft recipients. Baan, CC; Chan, G; Kho, MM; Mol, WM; Quaedackers, ME; Vafadari, R; Weimar, W, 2012)	0.38
"CYP3A5 genotypes of both recipient and donor were important factors influencing pharmacokinetic variability of tacrolimus."	( Combinational effect of intestinal and hepatic CYP3A5 genotypes on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in recipients of living donor liver transplantation. Cho, JY; Choi, L; Han, N; Ji, E; Oh, JM; Suh, KS, 2012)	0.83
" As such, there is a potential for pharmacokinetic drug interaction."	( The evaluation of potential pharmacokinetic interaction between sirolimus and tacrolimus in healthy volunteers. Korth-Bradley, J; Matschke, K; Parks, V; Patat, A; Tortorici, MA, 2013)	0.62
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed using noncompartmental methods and were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA)."	( The evaluation of potential pharmacokinetic interaction between sirolimus and tacrolimus in healthy volunteers. Korth-Bradley, J; Matschke, K; Parks, V; Patat, A; Tortorici, MA, 2013)	0.62
"This study investigated pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic differences between a modified-release once-daily formulation of tacrolimus (Tac-QD) and the original formulation requiring twice-daily intake (Tac-BID) in de novo renal transplant recipients."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of once- and twice-daily tacrolimus in the early stage after renal transplantation. Habuchi, T; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Narita, S; Niioka, T; Numakura, K; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Tsuchiya, N, 2012)	0.81
" The ABCB1 polymorphism was not associated with any pharmacokinetic parameters of Tac-QD."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of once- and twice-daily tacrolimus in the early stage after renal transplantation. Habuchi, T; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Narita, S; Niioka, T; Numakura, K; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Tsuchiya, N, 2012)	0.61
" The mean tacrolimus AUC0-24, AUC0-∞ and Cmax for the POR 28 CC (n = 14) homozygotes in CYP3A5 expressers (CYP3A5 1/ 1 or 1/ 3 genotype) were 71."	( Effect of the P450 oxidoreductase 28 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Chinese healthy male volunteers. Ding, XL; Ma, S; Miao, LY; Zhang, H; Zhang, JJ, 2013)	1.02
"Focusing on the genetic similarity of CYP3A subfamily enzymes (CYP3A4 and CYP3A5) between monkeys and humans, we have attempted to provide a single-species approach to predicting human hepatic clearance (CLh) of CYP3A4 substrates using pharmacokinetic parameters in cynomolgus monkeys following intravenous administrations."	( A new approach to predicting human hepatic clearance of CYP3A4 substrates using monkey pharmacokinetic data. Houjo, T; Ishigai, M; Kato, M; Ogawa, K, 2013)	0.39
" Therefore, to prevent overexposure directly posttransplantation in HIV-infected patients on ritonavir-containing cART, the predictive value of a pretransplantation pharmacokinetic curve of tacrolimus was explored."	( Pretransplantation pharmacokinetic curves of tacrolimus in HIV-infected patients on ritonavir-containing cART: a pilot study. Crommelin, HA; Mudrikova, T; van den Broek, MP; van Maarseveen, EM; van Zuilen, AD, 2013)	0.84
"A pretransplantation pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in these patients was developed, and a posttransplantation dosing advice was established for each individual patient."	( Pretransplantation pharmacokinetic curves of tacrolimus in HIV-infected patients on ritonavir-containing cART: a pilot study. Crommelin, HA; Mudrikova, T; van den Broek, MP; van Maarseveen, EM; van Zuilen, AD, 2013)	0.91
" As the simulated pharmacokinetic curves lacked an absorption peak every 12 h, the mean 12 h-AUC was approximately 40 % lower compared with AUC's reported in HIV-negative recipients, when similar trough levels were targeted."	( Pretransplantation pharmacokinetic curves of tacrolimus in HIV-infected patients on ritonavir-containing cART: a pilot study. Crommelin, HA; Mudrikova, T; van den Broek, MP; van Maarseveen, EM; van Zuilen, AD, 2013)	0.65
" Full pharmacokinetic profiles of sirolimus within a single dosing interval were collected."	( Sirolimus pharmacokinetics in early postmyeloablative pediatric blood and marrow transplantation. Bunin, N; Goyal, RK; Grupp, SA; Han, K; Mada, SR; Pulsipher, MA; Venkataramanan, R; Wall, DA, 2013)	0.39
"To evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of sublingual and oral tacrolimus in the presence and absence of a drug that interacts with tacrolimus at the intestinal level."	( Sublingual tacrolimus: a pharmacokinetic evaluation pilot study. Amann, S; Aull, M; Benkert, S; Cremers, S; Dadhania, D; Delfin, M; Kapur, S; Levine, D; Saal, S; Tsapepas, D, 2013)	1.01
" These findings should be investigated further in pharmacokinetic studies conducted in solid organ transplant recipients."	( Sublingual tacrolimus: a pharmacokinetic evaluation pilot study. Amann, S; Aull, M; Benkert, S; Cremers, S; Dadhania, D; Delfin, M; Kapur, S; Levine, D; Saal, S; Tsapepas, D, 2013)	0.78
" There are significant pharmacokinetic interactions between TAC and AML."	( Effect of amlodipine on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in rats. Cheng, ZN; Li, J; Li, PJ; Liu, Z; Tan, HY; Wang, CJ; Yang, GP; Yang, M; Yuan, H; Zhang, BK; Zhou, LY; Zhou, YN; Zuo, XC, 2013)	0.65
" On the contrary, significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of SN-38 were not observed."	( [Effect of tacrolimus on the pharmacokinetics and glucuronidation of SN-38, an active metabolite of irinotecan]. Fujioka, M; Hasegawa, T; Katoh, M; Nadai, M; Onishi, K; Sakakibara, Y; Tanaka, Y, 2013)	0.78
" Pharmacokinetic drug interactions between tacrolimus and amlodipine were evaluated in a randomized, 3-period, 6-sequence crossover study in healthy Chinese volunteers according to CYP3A5 genotype."	( Effect of CYP3A5*3 polymorphism on pharmacokinetic drug interaction between tacrolimus and amlodipine. Barrett, JS; Cheng, ZN; Guo, R; Li, J; Li, PJ; Li, ZJ; Liu, SK; Liu, Z; Ouyang, DS; Tan, HY; Wang, CJ; Wang, JL; Xie, YL; Yang, GP; Yuan, H; Zhang, BK; Zhou, LY; Zhou, YN; Zuo, XC, 2013)	0.88
" The aim of this study was to examine the association between tacrolimus pharmacokinetic variability and CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genotypes by a population pharmacokinetic analysis based on routine drug monitoring data in adult renal transplant recipients."	( Effects of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in Chinese adult renal transplant recipients: a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Barrett, JS; Cheng, K; Deng, CH; Ding, JJ; Huang, ZJ; Jing, NN; Liao, HQ; Luo, AJ; Ming, YZ; Ng, CM; Pei, Q; Wu, D; Xi, LY; Yang, GP; Yuan, H; Zhang, BK; Zhou, YN; Zhu, LJ; Zuo, XC, 2013)	0.89
"Based on our results, it may be concluded that CYP3A4FNx011B of recipient is an important factor influencing pharmacokinetic of tacrolimus, as patients with CYP3A4FNx011B polymorphism may require lower tacrolimus doses to maintain therapeutic levels."	( Cytochrome P450 3A4FNx011B as pharmacogenomic predictor of tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and clinical outcome in the liver transplant recipients. Albekairy, A; Alkatheri, A; Fujita, S; Hemming, A; Howard, R; Karlix, J; Reed, A, )	0.58
"07 ng h/ml], a single intragastric administered dose of WZC increased the pharmacokinetic parameters of tacrolimus (C(max), 59."	( Effects of traditional chinese medicine Wuzhi capsule on pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in rats. Chen, W; Di, P; Feng, J; Li, J; Qian, X; Tao, X; Wei, H; Yang, Y, 2013)	0.83
" It exhibits a narrow therapeutic index and large pharmacokinetic variability."	( Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2) haplotypes significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients. Akhlaghi, F; Chitnis, SD; Christians, U; Gohh, RY; Ogasawara, K, 2013)	0.6
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed effects modeling."	( Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2) haplotypes significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients. Akhlaghi, F; Chitnis, SD; Christians, U; Gohh, RY; Ogasawara, K, 2013)	0.6
" In the population pharmacokinetic analysis, CYP3A5 expressers and MRP2 high-activity groups were identified as the significant covariates for tacrolimus apparent clearance expressed as 20."	( Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2) haplotypes significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients. Akhlaghi, F; Chitnis, SD; Christians, U; Gohh, RY; Ogasawara, K, 2013)	0.8
" Elimination half-life was significantly lower in the SEDDM Tac group."	( Pharmacokinetics of a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of tacrolimus. Gruber, M; Hirt, SW; Kunz, W; Lehle, K; Schmid, C; Touraud, D; von Suesskind-Schwendi, M, 2013)	0.63
" Tacrolimus pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained on study Days 7, 14 and 28 (after dose adjustment)."	( Conversion of twice-daily tacrolimus to once-daily tacrolimus formulation in stable pediatric kidney transplant recipients: pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Ahn, S; Ha, IS; Ha, J; Hong, HJ; Kang, HG; Kim, SJ; Kim, SM; Min, SI; Min, SK; Park, DD; Park, T, 2013)	1.6
"To determine how changes in tacrolimus (TAC) immunosuppression clinical practice, in the first 15 days post liver transplantation (LT) and across a decade, impact a clinical covariate - pharmacokinetic (PK) model, developed in data from 1998, thus testing its utility in dose individualization across time."	( Tacrolimus dose individualization in "de novo" patients after 10 years of experience in liver transplantation: pharmacokinetic considerations and patient pathophysiology. Calvo, R; de Urbina, JO; Gastaca, M; Leal, N; Lukas, JC; Oteo, I; Suarez, E; Valdivieso, A; Valdivieso, N, 2013)	2.13
" E-2007 existed in Cmin and Cmin/dose and in covariates AST (as hepatic function marker) and SCr (as toxicity marker)."	( Tacrolimus dose individualization in "de novo" patients after 10 years of experience in liver transplantation: pharmacokinetic considerations and patient pathophysiology. Calvo, R; de Urbina, JO; Gastaca, M; Leal, N; Lukas, JC; Oteo, I; Suarez, E; Valdivieso, A; Valdivieso, N, 2013)	1.83
"To build a population pharmacokinetic model that describes the apparent clearance of tacrolimus and the potential demographic, clinical and genetically controlled factors that could lead to inter-patient pharmacokinetic variability within children following liver transplantation."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic analysis of tacrolimus in paediatric liver transplant patients. Hawwa, AF; Jalil, MH; McElnay, JC; McKiernan, PJ; Shields, MD, 2014)	0.87
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using the non-linear mixed effects modelling program (nonmem) to determine the population mean parameter estimate of clearance and influential covariates."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic analysis of tacrolimus in paediatric liver transplant patients. Hawwa, AF; Jalil, MH; McElnay, JC; McKiernan, PJ; Shields, MD, 2014)	0.65
"Tacrolimus has a large interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, and quantification of its effect is difficult."	( Genetic polymorphisms in ABCB1 influence the pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus. Baan, CC; Bouamar, R; Hesselink, DA; Kraaijeveld, R; Vafadari, R; van Gelder, T; van Schaik, RH; Weimar, W, 2013)	2.07
" Intracellular interleukin (IL) 2 production in T cells was used to measure the pharmacodynamic effect of tacrolimus after phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate/ionomycin stimulation of whole blood."	( Genetic polymorphisms in ABCB1 influence the pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus. Baan, CC; Bouamar, R; Hesselink, DA; Kraaijeveld, R; Vafadari, R; van Gelder, T; van Schaik, RH; Weimar, W, 2013)	0.84
"05), showing a smaller pharmacodynamic effect in CC genotype patients."	( Genetic polymorphisms in ABCB1 influence the pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus. Baan, CC; Bouamar, R; Hesselink, DA; Kraaijeveld, R; Vafadari, R; van Gelder, T; van Schaik, RH; Weimar, W, 2013)	0.63
"The ABCB1 3435C>T SNP influences ABCB1 activity of T cells and the pharmacodynamic effect of tacrolimus in kidney transplant patients."	( Genetic polymorphisms in ABCB1 influence the pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus. Baan, CC; Bouamar, R; Hesselink, DA; Kraaijeveld, R; Vafadari, R; van Gelder, T; van Schaik, RH; Weimar, W, 2013)	0.85
"We aimed to develop an accurate and convenient LSS for predicting MPA-AUC(0-12 hours) in Tunisian adult kidney transplant recipients whose immunosuppressive regimen consisted of MMF and tacrolimus combination with regards to the post-transplant period and the pharmacokinetic profile."	( Limited sampling strategy of mycophenolic acid in adult kidney transplant recipients: influence of the post-transplant period and the pharmacokinetic profile. Aouam, K; Ben Fredj, N; Boughattas, N; Chaabane, A; Chadly, Z; El May, M; Hammouda, M; Skhiri, H, 2013)	0.58
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with a noncompartmental approach, and the relative bioavailability of both formulations was calculated according to standard statistical methods."	( Conversion from Prograf to Advagraf in adolescents with stable liver transplants: comparative pharmacokinetics and 1-year follow-up. Almeida-Paulo, GN; Carcas-Sansuán, AJ; Díaz, C; Frauca, E; Frías-Iniesta, J; Hierro, L; Jara, P; Piñana, E; Tong, HY, 2013)	0.39
" After the extraction of pharmacokinetic parameters from these studies, a meta-analysis was performed on the software STATA version 11."	( The effect of ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism on pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in liver transplantation: a meta-analysis. Cui, Z; Fan, LL; Fu, X; Li, C; Li, G; Liu, YY; Ma, J; Zhang, S, 2013)	0.63
" However, the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters assessed in previous studies were limited on single time point whole blood trough concentrations (C0) during routine follow-up of the patient after transplantation."	( Impact of CYP3A4*22 allele on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in early period after renal transplantation: toward updated genotype-based dosage guidelines. Capron, A; De Meyer, M; De Pauw, L; Eddour, DC; Elens, L; Haufroid, V; Latinne, D; Mourad, M; van Schaik, RH; Wallemacq, P, 2013)	0.68
"Our study investigates the impact of the CYP3A4*22 allele on Tac PK [C0, area under the time vs concentration curve (AUC0-12h), apparent clearance (Cl/F), Cmax, and dose requirement], time to achieve target C0, and creatinine clearance (CrCl) in 96 kidney transplant recipients considering the 2 first weeks after the graft."	( Impact of CYP3A4*22 allele on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in early period after renal transplantation: toward updated genotype-based dosage guidelines. Capron, A; De Meyer, M; De Pauw, L; Eddour, DC; Elens, L; Haufroid, V; Latinne, D; Mourad, M; van Schaik, RH; Wallemacq, P, 2013)	0.68
" These patients showed reduced Tac Cl/F but higher dose-adjusted AUC0-12h and Cmax and were at increased risk of C0 > 20 ng/mL."	( Impact of CYP3A4*22 allele on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in early period after renal transplantation: toward updated genotype-based dosage guidelines. Capron, A; De Meyer, M; De Pauw, L; Eddour, DC; Elens, L; Haufroid, V; Latinne, D; Mourad, M; van Schaik, RH; Wallemacq, P, 2013)	0.68
"Mycophenolic acid (MPA) and tacrolimus play important roles in immunosuppressive therapy after solid organ transplantation (Tx) and show large intra- and interindividual pharmacokinetic (PK) variabilities."	( Tacrolimus exposure and mycophenolate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics early after liver transplantation. Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Line, PD; Meltevik, TJ; Sæves, I; Tveit, RG; Vethe, NT, 2014)	2.14
"This study describes PK and pharmacodynamic parameters of MPA and the PKs of tacrolimus in 16 liver transplant recipients, in 4 follow-up periods (I-IV)."	( Tacrolimus exposure and mycophenolate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics early after liver transplantation. Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Line, PD; Meltevik, TJ; Sæves, I; Tveit, RG; Vethe, NT, 2014)	2.07
"A prospective, randomized study of 126 de novo renal transplant patients was conducted to compare the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles between GEN tacrolimus (n = 63) and REF tacrolimus (n = 63)."	( Therapeutic equivalence and pharmacokinetics of generic tacrolimus formulation in de novo kidney transplant patients. Ahn, C; Ahn, SH; Ha, J; Hong, H; Kim, SJ; Kim, SM; Kim, YS; Min, SI; Min, SK; Park, DD; Park, T, 2013)	0.83
"The aims of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in adult kidney transplant recipients, to use this model to compare cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) genotype-based initial dosing of tacrolimus with standard per-kilogram-based dosing, and to predict the best starting dose of tacrolimus based on patient genotype to achieve a trough concentration between 6 and 10 µg/L by day 5 posttransplantation."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in adult kidney transplant patients: impact of CYP3A5 genotype on starting dose. Barraclough, KA; Bergmann, TK; Hennig, S; Isbel, NM; Staatz, CE, 2014)	0.92
"An exploratory, post hoc analysis was performed using data from a prospective, multicenter, open-label, randomized, two-period (14 d per period), two-sequence, crossover, steady-state pharmacokinetic study comparing generic tacrolimus (Sandoz) vs."	( A randomized, crossover pharmacokinetic study comparing generic tacrolimus vs. the reference formulation in subpopulations of kidney transplant patients. Alloway, RR; Bloom, RD; Trofe-Clark, J; Wiland, A, )	0.55
" Time kinetic analysis of NFAT1 inhibition in plasma from stable renal transplant recipients before and after an in vivo dose with tacrolimus correlated with the expected pharmacokinetic profile of tacrolimus."	( Nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) as a quantitative pharmacodynamic parameter for tacrolimus. Maguire, O; Minderman, H; O'Loughlin, KL; Tornatore, KM; Venuto, RC, 2013)	0.8
"Data from routine therapeutic drug monitoring of 105 adult kidney transplant recipients were used for population pharmacokinetic analysis which was performed using a non-linear mixed-effects modeling."	( Total plasma protein effect on tacrolimus elimination in kidney transplant patients--population pharmacokinetic approach. Golubović, B; Kovačević, SV; Miljković, B; Prostran, M; Radivojević, D; Vučićević, K, 2014)	0.69
" The ocular pharmacokinetic parameters in rabbits were determined and compared with that obtained after instillation of tacrolimus suspension."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and ocular tolerance of a microemulsion containing tacrolimus. da Silva, GR; de Castro, WV; Fialho, SL; Silva-Cunha, A, 2014)	0.83
"ng/mL) and Cmax (26."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and ocular tolerance of a microemulsion containing tacrolimus. da Silva, GR; de Castro, WV; Fialho, SL; Silva-Cunha, A, 2014)	0.63
" The purpose of this study was to establish a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenetic model of tacrolimus and identify covariates that affect pharmacokinetic parameters to prevent fluctuations in the tacrolimus trough concentration during the early period after transplantation."	( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenetic model of tacrolimus in the early period after kidney transplantation. Ha, J; Ha, S; Han, N; Kim, IW; Kim, MG; Lee, JI; Min, SI; Oh, JM; Yun, HY, 2014)	0.87
" Some pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated increased prednisolone exposure in patients on cyclosporine therapy compared with azathioprine, whereas other studies have found no difference."	( Comparison of the influence of cyclosporine and tacrolimus on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone in adult male kidney transplant recipients. Barraclough, KA; Bergmann, TK; Campbell, SB; Isbel, NM; McWhinney, BC; Staatz, CE, 2014)	0.66
"Adult male kidney transplant recipients treated with prednisolone and either cyclosporine or tacrolimus were recruited for pharmacokinetic blood sampling at the outpatient clinic at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia."	( Comparison of the influence of cyclosporine and tacrolimus on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone in adult male kidney transplant recipients. Barraclough, KA; Bergmann, TK; Campbell, SB; Isbel, NM; McWhinney, BC; Staatz, CE, 2014)	0.88
" Complete pharmacokinetic profiles from 56 patients (five occasions) were analyzed."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling of enterohepatic circulation of mycophenolic acid in renal transplant recipients. Andreu, F; Brunet, M; Caldés, A; Colom, H; Ekberg, H; Gentil, MA; Grinyó, JM; Kuypers, DR; Lloberas, N; Oppenheimer, F; Sanchez-Plumed, J; Torras, J, 2014)	0.4
"The objectives of this study were to investigate pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic parameters during the conversion on a 1:1 (mg:mg) basis from a twice-daily (Prograf) to once-daily (Advagraf) tacrolimus formulation in pediatric kidney transplant recipients."	( Conversion from twice- to once-daily tacrolimus in pediatric kidney recipients: a pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study. Clermont, MJ; Kassir, N; Krajinovic, M; Lapeyraque, AL; Litalien, C; Phan, V; Théorêt, Y, 2014)	0.86
"Twenty-four-hour pharmacokinetic profiles were analyzed before and after conversion in 19 stable renal transplant recipients (age 7-19 years)."	( Conversion from twice- to once-daily tacrolimus in pediatric kidney recipients: a pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study. Clermont, MJ; Kassir, N; Krajinovic, M; Lapeyraque, AL; Litalien, C; Phan, V; Théorêt, Y, 2014)	0.68
"Both AUC0-24 and Cmin decreased after conversion (223."	( Conversion from twice- to once-daily tacrolimus in pediatric kidney recipients: a pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study. Clermont, MJ; Kassir, N; Krajinovic, M; Lapeyraque, AL; Litalien, C; Phan, V; Théorêt, Y, 2014)	0.68
" However, we observed a decrease in AUC0-24 and Cmin after the conversion, requiring close pharmacokinetic monitoring during the conversion period."	( Conversion from twice- to once-daily tacrolimus in pediatric kidney recipients: a pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study. Clermont, MJ; Kassir, N; Krajinovic, M; Lapeyraque, AL; Litalien, C; Phan, V; Théorêt, Y, 2014)	0.68
"Due to considerable pharmacokinetic (PK) variability, immunosuppression with calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) remains challenging."	( Pharmacodynamic monitoring of nuclear factor of activated T cell-regulated gene expression in liver allograft recipients on immunosuppressive therapy with calcineurin inhibitors in the course of time and correlation with acute rejection episodes--a prospe Giese, T; Hinz, U; Sandig, C; Sommerer, C; Steinebrunner, N; Stremmel, W; Zahn, A, 2014)	0.4
" This implies finding a new gender-dependent predictable method for Tac exposure monitoring based on determination of the area under the time concentration curve (AUC)."	( Gender-dependent predictable pharmacokinetic method for tacrolimus exposure monitoring in kidney transplant patients. Catic-Djordjevic, A; Cvetkovic, T; Mikov, M; Mitic, B; Paunovic, G; Stefanovic, N; Velickovic-Radovanovic, R, 2015)	0.66
" The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of these SNPs on the time required to attain target TAC levels and subsequent pharmacodynamic outcomes in pediatric kidney transplant patients."	( The impact of genetic polymorphisms on time required to attain the target tacrolimus levels and subsequent pharmacodynamic outcomes in pediatric kidney transplant patients. Shilbayeh, S, 2014)	0.63
" Pharmacokinetic data are sparse."	( Rectal and sublingual administration of tacrolimus: a single-dose pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers. Christiaans, M; Neef, C; Scheffers, I; Stifft, F; van Bortel, L; Vanmolkot, F, 2014)	0.67
" Main pharmacokinetic outcome parameters were compared by anova."	( Rectal and sublingual administration of tacrolimus: a single-dose pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers. Christiaans, M; Neef, C; Scheffers, I; Stifft, F; van Bortel, L; Vanmolkot, F, 2014)	0.67
" This review focuses on the pharmacokinetic interactions and exposure-response relationships of mTOR inhibitors and tacrolimus (TAC), the most widely used CNI."	( Focus on mTOR inhibitors and tacrolimus in renal transplantation: pharmacokinetics, exposure-response relationships, and clinical outcomes. Christians, U; Kaplan, B; Shihab, F; Smith, L; Wellen, JR, 2014)	0.9
"The objectives of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model for tacrolimus in paediatric liver transplant patients and determine optimal sampling strategies to estimate tacrolimus exposure accurately."	( Population pharmacokinetics and Bayesian estimation of tacrolimus exposure in paediatric liver transplant recipients. Alvarez, F; Beaunoyer, M; Delaloye, JR; Kassir, N; Labbé, L; Lallier, M; Lapeyraque, AL; Litalien, C; Mouksassi, MS; Théorêt, Y, 2014)	0.87
" Weight was included on all pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics and Bayesian estimation of tacrolimus exposure in paediatric liver transplant recipients. Alvarez, F; Beaunoyer, M; Delaloye, JR; Kassir, N; Labbé, L; Lallier, M; Lapeyraque, AL; Litalien, C; Mouksassi, MS; Théorêt, Y, 2014)	0.65
"In a pharmacokinetic substudy of the randomized ASSET trial, 46 de novo kidney transplant patients receiving very low (1."	( The pharmacokinetics of everolimus in de novo kidney transplant patients receiving tacrolimus: an analysis from the randomized ASSET study. Christiaans, MH; Kovarik, JM; Pascual, J; Rostaing, L, 2014)	0.63
"At month 12, mean values for tacrolimus trough concentration (C0), peak concentration (Cmax), and AUC0-12 in the very low tacrolimus group were approximately half that in the low tacrolimus group, but everolimus dose, C0, Cmax, and AUC0-12 were virtually identical in both groups."	( The pharmacokinetics of everolimus in de novo kidney transplant patients receiving tacrolimus: an analysis from the randomized ASSET study. Christiaans, MH; Kovarik, JM; Pascual, J; Rostaing, L, 2014)	0.92
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed effects modeling, including characterization of influential covariates."	( Influence of donor-recipient CYP3A4/5 genotypes, age and fluconazole on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in pediatric liver transplantation: a population approach. Baudet, H; Chardot, C; Debray, D; Elens, L; Girard, M; Guy-Viterbo, V; Haufroid, V; Lacaille, F; Musuamba, F; Reding, R; Wallemacq, P, 2014)	0.63
"Although therapeutic drug monitoring has improved the clinical use of immunosuppressive drugs, there is still interpatient variability in efficacy and toxicity that pharmacodynamic monitoring may help to reduce."	( Tacrolimus pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics along the calcineurin pathway in human lymphocytes. Boumediene, A; Esperón, P; Gerona, S; Marquet, P; Noceti, OM; Taupin, JL; Touriño, C; Valverde, M; Woillard, JB, 2014)	1.85
" Moreover, strong and statistically significant associations were found between tacrolimus pharmacodynamic parameters and polymorphisms in the genes coding cyclophilin A, the calcineurin catalytic subunit α isoenzyme, and CD25."	( Tacrolimus pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics along the calcineurin pathway in human lymphocytes. Boumediene, A; Esperón, P; Gerona, S; Marquet, P; Noceti, OM; Taupin, JL; Touriño, C; Valverde, M; Woillard, JB, 2014)	2.07
"The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of multiple-trough sampling design and nonlinear mixed effect modeling (NONMEM) algorithm on the estimation of population and individual pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [Effects of multiple-trough sampling design and algorithm on the estimation of population and individual pharmacokinetic parameters]. Ding, JJ; Jiao, Z; Ling, J; Qian, LX, 2014)	0.4
"The aim was to develop a theory-based population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in adult kidney transplant recipients and to externally evaluate this model and two previous empirical models."	( Improved prediction of tacrolimus concentrations early after kidney transplantation using theory-based pharmacokinetic modelling. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Bergmann, TK; Bremer, S; Hennig, S; Holford, N; Midtvedt, K; Staatz, CE; Størset, E, 2014)	0.94
"A theory-based population pharmacokinetic model was superior to two empirical models for prediction of tacrolimus concentrations and seemed suitable for Bayesian prediction of tacrolimus doses early after kidney transplantation."	( Improved prediction of tacrolimus concentrations early after kidney transplantation using theory-based pharmacokinetic modelling. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Bergmann, TK; Bremer, S; Hennig, S; Holford, N; Midtvedt, K; Staatz, CE; Størset, E, 2014)	0.92
"Aim & patients & methods: This study investigated 24-h pharmacokinetic and CYP3A5 pharmacogenetic differences between once-daily tacrolimus (Tac-q."	( Pharmacokinetic and CYP3A5 pharmacogenetic differences between once- and twice-daily tacrolimus from the first dosing day to 1 year after renal transplantation. Habuchi, T; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Komine, N; Miura, M; Narita, S; Niioka, T; Numakura, K; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Tsuchiya, N, 2014)	0.83
" Good correlations were observed between the AUC₀₋₂₄ and Cmin for both formulations."	( Pharmacokinetic and CYP3A5 pharmacogenetic differences between once- and twice-daily tacrolimus from the first dosing day to 1 year after renal transplantation. Habuchi, T; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Komine, N; Miura, M; Narita, S; Niioka, T; Numakura, K; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Tsuchiya, N, 2014)	0.63
"These results suggested that the approximately 30% lower Cmin for Tac-q."	( Pharmacokinetic and CYP3A5 pharmacogenetic differences between once- and twice-daily tacrolimus from the first dosing day to 1 year after renal transplantation. Habuchi, T; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Komine, N; Miura, M; Narita, S; Niioka, T; Numakura, K; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Tsuchiya, N, 2014)	0.63
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model of tacrolimus in healthy Chinese volunteers and liver transplant recipients for investigating the difference between the populations, and for potential individualized medication."	( A population pharmacokinetic study of tacrolimus in healthy Chinese volunteers and liver transplant patients. Li, L; Lu, W; Lu, YX; Ren, YP; Su, QH; Wu, KH; Zhou, TY, 2015)	0.93
" The final model including two covariates, population (liver transplant recipients or volunteers) and serum ALT (alanine aminotransferase) level, was verified and adequately described the pharmacokinetic characteristics of tacrolimus."	( A population pharmacokinetic study of tacrolimus in healthy Chinese volunteers and liver transplant patients. Li, L; Lu, W; Lu, YX; Ren, YP; Su, QH; Wu, KH; Zhou, TY, 2015)	0.87
" Therefore, we analyzed the relationship between pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of the CNIs CsA (n = 9) and Tac (n = 8) in stable renal transplant patients during a 12-h dosing period."	( Relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of calcineurin inhibitors in renal transplant patients. Albring, A; Engler, H; Harz, N; Kribben, A; Lindemann, M; Schedlowski, M; Wendt, L; Wilde, B; Witzke, O, 2015)	0.42
"Prospective monocentric observational pharmacokinetic (WB and intracellular concentrations)-pharmacodynamic (calcineurin activity) study."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients: inside the white blood cells. Antignac, M; Bellissant, E; Blanchet, B; Boudjema, K; Camus, C; Curis, E; Dermu, M; Fernandez, C; Fillatre, P; Houssel-Debry, P; Latournerie, M; Le Priol, J; Lemaitre, F; Roussel, M; Verdier, MC; Zheng, Y, 2015)	0.68
"Full intracellular TAC pharmacokinetic as well as calcineurin activity steady-state profiles is presented in the study."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients: inside the white blood cells. Antignac, M; Bellissant, E; Blanchet, B; Boudjema, K; Camus, C; Curis, E; Dermu, M; Fernandez, C; Fillatre, P; Houssel-Debry, P; Latournerie, M; Le Priol, J; Lemaitre, F; Roussel, M; Verdier, MC; Zheng, Y, 2015)	0.68
" Pharmacokinetic treatment with targeted intravenous busulfan combined with fludarabine (BuFlu) was developed as a preparative regimen for acute leukemia and myelodysplasia."	( Myeloablative intravenous pharmacokinetically targeted busulfan plus fludarabine as conditioning for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Anasetti, C; Ayala, E; Figueroa, J; Kharfan-Dabaja, MA; Kim, J; Locke, F; Nishihori, T; Perkins, J; Riches, M; Yue, B, 2015)	0.42
" Some fMPA and all MPAG pharmacokinetic parameters correlated negatively with creatinine clearance and positively with creatinine concentration, whereas no such correlation was observed for MPA."	( Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolate sodium co-administered with tacrolimus in the first year after renal transplantation. Chrzanowska, M; Głyda, M; Resztak, M; Sobiak, J; Szczepaniak, P, 2016)	0.67
"The aims of this study were (i) to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of tacrolimus in a Mexican renal transplant paediatric population (n = 53) and (ii) to test the influence of different covariates on its PK properties to facilitate dose individualization."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus in Mexican paediatric renal transplant patients: role of CYP3A5 genotype and formulation. Castañeda-Hernández, G; García-Roca, P; Jacobo-Cabral, CO; Medeiros, M; Reyes, H; Romero-Tejeda, EM; Trocóniz, IF, 2015)	0.91
" The purpose of this study was to establish a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of tacrolimus and evaluate the influence of clinical covariates, including the genetic polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450 3A5 gene (CYP3A5) and gene-encoding P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), on the PK parameters in Chinese adult liver transplant recipients."	( Effects of CYP3A5 genotypes, ABCB1 C3435T and G2677T/A polymorphism on pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Chinese adult liver transplant patients. Jing, Y; Li, G; Yang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, L, 2015)	0.86
" This study evaluated whether a pharmacokinetic interaction exists between these agents."	( Lack of a significant pharmacokinetic interaction between maraviroc and tacrolimus in allogeneic HSCT recipients. Ganetsky, A; Hughes, ME; Miano, TA; Porter, DL; Reshef, R; Vonderheide, RH, 2015)	0.65
" Forty-three traditional (non-compartmental) and five population pharmacokinetic studies were identified and evaluated."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Solid-Organ Transplant Patients. Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2015)	0.68
" The pharmacokinetic parameters (weight-adjusted tacrolimus daily dose and tacrolimus trough concentration/weight-adjusted tacrolimus daily dose ratio) were extracted, and the meta-analysis was performed using Stata 12."	( Effects of the CYP3A4*1B Genetic Polymorphism on the Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Adult Renal Transplant Recipients: A Meta-Analysis. Shi, WL; Tang, HL; Zhai, SD, 2015)	0.9
"Sixty-five tacrolimus- and 10 cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients underwent pharmacokinetic testing at day 7 and months 1, 3, 6 and 12 after transplantation, including 8-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for tacrolimus or cyclosporine and assessment of CYP3A4 activity using oral and intravenous midazolam (MDZ) drug probes."	( Progressive decline in tacrolimus clearance after renal transplantation is partially explained by decreasing CYP3A4 activity and increasing haematocrit. de Jonge, H; de Loor, H; Kuypers, DR; Vanhove, T; Verbeke, K, 2015)	1.12
" This study was designed to assess therapeutic efficacy of tacrolimus in children with SRNS and its correlation with inter-dose area under concentration curve (AUC0-12 h) and trough concentration (C0)."	( Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Agarwal, I; Chaturvedi, S; Fleming, D; Jahan, A; Mathew, B; Prabha, R, 2015)	0.92
"79); and Cmax and AUC0-12 h (r = 0."	( Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Agarwal, I; Chaturvedi, S; Fleming, D; Jahan, A; Mathew, B; Prabha, R, 2015)	0.68
"The aims of this study were to assess the influence of the polymorphism of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) as well as other relevant genes (CYP3A4, CYP3A5, ABCB1) on individual variability of tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and perform population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus in Chinese renal transplant recipients."	( The genetic polymorphisms of POR*28 and CYP3A5*3 significantly influence the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Ding, XL; Liu, SB; Miao, LY; Xue, L; Zhang, H; Zhang, JJ, 2015)	0.82
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM program."	( The genetic polymorphisms of POR*28 and CYP3A5*3 significantly influence the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Ding, XL; Liu, SB; Miao, LY; Xue, L; Zhang, H; Zhang, JJ, 2015)	0.63
" Additionally, population pharmacokinetic analysis identified that the combined genotype of CYP3A5-POR was the only covariant for the apparent clearance of tacrolimus (CL/F)."	( The genetic polymorphisms of POR*28 and CYP3A5*3 significantly influence the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Ding, XL; Liu, SB; Miao, LY; Xue, L; Zhang, H; Zhang, JJ, 2015)	0.83
" The population pharmacokinetic model showed that the combined genotype of CYP3A5-POR was associated with the CL/F of tacrolimus which might provide references for personalized use of tacrolimus in clinic."	( The genetic polymorphisms of POR*28 and CYP3A5*3 significantly influence the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Ding, XL; Liu, SB; Miao, LY; Xue, L; Zhang, H; Zhang, JJ, 2015)	0.84
" This regimen was associated with durable donor engraftment and relatively low rates of regimen related toxicity (RRT); future alemtuzumab pharmacokinetic studies may improve outcomes, by allowing targeted alemtuzumab clearance to reduce graft rejection and promote more rapid immune reconstitution."	( Unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of non-malignant genetic diseases: An alemtuzumab based regimen is associated with cure of clinical disease; earlier clearance of alemtuzumab may be associated with graft rejection. Abdel-Azim, H; Crooks, GM; Kapoor, N; Khazal, S; Kohn, DB; Mahadeo, KM; Shah, AJ; Zhao, Q, 2015)	0.42
" Validated pharmacokinetic tools applied in clinical setting were used to simulate the steady-state pharmacokinetic profiles of the drug when given as the immediate-release formulation to renal transplant patients, being CYP3A5 expressors or not, and who have reached either a standard or a minimized exposure."	( How to handle missed or delayed doses of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients? A pharmacokinetic investigation. Bocquentin, F; Essig, M; Friedl, J; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Saint-Marcoux, F; Woillard, JB, 2015)	0.68
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with patients of whom DNA was available (N = 49), and demographic factors, CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3, were tested as covariates."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of once daily tacrolimus formulation in stable liver transplant recipients. den Hartigh, J; Guchelaar, HJ; Inderson, A; Moes, DJ; Olofsen, E; Swen, JJ; van der Bent, SA; van der Straaten, T; van Hoek, B; Verspaget, HW, 2016)	0.67
"Several tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic models in adult renal transplant recipients have been established to facilitate dose individualization."	( External evaluation of published population pharmacokinetic models of tacrolimus in adult renal transplant recipients. Jiao, Z; Mao, JJ; Qiu, XY; Zhao, CY, 2016)	1.1
" These drugs have narrow therapeutic index and show high pharmacokinetic variability."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Approach of Immunosuppressive Therapy in Kidney Transplant Patients. Golubovic, B; Grabnar, I; Miljkovic, B; Prostran, M; Radivojevic, D; Vucicevic, K, 2016)	0.43
" In vivo pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats."	( Design, Characterization, and In Vivo Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus Proliposomes. Betageri, GV; Nekkanti, V; Rueda, J; Wang, Z, 2016)	0.68
"A pharmacokinetic interaction between tacrolimus and everolimus was not observed clinically in renal transplant patients."	( Influence of everolimus on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Japanese renal transplant patients. Akamine, Y; Habuchi, T; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Niioka, T; Numakura, K; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Yamamoto, R, 2016)	0.96
"We analyzed the pharmacokinetic profile, efficacy, and security of Envarsus®."	( Meltdose Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics. Baraldo, M, 2016)	0.85
"The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in paediatric patients at least 1 year after renal transplantation and simulate individualised dosage regimens."	( The Effect of Weight and CYP3A5 Genotype on the Population Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Stable Paediatric Renal Transplant Recipients. Bouts, AH; Cransberg, K; de Jong, H; de Wildt, SN; Mathôt, RA; Prytuła, AA; van Schaik, RH, 2016)	0.89
"4 years) with 120 pharmacokinetic profiles performed over 2 to 4 h."	( The Effect of Weight and CYP3A5 Genotype on the Population Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Stable Paediatric Renal Transplant Recipients. Bouts, AH; Cransberg, K; de Jong, H; de Wildt, SN; Mathôt, RA; Prytuła, AA; van Schaik, RH, 2016)	0.66
" The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus were described using one- and two-compartment disposition models with first-order elimination in 61 and 39 % of population pharmacokinetic studies, respectively."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling and Bayesian Estimation of Tacrolimus Exposure: Is this Clinically Useful for Dosage Prediction Yet? Brooks, E; Isbel, NM; Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2016)	0.98
" The purpose of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model and investigate the influence of clinical factors on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in adult Thai kidney transplant patients from routine data monitoring."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Thai kidney transplant patients: comparison with similar data from other populations. Avihingsanon, Y; Praisuwan, S; Techawathanawanna, N; Treyaprasert, W; Vadcharavivad, S, 2016)	0.92
" Clinical factors tested for influence on pharmacokinetic parameters were weight, haemoglobin, duration of tacrolimus therapy, prednisolone dose, serum albumin and estimated glomerular filtration rate."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Thai kidney transplant patients: comparison with similar data from other populations. Avihingsanon, Y; Praisuwan, S; Techawathanawanna, N; Treyaprasert, W; Vadcharavivad, S, 2016)	0.93
" The population pharmacokinetic equation that predicted CL/F of tacrolimus was CL/F = 21·5 × exp((-0·05 () (HB) ( - 11·8)))  × (DOT/125)(-0·06) , where CL/F was tacrolimus apparent oral clearance (L/h), HB was haemoglobin levels (g/dL), and DOT was duration of tacrolimus therapy (days)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Thai kidney transplant patients: comparison with similar data from other populations. Avihingsanon, Y; Praisuwan, S; Techawathanawanna, N; Treyaprasert, W; Vadcharavivad, S, 2016)	0.96
"The first population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in Thai adult kidney transplant patients was developed and validated."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Thai kidney transplant patients: comparison with similar data from other populations. Avihingsanon, Y; Praisuwan, S; Techawathanawanna, N; Treyaprasert, W; Vadcharavivad, S, 2016)	0.98
"Prolonged-release tacrolimus was developed as a once-daily formulation with ethylcellulose as the excipient, resulting in slower release and reduction in peak concentration (Cmax ) for a given dose compared with immediate-release tacrolimus, which is administered twice daily."	( Pharmacokinetics of prolonged-release tacrolimus and implications for use in solid organ transplant recipients. Brown, M; First, MR; Fitzsimmons, WE; Keirns, J; Tanzi, MG; Undre, N, 2016)	1.04
"This report summarizes phase 1 studies that evaluated pharmacokinetic interactions between the novel triazole antifungal agent isavuconazole and the immunosuppressants cyclosporine, mycophenolic acid, prednisolone, sirolimus, and tacrolimus in healthy adults."	( Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Drug-Drug Interactions of Isavuconazole With the Immunosuppressants Cyclosporine, Mycophenolic Acid, Prednisolone, Sirolimus, and Tacrolimus in Healthy Adults. Akhtar, S; Desai, A; Groll, AH; Han, D; Howieson, C; Kato, K; Kowalski, D; Lademacher, C; Lewis, W; Mandarino, D; Pearlman, H; Townsend, R; Yamazaki, T, 2017)	0.84
" The success of these dosing recommendations was evaluated by analyzing pharmacokinetic data from liver transplant recipients in the CORAL-I study."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.76
"A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using tacrolimus dosing and Ctrough data before and during 3D treatment (n = 29)."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	1.01
"A one-compartment model with first-order absorption adequately described tacrolimus pharmacokinetic profiles during the first 4 weeks of 3D treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.99
" The DDI risk in terms of increase in sirolimus area under the curve (AUC) was evaluated by a mechanistic model using in vitro inhibition data and published pharmacokinetic parameters of CNIs."	( Risk Assessment of Drug-Drug Interactions of Calcineurin Inhibitors Affecting Sirolimus Pharmacokinetics in Renal Transplant Patients. Emoto, C; Fukuda, T; Vinks, AA, 2016)	0.43
"2-fold increase during the coadministration of tacrolimus, based on the reported Cmax values and doses of tacrolimus in kidney transplant patients."	( Risk Assessment of Drug-Drug Interactions of Calcineurin Inhibitors Affecting Sirolimus Pharmacokinetics in Renal Transplant Patients. Emoto, C; Fukuda, T; Vinks, AA, 2016)	0.69
"This two-sequence, three-period crossover study is the first pharmacokinetic (PK) study to compare all three innovator formulations of tacrolimus (twice-daily immediate-release tacrolimus capsules [IR-Tac]; once-daily extended-release tacrolimus capsules [ER-Tac]; novel once-daily tacrolimus tablets [LCPT])."	( A Steady-State Head-to-Head Pharmacokinetic Comparison of All FK-506 (Tacrolimus) Formulations (ASTCOFF): An Open-Label, Prospective, Randomized, Two-Arm, Three-Period Crossover Study. Alloway, RR; Nigro, V; Tremblay, S; Weinberg, J; Woodle, ES, 2017)	0.89
"There were no significant correlations between the pharmacokinetic parameters of midazolam and urinary ratios of 6β-OHF/F."	( Associations of the CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A4*1G polymorphisms with the pharmacokinetics of oral midazolam and the urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio as markers of CYP3A activity in healthy male Chinese. Chan, SW; Chu, TT; Fok, BS; Hu, M; Lee, VH; Tomlinson, B; Xiao, Y; Yin, OQ, 2016)	0.43
"There were no significant associations between midazolam pharmacokinetic parameters and urinary ratios of 6β-OHF/F and the two CYP3A polymorphisms were not associated with the urinary ratios of 6β-OHF/F or midazolam pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Associations of the CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A4*1G polymorphisms with the pharmacokinetics of oral midazolam and the urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio as markers of CYP3A activity in healthy male Chinese. Chan, SW; Chu, TT; Fok, BS; Hu, M; Lee, VH; Tomlinson, B; Xiao, Y; Yin, OQ, 2016)	0.43
" The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of itraconazole (ITCZ) on tacrolimus absorption, distribution and metabolism by developing a semi-physiological pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in mice."	( Use of a semi-physiological pharmacokinetic model to investigate the influence of itraconazole on tacrolimus absorption, distribution and metabolism in mice. Bi, KS; Chen, XH; Lu, XF; Zhan, J; Zhou, Y, 2017)	0.9
"Analysis of residual gene expression of the nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT)-regulated genes has been developed as a pharmacodynamic biomarker to monitor therapy with calcineurin inhibitors."	( Analytical Validation and Cross-Validation of an NFAT-Regulated Gene Expression Assay for Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of Therapy With Calcineurin Inhibitors. Abdel-Kahaar, E; Giese, T; Rieger, H; Shipkova, M; Sommerer, C; Wieland, E, 2016)	0.43
" The reproducibility of the NFAT-regulated gene expression assay across laboratories can facilitate the implementation of this assay for pharmacodynamic routine monitoring of calcineurin inhibitors in different centers."	( Analytical Validation and Cross-Validation of an NFAT-Regulated Gene Expression Assay for Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of Therapy With Calcineurin Inhibitors. Abdel-Kahaar, E; Giese, T; Rieger, H; Shipkova, M; Sommerer, C; Wieland, E, 2016)	0.43
"Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive drug has a variable pharmacokinetic and poor oral bioavailability due to poor solubility."	( Physicochemical, Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Soluplus Stabilized Nanosuspension of Tacrolimus. Minayian, M; Varshosaz, J; Yazdekhasti, S, 2017)	2.11
" In vivo studies also showed tacrolimus nanoparticles significantly reduced the lymphocyte and WBC, enhanced 66 and 34 fold the AUC0-24 and Cmax of the drug, respectively."	( Physicochemical, Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Soluplus Stabilized Nanosuspension of Tacrolimus. Minayian, M; Varshosaz, J; Yazdekhasti, S, 2017)	0.96
"Although the proportion of elderly patients among renal transplant recipients has increased, pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of immunosuppressants rarely include older patients."	( Longitudinal Pharmacokinetics of Everolimus When Combined With Low-level of Tacrolimus in Elderly Renal Transplant Recipients. Agena, F; Coelho, V; David-Neto, E; de Almeida Rezende Ebner, P; Galante, NZ; Lemos, FBC; Ramos, F; Romano, P; Triboni, AHK, 2017)	0.68
"2 ng/mL), Cmax (19."	( Longitudinal Pharmacokinetics of Everolimus When Combined With Low-level of Tacrolimus in Elderly Renal Transplant Recipients. Agena, F; Coelho, V; David-Neto, E; de Almeida Rezende Ebner, P; Galante, NZ; Lemos, FBC; Ramos, F; Romano, P; Triboni, AHK, 2017)	0.68
"The aim of this study was to assess the differences in pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles after the 1:1 ratio-based conversion from a twice-daily to a once-daily tacrolimus formulation (TD-TAC and OD-TAC, respectively) in pediatric recipients of kidney transplants."	( Pharmacokinetic Profile of Twice- and Once-daily Tacrolimus in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipients. Aikawa, A; Hamasaki, Y; Hyodo, Y; Itabashi, Y; Kawamura, T; Muramatsu, M; Nihei, H; Shishido, S; Takahashi, Y; Yonekura, T, )	0.58
"A number of studies were published with contradictory results comparing tacrolimus (Tac) and cyclosporine A (CsA) for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis, but there are only few that accounted for pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of cyclosporin A and tacrolimus in graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis. Afanasyev, BV; Bondarenko, SN; Burmina, EA; Darskaya, EI; Moiseev, IS; Muslimov, AR; Pirogova, OV; Senina, NG; Tarakanova, YA, 2017)	0.94
"Tacrolimus is characterized by a narrow therapeutic index and a considerable inter- and intraindividual pharmacokinetic variability."	( Tacrolimus population pharmacokinetics according to CYP3A5 genotype and clinical factors in Chinese adult kidney transplant recipients. Fang, Y; Li, DY; Liu, TS; Zhang, HJ; Zhu, HJ, 2017)	3.34
"Whether the combined use of probe drugs for CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein can clarify the relative contribution of these proteins to pharmacokinetic variability of a dual substrate like tacrolimus has never been assessed."	( Fexofenadine, a Putative In Vivo P-glycoprotein Probe, Fails to Predict Clearance of the Substrate Tacrolimus in Renal Recipients. Annaert, P; Bouillon, T; de Loor, H; Kuypers, D; Vanhove, T, 2017)	0.86
" In this investigation, PBPK modeling was used to assess the impact of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetic profiles of three medications (metformin, tacrolimus, oseltamivir) using the Simcyp® simulator."	( Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict drug disposition in pregnant populations. Avvari, S; Gollen, R; Jogiraju, VK; Taft, DR, 2017)	0.66
" Thus far, however, no population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) analysis of tacrolimus in treating MG patients has been published."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus in Chinese myasthenia gravis patients. Chen, R; Chen, YS; Huang, L; Liu, ZQ; Lu, W; Ma, P; Wang, L; Zhou, TY; Zhu, X, 2017)	0.96
" Conventional pharmacokinetic methods for immunosuppressive drug monitoring are not cell type-specific."	( Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of Tacrolimus-Based Immunosuppression in CD14+ Monocytes After Kidney Transplantation. Baan, CC; de Graav, GN; Dieterich, M; Hesselink, DA; Kannegieter, NM; Kraaijeveld, R; Leenen, PJM; Rowshani, AT, 2017)	0.74
" This inhibition can be determined by phospho-specific flow cytometry, which enables the assessment of the pharmacodynamic effects of immunosuppressive drugs in a cell type-specific manner."	( Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of Tacrolimus-Based Immunosuppression in CD14+ Monocytes After Kidney Transplantation. Baan, CC; de Graav, GN; Dieterich, M; Hesselink, DA; Kannegieter, NM; Kraaijeveld, R; Leenen, PJM; Rowshani, AT, 2017)	0.74
" Several population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) models had been established for cyclosporine A and tacrolimus but no specific PopPK model was established for diltiazem."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Diltiazem in Chinese Renal Transplant Recipients. Ding, JJ; Guan, XF; Li, DY; Ma, RR; Wang, JL; Yin, WJ; Zhou, LY; Zuo, XC, 2018)	0.7
"A PopPK model of diltiazem is established in Chinese renal transplant recipients and it will provide relevant pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem for further pharmacokinetic interaction study."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Diltiazem in Chinese Renal Transplant Recipients. Ding, JJ; Guan, XF; Li, DY; Ma, RR; Wang, JL; Yin, WJ; Zhou, LY; Zuo, XC, 2018)	0.48
"Scrupulous comparison of the pharmacokinetic and clinical characteristics of generic tacrolimus formulations versus the reference drug (Prograf) is essential."	( Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Outcomes of Generic Tacrolimus (Hexal) Versus Branded Tacrolimus in De Novo Kidney Transplant Patients: A Multicenter, Randomized Trial. Arns, W; Baeumer, D; Budde, K; Hansen, A; Huppertz, A; Klein, T; Kroeger, I; Lehner, LJ; Rath, T; Rump, LC; Schenker, P; Shipkova, M; Sieder, C; Ziefle, S, 2017)	0.93
"The objectives of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus immediately after kidney transplantation and to find relevant parameters for dose individualization using a population pharmacokinetic analysis."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict the Individual Starting Dose of Tacrolimus Following Pediatric Renal Transplantation. Andrews, LM; Brüggemann, RJM; Cornelissen, EAM; Cransberg, K; de Wildt, SN; de Winter, BCM; Hesselink, DA; Koch, BCP; van Gelder, T; van Schaik, RHN, 2018)	0.94
" We aimed to predict the contribution of schisantherin A and schisandrin A to drug-drug interaction (DDI) between Wuzhi capsule and tacrolimus using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling."	( Prediction of Drug-Drug Interaction between Tacrolimus and Principal Ingredients of Wuzhi Capsule in Chinese Healthy Volunteers Using Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling. Bu, F; Cai, W; Jiao, Z; Li, L; Lin, HS; Ma, G; Shin, JG; Xiang, X; Zhang, H; Zhuang, X, 2018)	0.95
" However, the pharmacokinetic interaction between tacrolimus and fentanyl is unclear."	( Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Tacrolimus and Fentanyl in Patients Receiving Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Fuchida, SI; Hatsuse, M; Kado, Y; Kitazawa, F; Kokufu, T; Murakami, S; Nakayama, Y; Okano, A; Shimazaki, C; Takara, K; Ueda, K, 2017)	0.98
" Areas covered: Current methods of monitoring Tac treatment, focusing on traditional therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), controversies surrounding TDM, novel matrices, pharmacogenetic and pharmacodynamic monitoring are discussed."	( Pharmacokinetic considerations related to therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus in kidney transplant patients. Andrews, LM; Baan, CC; De Winter, BCM; Hesselink, DA; Li, Y; Shi, YY; Van Gelder, T, 2017)	0.69
"We assessed the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic impact of converting stable simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) recipients from standard tacrolimus (Prograf) to long-acting tacrolimus (Advagraf)."	( Randomized open-label crossover assessment of Prograf vs Advagraf on immunosuppressant pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in simultaneous pancreas-kidney patients. Cattral, M; Knauer, MJ; Luke, PP; Luke, S; Muirhead, N; Norgate, A; Schiff, J, 2018)	0.68
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) absorption model was developed to predict the impact of crystallinity extent on the oral absorption of the products and to evaluate the discriminatory ability of the different dissolution methods."	( Investigating the Impact of Drug Crystallinity in Amorphous Tacrolimus Capsules on Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence Using Discriminatory In Vitro Dissolution Testing and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation. Chow, ECY; Gao, Y; Purohit, HS; Sun, DD; Taylor, LS; Trasi, NS; Wen, H; Zhang, X, 2018)	0.72
" The aim of the present study was to assess the safety and pharmacokinetic interactions between EBR and GZR and single doses of cyclosporine, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and prednisone."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Elbasvir/Grazoprevir and Immunosuppressant Drugs in Healthy Volunteers. Butterton, JR; Caro, L; Fandozzi, CM; Feng, HP; Guo, Z; Iwamoto, M; Panebianco, D; Talaty, J; Wolford, D; Yeh, WW, 2018)	0.68
" This system determines the area under the curve (AUC) of the drug by pharmacokinetic modeling and Bayesian estimation."	( Pharmacokinetic Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Advagraf in More Than 500 Adult Renal Transplant Patients, Using an Expert System Online. Bedu, A; Cassuto, E; Essig, M; Etienne, I; Kamar, N; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Moulin, B; Rérolle, JP; Saint-Marcoux, F; Woillard, JB, 2018)	0.48
"This study improves our knowledge of Advagraf pharmacokinetic variability and relations between exposure indices and the scientific background of the expert service provided through the ISBA Web site."	( Pharmacokinetic Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Advagraf in More Than 500 Adult Renal Transplant Patients, Using an Expert System Online. Bedu, A; Cassuto, E; Essig, M; Etienne, I; Kamar, N; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Moulin, B; Rérolle, JP; Saint-Marcoux, F; Woillard, JB, 2018)	0.48
" However, pharmacokinetic data in children with nephrotic syndrome is limited."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in children with nephrotic syndrome. Hao, GX; Huang, X; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Li, Y; Shi, HY; Zhang, DF; Zhao, W; Zheng, Y, 2018)	0.77
"Tacrolimus exhibits inter-patient pharmacokinetic variability attributed to CYP3A5 isoenzymes and the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein."	( Tacrolimus Population Pharmacokinetics and Multiple CYP3A5 Genotypes in Black and White Renal Transplant Recipients. Brazeau, D; Campagne, O; Mager, DE; Tornatore, KM; Venuto, RC, 2018)	3.37
" In the present study, we evaluated the proof of concept of a VAMS device by comparing the pharmacokinetic data of tacrolimus in rats among dried blood in VAMS, wet blood, and plasma."	( Application of a Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Device to a Pharmacokinetic Study of Tacrolimus in Rats: Comparison with Wet Blood and Plasma. Kita, K; Mano, Y; Noritake, K, 2019)	0.95
" However, pharmacokinetic parameters were comparable among the three matrices."	( Application of a Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Device to a Pharmacokinetic Study of Tacrolimus in Rats: Comparison with Wet Blood and Plasma. Kita, K; Mano, Y; Noritake, K, 2019)	0.74
"Collectively, these findings suggest that the VAMS device can be a useful device for pharmacokinetic studies in rats."	( Application of a Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Device to a Pharmacokinetic Study of Tacrolimus in Rats: Comparison with Wet Blood and Plasma. Kita, K; Mano, Y; Noritake, K, 2019)	0.74
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were compared to assess both the impact of steady-state SCY-078 on tacrolimus and the impact of tacrolimus on the PK of steady-state SCY-078."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interaction Potential for Coadministered SCY-078, an Oral Fungicidal Glucan Synthase Inhibitor, and Tacrolimus. Angulo, D; Atiee, G; Corr, C; Hyman, M; Murphy, G; Willett, M; Wring, S, 2019)	0.93
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were compared with previously reported data using the TD formulation."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Once-Daily Tacrolimus Compared With Twice-Daily Tacrolimus in the Early Stage After Living Donor Liver Transplantation. Fukatsu, S; Fukudo, M; Hashi, S; Iwasaki, M; Kaido, T; Masuda, S; Matsubara, K; Nakagawa, S; Sugimoto, M; Uemoto, S; Yamamoto, Y; Yano, I; Yonezawa, A, 2018)	0.73
" The apparent clearance and the pharmacodynamic parameters examined were not significantly different between the OD and TD groups."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Once-Daily Tacrolimus Compared With Twice-Daily Tacrolimus in the Early Stage After Living Donor Liver Transplantation. Fukatsu, S; Fukudo, M; Hashi, S; Iwasaki, M; Kaido, T; Masuda, S; Matsubara, K; Nakagawa, S; Sugimoto, M; Uemoto, S; Yamamoto, Y; Yano, I; Yonezawa, A, 2018)	0.73
"The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic profile, tolerability, and safety of a novel once-daily extended-release formulation of tacrolimus (LCPT) with that of once-daily prolonged-release tacrolimus (ODT) in stable adult lung transplant (LT) recipients."	( Pharmacokinetic Study of Conversion Between 2 Formulations of Once-daily Extended-release Tacrolimus in Stable Lung Transplant Patients. Berastegui, C; Bravo, C; Gómez-Ollés, S; López-Meseguer, M; Monforte, V; Roman, A; Sáez-Giménez, B; Sintes, H; Vima, J, 2018)	0.9
"Phase II, open-label, single-arm, single-center, prospective pilot pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetic Study of Conversion Between 2 Formulations of Once-daily Extended-release Tacrolimus in Stable Lung Transplant Patients. Berastegui, C; Bravo, C; Gómez-Ollés, S; López-Meseguer, M; Monforte, V; Roman, A; Sáez-Giménez, B; Sintes, H; Vima, J, 2018)	0.7
" However, the predictive performance of population pharmacokinetic (PK) models of tacrolimus should be evaluated prior to their implementation in clinical practice."	( Evaluating tacrolimus pharmacokinetic models in adult renal transplant recipients with different CYP3A5 genotypes. Ding, JJ; Hu, C; Li, DY; Liu, K; Ma, RR; Wang, JL; Yin, WJ; Zhou, G; Zhou, LY; Zuo, XC, 2018)	1.1
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of tacrolimus in Chinese Han renal transplant population and establish the influence of different covariates (especially different CYP3A5/3A4/POR genotype) on PK properties."	( Tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic models according to CYP3A5/CYP3A4/POR genotypes in Chinese Han renal transplant patients. Cao, D; Duan, Z; Peng, H; Wei, X; Wen, J; Xue, L; Zheng, X; Zhu, W, 2018)	2.17
" The pharmacokinetic profile of tacrolimus was examined before and after the discontinuation of clotrimazole and in patients with different CYP3A5 genotypes."	( Effects of clotrimazole on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in patients with heart transplants with different CYP3A5 genotypes. Hosomi, K; Kawase, A; Matsuda, S; Oita, A; Takada, M; Terada, Y; Terakawa, N; Uno, T; Wada, K; Yokoyama, S, 2019)	1.09
"The aim of this study was to perform a population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus in Mexican adult kidney transplant patients to analyse the influence of clinical and genetic covariates to propose a dosage regimen."	( Dosing recommendations based on population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Mexican adult patients with kidney transplant. Isordia-Segovia, J; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Milán-Segovia, RDC; Niño-Moreno, PDC; Reséndiz-Galván, JE; Romano-Moreno, S, 2019)	0.98
"Tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, is a common immunosuppressant prescribed after organ transplantation and has notable inter- and intrapatient pharmacokinetic variability."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Transplant Recipients: What Did We Learn About Sources of Interindividual Variabilities? Campagne, O; Mager, DE; Tornatore, KM, 2019)	2.24
" The primary objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a population pharmacokinetic model characterizing immediate-release oral tacrolimus co-administered with mycophenolate mofetil (a pro-drug of mycophenolic acid) in adult kidney transplant recipients on corticosteroid-free regimens."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Immediate-Release Oral Tacrolimus Co-administered with Mycophenolate Mofetil in Corticosteroid-Free Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients. Ensom, MHH; Kiang, TKL; Mayo, P; Rong, Y, 2019)	0.96
"We have developed and internally evaluated a novel population pharmacokinetic model for tacrolimus co-administered with mycophenolate mofetil in corticosteroid-free adult kidney transplant patients."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Immediate-Release Oral Tacrolimus Co-administered with Mycophenolate Mofetil in Corticosteroid-Free Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients. Ensom, MHH; Kiang, TKL; Mayo, P; Rong, Y, 2019)	0.98
" Sustained-release tacrolimus (SRT) was developed as a once-daily formulation, resulting in slower release and reduction in peak concentration compared with twice-daily immediate-release tacrolimus (IRT)."	( Sustained-Release Tacrolimus Stabilizes Decline of Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second Through Decreasing Fluctuation of Its Trough Blood Level. Akiba, M; Eba, S; Hoshi, F; Matsuda, Y; Niikawa, H; Noda, M; Oishi, H; Okada, Y; Sado, T; Sakurada, A; Watanabe, T, 2018)	1.14
" Besides, for reducing the consumption of rabbits and the variation of the data, we designed a consecutive sampling method in pharmacokinetic study, with only seven rabbits consumed for each formulation."	( Pharmacokinetic study of sirolimus ophthalmic formulations by consecutive sampling and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Shi, M; Tang, Z; Wang, L; Wang, Q, 2019)	0.51
" A population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling."	( A population pharmacokinetic model to predict the individual starting dose of tacrolimus in adult renal transplant recipients. Andrews, LM; de Fijter, JW; de Winter, BCM; Elens, L; Hesselink, DA; Lloberas, N; Moes, DJAR; van Gelder, T; van Schaik, RHN, 2019)	0.74
" According to pharmacokinetic model estimates, the inter- and intra-individual variabilities in bioavailability following IM injection were remarkably reduced compared with those following oral administration."	( Reduced variability in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics following intramuscular injection compared to oral administration in cynomolgus monkeys: Investigating optimal dosing regimens. Gershkovich, P; Kim, KS; Kim, SJ; Kim, TH; Lee, JB; Lee, KW; Park, JB; Shin, BS; Shin, S; Yoo, SD, 2019)	0.82
"Various mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) population pharmacokinetic (popPK) models have been developed to describe its PK characteristics and facilitate its optimal dosing in adult kidney transplant recipients co-administered with tacrolimus."	( Systematic external evaluation of published population pharmacokinetic models of mycophenolate mofetil in adult kidney transplant recipients co-administered with tacrolimus. Deng, RH; Fu, Q; Jiao, Z; Li, J; Liu, LS; Liu, YF; Luo, B; Sheng, CC; Wang, CX; Zhang, HX; Zhao, Q, 2019)	0.89
"The aims of this study were to investigate the population pharmacokinetic (PPK) characteristics of tacrolimus in Chinese children with nephrotic syndrome and to apply it in clinical practice."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dosage optimization of tacrolimus in pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome . Chen, C; Cui, Y; Ding, J; Han, Y; Ma, L; Su, B; Wang, F; Wang, X; Xiao, H; Yao, Y; Zhou, Y, 2019)	0.98
" The final model could be used to accurately predict tacrolimus individual pharmacokinetic parameters and assist in dosage optimization."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dosage optimization of tacrolimus in pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome . Chen, C; Cui, Y; Ding, J; Han, Y; Ma, L; Su, B; Wang, F; Wang, X; Xiao, H; Yao, Y; Zhou, Y, 2019)	1.01
"The objective of this study was to merge genetic and non-genetic factors of tacrolimus pharmacokinetics to establish a more stable population pharmacokinetic model for individualized dosage regimen in Chinese nephrotic syndrome patients."	( Dosage Optimization Based on Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Tacrolimus in Chinese Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome. Huang, X; Lu, T; Wang, Z; Xu, S; Zhao, L; Zhao, M; Zhu, X, 2019)	0.98
"A new population pharmacokinetic model was established to describe the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in nephrotic syndrome patients, which can be used to select rational dosage regimens to achieve a desirable whole-blood concentration."	( Dosage Optimization Based on Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Tacrolimus in Chinese Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome. Huang, X; Lu, T; Wang, Z; Xu, S; Zhao, L; Zhao, M; Zhu, X, 2019)	0.97
"The pharmacokinetic data were adequately described by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination."	( Prediction of tacrolimus dosage in the early period after heart transplantation: a population pharmacokinetic approach. Cai, J; Han, Y; Huang, J; Liu, YN; Shi, SJ; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, H, 2019)	0.87
"This is the first population pharmacokinetic study conducted in Chinese heart transplant recipients."	( Prediction of tacrolimus dosage in the early period after heart transplantation: a population pharmacokinetic approach. Cai, J; Han, Y; Huang, J; Liu, YN; Shi, SJ; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, H, 2019)	0.87
"Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling allows assessment of the covariates contributing to the large pharmacokinetic (PK) variability of tacrolimus; these include multiple physiological and biochemical differences among patients."	( A Theoretical Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Approach to Ascertain Covariates Explaining the Large Interpatient Variability in Tacrolimus Disposition. Alloway, RR; Christians, U; Emoto, C; Fukuda, T; Hahn, D; Johnson, TN; Vinks, AA, 2019)	0.92
" Several tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic (PPK) models in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients have been set up to recommend an optimal dosage schedule."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dosing regimen optimization of tacrolimus in Chinese pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients. Chen, X; Li, Z; Wang, D; Xu, H, 2020)	1.21
" A tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic model, including identification of significant covariates, was developed using NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics of immediate- and prolonged-release tacrolimus formulations in liver, kidney and heart transplant recipients. Bonate, P; Keirns, J; Lu, Z, 2019)	1.37
"This population pharmacokinetic model described data from transplant recipients who received IR-T and/or PR-T."	( Population pharmacokinetics of immediate- and prolonged-release tacrolimus formulations in liver, kidney and heart transplant recipients. Bonate, P; Keirns, J; Lu, Z, 2019)	0.75
"Tacrolimus is a narrow therapeutic range drug that requires fine dose adjustment, for which pharmacokinetic (PK) models have been amply proposed in renal, but not in liver, transplant recipients."	( Population pharmacokinetic model and Bayesian estimator for 2 tacrolimus formulations in adult liver transplant patients. Debord, J; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Riff, C; Woillard, JB, 2019)	2.2
" Pharmacokinetic model fitting and Bayesian estimation were performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM) and SPSS was used to examine the effect of body composition on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics."	( Impact of body composition on pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in liver transplantation recipients. Chen, L; Li, M; Liu, Y; Lu, X; Tan, G; Zhu, L, 2020)	1
" Optimal pharmacokinetic models were selected based on objective function values, standard errors, and biological plausibility."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolic Acid Co-Administered with Tacrolimus in Corticosteroid-Free Adult Kidney Transplant Patients. Ensom, MHH; Kiang, TKL; Mayo, P; Rong, Y, 2019)	0.75
" MATERIAL AND METHODS In this sub-study of the DIAMOND randomized controlled trial of prolonged-release tacrolimus in de novo liver transplant recipients, we investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of prolonged-release tacrolimus when administered via nasogastric tube immediately post-transplant."	( Pharmacokinetic Profile of Prolonged-Release Tacrolimus When Administered via Nasogastric Tube in De Novo Liver Transplantation: A Sub-Study of the DIAMOND Trial. Baccarani, U; Britz, R; Popescu, I; Undre, N, 2019)	0.99
" In this study, we constructed a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model adapted to the clinical data and evaluated the contribution of liver regeneration as well as hepatic and intestine CYP3A5 genotypes on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics."	( A Minimal Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Tacrolimus in Living-Donor Liver Transplantation: Perspectives Related to Liver Regeneration and the cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) Genotype. Itohara, K; Kaido, T; Matsubara, K; Nakagawa, S; Okajima, H; Tsuzuki, T; Uemoto, S; Uesugi, M; Yano, I; Yonezawa, A, 2019)	0.94
" Post-transplant patients underwent three pharmacokinetic assessments over 14 days."	( A randomized, open-label pharmacokinetic trial of tacrolimus extended-release dosing in obese de novo kidney transplant recipients. Benedetti, E; Brandt, S; Huang, YJ; Jasiak-Panek, NM; Patel, S; Progar, K; Thielke, JJ; Wenzler, E; West-Thielke, PM, 2019)	0.77
" Pharmacokinetic data on both calcineurin inhibitors and direct-acting antiviral exposure in liver transplant recipients remain sparse."	( Comparison of the effect of direct-acting antiviral with and without ribavirin on cyclosporine and tacrolimus clearance values: results from the ANRS CO23 CUPILT cohort. Barrail-Tran, A; Botta-Fridlund, D; Cagnot, C; Canva, V; Coilly, A; Conti, F; D'Alteroche, L; Danjou, H; De Ledinghen, V; Duclos-Vallée, JC; Durand, F; Duvoux, C; Fougerou-Leurent, C; Gelé, T; Goldwirt, L; Houssel-Debry, P; Kamar, N; Laforest, C; Lavenu, A; Leroy, V; Moreno, C; Pageaux, GP; Radenne, S; Samuel, D; Taburet, AM, 2019)	0.73
" Limited sampling strategies in combination with population pharmacokinetic model-derived Bayesian estimators (popPK-BE) may accurately predict individual AUC."	( Tacrolimus Area Under the Concentration Versus Time Curve Monitoring, Using Home-Based Volumetric Absorptive Capillary Microsampling. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Gustavsen, MT; Midtvedt, K; Robertsen, I; Vethe, NT, 2020)	2
"A single-center prospective pharmacokinetic study was conducted in standard-risk RTxR (n = 27) receiving Tac twice daily."	( Tacrolimus Area Under the Concentration Versus Time Curve Monitoring, Using Home-Based Volumetric Absorptive Capillary Microsampling. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Gustavsen, MT; Midtvedt, K; Robertsen, I; Vethe, NT, 2020)	2
" A prospective, single-dose pharmacokinetic study was performed, prior to and after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, for tacrolimus, extended-release tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium."	( Prospective study of the changes in pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressive medications after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Boutin, L; Chan, G; du Souich, P; Elftouh, N; Garneau, PY; Hajjar, R; Lafrance, JP; Michaud, J; Pichette, V, 2020)	0.77
" The effectiveness, safety and pharmacokinetic data of tacrolimus in the treatment of glomerular diseases in children are reviewed in this paper to provide evidence to support its rational use in clinical practice."	( Off-label use of tacrolimus in children with glomerular disease: Effectiveness, safety and pharmacokinetics. Hao, GX; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Song, LL; Su, LQ; Zhang, DF; Zhao, W, 2020)	1.15
"We conducted a pharmacokinetic study in 30 thoracic organ transplants at intensive care at the University Medical Center Utrecht in the first week post-transplantation."	( High Variability of Whole-Blood Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics Early After Thoracic Organ Transplantation. De Lange, DW; Grutters, JC; Huitema, ADR; Hunault, CC; Kesecioglu, J; Kirkels, JH; Sikma, MA; Van de Graaf, EA; Van Maarseveen, EM; Verhaar, MC, 2020)	0.84
" The physiological and pharmacokinetic changes are outlined."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Impact of Hematocrit on Monitoring and Dosing of Tacrolimus Early After Heart and Lung Transplantation. De Lange, DW; Huitema, ADR; Hunault, CC; Sikma, MA; Van Maarseveen, EM, 2020)	0.79
" However, pharmacokinetic data on unbound concentrations are not available."	( Unbound Plasma, Total Plasma, and Whole-Blood Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics Early After Thoracic Organ Transplantation. De Lange, DW; Grutters, JC; Huitema, ADR; Hunault, CC; Kesecioglu, J; Kirkels, JH; Moreno, JM; Sikma, MA; Van de Graaf, EA; Van Maarseveen, EM; Verhaar, MC, 2020)	0.82
" Pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using non-linear mixed-effects modeling."	( Unbound Plasma, Total Plasma, and Whole-Blood Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics Early After Thoracic Organ Transplantation. De Lange, DW; Grutters, JC; Huitema, ADR; Hunault, CC; Kesecioglu, J; Kirkels, JH; Moreno, JM; Sikma, MA; Van de Graaf, EA; Van Maarseveen, EM; Verhaar, MC, 2020)	0.82
"Nuclear factor of activated T cell-regulated gene expression (NFAT-RGE) has been proposed as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for tacrolimus (Tac) and cyclosporine (CsA)."	( Nuclear factor of activated T cells as potential pharmacodynamic biomarker for the risk of acute and subclinical rejection in de novo liver recipients. Brunet, M; Fortuna, V; Millán, O; Navasa, M; Ruiz, P, 2020)	0.76
"Tacrolimus is the cornerstone of immunosuppressive therapy after kidney transplantation (KT), but its use is complicated by a narrow therapeutic index and high inter- and intra-patient pharmacokinetic variability."	( Optimization of tacrolimus in kidney transplantation: New pharmacokinetic perspectives. Bestard, O; Budde, K; Furian, L; Maggiore, U; Oberbauer, R; Pascual, J; Rostaing, L, 2020)	2.35
"Postmarketing population pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) studies can be useful to capture patient characteristics affecting PK or PD in real-world settings."	( Development of a System for Postmarketing Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies Using Real-World Data From Electronic Health Records. Abou-Khalil, BW; Beck, C; Bejan, CA; Birdwell, KA; Choi, L; Denny, JC; James, NT; McNeer, E; Niu, X; Roden, DM; Stein, CM; Van Driest, SL; Weeks, HL; Williams, ML, 2020)	0.56
"Diverse tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic (popPK) models in adult liver transplant recipients have been established to describe the PK characteristics of tacrolimus in the last two decades."	( Systematic external evaluation of published population pharmacokinetic models for tacrolimus in adult liver transplant recipients. Cai, X; Jiao, Z; Li, J; Li, R; Qiu, X; Shen, C; Sheng, C; Tao, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X, 2020)	1.22
" Complete pharmacokinetic profiles (Predose, and 20 min, 40 min, 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 12h post drug intake) of twice daily TAC in whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected in 32 liver transplanted patients in the first ten days post transplantation."	( Pharmacogenetic-Whole blood and intracellular pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic (PG-PK2-PD) relationship of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients. Balakirouchenane, D; Bellissant, E; Blanchet, B; David, V; Debord, J; Houssel-Debry, P; Jezequel, C; Lemaitre, F; Petitcollin, A; Rayar, M; Roussel, M; Tron, C; Verdier, MC; Woillard, JB, 2020)	0.77
"We hypothesized that area under the concentration time curve (AUC(0-12)) is more accurate pharmacokinetic predictor vs trough level of mycophenolic acid (C0)."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of MFF in combinations with tacrolimus and cyclosporine. Findings of C0 and AUC. Kaduševičius, E; Marquet, P; Maslauskienë, R; Radzevičienė, A; Saint-Marcoux, F; Stankevičius, E, 2020)	0.81
" The aims were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model (Pk pop) taking into account post-transplant phases (PTP), CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3 polymorphisms on Tac pharmacokinetics in adult kidney transplant patients."	( Effect of CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A4*1B but not CYP3A5*3 polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetic model in Tunisian kidney transplant. Aouam, K; Ben Fadhel, N; Ben Fredj, N; Ben Romdhane, H; Boughattas, NA; Chaabane, A; Chadli, Z; Hannachi, I; Touitou, Y, 2020)	0.79
"Usage of tacrolimus is complicated by its narrow therapeutic index and wide between- and within-subject pharmacokinetic variability."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus in Chinese cardiac transplant recipients. Gong, Y; Li, J; Li, X; Lu, Y; Sun, Y; Yang, M, 2020)	1.24
" We developed 2 new population pharmacokinetic models based on a compartmental approach, with one following the physiologically based pharmacokinetic approach and both including circadian modulation of absorption and clearance variables."	( Predictive engines based on pharmacokinetics modelling for tacrolimus personalized dosage in paediatric renal transplant patients. Borobia, A; Carcas-Sansuan, A; Prado-Velasco, M, 2020)	0.8
" The first assessed the effect of morning versus evening dosing on the pharmacokinetic profile of LCPT 2 mg; the second assessed the effect of food on the pharmacokinetic profile of LCPT 5 mg."	( Chronopharmacokinetics and Food Effects of Single-Dose LCP-Tacrolimus in Healthy Volunteers. Alloway, RR; Brennan, DC; Cohen, EA; Kerr, J; Meier-Kriesche, U; Momper, JD; Moten, MA; Stevens, DR; Trofe-Clark, J, 2020)	0.8
"50), or terminal half-life (arithmetic mean = 26."	( Chronopharmacokinetics and Food Effects of Single-Dose LCP-Tacrolimus in Healthy Volunteers. Alloway, RR; Brennan, DC; Cohen, EA; Kerr, J; Meier-Kriesche, U; Momper, JD; Moten, MA; Stevens, DR; Trofe-Clark, J, 2020)	0.8
" However, TAC high intra- and inter-patient pharmacokinetic (PK) variability makes it more laborious to accurately predict the appropriate dosage required for a given patient."	( Predictors of tacrolimus pharmacokinetic variability: current evidences and future perspectives. Bindels, LB; Chaib Eddour, D; Degraeve, AL; Elens, L; Haufroid, V; Moudio, S; Mourad, M, 2020)	0.92
"Numerous population pharmacokinetic (PK) models of tacrolimus in adult transplant recipients have been published to characterize tacrolimus PK and facilitate dose individualization."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Models of Tacrolimus in Adult Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review. Carland, JE; Day, RO; Hennig, S; Kirubakaran, R; Stocker, SL, 2020)	1.08
" Here, we report a patient who showed high sunitinib concentrations, in addition to pharmacokinetic changes in tacrolimus and everolimus after sunitinib therapy."	( Model-based assessment of pharmacokinetic changes of sunitinib, tacrolimus, and everolimus in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma after renal transplantation. Fujisawa, M; Furukawa, J; Harada, K; Ito, T; Ogawa, S; Omura, T; Yamamoto, K; Yano, I, 2020)	1.01
" However, the effect of ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism on pharmacokinetic variables of tacrolimus is controversial in different studies."	( Effect of ABCB1 3435C>T Genetic Polymorphism on Pharmacokinetic Variables of Tacrolimus in Adult Renal Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Lin, Y; Meng, K; Peng, W; Zhang, H, 2020)	1.01
" The study explored the relationship between ABCB1 3435C>T genetic polymorphism and pharmacokinetic variables of tacrolimus stratified according to time of posttransplantation, ethnicity, methods of concentration measurement, and the initial doses of tacrolimus."	( Effect of ABCB1 3435C>T Genetic Polymorphism on Pharmacokinetic Variables of Tacrolimus in Adult Renal Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Lin, Y; Meng, K; Peng, W; Zhang, H, 2020)	1
"Our meta-analysis identified that the ABCB1 3435C>T genetic polymorphism affected the pharmacokinetic variables of tacrolimus in adult renal transplant recipients."	( Effect of ABCB1 3435C>T Genetic Polymorphism on Pharmacokinetic Variables of Tacrolimus in Adult Renal Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Lin, Y; Meng, K; Peng, W; Zhang, H, 2020)	1
"Following single topical administration, TAC was absorbed slowly with a Tmax of 4 h and an absolute bioavailability of 11%."	( Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Tacrolimus after Topical Administration: Implications for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation. Dong, L; Erbas, VE; Fanzio, PM; Feturi, FG; Gorantla, VS; Oksuz, S; Plock, JA; Sahin, H; Schnider, JT; Solari, MG; Spiess, AM; Unadkat, JM; Venkataramanan, R, 2020)	0.83
" In this study, to contribute to TDM of TAC in CBT, we performed the population pharmacokinetic (PPK) analysis of TAC in 56 CBT patients and investigated the factors that affected the concentration of TAC, focusing the variation of RBC count."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in umbilical cord blood transplant patients focusing on the variation in red blood cell counts. Ando, M; Fujimoto, A; Fukushima, K; Hashida, T; Hirano, T; Ikesue, H; Irie, K; Ishikawa, T; Miyasaka, M; Muroi, N; Shimomura, Y; Sugioka, N; Yoshida, S, 2021)	0.91
" Previous population pharmacokinetic (PK) models have been developed in solid organ transplant, yet none exists for patients receiving HCT."	( Evaluation of the performance of a prior tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic kidney transplant model among adult allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Armistead, PM; Campagne, O; Crona, DJ; Flynn, G; Mager, DE; Miller, JA; Patel, T; Ptachcinski, JR; Suzuki, O; Torrice, CD; Weiner, DL; Wiltshire, T; Zhu, J, 2021)	0.89
"Various population pharmacokinetic models have been developed to describe the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in adult liver transplantation."	( Can We Predict Individual Concentrations of Tacrolimus After Liver Transplantation? Application and Tweaking of a Published Population Pharmacokinetic Model in Clinical Practice. Chan Kwong, AHP; Decrocq-Rudler, MA; Fraisse, J; Khier, S; Meunier, L; Ursic-Bedoya, J, 2021)	1.1
"A literature review was conducted to select an adequate population pharmacokinetic model (L)."	( Can We Predict Individual Concentrations of Tacrolimus After Liver Transplantation? Application and Tweaking of a Published Population Pharmacokinetic Model in Clinical Practice. Chan Kwong, AHP; Decrocq-Rudler, MA; Fraisse, J; Khier, S; Meunier, L; Ursic-Bedoya, J, 2021)	0.88
"A pharmacokinetic model can be used, and to improve the predictive performance, tweaking the literature model with the $PRIOR approach allows to obtain better predictions."	( Can We Predict Individual Concentrations of Tacrolimus After Liver Transplantation? Application and Tweaking of a Published Population Pharmacokinetic Model in Clinical Practice. Chan Kwong, AHP; Decrocq-Rudler, MA; Fraisse, J; Khier, S; Meunier, L; Ursic-Bedoya, J, 2021)	0.88
" However, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information for EVL combined with TAC is limited."	( Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interaction on Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Between Everolimus and Tacrolimus at the Therapeutic Concentration Range in Renal Transplantation. Akashi, I; Akiyama, S; Hirano, T; Iwamoto, H; Kihara, Y; Konno, O; Oda, T; Okihara, M; Osato, S; Takeuchi, H; Tanaka, S; Unezaki, S; Yoshinaga, R, 2021)	0.84
" The aims of this study were to assess the effect of TAC+WZC co-administration and genetic polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of TAC, by using a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis and dosing guidelines for tacrolimus co-administration with Wuzhi capsule in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Fu, Q; Hou, X; Jiao, Z; Jing, Y; Kong, Y; Liu, H; Peng, H; Wei, X, 2021)	0.86
" The objectives of this study were: (i) to develop a Xgboost model to estimate tacrolimus inter-dose AUC based on concentration-time profiles obtained from a literature population pharmacokinetic (POPPK) model using Monte Carlo simulation; and (ii) to compare its performance with that of MAP-BE in external datasets of rich concentration-time profiles."	( Estimation of drug exposure by machine learning based on simulations from published pharmacokinetic models: The example of tacrolimus. Labriffe, M; Marquet, P; Prémaud, A; Woillard, JB, 2021)	1.06
" The primary objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of Envarsus among liver transplant patients and select a limited sampling strategy (LSS) for AUC estimation."	( Population pharmacokinetics and genetics of oral meltdose tacrolimus (Envarsus) in stable adult liver transplant recipients. Biewenga, M; Keizer, R; Martial, LC; Moes, DJAR; Ruijter, BN; Swen, JJ; van Hoek, B, 2021)	0.87
" Blood concentrations of TAC were used for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Discontinuation of oral amphotericin B therapy does not influence the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in heart transplant patients. Fukushima, N; Hattori, Y; Hayakawa, N; Ikura, M; Matsuda, S; Nakagita, K; Nakamura, T; Oda, R; Seguchi, O; Takenaka, H; Uno, T; Wada, K; Yanase, M, 2021)	0.84
" A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using the nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach."	( Effects of Postoperative Day and NR1I2 on Tacrolimus Clearance in Chinese Liver Transplant Recipients-A Population Model Approach. Cui, J; Li, X; Lu, Y; Shen, S; Xu, L, 2021)	0.89
" The pharmacokinetic (PK) of MPA has been extensively studied, which revealed a high degree of variability."	( Genetic polymorphisms in metabolic enzymes and transporters have no impact on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in adult kidney transplant patients co-treated with tacrolimus: A population analysis. Feng, LJ; Jiao, Z; Liao, GY; Sheng, CC; Su, Y; Xia, Q; Xu, DJ; Yang, CL, 2021)	0.82
"05), Cmax (16."	( Pharmacokinetics of a once-daily tacrolimus formulation in first nations and caucasian liver transplant recipients. Dascal, R; Franklin, C; Kim, R; Knowles, C; Miller, D; Minuk, GY; On, NH; Peretz, D, 2021)	0.9
" The objective of this review is to highlight and compare available pharmacokinetic (PK) data of extended-release tacrolimus tablets (LCP-TAC) to immediate-release tacrolimus (IR-TAC) in kidney transplant recipients."	( Comparing the pharmacokinetics of extended-release tacrolimus (LCP-TAC) to immediate-release formulations in kidney transplant patients. Bunnapradist, S; Tan, T, 2021)	1.08
"Although the pharmacokinetic variability of Tacrolimus (Tac) metabolism is primarily influenced by CYP3A5 genotypes, the potential effect according to CYP3A5 polymorphisms in Tac extended-release (Tac-ER) and immediate-release (Tac-IR) and between these formulations' conversion needs further investigation."	( Effects of CPY3A5 Genetic Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetics of Extendedrelease and Immediate-release Tacrolimus Formulations in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cui, Y; Liu, Z; Ma, L; Mu, G; Xiang, Q; Xie, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhou, S, 2021)	1.1
" The summary weighted mean difference with 95% confidence intervals was calculated for pharmacokinetic parameters using the random-effects model according to posttransplantation periods, genotypes and formulations."	( Effects of CPY3A5 Genetic Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetics of Extendedrelease and Immediate-release Tacrolimus Formulations in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cui, Y; Liu, Z; Ma, L; Mu, G; Xiang, Q; Xie, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhou, S, 2021)	0.84
" Furthermore, when 1:1 dose conversion from Tac-IR to Tac-ER (all at ≥12 months post-transplantation), Ctrough and Cmax were decreased in both CYP3A5 non-expressors and expressors, while daily dose was only decreased in CYP3A5 nonexpressors and AUC0-24h was only decreased in CYP3A5 expressors."	( Effects of CPY3A5 Genetic Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetics of Extendedrelease and Immediate-release Tacrolimus Formulations in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cui, Y; Liu, Z; Ma, L; Mu, G; Xiang, Q; Xie, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhou, S, 2021)	0.84
"Identification of the most appropriate population pharmacokinetic model-based Bayesian estimation is required prior to its implementation in routine clinical practice to inform tacrolimus dosing decisions."	( Evaluation of published population pharmacokinetic models to inform tacrolimus dosing in adult heart transplant recipients. Carland, JE; Day, RO; Hennig, S; Kirubakaran, R; Maslen, B; Stocker, SL, 2022)	1.15
"Population pharmacokinetic models of tacrolimus were selected (n = 17) for evaluation from a recent systematic review."	( Evaluation of published population pharmacokinetic models to inform tacrolimus dosing in adult heart transplant recipients. Carland, JE; Day, RO; Hennig, S; Kirubakaran, R; Maslen, B; Stocker, SL, 2022)	1.23
"This single-center, open-label, randomized cross-over pharmacokinetic (PK) study compares extended-release LCP-Tac with the prolonged-release formulation of tacrolimus (PR-Tac) in adult de novo liver transplant recipients."	( A single-center, open-label, randomized cross-over study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of once-daily prolonged-release formulations of tacrolimus in de novo liver transplant recipients. Achilles, EG; Buchholz, BM; Fischer, L; Herden, U; Ott, A; Sterneck, M, 2021)	1.02
"Tacrolimus is a narrow therapeutic index drug with high pharmacokinetic variability, and several tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) models were developed to guide individualized drug dosing."	( Predictive Performance of Published Tacrolimus Population Pharmacokinetic Models in Thai Kidney Transplant Patients. Leelakanok, N; Lohitnavy, M; Methaneethorn, J; Onlamai, K, 2022)	2.44
" By using the Bayesian posthoc estimate of individual pharmacokinetic parameters, all models well performed with the MAPE and RMSE of < 30% and 40%, respectively, except two models; one could not successfully converge and the other substantially underpredicted tacrolimus concentrations."	( Predictive Performance of Published Tacrolimus Population Pharmacokinetic Models in Thai Kidney Transplant Patients. Leelakanok, N; Lohitnavy, M; Methaneethorn, J; Onlamai, K, 2022)	1.18
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is useful for evaluating differences in drug exposure among special populations, but it has not yet been employed to evaluate the absorption process of tacrolimus."	( Extrapolation of physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for tacrolimus from renal to liver transplant patients. Imai, S; Itohara, K; Kobayashi, T; Matsubara, K; Nakagawa, S; Nakagawa, T; Ogawa, O; Omura, T; Sakai, K; Sawada, A; Taura, K; Tochio, A; Yano, I; Yonezawa, A, 2022)	1.15
"Use of electronic health record (EHR) data to estimate population pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles necessitates several assumptions."	( Sensitivity of estimated tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic profile to assumed dose timing and absorption in real-world data and simulated data. Beck, C; Birdwell, KA; Choi, L; Van Driest, SL; Weeks, HL; Williams, ML, 2022)	1.02
"Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressant with large interpatient pharmacokinetic variability and a narrow therapeutic index."	( Rapid clearance of tacrolimus blood concentration triggered by variant pharmacogenes. Borić-Bilušić, A; Božina, N; Canjuga, I; Ganoci, L; Šimičević, L; Zibar, L, 2022)	2.49
"Data describing the magnitude of the pharmacokinetic interaction between letermovir and tacrolimus in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) recipients are limited, and varying outcomes have been reported."	( Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Letermovir and Tacrolimus in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients. Cumpston, A; Dillaman, M; Marciano, KA; Ross, KG; Seago, K; Veltri, L, 2022)	1.18
" A single dose of apixaban 10 mg was administered orally to kidney and lung transplant recipients maintained on either tacrolimus or cyclosporine, and pharmacokinetic parameters were compared to a reference cohort of 12 healthy subjects who used the same apixaban dose and pharmacokinetic blood sampling."	( Pharmacokinetics of apixaban and tacrolimus or cyclosporine in kidney and lung transplant recipients. Alcorn, J; Bashir, B; Douketis, JD; Fenton, ME; Kraft, WK; Mansell, H; Semchuk, W; Shoker, A; Tam, JS; Yao, S, 2022)	1.21
" Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the relationship between intracellular and whole-blood tacrolimus concentrations in a population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Whole-Blood and Intracellular Tacrolimus in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Andrews, LM; Baan, CC; de Winter, BCM; de Wit, LEA; Francke, MI; Franken, LG; Hesselink, DA; Li, Y; van Schaik, RHN, 2022)	1.17
"This study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus coadministration with Wuzhi capsule and optimise the dosage regimen in adult liver transplant patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dosage optimisation of tacrolimus coadministration with Wuzhi capsule in adult liver transplant patients. Du, Y; Ge, W; Song, W; Xiong, X; Zhu, H, 2022)	1.2
" The TAC level in PBMCs was determined, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by noncompartmental study."	( The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and limited sampling strategy for estimation of exposure in renal transplant recipients. An, HM; Chen, B; Shao, K; Wang, XH; Zhai, XH; Zhou, PJ, 2022)	1.03
"TAC was orally and intravenously administered to rats alone or in combination with CRT and the pharmacokinetic parameters of TAC were compared."	( Inhibitory effects of traditional Chinese medicine colquhounia root tablet on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in rats. Ding, Y; Feng, X; Shi, Y; Zheng, H, 2022)	0.94
"58 h·ng/mL) in a single dose run and the pharmacokinetic parameters gradually returned to the normal levels at 24 h interval of long-term CRT pretreatment."	( Inhibitory effects of traditional Chinese medicine colquhounia root tablet on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in rats. Ding, Y; Feng, X; Shi, Y; Zheng, H, 2022)	0.94
"A population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model may be used to improve tacrolimus dosing and minimize under- and overexposure in kidney transplant recipients."	( Body composition is associated with tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in kidney transplant recipients. de Mik-van Egmond, AME; De Winter, BCM; Francke, MI; Hesselink, DA; Severs, D; Visser, WJ, 2022)	1.23
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM)."	( Body composition is associated with tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in kidney transplant recipients. de Mik-van Egmond, AME; De Winter, BCM; Francke, MI; Hesselink, DA; Severs, D; Visser, WJ, 2022)	1
"The generalizability of numerous tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic (popPK) models constructed to promote optimal tacrolimus dosing in patients with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) is unclear."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Evaluation with External Validation of Tacrolimus in Chinese Primary Nephrotic Syndrome Patients. Huang, Z; Pei, Q; Yang, L; Yang, N; Yi, B, 2022)	1.24
" Apparent clearance (CL/F) and distribution volume (V/F) for each individual were derived from concentration-time profiles combined with population pharmacokinetic priors, with subsequent assessment for between-group difference in pharmacokinetics."	( Important lack of difference in tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics between Aboriginal and Caucasian kidney transplant recipients. Barraclough, KA; Carroll, R; Cherian, S; Gorham, G; Holford, N; Majoni, SW; Metz, D; Staatz, CE; Swaminathan, R, 2022)	1
" This study aimed to develop a pharmacokinetic model for tacrolimus that can be used for TDM procedures in Korean adult transplant recipients by integrating published models with acquired real-world TDM data and evaluating clinically meaningful covariates."	( Pharmacokinetic Model Based on Stochastic Simulation and Estimation for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus in Korean Adult Transplant Recipients. Choi, S; Ghim, JR; Han, S; Hong, Y; Jung, SH; Kang, G, 2022)	1.18
" In this study, a population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted to improve the individualization of everolimus therapy."	( Population pharmacokinetics of everolimus in adult liver transplant patients: Comparison to tacrolimus disposition and extrapolation to pediatrics. Hata, K; Hatano, E; Hira, D; Hirai, M; Imai, S; Ito, T; Itohara, K; Matsubara, K; Nakagawa, S; Nakagawa, T; Sugimoto, M; Terada, T; Yano, I; Yonezawa, A, 2022)	0.94
" The current study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction magnitude of Wuzhi and TAC and explore the potential determinants of this interaction."	( Prediction of tacrolimus and Wuzhi tablet pharmacokinetic interaction magnitude in renal transplant recipients. Chen, P; Chen, X; Dai, R; Fu, Q; Huang, M; She, Y; Wang, C, 2022)	1.08
"Our study is the first attempt to date to give an assessment of the magnitude of pharmacokinetic interaction between TAC and Wuzhi in a cohort of renal transplant recipients, and CYP3A5 genotypes, baseline C0/D and Hct were identified as determinants of this interaction."	( Prediction of tacrolimus and Wuzhi tablet pharmacokinetic interaction magnitude in renal transplant recipients. Chen, P; Chen, X; Dai, R; Fu, Q; Huang, M; She, Y; Wang, C, 2022)	1.08
" We previously developed the blood-based Immunobiogram bioassay for in-vitro characterization of the pharmacodynamic response of patients' own immune cells to a range of immunosuppressants."	( The Immunobiogram, a novel in vitro diagnostic test to measure the pharmacodynamic response to immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplant patients. Andrés, A; Crespo, M; Díez, T; Jiménez, C; Kotton, CN; Krajewska, M; Ortega, A; Pascual, J; Paz-Artal, E; Portero, I; Portolés, J; Seron, D; Sorensen, SS; Witzke, O, 2022)	0.72
"Our results highlight the potential of Immunobiogram as a tool to test the pharmacodynamic response to individual immunosuppressive drugs."	( The Immunobiogram, a novel in vitro diagnostic test to measure the pharmacodynamic response to immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplant patients. Andrés, A; Crespo, M; Díez, T; Jiménez, C; Kotton, CN; Krajewska, M; Ortega, A; Pascual, J; Paz-Artal, E; Portero, I; Portolés, J; Seron, D; Sorensen, SS; Witzke, O, 2022)	0.72
"This study aimed to develop and evaluate a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) combined machine learning approach to predict tacrolimus trough concentrations for Chinese adult liver transplant recipients in the early posttransplant period."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling Combined With Machine Learning Approach Improved Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Prediction in Chinese Adult Liver Transplant Recipients. Li, RD; Li, ZR; Niu, WJ; Qiu, XY; Wang, ZX; Zheng, XY; Zhong, MK, 2023)	1.34
"The study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of tacrolimus for Chinese patients with nephrotic syndrome using the patient's genotype and Wuzhi capsule dosage as the main test factors."	( Tacrolimus Population Pharmacokinetic Model in Adult Chinese Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome and Dosing Regimen Identification Using Monte Carlo Simulations. Liao, M; Wang, M; Zhao, L; Zhao, M; Zhu, X, 2022)	2.4
" Residual NFAT-RGE at the time of maximum concentration (RGE tmax ) of 15% when using ciclosporin and of 30% when using tacrolimus was associated with similar average NFAT-RGEs during a dose interval."	( Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of Ciclosporin and Tacrolimus: Insights From Nuclear Factor of Activated T-Cell-Regulated Gene Expression in Healthy Volunteers. Czock, D; Djaelani, YA; Giese, T; Sommerer, C, 2023)	1.38
"Ciclosporin and tacrolimus led to similar average suppression of NFAT-RGE in a dose interval, despite considerably different RGE tmax ."	( Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of Ciclosporin and Tacrolimus: Insights From Nuclear Factor of Activated T-Cell-Regulated Gene Expression in Healthy Volunteers. Czock, D; Djaelani, YA; Giese, T; Sommerer, C, 2023)	1.51
" A total of 275 concentrations from 13 pediatric patients were used to build a polulation pharmacokinetic model using a nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Pediatric Patients With Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant. Chen, J; Guo, Y; Shang, Y; Sun, Y; Xu, G; Zhu, L; Zuo, M, 2023)	1.2
" Therefore, we aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of sublingually administered tacrolimus in patients who cannot swallow the capsules due to their age, sedation status and/or mechanical ventilation during the first weeks post-transplantation."	( Population pharmacokinetics of sublingually administered tacrolimus in infants and young children with liver transplantation. Buamscha, D; Cáceres Guido, P; Cruz, A; Dip, M; Galván, ME; Halac, E; Ibarra, M; Imventarza, O; Licciardone, N; Lopez, C; Parra-Guillen, ZP; Pérez, E; Riva, N; Schaiquevich, P; Trezeguet Renatti, G; Troconiz, IF, 2023)	1.37
"Demographic, clinical and pharmacological variables, including tacrolimus whole blood concentrations obtained from therapeutic drug monitoring and data from dense-sampling pharmacokinetic profiles, were recorded in 26 paediatric patients with biliary atresia who underwent liver transplantation between 2016 and 2021."	( Population pharmacokinetics of sublingually administered tacrolimus in infants and young children with liver transplantation. Buamscha, D; Cáceres Guido, P; Cruz, A; Dip, M; Galván, ME; Halac, E; Ibarra, M; Imventarza, O; Licciardone, N; Lopez, C; Parra-Guillen, ZP; Pérez, E; Riva, N; Schaiquevich, P; Trezeguet Renatti, G; Troconiz, IF, 2023)	1.4
"A population pharmacokinetic model of sublingually administered tacrolimus in paediatric patients was developed to characterize different absorption mechanisms."	( Population pharmacokinetics of sublingually administered tacrolimus in infants and young children with liver transplantation. Buamscha, D; Cáceres Guido, P; Cruz, A; Dip, M; Galván, ME; Halac, E; Ibarra, M; Imventarza, O; Licciardone, N; Lopez, C; Parra-Guillen, ZP; Pérez, E; Riva, N; Schaiquevich, P; Trezeguet Renatti, G; Troconiz, IF, 2023)	1.39
" The present study aimed to investigate genetic variants and clinical factors affecting the variability of tacrolimus in Chinese Han heart transplant patients using a population pharmacokinetic approach."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis for Model-Based Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus in Chinese Han Heart Transplant Patients. Chen, J; Cheng, Y; Lin, X; Qiu, H; Zhang, J, 2023)	1.35
"The population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in heart transplant patients can better estimate the population and individual pharmacokinetic parameters of patients and can provide a reference for the design of individualized dosing regimens."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis for Model-Based Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus in Chinese Han Heart Transplant Patients. Chen, J; Cheng, Y; Lin, X; Qiu, H; Zhang, J, 2023)	1.4
" Multiple pediatric tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) models incorporating CYP3A5 genotype and other covariates have been developed."	( Predictive Capacity of Population Pharmacokinetic Models for the Tacrolimus Dose Requirements of Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Pai, MP; Park, JM; Pasternak, AL, 2023)	1.47
" This study aimed to develop a semiphysiologically based population pharmacokinetic (semi-PBPK) model and a web-based dashboard to identify the dynamic inhibition of tacrolimus metabolism caused by voriconazole and provide individual tacrolimus regimens for Chinese adult liver transplant recipients."	( Individual dose recommendations for drug interaction between tacrolimus and voriconazole in adult liver transplant recipients: A semiphysiologically based population pharmacokinetic modeling approach. Li, J; Li, RD; Li, ZR; Niu, WJ; Qiu, XY; Shen, CH; Wang, B; Wang, ZX; Zhang, LJ; Zhong, MK, 2023)	1.35
" Because of its large between-subject variability, several population pharmacokinetic (PPK) studies have been performed to facilitate individualized therapy."	( Population pharmacokinetic analyses of tacrolimus in non-transplant patients: a systematic review. Wang, CB; Zhang, YJ; Zhao, LM; Zhao, MM, 2023)	1.18
"The PubMed, Embase databases, and Cochrane Library, as well as related references, were searched from the time of inception of the databases to February 2023, to identify TAC population pharmacokinetic studies modeled in non-transplant patients using a non-linear mixed-effects modeling approach."	( Population pharmacokinetic analyses of tacrolimus in non-transplant patients: a systematic review. Wang, CB; Zhang, YJ; Zhao, LM; Zhao, MM, 2023)	1.18
" A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using non-linear mixed-effects modelling."	( A Joint Pharmacokinetic Model for the Simultaneous Description of Plasma and Whole Blood Tacrolimus Concentrations in Kidney and Lung Transplant Recipients. Bakker, SJL; Colin, PJ; Gan, CT; Knobbe, TJ; Koomen, JV; Kremer, D; Touw, DJ; Verschuuren, EAM; Zijp, TR, 2023)	1.13
" We sought to externally validate a previously published population pharmacokinetic (PK) model that was constructed with data from a single site."	( External assessment and refinement of a population pharmacokinetic model to guide tacrolimus dosing in pediatric heart transplant. Cabrera, AG; Daly, KP; Hong, B; Hope, KD; McKnite, A; Molina, KM; Rower, JE, 2023)	1.14
" Although the pharmacokinetic effects of BEL on other immunosuppressive (IS) agents have not been clinically evaluated, in vitro data indicate that BEL may have possible interactions with drugs with a narrow therapeutic index used to treat cGVHD, such as tacrolimus, sirolimus, and cyclosporine, through cytochrome P450 (CYP3A) and p-glycoprotein interactions."	( Belumosudil Impacts Immunosuppression Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. Faramand, R; Gaskill, E; Gonzalez, R; Khimani, F; Lazaryan, A; Padilla, M; Perez, L; Pidala, J, 2023)	1.09
" However, the calculation of its exposure based on the area under the curve (AUC) requires the use of a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model."	( Tacrolimus population pharmacokinetics in adult heart transplant patients. Destere, A; Labriffe, M; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Paschier, A; Woillard, JB, 2023)	2.35
"A prospective validation of pharmacokinetic population (Pk pop) of Tacrolimus (Tac) for dose adjustment in kidney transplant patients was assessed in only one study."	( A prospective validation of a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in Tunisian kidney transplant patients. Aouam, K; Ben-Fadhel, N; Ben-Fredj, N; Ben-Romdhane, H; Boughattas, N; Chaabane, A; Chadly, Z; Hannachi, I, 2023)	1.38
" Studies in kidney transplant patients suggest that genetic variants can influence these pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Influence of genetic variants on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sirolimus: a systematic review. Coenen, MJ; Harbers, V; Vermeltfoort, L; Wm Te Loo, DM, 2023)	0.91
"Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) is the newest and most promising sample-collection technique for quantitatively analyzing drugs, especially for routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and pharmacokinetic studies."	( Analytical and Clinical Validation of Assays for Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) of Drugs in Different Blood Matrices: A Literature Review. Aarnoutse, RE; Hasanah, AN; Nugraha, RV; Ruslami, R; Santoso, P; Yunivita, V, 2023)	0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

Tacrolimus has been used mostly in combination with azathioprine as primary immunosuppression after lung transplantation. Low-dose or high-dose ASKP1240, showed a significantly longer allograft survival time compared with monotherapy groups.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The best use of FK at low doses was in combination with CyA and Pred."	( Canine kidney transplantation with FK-506 alone or in combination with cyclosporine and steroids. Casavilla, A; Cemaj, S; Demetris, AJ; Ghalab, A; Imventarza, O; Mazzaferro, V; Okuda, K; Rhoe, BS; Todo, S; Ueda, Y, 1987)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic studies did not show any significant difference in clearance of FK506 when administered alone or in combination with methylprednisolone or MTX."	( Tacrolimus (FK506) alone or in combination with methotrexate or methylprednisolone for the prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease after marrow transplantation from HLA-matched siblings: a single-center study. Anasetti, C; Appelbaum, FR; Doney, K; Etzioni, R; Furlong, T; Gooley, T; Martin, P; Nash, RA; Slattery, J; Storb, R, 1995)	1.73
" This dose of FK-506 was used in combination with PEG-SOD at doses of 1000, 3000, 10,000, or 30,000 units."	( Reduction of FK-506 requirements by combination with polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase in orthotopic rat liver transplantation. Cai, X; Demetris, A; Faltynek, C; Kumar, P; Platt, JL; Rao, PN; Starzl, T; Thunberg, A; Venkataramanan, R, 1995)	0.29
"The effects of 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG) alone and in combination with FK 506 (FK) on liver regeneration after 2/3 hepatectomy was studied."	( Enhanced liver regeneration in rats treated with 15-deoxyspergualin alone and in combination with FK 506. Aono, T; Koyama, S; Muto, T; Ohtake, M; Okamura, N; Sakaguchi, T; Tsukada, K; Yoshida, K, 1993)	0.29
"The synergistic effects of inoculation with donor lymphocytes via portal vein (PV) in combination with FK506 or monoclonal anti-T lymphocyte antibody (OX19) on cardiac allograft survival were investigated in rat heart transplant model (Lewis engrafted BN heart)."	( [The effect of perioperative portal venous inoculation with donor lymphocytes in combination with immunosuppressive agents on rat cardiac allograft survivals]. Hamashima, T; Hirakawa, K; Ohsaka, Y; Oka, T; Shiho, O; Yasui, H; Yoshimura, N, 1993)	0.29
"The safety and potential efficacy of FK506 in combination with a short course of methotrexate (MTX) for the prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after marrow transplantation from HLA-matched unrelated donors was evaluated in a single-arm Phase II study conducted at two centers."	( FK506 in combination with methotrexate for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease after marrow transplantation from matched unrelated donors. Anasetti, C; Deeg, HJ; Fay, JW; Fitzsimmons, WE; Furlong, T; Gooley, T; Hansen, JA; Maher, RM; Martin, P; McSweeney, PA; Nash, RA; Piñeiro, LA; Storb, R; Sullivan, KM, 1996)	0.29
" Splenectomy by itself was marginally effective; however, this effect was enhanced when combined with low dose FK506 therapy."	( Prolongation of rat liver graft survival by splenectomy combined with low dose FK506 therapy. Abe, Y; Kashu, Y; Kimura, S; Miyauchi, K; Sato, M; Sato, N; Watanabe, Y, 1996)	0.29
" We investigated whether RS61443 in combination with leflunomide (Lef) or FK506 (FK) could prolong allograft survival in a rat heart model, since combination therapy might help to overcome drug toxicity."	( Effect of RS61443 in combination with leflunomide or FK506 on rat heart allograft survival. Antoniou, E; D'Silva, M; DeRoover, A; Howie, AJ; McMaster, P; Nishimura, Y, 1996)	0.29
" In addition, we conclude that TAC and CsA (Neoral), when combined with MMF, yield similar, low acute rejection rates with similar graft function and metabolic control."	( Mycophenolate mofetil decreases rejection in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation when combined with tacrolimus or cyclosporine. Chan, L; Kam, I; Nolan, C; Simon, M; Stegall, MD; Wachs, ME, 1997)	0.51
" Using a DA donor-to-LEW recipient rat combination, we assessed the efficacy of peritransplant FTY720 alone or in combination with post-transplant tacrolimus on the survival of cardiac allografts."	( Effect of peritransplant FTY720 alone or in combination with post-transplant tacrolimus in a rat model of cardiac allotransplantation. Afford, SC; Antoniou, EA; D'Silva, M; McMaster, P; Pirenne, J; Xu, M, 1998)	0.73
"Long-term survival of hamster liver and heart xenografts in Lewis rats could be induced by a regimen of short-term FK506 in combination with Lef followed by FK506 monotherapy."	( FK506 treatment in combination with leflunomide in hamster-to-rat heart and liver xenograft transplantation. Blinder, L; Chong, AS; Foster, P; Ma, LL; Sankary, HN; Shen, JK; Williams, JW; Yin, DP, 1998)	0.3
" Its antiproliferative effect on human mononuclear cells in combination with different immunosuppressive drugs was further analysed in vitro."	( Synergistic effects of the alkaloid sinomenine in combination with the immunosuppressive drugs tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid. Kaever, V; Resch, K; Vieregge, B, 1999)	0.52
"The possible pharmacokinetic interaction between the new immunosuppressive mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and tacrolimus (TAC), respectively, was assessed by comparing routinely estimated mycophenolic acid (MPA) plasma trough levels of 15 consecutive renal transplant patients receiving MMF in combination with methylprednisolone (MEP) and cyclosporin A (CSA, 10 patients) or in combination with MEP and tacrolimus (TAC, 5 patients)."	( Drug interaction between mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus detectable within therapeutic mycophenolic acid monitoring in renal transplant patients. Eismann, R; Hübner, GI; Sziegoleit, W, 1999)	0.77
" We investigated therapy with FTY combined with tacrolimus (FK) in rat liver transplantation."	( Immunosuppressive therapy using FTY720 combined with tacrolimus in rat liver transplantation. Amemiya, H; Enosawa, S; Funeshima, N; Kitajima, M; Li, XK; Suzuki, S; Tamura, A, 2000)	0.81
"After cadaveric renal transplant, patients were randomized to receive tacrolimus in combination with either azathioprine (AZA, n=59), MMF 1 g/day (n=59), or MMF 2 g/day group (n=58)."	( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. FK506/MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group. Jensik, SC; Mendez, R; Miller, J; Pirsch, JD, 2000)	0.85
"Tacrolimus in combination with an initial dose of MMF 2 g/day is a very effective and safe regimen in cadaveric kidney transplant recipients."	( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. FK506/MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group. Jensik, SC; Mendez, R; Miller, J; Pirsch, JD, 2000)	2.06
"Recently, specific immunonutrients were found to increase experimental allograft survival when combined with cyclosporine A (CsA)."	( Nutritional immunomodulation leads to enhanced allograft survival in combination with cyclosporine A and rapamycin, but not FK506. Alexander, JW; Babcock, GF; Custer, DA; Frede, S; Gibson, SW; Li, BG; Ogle, CK; Valente, JF, 2000)	0.31
" Patients receiving other agents known to interact with cytochrome P450 were excluded from the study."	( Clotrimazole increases tacrolimus blood levels: a drug interaction in kidney transplant patients. Benedetti, E; Pollak, R; Vasquez, E, 2001)	0.62
"Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an effective posttransplantation immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclosporin A (CsA) or tacrolimus (Tc)."	( Pharmacokinetic basis for the efficient and safe use of low-dose mycophenolate mofetil in combination with tacrolimus in kidney transplantation. Chaib Eddour, D; De Meyer, M; König, J; Malaise, J; Mourad, M; Schepers, R; Squifflet, JP; Wallemacq, P, 2001)	0.73
" We report a dose-finding study for MMF when administered in combination with low-dose tacrolimus and corticosteroid prophylaxis in cadaveric renal transplant recipients."	( Dose optimization of mycophenolate mofetil when administered with a low dose of tacrolimus in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. Bäckman, L; Claesson, K; Dietl, KH; Ekberg, H; Forsythe, JL; Heemann, U; Kunzendorf, U; Land, W; Morales, JM; Mühlbacher, F; Schleibner, S; Squifflet, JP; Talbot, D; Taube, D; Tyden, G; van Hooff, J; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2001)	0.76
"Low-dose tacrolimus combined with a MMF dose of 1 g daily and corticosteroids provided an optimized efficacy and safety profile."	( Dose optimization of mycophenolate mofetil when administered with a low dose of tacrolimus in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. Bäckman, L; Claesson, K; Dietl, KH; Ekberg, H; Forsythe, JL; Heemann, U; Kunzendorf, U; Land, W; Morales, JM; Mühlbacher, F; Schleibner, S; Squifflet, JP; Talbot, D; Taube, D; Tyden, G; van Hooff, J; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2001)	0.95
"To observe the effect of FK506 eye-drop combined with keratoplasty on recurrent Mooren's ulcer."	( [Effect of FK506 eye-drop combined with keratoplasty on recurrent Mooren's ulcer]. Chen, J; Lin, Y; Liu, Y; Xie, H; Ye, C, 2002)	0.31
"9 cases (15 eyes) of recurrent Mooren's ulcer were treated with topical FK506 eye-drop combined with keratoplasty."	( [Effect of FK506 eye-drop combined with keratoplasty on recurrent Mooren's ulcer]. Chen, J; Lin, Y; Liu, Y; Xie, H; Ye, C, 2002)	0.31
"1% FK506 eye-drop combined with keratoplasty is an effective treatment for recurrent Mooren's ulcer."	( [Effect of FK506 eye-drop combined with keratoplasty on recurrent Mooren's ulcer]. Chen, J; Lin, Y; Liu, Y; Xie, H; Ye, C, 2002)	0.31
"The clinical management of tacrolimus, a macrolide used as immunosuppressant after transplantation, is complicated by its narrow therapeutic index in combination with inter- and intraindividually variable pharmacokinetics."	( Mechanisms of clinically relevant drug interactions associated with tacrolimus. Benet, LZ; Christians, U; Jacobsen, W; Lampen, A, 2002)	0.85
" We hypothesized that chloroquine in combination with tacrolimus and the rapamycin derivative SDZ-RAD can synergistically suppress T cell responses and antigen-presenting cell (APC) function in vitro."	( Evaluation for synergistic suppression of T cell responses to minor histocompatibility antigens by chloroquine in combination with tacrolimus and a rapamycin derivative, SDZ-RAD. Bader, S; Forooghian, F; Gilman, A; HayGlass, KT; Hsiao, CC; Rempel, J; Schultz, KR; Su, WN, 2002)	0.77
"Cyclosporine (INN: ciclosporin) A or tacrolimus have been used mostly in combination with azathioprine as primary immunosuppression after lung transplantation."	( Cyclosporine A versus tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and steroids as primary immunosuppression after lung transplantation: one-year results of a 2-center prospective randomized trial. Birsan, T; Deviatko, E; Klepetko, W; Reichart, B; Reichenspurner, H; Treede, H; Zuckermann, A, 2003)	0.91
"This 2-center, prospective randomized study showed high immunosuppressive potency of both cyclosporine A and tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil."	( Cyclosporine A versus tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and steroids as primary immunosuppression after lung transplantation: one-year results of a 2-center prospective randomized trial. Birsan, T; Deviatko, E; Klepetko, W; Reichart, B; Reichenspurner, H; Treede, H; Zuckermann, A, 2003)	0.85
"Tacrolimus is equally effective in renal transplantation when combined with sirolimus or MMF."	( Randomized trial of tacrolimus in combination with sirolimus or mycophenolate mofetil in kidney transplantation: results at 6 months. Gonwa, T; Jensik, S; Mendez, R; Steinberg, S; Weinstein, S; Yang, HC, 2003)	2.09
"2 days); when combined with a short course of FK506, graft survival was further extended (32."	( Ex vivo and systemic transfer of adenovirus-mediated CTLA4Ig gene combined with a short course of FK506 therapy prolongs islet graft survival. Akamaru, Y; Ito, T; Kiyomoto, T; Komoda, H; Maeda, A; Matsuda, H; Miao, G; Tori, M; Uchikoshi, F, )	0.13
"A 10-year experience with the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin that begins in the laboratory then extends through multicentre trials in combination with cyclosporine in kidney transplant recipients, exploration of its use as a single agent and in combination with tacrolimus, and its potential in nonrenal organs is described."	( Rapamycin in combination with cyclosporine or tacrolimus in liver, pancreas, and kidney transplantation. MacDonald, AS, 2003)	0.76
"This 6-month study investigated the safety and efficacy of Tac and steroids in combination with three different doses of SRL in renal-transplant recipients."	( A prospective randomized multicenter study of tacrolimus in combination with sirolimus in renal-transplant recipients. Paczek, L; Squifflet, JP; van Hooff, JP; Vanrenterghem, Y; Wlodarczyk, Z, 2003)	0.58
"Tac in combination with low doses of SRL provides a very effective and safe regimen."	( A prospective randomized multicenter study of tacrolimus in combination with sirolimus in renal-transplant recipients. Paczek, L; Squifflet, JP; van Hooff, JP; Vanrenterghem, Y; Wlodarczyk, Z, 2003)	0.58
"A higher tacrolimus dose is required to reach target concentrations when used in combination with corticosteroids."	( Tacrolimus dose requirement in renal transplant recipients is significantly higher when used in combination with corticosteroids. Gregoor, PJ; Hesselink, DA; Ngyuen, H; Steyerberg, EW; van Gelder, T; van Riemsdijk, IC; Wabbijn, M; Weimar, W, 2003)	2.18
" The aim of this study was to examine the long-term pharmacokinetic characteristics of MMF when combined with tacrolimus in renal allograft recipients and to identify a possible relationship between these pharmacokinetic parameters and clinical outcome parameters."	( Twelve-month evaluation of the clinical pharmacokinetics of total and free mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolites in renal allograft recipients on low dose tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil. Abramowicz, D; Armstrong, V; Daems, J; Kuypers, DR; Mourad, M; Oellerich, M; Shipkova, M; Squifflet, JP; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2003)	0.73
"They have demonstrated that in renal transplant recipients MPA, free MPA, Acyl-MPAG and MPAG have a particular pharmacokinetic profile when combined with tacrolimus which differs from the combination with CsA."	( Twelve-month evaluation of the clinical pharmacokinetics of total and free mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolites in renal allograft recipients on low dose tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil. Abramowicz, D; Armstrong, V; Daems, J; Kuypers, DR; Mourad, M; Oellerich, M; Shipkova, M; Squifflet, JP; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2003)	0.71
"Cyclosporin (CsA) or tacrolimus (TRL) is routinely combined with either sirolimus (SRL) or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in immunosuppressive regimes in organ transplantation."	( Assessment of immunosuppressive drug interactions: inhibition of lymphocyte function in peripheral human blood. Barten, MJ; Bittner, HB; Chang, H; Dhein, S; Gummert, JF; Mohr, FW; Rahmel, A; Tarnok, A, 2003)	0.64
"Clinical trials using daclizumab as induction therapy in combination with tacrolimus (TAC) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) have been shown to reduce the incidence of acute rejection episodes in solid organ transplantation."	( The use of daclizumab as induction therapy in combination with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in recipients with previous transplants. Burke, GW; Ciancio, G; Kupin, W; Mattiazzi, A; Miller, J; Roth, D, 2003)	0.79
"In a double-blind manner, 149 patients were randomized to a 12-week treatment with FK778 in combination with tacrolimus (Tac) and corticosteroids (S)."	( The effects of FK778 in combination with tacrolimus and steroids: a phase II multicenter study in renal transplant patients. Chang, R; Charpentier, B; Grinyó, JM; Jurewicz, A; Klinger, M; Kreis, H; Mourad, G; Neuhaus, P; Paczek, L; Paul, LC; Rostaing, L; Short, C; Squifflet, JP; van Hooff, JP; Vanrenterghem, Y; Wlodarczyk, Z, 2004)	0.8
"We investigated the efficacy of immunoadsorption (IA) in combination with tacrolimus (FK506) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) rescue therapy for C4d-positive acute humoral rejection (AHR) of renal transplants."	( C4d-positive acute humoral renal allograft rejection: rescue therapy by immunoadsorption in combination with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. Chen, HP; Ji, DX; Ji, SM; Li, LS; Liu, M; Liu, ZH; Tang, Zh, 2004)	0.77
"03 sessions combined with FK506 (0."	( C4d-positive acute humoral renal allograft rejection: rescue therapy by immunoadsorption in combination with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. Chen, HP; Ji, DX; Ji, SM; Li, LS; Liu, M; Liu, ZH; Tang, Zh, 2004)	0.54
"Sirolimus alone or combined with tacrolimus inhibited the growth of both cell lines after 5 d by up to 35% in SK-Hep 1 cells, and by up to 68% in Hep 3B cells at 25 ng/mL."	( Sirolimus inhibits growth of human hepatoma cells alone or combined with tacrolimus, while tacrolimus promotes cell growth. Bahra, M; Jacob, D; Jonas, S; Langrehr, JM; Neuhaus, P; Neuhaus, R; Oidtmann, M; Rueggeberg, A; Schumacher, G, 2005)	0.84
"Sirolimus appears to inhibit the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells alone and in combination with tacrolimus."	( Sirolimus inhibits growth of human hepatoma cells alone or combined with tacrolimus, while tacrolimus promotes cell growth. Bahra, M; Jacob, D; Jonas, S; Langrehr, JM; Neuhaus, P; Neuhaus, R; Oidtmann, M; Rueggeberg, A; Schumacher, G, 2005)	0.77
"When combined with Thymoglobulin induction, an antimetabolite, and corticosteroids, TAC and CsA are comparable in safety, efficacy, and cost in renal transplantation."	( A randomized, prospective, pharmacoeconomic trial of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in combination with thymoglobulin in renal transplant recipients. Bohl, DL; Brennan, DC; Hardinger, KL; Lockwood, M; Schnitzler, MA; Storch, GA, 2005)	0.58
" We conducted a phase II trial of sirolimus combined with tacrolimus and methylprednisolone in patients with steroid-resistant cGVHD."	( Sirolimus in combination with tacrolimus and corticosteroids for the treatment of resistant chronic graft-versus-host disease. Andersson, B; Champlin, R; Couriel, DR; de Lima, MJ; Donato, M; Escalón, MP; Ghosh, S; Giralt, S; Hicks, K; Hosing, C; Hsu, Y; Ippoliti, C; Khouri, IF; Neumann, J; Saliba, R, 2005)	0.86
"Tacrolimus is safe and effective in live and deceased donor kidney transplantation when given in combination with sirolimus or MMF."	( A prospective, randomized trial of tacrolimus in combination with sirolimus or mycophenolate mofetil in kidney transplantation: results at 1 year. Gonwa, T; Jensik, S; Mendez, R; Steinberg, S; Weinstein, S; Yang, HC, 2005)	2.05
" The purpose of the present study was to determine the best single time points to assess the area-under-the-curve (AUC(0-12 hours)) in long-term heart transplant patients being treated with MMF in combination with CsA or tacrolimus."	( Best single time points to predict the area-under-the-curve in long-term heart transplant patients taking mycophenolate mofetil in combination with cyclosporine or tacrolimus. Besner, JG; Cantarovich, M; Cecere, R; Giannetti, N; Mardigyan, V, 2005)	0.71
"Our results suggest that in long-term heart transplant patients, the calcineurin inhibitor used in combination with MMF affects the correlation between MPA single time points and the AUC(0-12 hours)."	( Best single time points to predict the area-under-the-curve in long-term heart transplant patients taking mycophenolate mofetil in combination with cyclosporine or tacrolimus. Besner, JG; Cantarovich, M; Cecere, R; Giannetti, N; Mardigyan, V, 2005)	0.52
"Data on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone are scarce in Chinese renal transplantation recipients."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after the first oral administration in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Chen, LZ; Chen, YH; Dai, YP; Fei, JG; Li, J; Qiu, J; Zheng, KL, 2005)	1.05
"Tacrolimus AUC12 show remarkable interindividual variations after the first oral dose in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone in Chinese renal transplant recipients."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after the first oral administration in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Chen, LZ; Chen, YH; Dai, YP; Fei, JG; Li, J; Qiu, J; Zheng, KL, 2005)	2.06
"Tacrolimus (TAC) combined with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been suggested to play a critical role in the reversal of C4d-positive acute humoral rejection (AHR) in renal transplantation, but the efficacy of using only TAC-MMF without immunoadsorption or plasmapheresis has not been investigated."	( Tacrolimus combined with mycophenolate mofetil can effectively reverse C4d-positive steroid-resistant acute rejection in Chinese renal allograft recipients. Chen, H; Chen, J; Ji, S; Li, LS; Liu, ZH; Sun, Q; Yin, G, 2006)	3.22
"Tacrolimus combined with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an effective regimen in kidney transplantation."	( Tacrolimus combined with two different dosages of sirolimus in kidney transplantation: results of a multicenter study. Abramowicz, D; Backman, L; Czajkowski, Z; Donati, D; Jaques, B; Kessler, M; Kyllönen, L; Margreiter, R; Perner, F; Rigotti, P; Rodger, RS; Rostaing, L; Sanchez-Plumed, J; Vanrenterghem, Y; Vitko, S; Wlodarczyk, Z, 2006)	3.22
"We evaluated the in vitro capacity of FK778, alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs: Tacrolimus (TRL); Sirolimus (SRL), Everolimus (EVL), to inhibit clonal expansion of T-lymphocytes and expression of lymphocyte-activation surface antigens; secondly, we compared the immunosuppressive potential of FK778 combined with TRL, SRL and EVL with the same combinations using Mycophenolic acid (MPA) as antimetabolite."	( Role of FK778 alone or in combination with tacrolimus or mTOR inhibitors as an immunomodulator of immunofunctions: in vitro evaluation of T cell proliferation and the expression of lymphocyte surface antigens. Barceló, JJ; Brunet, M; Fortuna, V; Jiménez, O; Millán, O, )	0.61
"To assess early intervention with pimecrolimus combined with corticosteroid (CS) for major flares in patients with severe atopic dermatitis (AD)."	( Safety and efficacy of early intervention with pimecrolimus cream 1% combined with corticosteroids for major flares in infants and children with atopic dermatitis. Abrams, K; Kianifard, F; Korman, N; Molina, C; Siegfried, E, 2006)	0.33
" In conclusion, this study demonstrates that OEC grafts combined with FK506 promote additive repair of spinal cord injuries to those exerted by single treatments, the effect being more remarkable when the spinal cord is partially lesioned."	( Olfactory ensheathing glia graft in combination with FK506 administration promote repair after spinal cord injury. Forés, J; López-Vales, R; Navarro, X; Verdú, E, 2006)	0.33
" This research is designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of long-term treatment with EGb761 (a standard form of the extract of Ginkgo biloba leaf) in combination with MgSO(4), FK506, or MK-801 on the infarct volume of male gerbils' brain induced by unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)."	( Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb761) combined with neuroprotective agents reduces the infarct volumes of gerbil ischemic brain. Cheng, FC; Chung, SY; Lee, MS; Lin, JY; Lin, MC; Wang, MF, 2006)	0.33
" In mice, FTY720 administered in combination with CsA during 21 days has prolonged skin allograft survival without causing significant renal changes."	( Tacrolimus in combination with FTY720--an analysis of renal and blood parameters. Bueno, V; Burdmann, EA; Franco, M; Gallo, AP; Silva, LB, 2006)	1.78
"1% FK506 used alone or combined with keratoplasty on patients with recurrent Mooren's ulcer."	( Effect of topical FK506 used alone or combined with keratoplasty on patients with recurrent Mooren's corneal ulcer. Chen, J; Lin, Y; Liu, Y; Xie, H; Ye, C; Zhou, S, 2006)	0.33
"1% FK506 alone or combined with keratoplasty."	( Effect of topical FK506 used alone or combined with keratoplasty on patients with recurrent Mooren's corneal ulcer. Chen, J; Lin, Y; Liu, Y; Xie, H; Ye, C; Zhou, S, 2006)	0.33
"1% FK506 used alone or combined with keratoplasty is a safe and effective therapy for patients with recurrent Mooren's ulcer."	( Effect of topical FK506 used alone or combined with keratoplasty on patients with recurrent Mooren's corneal ulcer. Chen, J; Lin, Y; Liu, Y; Xie, H; Ye, C; Zhou, S, 2006)	0.33
" We assessed the efficacy and safety of the introduction of universal valganciclovir prophylaxis in combination with a tacrolimus/mycophenolate-based regimen in kidney transplantation at our centre."	( Efficacy and safety of universal valganciclovir prophylaxis combined with a tacrolimus/mycophenolate-based regimen in kidney transplantation. Fellay, J; Fontana, M; Manuel, O; Matter, M; Meylan, PR; Pascual, M; Sturzenegger, N; Venetz, JP; Wasserfallen, JB, 2007)	0.78
" Immunosuppressive strategy consisted of daclizumab (2 doses of 1mg/Kg) in combination with steroids, mycophenolate mofetil (2g/daily during the first 45 days and then adjusted according to local practice) and Tacrolimus."	( [Daclizumab in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and a late introduction of Tacrolimus at low doses, as a therapeutic approach in the elderly renal transplant donor-recipients pairs in kidney transplant]. Cantarell, C; Capdevilla, L; Gentil, MA; González Molina, M; Mazuecos, A; Osuna, A; Pereira, P, 2008)	0.76
"In this study, we examined whether cyclosporine was effective when combined with everolimus in clinical heart transplantation (HT)."	( Heart transplantation under cyclosporine or tacrolimus combined with mycophenolate mofetil or everolimus. Chen, YS; Chi, NH; Chou, NK; Huang, SC; Ko, WJ; Sun, CD; Tsao, CI; Wang, CH; Wang, SS; Wu, IH; Yu, HY, 2008)	0.61
" altered renal and hepatic function, catecholamine-related circulatory changes, altered drug volume of distribution, enteral versus parenteral feeding and morbid obesity, along with concomitant multiple drug regimens may account for the wide inter-individual variability in drug exposure and response in critically ill patients and for the high risk for drug-drug interactions to occur."	( Mini-series: II. clinical aspects. clinically relevant CYP450-mediated drug interactions in the ICU. de Hoon, J; Meersseman, W; Spriet, I; von Winckelmann, S; Willems, L; Wilmer, A, 2009)	0.35
"This manuscript will cover a practical overview of clinically relevant CYP450-mediated drug-drug interactions."	( Mini-series: II. clinical aspects. clinically relevant CYP450-mediated drug interactions in the ICU. de Hoon, J; Meersseman, W; Spriet, I; von Winckelmann, S; Willems, L; Wilmer, A, 2009)	0.35
" The similar safety and efficacy seen with MMF plus standard or reduced doses of tacrolimus suggest that MMF could be combined with reduced doses of tacrolimus."	( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in combination with standard-dose or reduced-dose tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients. Barcéna, R; Bernardos, A; Bouw, R; Bowles, M; Durand, F; Herrero, JI; Ives, J; Klempnauer, J; Mamelok, R; Marotta, P; McKay, D; Mentha, G; Nashan, B; Neuhaus, P; Patch, D; Saliba, F; Truman, M, 2009)	0.79
"Although voriconazole has been shown to interact with calcineurin inhibitors, this interaction has not been thoroughly examined."	( Drug interaction between voriconazole and calcineurin inhibitors in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Aisa, Y; Ikeda, Y; Kato, J; Mori, T; Nakamura, Y; Okamoto, S, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were measured, including dose and trough blood levels (C(0)), area under the serum concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 hours (AUC(0-12h)), and apparent clearance of oral FK506 (CL/F) for FK506 alone (about 3 months before starting CBZ) and combined with CBZ (11 days and about 3 months after starting CBZ)."	( Drug interaction between tacrolimus and carbamazepine in a Japanese heart transplant recipient: a case report. Kato, TS; Komamura, K; Kotake, T; Mano, A; Morishita, H; Nakatani, T; Ochi, H; Oda, N; Okada, H; Sakai, M; Takada, M; Wada, K, 2009)	0.66
"Concomitant use of immunosuppressive agents and antiretroviral drugs may lead to complex drug-drug interactions."	( Drug-drug interaction in a kidney transplant recipient receiving HIV salvage therapy and tacrolimus. Battegay, M; Marzolini, C; Mayr, M; Mertz, D, 2009)	0.57
" In combination with intravenous tacrolimus and minidose methotrexate (5 mg/m2 on days 1, 3, and 6), MMF was orally administered at 30 mg/kg daily in three divided doses between days 7 and 27."	( Mycophenolate mofetil combined with tacrolimus and minidose methotrexate after unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation with reduced-intensity conditioning. Hishizawa, M; Hori, T; Ichinohe, T; Imada, K; Ishikawa, T; Kadowaki, N; Kanda, J; Kawabata, H; Kondo, T; Matsui, M; Mizumoto, C; Nishikori, M; Takaori-Kondo, A; Uchiyama, T; Yamashita, K, 2009)	0.91
"Recently, topical immunomodulators have been successfully used in monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutic modalities in vitiligo."	( The efficacy of pimecrolimus 1% cream combined with microdermabrasion in the treatment of nonsegmental childhood vitiligo: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Daraei, Z; Esfandiarpour, I; Farajzadeh, S; Hosseini, SH, )	0.13
" The primary outcome was determined for the entire cohort, whereas the coprimary endpoint was determined only for 2 groups of patients: those who started and remained on a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) alone, that is, the CNI-alone group (n = 624), and those who started and remained on a CNI in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), that is, the MMF group (n = 117)."	( Long-term renal function in liver transplant recipients and impact of immunosuppressive regimens (calcineurin inhibitors alone or in combination with mycophenolate mofetil): the TRY study. Calmus, Y; Deray, G; Dumortier, J; Duvoux, C; Janus, N; Karie-Guigues, S; Launay-Vacher, V; Lorho, R; Pageaux, GP; Saliba, F, 2009)	0.35
"To investigate the efficiency and safety of two-dose steroid combined with two-dose daclizumab and tacrolimus (FK506) regimen in liver transplant recipients."	( [Two-dose steroid combined with two-dose daclizumab and tacrolimus regimen in liver transplant recipients]. He, XS; Hu, AB; Huang, JF; Ju, WQ; Ma, Y; Tai, Q; Tan, YL; Wang, DP; Wu, LW; Zhu, XF, 2009)	0.82
"Two-dose steroid combined with two-dose daclizumab and tacrolimus would be a safe and efficient immunosuppression strategy without increase the acute rejection rate hazard, that could reduce post-transplant infection and other complications from side-effect of long-term usage of steroid."	( [Two-dose steroid combined with two-dose daclizumab and tacrolimus regimen in liver transplant recipients]. He, XS; Hu, AB; Huang, JF; Ju, WQ; Ma, Y; Tai, Q; Tan, YL; Wang, DP; Wu, LW; Zhu, XF, 2009)	0.85
" We compared induction with RATG combined with either cyclosporine (CsA) or tacrolimus (FK) in regard to the number of ARE in the first year after transplantation."	( Comparison of cyclosporine and tacrolimus in combination with rabbit antithymocyte immunoglobulins as induction therapy in cardiac transplantation. Carrier, M; Jacques, F; Pellerin, M; Pelletier, GB; Perrault, LP; Racine, N; White, M, 2009)	0.87
"The objective of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to compare the effectiveness and safety of induction with and without antithymocyte globulin (ATG) combined with cyclosporine/tacrolimus-based immunosuppression in renal transplantation."	( Induction with and without antithymocyte globulin combined with cyclosporine/tacrolimus-based immunosuppression in renal transplantation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Liu, AP; Luo, XF; Tian, JH; Wang, X; Yang, KH; Zhang, J, 2009)	0.77
"Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults, is usually treated with corticosteroids in combination with cyclophosphamide or cyclosporine."	( Tacrolimus combined with corticosteroids in treatment of nephrotic idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Chen, JH; Chen, M; Li, H; Li, XW; Li, XY; Lu, FM; Ni, ZH; Wang, HY; Xu, FF, 2010)	1.8
"The islet isolation method combined with a potent anti-inflammation strategy made it possible to achieve single-donor islet transplantation achieving a high SUITO index."	( ET-Kyoto ductal injection and density-adjusted purification combined with potent anti-inflammatory strategy facilitated single-donor islet transplantation: case reports. Levy, MF; Matsumoto, S; Naziruddin, B; Noguchi, H; Olsen, G; Onaca, N; Shimoda, M; Takita, M; Tamura, Y, )	0.13
" A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model estimating oral clearance, between-patient variability in oral clearance, central volume of distribution, and residual variability in combination with historical estimates of first-order absorption rate constant, intercompartmental clearance, and peripheral volume of distribution adequately described the sparse MPA data."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of mycophenolic acid coadministered with either tasocitinib (CP-690,550) or tacrolimus in adult renal allograft recipients. Busque, S; Chan, G; Krishnaswami, S; Lamba, M; Melcher, M; Tafti, B, 2010)	0.57
"The present study was designed to investigate the effect of low-dose calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) tacrolimus combined with a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor on renal function in transplant recipients without allograft nephropathy."	( Low-dose calcineurin inhibitor regimen combined with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors preserves kidney functions in renal transplant recipients without allograft nephropathy. Gurkan, A; Kacar, S; Karaca, C; Tilif, S; Varılsuha, C, 2010)	0.58
"1 years underwent renal transplantation and were switched to a new second-line treatment of low-dose CNI combined with an mTOR inhibitor, either sirolimus or everolimus."	( Low-dose calcineurin inhibitor regimen combined with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors preserves kidney functions in renal transplant recipients without allograft nephropathy. Gurkan, A; Kacar, S; Karaca, C; Tilif, S; Varılsuha, C, 2010)	0.36
"Low-dose CNI combined with an mTOR inhibitor, as a replacement for mycophenolate mofetil or enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium, seemed to prevent renal dysfunction for at least 6 months among renal transplant patients without allograft nephropathy."	( Low-dose calcineurin inhibitor regimen combined with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors preserves kidney functions in renal transplant recipients without allograft nephropathy. Gurkan, A; Kacar, S; Karaca, C; Tilif, S; Varılsuha, C, 2010)	0.36
" However, many anti-microbial agents can interact significantly with a transplant recipient's immunosuppressive regimen, placing them at risk for a potential adverse drug reaction and prolonged hospitalization."	( Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between calcineurin inhibitors and proliferation signal inhibitors with anti-microbial agents: implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. Levi, ME; Lindenfeld, J; Mueller, SW; Page, RL, 2011)	0.37
"4 μg/mL and did not differ when combined with standard-exposure versus reduced-exposure tacrolimus (P=0."	( Pharmacokinetics of sotrastaurin combined with tacrolimus or mycophenolic acid in de novo kidney transplant recipients. Arns, W; Budde, K; Dantal, J; Grinyo, JM; Kovarik, JM; Proot, P; Rostaing, L; Steiger, JU, 2011)	0.85
"Sotrastaurin pharmacokinetics were similar when combined with reduced-exposure or standard-exposure tacrolimus or with MPA."	( Pharmacokinetics of sotrastaurin combined with tacrolimus or mycophenolic acid in de novo kidney transplant recipients. Arns, W; Budde, K; Dantal, J; Grinyo, JM; Kovarik, JM; Proot, P; Rostaing, L; Steiger, JU, 2011)	0.84
" We have shown in vitro that ezetimibe and tacrolimus may interact in competition for intestinal UGT1A1 and ABCB1 at concentrations reached in gut lumen after oral administration."	( Drug interactions between the immunosuppressant tacrolimus and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe in healthy volunteers. Engel, A; Hanke, U; Keiser, M; Lütjohann, D; Modess, C; Nassif, A; Oswald, S; Runge, D; Siegmund, W; Ulrich, A; Weitschies, W, 2011)	0.89
" Identification and elimination of such drug-drug interactions is necessary to assure adequate immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients."	( Clinically significant drug-drug interaction between tacrolimus and phenobarbital: the price we pay. Marfo, K; Siddiqi, N, 2010)	0.61
" Novel neoadjuvant therapy protocols combined with demolitive surgery and liver transplantation seem to achieve successful results in terms of overall and disease-free survivals."	( Neoadjuvant therapy protocol and liver transplantation in combination with pancreatoduodenectomy for the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma occurring in a case of primary sclerosing cholangitis: case report with a more than 8-year disease-free survival Bassi, D; Boccagni, P; Boetto, R; Cillo, U; D'Amico, F; D'Amico, FE; Gringeri, E; Lodo, E; Polacco, M; Vitale, A; Zanus, G, 2011)	0.37
"FTY720 (fingolimod), a novel immunomodulator, has demonstrated potential for prevention of acute rejection in combination with cyclosporine."	( FTY720 combined with tacrolimus in de novo renal transplantation: 1-year, multicenter, open-label randomized study. Abramowicz, D; Hoitsma, AJ; Proot, P; Vanrenterghem, Y; Woodle, ES, 2011)	0.69
"FTY720 combined with tacrolimus and steroids did not show a significant therapeutic advantage over MMF for the prevention of acute rejection in de novo renal transplant recipients."	( FTY720 combined with tacrolimus in de novo renal transplantation: 1-year, multicenter, open-label randomized study. Abramowicz, D; Hoitsma, AJ; Proot, P; Vanrenterghem, Y; Woodle, ES, 2011)	1.01
"Three hundred adult kidney recipients (median age 48 years) were enrolled over 3 years to receive EC-MPS de novo (n=175), as a switch from azathioprine (n=62) or mycophenolate mofetil MMF (n=63); in combination with calcineurin inhibitor."	( Tolerance of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in combination with calcineurin inhibitor in kidney transplant recipients: Polish experience. Chmura, A; Durlik, M; Galazka, Z; Gozdowska, J; Urbanowicz, AL, 2011)	0.37
"EC-MPS was tolerated better by younger kidney recipients, when combined with tacrolimus versus cyclosporine, and when introduced earlier after transplantation."	( Tolerance of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in combination with calcineurin inhibitor in kidney transplant recipients: Polish experience. Chmura, A; Durlik, M; Galazka, Z; Gozdowska, J; Urbanowicz, AL, 2011)	0.6
" We sought to determine the safety of GO in combination with busulfan/cyclophosphamide (Bu/Cy) conditioning before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT)."	( A Phase I study of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) in combination with busulfan and cyclophosphamide (Bu/Cy) and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in children with poor-risk CD33+ AML: a new targeted immunochemotherapy myeloablative conditioning (MAC) regim Baxter-Lowe, LA; Bhatia, M; Cairo, MS; Dela Cruz, F; Duffy, D; Foley, S; Garvin, JH; George, D; Hawks, R; Jin, Z; Le Gall, J; Morris, E; Satwani, P; Schwartz, J; van de Ven, C, 2012)	0.38
"Tacrolimus is a well-known potent immunosuppressant agent, which has various drug-drug or food-drug interactions."	( Food-drug interaction of tacrolimus with pomelo, ginger, and turmeric juice in rats. Egashira, K; Higuchi, S; Ieiri, I; Sasaki, H, 2012)	2.13
"There is evidence suggesting that sirolimus, in combination with tacrolimus, is active in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease."	( A randomized phase II study to evaluate tacrolimus in combination with sirolimus or methotrexate after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Alsina, M; Anasetti, C; Ayala, E; Betts, BC; Fernandez, HF; Field, T; Janssen, WE; Jim, H; Kharfan-Dabaja, MA; Kim, J; Locke, FL; Nishihori, T; Ochoa, L; Perez, L; Perkins, J; Pidala, J; Tomblyn, M; Veerapathran, A; Xu, M, 2012)	0.88
" The aim of this study was to assess the clinical behaviour and long-term therapeutic response in OFG patients treated with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injections alone or in combination with topical pimecrolimus 1%, as adjuvant, in those patients partially responders to TA."	( Clinical behaviour and long-term therapeutic response in orofacial granulomatosis patients treated with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injections alone or in combination with topical pimecrolimus 1%. Fortuna, G; Leuci, S; Mignogna, MD; Pollio, A; Ruoppo, E, 2013)	0.39
"In this pilot study, donor-derived bone marrow MSCs combined with a sparing dose of tacrolimus (50% of standard dose) were administered to six de novo living-related kidney transplant recipients."	( Donor-derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with low-dose tacrolimus prevent acute rejection after renal transplantation: a clinical pilot study. Chen, X; Chen, Z; Fang, J; Ke, M; Li, G; Li, X; Liao, D; Liu, L; Ma, J; Pan, G; Peng, Y; Xia, W; Xiang, AP; Xu, L, 2013)	0.86
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the CYP3A5*3 allele on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and amlodipine, and drug-drug interactions between them in healthy subjects."	( Effect of CYP3A5*3 polymorphism on pharmacokinetic drug interaction between tacrolimus and amlodipine. Barrett, JS; Cheng, ZN; Guo, R; Li, J; Li, PJ; Li, ZJ; Liu, SK; Liu, Z; Ouyang, DS; Tan, HY; Wang, CJ; Wang, JL; Xie, YL; Yang, GP; Yuan, H; Zhang, BK; Zhou, LY; Zhou, YN; Zuo, XC, 2013)	0.83
" To recapitulate a clinical context where Hsp90 or calcineurin inhibitors could be utilized in combination with azoles to render resistant pathogens responsive to treatment, the evolution experiment was initiated with strains that are resistant to azoles in a manner that depends on Hsp90 and calcineurin."	( Genetic and genomic architecture of the evolution of resistance to antifungal drug combinations. Ammar, R; Cowen, LE; Hill, JA; Nislow, C; Torti, D, 2013)	0.39
" This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of alefacept compared with placebo when combined with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids in de novo renal transplant recipients."	( Alefacept combined with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and steroids in de novo kidney transplantation: a randomized controlled trial. Charpentier, B; First, R; Franks, B; Glyda, M; Hettich, F; Holman, JM; Houbiers, JG; Rigotti, P; Rostaing, L, 2013)	0.91
" In contrast, sofosbuvir and daclatasvir based antiviral therapy are not expected to lead to clinically significant drug-drug interactions in LT recipients but confirmatory studies are needed."	( Drug-drug interactions with oral anti-HCV agents and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity in the liver transplant setting. Fontana, RJ; Tischer, S, 2014)	0.4
" Our data indicate that the concentration of MPA should be monitored in clinical therapy when EC-MPS is combined with different calcineurin inhibitors to reduce acute allograft rejection and avoid adverse events."	( Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus combined with enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium influence the plasma mycophenolic acid concentration - a randomised controlled trial in Chinese live related donor kidney transplant recipients. Chen, JH; Chen, Y; Huang, HF; Shen-Tu, JZ; Xie, WQ; Yao, X, 2014)	0.73
" Low-dose (2 mg/kg) or high-dose (5 mg/kg) ASKP1240, in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (15 mg/kg) or tacrolimus (1 mg/kg), showed a significantly longer allograft survival time compared with monotherapy groups."	( Effects of ASKP1240 combined with tacrolimus or mycophenolate mofetil on renal allograft survival in Cynomolgus monkeys. Bai, J; Chen, H; Daloze, P; Dun, H; Hu, Y; Kinugasa, F; Ma, A; Miura, T; Miyao, Y; Okimura, K; Song, L; Sudo, Y; Zeng, L; Zhang, G, 2014)	0.89
"The present study indicates that ASKP1240, alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs, could be a promising antirejection agent in organ transplantation."	( Effects of ASKP1240 combined with tacrolimus or mycophenolate mofetil on renal allograft survival in Cynomolgus monkeys. Bai, J; Chen, H; Daloze, P; Dun, H; Hu, Y; Kinugasa, F; Ma, A; Miura, T; Miyao, Y; Okimura, K; Song, L; Sudo, Y; Zeng, L; Zhang, G, 2014)	0.68
"A new approach for proteome-wide profiling drug binding proteins by using monolithic capillary affinity chromatography in combination with HPLC-MS/MS is reported."	( Profiling of drug binding proteins by monolithic affinity chromatography in combination with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Han, B; Kang, J; Wang, L; Wang, T; Zhang, H; Zhang, X, 2014)	0.4
" Some clinically relevant drug-drug interactions with glucocorticoids and sirolimus are also highlighted."	( Tacrolimus in pancreas transplant: a focus on toxicity, diabetogenic effect and drug-drug interactions. Rangel, EB, 2014)	1.85
" Our study showed that use of TAC plus ADM resulted in improved patient survival, tolerance of the graft, and remission compared to CycA combined with ADM."	( A retrospective study to compare the use of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in combination with adriamycin in post-transplant liver cancer patients. Fan, H; Gu, L; Jin, W; Kan, L; Shan, C; Wang, X, 2015)	0.68
" We herein present a case of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) combined with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) successfully treated with tacrolimus."	( Patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder combined with Sjögren's syndrome relapse free following tacrolimus treatment. Ge, P; Li, H; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Mu, W; Yang, W; Zhang, X; Zheng, X, 2014)	0.82
" We aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics of a reduced dose of MMF and to validate its feasibility in combination with tacrolimus in living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT)."	( Safety of reduced dose of mycophenolate mofetil combined with tacrolimus in living-donor liver transplantation. Choi, Y; Hong, G; Jeong, J; Kim, H; Kim, J; Lee, HW; Lee, J; Lee, JM; Lee, KW; Moon, MR; Park, MS; Suh, KS; Suh, SW; Yi, NJ; You, TS, 2014)	0.85
" However, reducing the dose of MMF combined with a low level of tacrolimus was feasible clinically, with an excellent short-term outcome in LDLT."	( Safety of reduced dose of mycophenolate mofetil combined with tacrolimus in living-donor liver transplantation. Choi, Y; Hong, G; Jeong, J; Kim, H; Kim, J; Lee, HW; Lee, J; Lee, JM; Lee, KW; Moon, MR; Park, MS; Suh, KS; Suh, SW; Yi, NJ; You, TS, 2014)	0.88
" We compared the efficacy and safety of ABT administered to patients in combination with TAC, methotrexate (MTX), or other drugs."	( Comparison of efficacy and safety of tacrolimus and methotrexate in combination with abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; a retrospective observational study in the TBC Registry. Fujibayashi, T; Fukaya, N; Hirano, Y; Ishiguro, N; Kaneko, A; Kawasaki, M; Kida, D; Kojima, T; Miyake, H; Oguchi, T; Takahashi, N; Takemoto, T; Tsuboi, S; Yabe, Y, 2015)	0.69
" We hypothesized that de novo therapy with low-dose SRL combined with a CNI could still prevent cancer in renal transplant recipients."	( De novo cancer avoidance after renal transplantation: A case-control study on low-dose sirolimus combined with a calcineurin inhibitor. Chen, KH; Hu, RH; Lee, CY; Tsai, MK; Wu, FL; Yang, CY; Yeh, CC, 2015)	0.42
"De novo therapy with low-dose SRL combined with a CNI was associated with reduced risk of post-transplant cancer in renal transplant recipients."	( De novo cancer avoidance after renal transplantation: A case-control study on low-dose sirolimus combined with a calcineurin inhibitor. Chen, KH; Hu, RH; Lee, CY; Tsai, MK; Wu, FL; Yang, CY; Yeh, CC, 2015)	0.42
" Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with cyclosporine and tacrolimus hindered the use of first-generation protease inhibitors in transplant recipients."	( An open-label investigation into drug-drug interactions between multiple doses of daclatasvir and single-dose cyclosporine or tacrolimus in healthy subjects. Adamczyk, R; Bertz, RJ; Bifano, M; Hwang, C; Kandoussi, H; Marion, A, 2015)	0.87
"A number of studies have provided information regarding the risks and benefits of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTOR-I) combined with calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) versus mycophenolic acid (MPA)."	( mTOR inhibitor versus mycophenolic acid as the primary immunosuppression regime combined with calcineurin inhibitor for kidney transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Chen, J; Jiang, Y; Lai, X; Shou, Z; Xiang, S; Xie, X, 2015)	0.42
" Randomized controlled trials comparing mTOR-I to MPA as the primary immunosuppressive regimen in combination with CNI were selected and meta-analyzed."	( mTOR inhibitor versus mycophenolic acid as the primary immunosuppression regime combined with calcineurin inhibitor for kidney transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Chen, J; Jiang, Y; Lai, X; Shou, Z; Xiang, S; Xie, X, 2015)	0.42
" Notably, mTOR-I had an increased risk of graft loss when combined with CNI, even when combined with a reduced dose of CNI."	( mTOR inhibitor versus mycophenolic acid as the primary immunosuppression regime combined with calcineurin inhibitor for kidney transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Chen, J; Jiang, Y; Lai, X; Shou, Z; Xiang, S; Xie, X, 2015)	0.42
"To compare the characteristics of the enteric-coated formulation of mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS, myfortic) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, CellCept) given in combination with tacrolimus in Asian renal-transplant recipients."	( Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium given in combination with tacrolimus has a lower incidence of serious infections in Asian renal-transplant recipients compared with mycophenolate mofetil. Bow, LM; Feng, JJ; Tian, J; Zhang, LW; Zhao, P, 2015)	0.85
"Enteric-coated formulation of mycophenolate sodium, given in combination with tacrolimus, has a lower incidence of serious infection in Asian renal-transplant recipients compared with MMF, and the therapeutic effect of EC-MPS is similar to MMF."	( Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium given in combination with tacrolimus has a lower incidence of serious infections in Asian renal-transplant recipients compared with mycophenolate mofetil. Bow, LM; Feng, JJ; Tian, J; Zhang, LW; Zhao, P, 2015)	0.89
" Eighteen healthy volunteers, including 6 individuals in each CYP2C19 genotype (extensive metabolizers [EMs], intermediate metabolizers [IMs], and poor metabolizers [PMs]), received a single oral dose of 3 mg tacrolimus alone or in combination with 200 mg voriconazole twice daily at steady state."	( Impact of cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus when coadministered with voriconazole. Furihata, K; Imamura, CK; Okamoto, S; Tanigawara, Y, 2016)	0.85
"To investigate the clinical effect of double dose of valsartan combined with tacrolimus in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy (DN)."	( Clinical study of double dose of valsartan combined with tacrolimus in treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Hou, XL; Jin, H; Wu, J; Zhang, B; Zhang, HB; Zhang, HN, 2016)	0.91
" Patients were randomly divided into three groups according to the sequence of admission, group A (conventional dose of valsartan group, n = 28 cases), group B (double dose of valsartan group, n = 29 cases) and group C (double dose of valsartan combined with tacrolimus group, n = 29)."	( Clinical study of double dose of valsartan combined with tacrolimus in treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Hou, XL; Jin, H; Wu, J; Zhang, B; Zhang, HB; Zhang, HN, 2016)	0.86
"Double dose of valsartan combined with tacrolimus treatment of DN patients can improve clinical symptoms, reducing inflammation, inhibiting or even reversing the interstitial fibrosis, which will improve the curative effect and reduce the recurrence, as to provide a new theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of the disease."	( Clinical study of double dose of valsartan combined with tacrolimus in treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Hou, XL; Jin, H; Wu, J; Zhang, B; Zhang, HB; Zhang, HN, 2016)	0.95
"44 g/day or mycophenolate mofetil at 2 g/day) with tacrolimus; in combination with corticosteroids."	( Design and rationale of the ATHENA study--A 12-month, multicentre, prospective study evaluating the outcomes of a de novo everolimus-based regimen in combination with reduced cyclosporine or tacrolimus versus a standard regimen in kidney transplant patien Dragun, D; Hauser, IA; Nashan, B; Schenker, P; Sommerer, C; Suwelack, B; Thaiss, F, 2016)	0.88
" In this pilot study, we investigated the use of low-dose tacrolimus in combination with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are immunosuppressive and prolong allograft survival in experimental organ transplant models."	( Low-dose tacrolimus combined with donor-derived mesenchymal stem cells after renal transplantation: a prospective, non-randomized study. Chen, XY; Chen, Z; Fang, JL; Guo, YH; Li, GH; Liu, LS; Ma, JJ; Pan, GH; Peng, YW; Xiang, P; Xu, L; Zhang, L; Zhu, JH, 2016)	1.1
" In the present study, we compared the efficacy and toxicity of 15-10-10 MTX (day +1: 15 mg/m(2); days +3 and +6: 10 mg/m(2)) with 10-7-7 MTX (day +1: 10 mg/m(2); day +3 and +6: 7 mg/m(2)) in combination with tacrolimus."	( Reduced-dose methotrexate in combination with tacrolimus was associated with rapid engraftment and recovery from oral mucositis without affecting the incidence of GVHD. Endo, T; Fujimoto, K; Goto, H; Hashimoto, D; Hashino, S; Kahata, K; Kashiwazaki, H; Kondo, T; Matsukawa, T; Matsushita, T; Nakazawa, S; Onozawa, M; Sugita, J; Teshima, T; Yamazaki, Y, 2016)	0.88
"Sirolimus is a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor that is being used to prevent organ rejection in kidney transplant patients often in combination with calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs; cyclosporine and tacrolimus)."	( Risk Assessment of Drug-Drug Interactions of Calcineurin Inhibitors Affecting Sirolimus Pharmacokinetics in Renal Transplant Patients. Emoto, C; Fukuda, T; Vinks, AA, 2016)	0.62
" In this pilot (24 patients) left-right comparative study we addressed efficiency of prostaglandin F2α analogue latanoprost versus tacrolimus when combined with narrow-band ultraviolet B and microneedling in repigmentation of nonsegmental vitiligo lesions."	( A pilot comparative study of topical latanoprost and tacrolimus in combination with narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy and microneedling for the treatment of nonsegmental vitiligo. Korobko, IV; Lomonosov, KM, 2016)	0.89
"The antifungal activity of tacrolimus in combination with antifungal agents against different fungal species has been previously reported."	( Antifungal activities of tacrolimus in combination with antifungal agents against fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant Trichosporon asahii isolates. Alves, SH; Azevedo, MI; Denardi, LB; Kubiça, TF; Oliveira, V; Santurio, JM; Severo, LC, )	0.73
"Our objectives were to compare the clinical outcomes of mizoribine (12 mg/kg/d) and mycophenolate mofetil (2000 mg/d) in combination with tacrolimus, basiliximab, and corticosteroids."	( A Prospective Randomized, Comparative Trial of High-Dose Mizoribine Versus Mycophenolate Mofetil in Combination With Tacrolimus and Basiliximab for Living Donor Renal Transplant: A Multicenter Trial. Akiyama, T; Amada, N; Chikaraishi, T; Ishida, H; Takahara, S; Takahashi, K; Tanabe, K; Toma, H; Tomikawa, S; Uchida, K, 2016)	0.85
" This prospective multi-institutional randomized comparative study compared mizoribine (n = 41) and mycophenolate mofetil (n = 42) in combination with tacrolimus, basiliximab, and corticosteroids for living-donor renal transplant recipients."	( A Prospective Randomized, Comparative Trial of High-Dose Mizoribine Versus Mycophenolate Mofetil in Combination With Tacrolimus and Basiliximab for Living Donor Renal Transplant: A Multicenter Trial. Akiyama, T; Amada, N; Chikaraishi, T; Ishida, H; Takahara, S; Takahashi, K; Tanabe, K; Toma, H; Tomikawa, S; Uchida, K, 2016)	0.84
" We examined the efficacy and safety of MMF in its different forms combined with tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients."	( Low-dose mycophenolate mofetil in tablet form or capsule form combined with tacrolimus in the early period after kidney transplantation: a prospective randomized trial . Cho, BH; Cho, HR; Huh, KH; Ju, MK; Kim, CD; Kim, YS; Lee, DR; Lee, JJ; Lee, S; Lee, SH; Oh, CK; Park, JW; So, BJ, 2016)	0.89
"Low-dose MMF in tablet form combined with tacrolimus can be considered as an efficacious and safe immunosuppressive regimen in the early period after kidney transplantation."	( Low-dose mycophenolate mofetil in tablet form or capsule form combined with tacrolimus in the early period after kidney transplantation: a prospective randomized trial . Cho, BH; Cho, HR; Huh, KH; Ju, MK; Kim, CD; Kim, YS; Lee, DR; Lee, JJ; Lee, S; Lee, SH; Oh, CK; Park, JW; So, BJ, 2016)	0.93
" No pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) were expected between tacrolimus and the selected DAAs."	( Decreased tacrolimus plasma concentrations during HCV therapy: a drug-drug interaction or is there an alternative explanation? Burger, DM; de Kanter, CT; Drenth, JP; Pape, S; Smolders, EJ; van den Berg, AP, 2017)	1.09
"We evaluated the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus (TAC) combined with corticosteroids in treating patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN)."	( Therapy of tacrolimus combined with corticosteroids in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Cui, W; Dong, W; Guan, S; Li, Q; Li, W; Liu, M; Lu, X; Luo, M; Luo, P; Miao, L; Min, X; Wang, Y, 2017)	1.11
" The authors used appropriate linear regression univariate models and created 5 different multivariate models to examine individual drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( A Retrospective Study on Mycophenolic Acid Drug Interactions: Effect of Prednisone, Sirolimus, and Tacrolimus With MPA. Alvarez-Elías, AC; Filler, G; Singh, RN; Todorova, EK; Yoo, EC, 2017)	0.67
"We randomly assigned 158 renal transplant patients to receive low-dose SRL or MMF in combination with ER-TAC and corticosteroid."	( De novo low-dose sirolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil in combination with extended-release tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: a multicentre, open-label, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Cho, HR; Ha, J; Huh, KH; Ju, MK; Jung, CW; Kim, CD; Kim, YS; Lee, JG; Lim, BJ; Oh, CK, 2017)	0.67
" We aimed to predict the contribution of schisantherin A and schisandrin A to drug-drug interaction (DDI) between Wuzhi capsule and tacrolimus using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling."	( Prediction of Drug-Drug Interaction between Tacrolimus and Principal Ingredients of Wuzhi Capsule in Chinese Healthy Volunteers Using Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling. Bu, F; Cai, W; Jiao, Z; Li, L; Lin, HS; Ma, G; Shin, JG; Xiang, X; Zhang, H; Zhuang, X, 2018)	0.95
"A regimen of high-dose mizoribine in combination with calcineurin inhibitors basiliximab, and corticosteroids can provide effective immunosuppression while lowering the rate of cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant patients."	( High-dose mizoribine combined with calcineurin inhibitor (cyclosporine or tacrolimus), basiliximab and corticosteroids for renal transplantation: A Japanese multicenter study. Akioka, K; Kawakita, M; Nakamura, N; Nakatani, T; Nishimura, K; Nishioka, T; Ushigome, H; Watarai, Y; Yoshimura, N; Yuzawa, K, 2018)	0.71
"Microneedling combined with 5-fluorouracil or tacrolimus is safe and effective treatment of vitiligo."	( Comparison between the efficacy of microneedling combined with 5-fluorouracil vs microneedling with tacrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo. Al-Saeid, H; Elgarhy, L; Ibrahim, Z; Mina, M, 2018)	0.96
"MMF in combination with tacrolimus induced S-phase cell-cycle arrest and markedly inhibited HT-29 cell proliferation."	( Mycophenolate Mofetil Alone and in Combination with Tacrolimus Inhibits the Proliferation of HT-29 Human Colonic Adenocarcinoma Cell Line and Might Interfere with Colonic Tumorigenesis. Lamprecht, S; Ling, E; Ling, G; Osyntsov, L; Pinsk, I; Pinsk, V; Shubinsky, G; Yerushalmi, B, 2018)	1.04
" We conducted a meta-analysis to examine the effects of TAC combined with glucocorticoid on IgAN."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus combined with glucocorticoid treatment for IgA nephropathy: a meta-analysis. Hu, B; Luo, J; Ma, T; Zhang, Y, 2018)	0.79
" This was a sequential, single-center, open-label phase 1 study to assess the drug-drug interaction potential between SCY-078 and tacrolimus during concomitant administration in healthy subjects."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interaction Potential for Coadministered SCY-078, an Oral Fungicidal Glucan Synthase Inhibitor, and Tacrolimus. Angulo, D; Atiee, G; Corr, C; Hyman, M; Murphy, G; Willett, M; Wring, S, 2019)	0.92
" Apixaban 10 mg was administered orally alone, in combination with 100 mg cyclosporine or 5 mg tacrolimus."	( Drug-Drug Interaction Study of Apixaban with Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus in Healthy Volunteers. Bashir, B; Chervoneva, I; Kraft, WK; Stickle, DF, 2018)	0.94
" This retrospective case series was performed to assess the effects of tacrolimus (TAC) combined with Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside (TWG) in treating IMN."	( Retrospective analysis of tacrolimus combined with Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside for treating idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Cai, GY; Chen, XM; Duan, SW; Li, P; Li, QG; Shang, SL, 2018)	1.01
"The included patients' treatments were tacrolimus monotherapy (TAC group, n = 33), tacrolimus combined with methylprednisolone (MP) (TAC + MP group, n = 24) and tacrolimus combined with Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside (TAC + TWG group, n = 21)."	( Retrospective analysis of tacrolimus combined with Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside for treating idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Cai, GY; Chen, XM; Duan, SW; Li, P; Li, QG; Shang, SL, 2018)	1.05
"This retrospective study showed that TAC combined with TWG may be effective for treating IMN."	( Retrospective analysis of tacrolimus combined with Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside for treating idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Cai, GY; Chen, XM; Duan, SW; Li, P; Li, QG; Shang, SL, 2018)	0.78
"A paucity of data currently exists regarding drug-drug interaction (DDI) with tacrolimus and isavuconazole coadministration."	( Drug-Drug Interaction Between Isavuconazole and Tacrolimus: Is Empiric Dose Adjustment Necessary? Alexander, MD; Armistead, PM; Daniels, LM; Kufel, WD; Ptachcinski, JR; Shaw, JR, 2020)	1.04
"Tacrolimus is the mainstay calcineurin inhibitor frequently administered with mycophenolic acid with or without corticosteroids to prevent graft rejection in adult kidney transplant recipients."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Immediate-Release Oral Tacrolimus Co-administered with Mycophenolate Mofetil in Corticosteroid-Free Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients. Ensom, MHH; Kiang, TKL; Mayo, P; Rong, Y, 2019)	2.2
"The study was designed to compare the outcomes of sirolimus (SRL) combined with tacrolimus (TAC) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) combined with TAC in kidney transplantation recipients."	( Comparison of Sirolimus Combined With Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate Mofetil Combined With Tacrolimus in Kidney Transplantation Recipients: A Meta-Analysis. Cheng, H; Gao, L; Liu, J; Xu, F, 2018)	0.98
"This meta-analysis suggested that SRL combined with TAC and MMF combined with TAC were equally safe and effective for the kidney transplantation recipients."	( Comparison of Sirolimus Combined With Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate Mofetil Combined With Tacrolimus in Kidney Transplantation Recipients: A Meta-Analysis. Cheng, H; Gao, L; Liu, J; Xu, F, 2018)	0.75
"To assess the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in combination with corticosteroids in patients with immune-mediated necrotising myopathy."	( Tacrolimus combined with corticosteroids effectively improved the outcome of a cohort of patients with immune-mediated necrotising myopathy. Bu, B; Feng, F; Ji, S; Li, Y; Wang, Q, )	1.85
"The medical records of 20 hospitalised patients with immune-mediated necrotising myopathy (IMNM) who had received tacrolimus combined with oral prednisone from January 2014 to August 2017 were retrospectively reviewed."	( Tacrolimus combined with corticosteroids effectively improved the outcome of a cohort of patients with immune-mediated necrotising myopathy. Bu, B; Feng, F; Ji, S; Li, Y; Wang, Q, )	1.78
" The main treatment option for IMN is the use of immunosuppressive (IS) drugs combined with glucocorticoids (GC)."	( Risk of infection with different immunosuppressive drugs combined with glucocorticoids for the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy: A pairwise and network meta-analysis. Hu, B; Kuang, F; Liu, D; Qing, S; Yang, Y; Yu, X, 2019)	0.51
"Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the risk of infection in patients with IMN treated with different IS drugs combined with GC were included in the network meta-analysis."	( Risk of infection with different immunosuppressive drugs combined with glucocorticoids for the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy: A pairwise and network meta-analysis. Hu, B; Kuang, F; Liu, D; Qing, S; Yang, Y; Yu, X, 2019)	0.51
"CSA + GC and POCTX+ GC were associated with a lower risk of infection than that with other IS drugs combined with GC for IMN."	( Risk of infection with different immunosuppressive drugs combined with glucocorticoids for the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy: A pairwise and network meta-analysis. Hu, B; Kuang, F; Liu, D; Qing, S; Yang, Y; Yu, X, 2019)	0.51
" Three phase 1 open-label studies were conducted in healthy volunteers to evaluate the potential for clinically relevant drug-drug interactions of the glecaprevir 300-mg and pibrentasvir 120-mg combination with the immunosuppressants tacrolimus (1 mg) or cyclosporine (100 and 400 mg)."	( Drug-Drug Interactions of Tacrolimus or Cyclosporine With Glecaprevir and Pibrentasvir in Healthy Subjects. Asatryan, A; Kort, J; Kosloski, MP; Li, H; Liu, W; Mensa, FJ; Pugatch, D; Zhao, W, 2019)	1
"To study the clinical effect and safety of tacrolimus (TAC) combined with glucocorticoid (GC) versus mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) combined with GC in the treatment of primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in children."	( [Clinical effect of tacrolimus combined with glucocorticoid in the treatment of IgA nephropathy in children]. Cheng, YB; Dou, WJ; Jia, LM; Tan, WX; Wang, Q; Zhang, JJ; Zhang, L; Zhao, F, 2019)	1.1
"TAC combined with GC can effectively reduce urinary protein in children with primary IgAN, and it has a better short-term clinical effect than MMF combined with GC, with good safety."	( [Clinical effect of tacrolimus combined with glucocorticoid in the treatment of IgA nephropathy in children]. Cheng, YB; Dou, WJ; Jia, LM; Tan, WX; Wang, Q; Zhang, JJ; Zhang, L; Zhao, F, 2019)	0.84
" We report for the first time a significant drug-drug interaction between the purified CBD product and tacrolimus."	( Evidence of a clinically significant drug-drug interaction between cannabidiol and tacrolimus. Alloway, RR; Emoto, C; Fukuda, T; Leino, AD; Privitera, M; Vinks, AA, 2019)	0.95
"After patients receive hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), both cyclosporine (CsA) and tacrolimus (TAC) in combination with methotrexate (MTX) are recommended as the standard prophylaxis strategy for graft versus host disease (GVHD) by the European Group of Blood and Marrow Transplantation."	( Comparison of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine Combined With Methotrexate for Graft Versus Host Disease Prophylaxis After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Chen, M; He, X; Huang, B; Lin, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhong, C, 2020)	1.14
" Further studies are still required to evaluate the effect of TAC or CsA combined with other suppressors in the treatment regimen following HSCT."	( Comparison of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine Combined With Methotrexate for Graft Versus Host Disease Prophylaxis After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Chen, M; He, X; Huang, B; Lin, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhong, C, 2020)	0.92
"Everolimus (EVR) is often administered with cyclosporine A (CsA), according to an established protocol."	( Optimal dose of everolimus administered with tacrolimus in living donor kidney transplantation. Futamura, K; Goto, N; Hiramitsu, T; Ichimori, T; Narumi, S; Okada, M; Tomosugi, T; Watarai, Y, 2019)	0.77
" In this study, we investigated the effect of tacrolimus (FK506) combined with GM6001，a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor， on the formation of OB using a mouse heterotopic tracheal transplantation model."	( FK506 combined with GM6001 prevents tracheal obliteration in a mouse model of heterotopic tracheal transplantation. Fan, J; Li, Y; Shu, P; Tang, L; Yang, X; Zhang, X, 2019)	0.77
"FK506 combined with GM6001 could alleviate tracheal obliteration in mouse heterotopic tracheal transplantation model, due to its inhibitory effect on MMPs."	( FK506 combined with GM6001 prevents tracheal obliteration in a mouse model of heterotopic tracheal transplantation. Fan, J; Li, Y; Shu, P; Tang, L; Yang, X; Zhang, X, 2019)	0.51
" Compared with the controls, ketoconazole combined with CNIs can significantly reduce the dose of CNIs in patients receiving solid organ transplantation (WMD = -203."	( Efficacy and safety of ketoconazole combined with calmodulin inhibitor in solid organ transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, C; Cui, Y; Li, M; Ma, L; Wu, S; Xue, T; Yang, T; Zhou, Y, 2020)	0.56
"Clinical use of fluconazole against fungal infections in renal transplant patients is complicated by the potentially marked and unpredictable drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Clinically significant drug-drug interaction between tacrolimus and fluconazole in stable renal transplant recipient and literature review. Chen, X; He, J; Liu, H; Liu, Y; Ma, J; Yang, W; Yin, C; Yu, Y; Zhong, L; Zou, H, 2020)	0.81
"Isotretinoin combined with topical treatments is more effective than monotherapy with clobetasol and tacrolimus for FFA."	( Oral isotretinoin combined with topical clobetasol 0.05% and tacrolimus 0.1% for the treatment of frontal fibrosing alopecia: a randomized controlled trial. Abedini, R; Amini, M; Daneshpazhooh, M; Mahmoudi, H; Nili, A; Rostami, A; Salehi Farid, A; Tavakolpour, S; Teimourpour, A, 2022)	1.18
"Topical Tacrolimus, especially when combined with Nb-UVB, has been proven clinically to be effective in the treatment of vitiligo."	( Tacrolimus (FK506) ointment combined with Nb-UVB could activate both hair follicle (HF) and dermal melanocyte precursors in vitiligo: the first histopathological and clinical study. Almasi-Nasrabadi, M; Cario-André, M; Gauthier, Y; Ghalamkarpour, F; Pain, C; Rakhshan, A, 2021)	2.5
" The present study was designed to explore the inhibitory effects of tacrolimus (TAC) combined with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on the proliferation of mesangial cells based on the cell cycle."	( Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of tacrolimus combined with mycophenolate mofetil on mesangial cell proliferation based on the cell cycle. Gao, Y; Li, R; Tian, J; Wang, Y; Yang, H; Zhou, X, 2020)	1.06
"Potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) with immunosuppressive drugs are frequently observed in renal transplant recipients."	( Assessment of Clinically Relevant Drug Interactions by Online Programs in Renal Transplant Recipients. Bayraktar-Ekincioglu, A; Demirkan, K; Erdem, Y; Tecen-Yucel, K; Yildirim, T; Yilmaz, SR, 2020)	0.56
" However, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information for EVL combined with TAC is limited."	( Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interaction on Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Between Everolimus and Tacrolimus at the Therapeutic Concentration Range in Renal Transplantation. Akashi, I; Akiyama, S; Hirano, T; Iwamoto, H; Kihara, Y; Konno, O; Oda, T; Okihara, M; Osato, S; Takeuchi, H; Tanaka, S; Unezaki, S; Yoshinaga, R, 2021)	0.84
" We evaluate the safety of pacritinib when administered with sirolimus plus low-dose tacrolimus (PAC/SIR/TAC) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation."	( Pacritinib Combined with Sirolimus and Low-Dose Tacrolimus for GVHD Prevention after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Preclinical and Phase I Trial Results. Anasetti, C; Bejanyan, N; Betts, BC; Blazar, BR; Davila, ML; Elmariah, H; Faramand, RG; Holtan, SG; Khimani, F; Kim, J; Lawrence, HR; Lawrence, NJ; Mishra, A; Nieder, ML; Nishihori, T; Perez, L; Pidala, J; Sagatys, EM; Sebti, SM; Walton, K, 2021)	1.1
"To compare drug-drug interaction (DDI) between tacrolimus and different formulations of phenobarbital in paediatrics and adults."	( Drug-drug interaction comparison between tacrolimus and phenobarbital in different formulations for paediatrics and adults. Chen, J; Liu, W; Lu, X; Wang, N; Zhang, Y; Zhao, X; Zhu, L; Zuo, M, 2021)	1.14
" Thus, here we describe the effectiveness and safety of tacrolimus ointment in combination with dupilumab for facial rashes in patients with AD."	( Effectiveness and safety of tacrolimus ointment combined with dupilumab for patients with atopic dermatitis in real-world clinical practice. Imai, Y; Inoue, Y; Kanazawa, N; Matsutani, M; Nakatani-Kusakabe, M; Natsuaki, M; Yamanishi, K, 2021)	1.16
" These results suggest that GVHD prophylaxis with a less intensive double drug combination (PT/Cy and TAC) might be feasible after HLA-matched allo-HCT."	( A phase II study of post-transplant cyclophosphamide combined with tacrolimus for GVHD prophylaxis after HLA-matched related/unrelated allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Harada, N; Hino, M; Hirose, A; Koh, H; Kuno, M; Makuuchi, Y; Nakamae, H; Nakamae, M; Nakane, T; Nakashima, Y; Nishimoto, M; Okamura, H; Takakuwa, T, 2022)	0.96
"To explore the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus (TAC) combined with corticosteroids in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN)."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus combined with corticosteroids in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Li, Y; Tian, Z; Xie, Y; Xu, J; Yang, Y, 2022)	1.3
" All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exploring the efficacy and safety of TAC combined with corticosteroids in IMN patients were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus combined with corticosteroids in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Li, Y; Tian, Z; Xie, Y; Xu, J; Yang, Y, 2022)	1.03
" Compared with control treatment, TAC combined with corticosteroids could significantly increase the complete remission (CR) rate, total remission (TR) rate, and serum albumin levels, as well as decrease the proteinuria levels within 6-month treatment, but the advantage did not persist to 12-month treatment."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus combined with corticosteroids in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Li, Y; Tian, Z; Xie, Y; Xu, J; Yang, Y, 2022)	1.03
"TAC combined with corticosteroids has a significant therapeutic effect for IMN patients within 1-year treatment, especially in the first 6 months."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus combined with corticosteroids in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Li, Y; Tian, Z; Xie, Y; Xu, J; Yang, Y, 2022)	1.03
"Various factors, including genetic polymorphisms, drug-drug interactions, and patient characteristics influence the blood concentrations of tacrolimus in renal transplant patients."	( Effect of drug combination on tacrolimus target dose in renal transplant patients with different Du, Y; Guan, ZW; Li, Y; Tang, BH; Wei, AH; Zhang, SF, 2022)	1.21
" New antiviral medications against this disease have not been properly tested yet, and their efficiency, side effects, and drug-drug interactions are not entirely known."	( Paxlovid (Nirmatelvir/Ritonavir) and Tacrolimus Drug-Drug Interaction in a Kidney Transplant Patient with SARS-2-CoV infection: A Case Report. Cameron, A; Prikis, M, )	0.4
" This case report indicated that remdesivir might interact with cytochrome P450 3A4 substrates, such as tacrolimus and everolimus, and elevate their blood concentrations under high inflammatory conditions."	( Drug-drug interaction between remdesivir and immunosuppressant agents in a kidney transplant recipient. Hirai, T; Inoue, T; Iwamoto, T; Mizuta, A; Nishikawa, K; Sasaki, T, 2022)	0.94
"To investigate the efficacy of combined immunosuppressive regimens of cyclosporine (CsA), tacrolimus (TAC), or cyclophosphamide (CTX) combined with steroids in the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN)."	( Comparative efficacy of three regimens (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and cyclophosphamide) combined with steroids for the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Fang, X; Ruo-Ji, C; Wei-Yuan, L; Yu-Lin, Z; Zhen-Shuang, D; Zi-Li, Z, )	0.6
"This case highlights the strong and important drug-drug interaction between tacrolimus and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir leading to toxic levels of tacrolimus."	( Tacrolimus Drug-Drug Interaction with Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (Paxlovid™) Managed with Phenytoin. Carroll, E; McCabe, D; Sindelar, M, 2023)	2.58
"To review the drug-drug interactions between tacrolimus and lopinavir/ritonavir in 23 patients who received solid organ transplant during the first wave of COVID-19 and to determine the efficacy as well as safety of prednisone monotherapy."	( Drug-drug interactions of ritonavir-boosted SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors in solid organ transplant recipients: experience from the initial use of lopinavir-ritonavir. Ambrosioni, J; Arranz, N; Bodro, M; Brunet, M; Castel, MÁ; Cofan, F; Crespo, G; Diekmann, F; Farrero, M; Forner, A; Gonzalez-García, R; LLigoña, A; Marcos, MÁ; Miró, JM; Moreno, A; Rodríguez-García, M; Roma, JR; Ruiz, P; Soy, D; Tuset, M, 2023)	1.17
"The magnitude of drug-drug interaction between tacrolimus and voriconazole is highly variable, and individually tailoring the tacrolimus dose when concomitantly administered with voriconazole remains difficult."	( Individual dose recommendations for drug interaction between tacrolimus and voriconazole in adult liver transplant recipients: A semiphysiologically based population pharmacokinetic modeling approach. Li, J; Li, RD; Li, ZR; Niu, WJ; Qiu, XY; Shen, CH; Wang, B; Wang, ZX; Zhang, LJ; Zhong, MK, 2023)	1.41
" We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus and corticosteroid in combination with or without mycophenolate mofetil in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) recipients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV)."	( A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus and Corticosteroids in Combination With or Without Mycophenolate Mofetil in Liver Transplantation Recipients Infected With Hepatitis B Virus. Choi, NG; Choi, ST; Chu, CW; Chung, YK; Ha, TY; Hwang, S; Jung, BH; Jung, DH; Kim, KK; Lee, SG; Moon, DB; Park, JI; Ryu, JH; Shin, MH; Song, GW; Yang, K; Yoon, YI, 2023)	1.39
"The strategy of replacing a completely damaged spinal cord with allogenic adult spinal cord tissues (aSCs) can potentially repair complete spinal cord injury (SCI) in combination with immunosuppressive drugs, such as tacrolimus (Tac), which suppress transplant rejection and improve graft survival."	( Adult spinal cord tissue transplantation combined with local tacrolimus sustained-release collagen hydrogel promotes complete spinal cord injury repair. Dai, J; Gao, X; Gu, R; Shen, H; Wei, F; Xiao, Z; Zhao, X; Zhao, Y; Zhuang, Y, 2023)	1.34

Bioavailability

Tacrolimus is characterized by a highly variable oral bioavailability. Poor precision may be due to reliance on routine drug monitoring data alone, difficulties with expression of covariates in continuous modeling relationships in the PKS program.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The kinetics of intravenously administered FK506 was not changed from control status two weeks after bile duct ligation, but the bioavailability of orally administered FK506 was nearly quadrupled."	( The effect of bile duct ligation and bile diversion on FK506 pharmacokinetics in dogs. Fung, J; Furukawa, H; Imventarza, O; Starzl, TE; Suzuki, M; Todo, S; Venkataramanan, R; Warty, VS; Zhu, Y, 1992)	0.28
"1 L/hour, and bioavailability 14 +/- 12%."	( Pharmacokinetics of FK506 after intravenous and oral administration in patients awaiting renal transplantation. Arrazola, L; Barber, DL; Bowers, L; Canafax, DM; Gruber, SA; Hewitt, JM; Matas, AJ; Rosenberg, ME; Rynders, G; Sorenson, AL, 1994)	0.29
" Bioavailability after oral administration is 5-67%, and the half-life is 4-41 hours."	( Tacrolimus: a new immunosuppressive agent. Burckart, GJ; Kelly, PA; Venkataramanan, R, 1995)	1.73
"02 L/kg; clearance of 71 +/- 34 mL/h/kg; and bioavailability of 32 +/- 24%."	( FK506 (Tacrolimus) monotherapy for prevention of graft-versus-host disease after histocompatible sibling allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Antin, JH; Bierer, BE; Blazar, BR; Collins, RH; Fay, JW; Fitzsimmons, WE; Maher, RM; Piñeiro, LA; Przepiorka, D; Saral, R; Weisdorf, DJ; Wingard, JR, 1996)	0.75
" It is concluded that tacrolimus is metabolized in the intestine, that the metabolites are able to re-enter the gut lumen and also enter into the portal vein and that small intestinal metabolism and transport is at least in part responsible for the low oral bioavailability of tacrolimus."	( Metabolism of the macrolide immunosuppressant, tacrolimus, by the pig gut mucosa in the Ussing chamber. Bader, A; Christians, U; Gonschior, AK; Hackbarth, I; Lampen, A; Sewing, KF; von Engelhardt, W, 1996)	0.87
" The striking potency of these agents, their bioavailability and the dissociation of neurotrophic from immunosuppressant actions argue for their therapeutic relevance in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases."	( Neurotrophic actions of nonimmunosuppressive analogues of immunosuppressive drugs FK506, rapamycin and cyclosporin A. Connolly, MA; Dawson, TM; Hamilton, GS; Hester, L; Snyder, SH; Steiner, JP; Valentine, HL, 1997)	0.3
" The bioavailability of mycophenolic acid, the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil, has been reported to be reduced by aluminium/magnesium hydroxide-containing antacids and cholestyramine."	( Clinically significant drug interactions with new immunosuppressive agents. Mignat, C, 1997)	0.3
" Unlike standard oral cyclosporine, tacrolimus is well absorbed orally, even from diseased small bowel mucosa."	( Preliminary report on the use of oral tacrolimus (FK506) in the treatment of complicated proximal small bowel and fistulizing Crohn's disease. Sandborn, WJ, 1997)	0.84
"29 mg/kg/day) is well absorbed in patients with Crohn's disease with proximal small bowel involvement or fistulae and appears to be of clinical benefit as a rapidly acting "bridge" to long-term therapy with methotrexate or 6-mercaptopurine."	( Preliminary report on the use of oral tacrolimus (FK506) in the treatment of complicated proximal small bowel and fistulizing Crohn's disease. Sandborn, WJ, 1997)	0.57
"To quantitate the effect of ketoconazole, an azole antifungal agent and potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, on the bioavailability of tacrolimus, a substrate of the CYP3A system and of P-glycoprotein."	( Tacrolimus oral bioavailability doubles with coadministration of ketoconazole. Bekersky, I; Benet, LZ; Dressler, D; Floren, LC; Hebert, MF; Lee, JW; Mekki, Q; Roberts, JP, 1997)	1.94
"Because ketoconazole did not alter hepatic bioavailability and because 10 hours separated administration times of the drugs, it appears that the marked increase in tacrolimus bioavailability can be explained by ketoconazole having a local inhibitory effect on tacrolimus gut metabolism or on intestinal P-glycoprotein activity."	( Tacrolimus oral bioavailability doubles with coadministration of ketoconazole. Bekersky, I; Benet, LZ; Dressler, D; Floren, LC; Hebert, MF; Lee, JW; Mekki, Q; Roberts, JP, 1997)	1.94
" Area-under-the-curve values were calculated for each drug to assess if there was a reciprocal effect on the respective bioavailability of each."	( Unexpected augmentation of mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in renal transplant patients receiving tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in combination therapy, and analogous in vitro findings. Burke, G; Ciancio, G; de Faria, L; Esquenazi, V; Miller, J; Rosen, A; Roth, D; Tsaroucha, A; Tzakis, A; Zucker, K, 1997)	0.51
" bioavailability was 31-49%."	( Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in BMT patients. Antin, J; Bekersky, I; Boswell, GW; Fay, J; Fitzsimmons, W; Maher, R; Nash, R; Weisdorf, D; Wingard, J, 1998)	1.74
" The bioavailability of L-732,531 in baboons was estimated at 3%, 9%, and 24% when animals were dosed at 5, 15, and 26 mg/kg po, respectively."	( Disposition of L-732,531, a potent immunosuppressant, in rats and baboons. Carey, KD; Chiu, SH; Colletti, A; Hawkins, T; Karanam, BV; Lavin, M; Miller, RR; Montgomery, T; Stearns, RA; Tang, YS; Vincent, SH, 1998)	0.3
"Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive agent, has poor and variable bioavailability following oral administration in clinical use."	( Effects of intestinal and hepatic metabolism on the bioavailability of tacrolimus in rats. Hashimoto, Y; Inui, K; Sasa, H; Shimomura, M, 1998)	1.98
"The rate of absorption of tacrolimus in the intestine was rapid, and tacrolimus was almost completely absorbed after intestinal administration."	( Effects of intestinal and hepatic metabolism on the bioavailability of tacrolimus in rats. Hashimoto, Y; Inui, K; Sasa, H; Shimomura, M, 1998)	0.83
" The mean bioavailability of oral tacrolimus was 25+/-20%."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus (FK506) in paediatric liver transplant recipients. Bernard, O; Clement De Clety, S; De Ville De Goyet, J; Firdaous, I; Furlan, V; Lykavieris, L; Möller, A; Otte, JB; Reding, R; Schäfer, A; Sokal, E; Stadler, P; Taburet, AM; Undre, NA; Van Leeuw, V; Wallemacq, PE, )	0.73
"03) and decreased tacrolimus bioavailability (14."	( Effects of rifampin on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Bekersky, I; Dressler, D; Fisher, RM; Hebert, MF; Marsh, CL, 1999)	0.95
"01) than those in the T group, with a comparative bioavailability of 115."	( Pharmacokinetic advantages of a newly developed tacrolimus oil-in-water-type emulsion via the enteral route. Hashimoto, H; Kazui, T; Muhammad, BA; Suzuki, K; Suzuki, Y; Uno, T, 1999)	0.56
" The oral bioavailability was about 20%."	( The disposition of 14C-labeled tacrolimus after intravenous and oral administration in healthy human subjects. Hata, T; Iwasaki, K; Kawamura, A; Möller, A; Schäfer, A; Shiraga, T; Teramura, Y; Undre, NA, 1999)	0.59
"Most immunosuppresive drugs are absorbed from the intestine after oral administration, although there is some difference of bioavailability between ileum and jejunum."	( Comparison of cyclosporin A and tacrolimus concentrations in whole blood between jejunal and ileal transplanted rats. Fujimura, A; Kobayashi, E; Ogino, Y, 1999)	0.59
" A previously conducted, randomized, 24-subject, crossover bioavailability study of 1 and 5 mg capsules (one period each) failed to demonstrate bioequivalence."	( Bioequivalence of 1 and 5 mg tacrolimus capsules using a replicate study design. Bekersky, I; Colburn, W; Dressler, D; Mekki, Q, 1999)	0.59
" It has more consistent pharmacokinetic parameters and improved bioavailability when compared with conventional cyclosporine."	( Conversion to neoral for neurotoxicity after primary adult liver transplantation under tacrolimus. Brody, D; Fung, J; Hamad, I; Jain, A; Kanal, E; Rishi, N, 2000)	0.53
" It is well absorbed from diseased bowel and preliminary experiences have indicated its short-term use in complicated Crohn's disease."	( Oral tacrolimus (FK 506) in Crohn's disease complicated by fistulae of the perineum. Amoruso, A; Francavilla, A; Francavilla, R; Ierardi, E; Ingrosso, M; Panella, C; Pisani, A; Principi, M; Rendina, M, 2000)	0.82
" As CYP3A4 enzymes and P-gp are present at differing concentrations throughout the gastrointestinal tract, the bioavailability of tacrolimus may be influenced by changes in gastrointestinal transit time in addition to changes in hepatic metabolism."	( Increased tacrolimus levels in a pediatric renal transplant patient attributed to chronic diarrhea. Boineau, FG; Christensen, ML; Eades, SK, 2000)	0.91
"To study the contribution of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) to the oral absorption of a substrate, tacrolimus, by comparing the extent and rate of bioavailability in normal and mdr1a knockout mice."	( Apparent lack of effect of P-glycoprotein on the gastrointestinal absorption of a substrate, tacrolimus, in normal mice. Chiou, WL; Chung, SM; Wu, TC, 2000)	0.75
" Great similarity in the relative bioavailability profile (such as short Tmax) between normal and knockout mice was also found."	( Apparent lack of effect of P-glycoprotein on the gastrointestinal absorption of a substrate, tacrolimus, in normal mice. Chiou, WL; Chung, SM; Wu, TC, 2000)	0.53
" Moreover, its bioavailability and pharmacokinetics are highly variable."	( A peculiar vacuolization in the kidney transplant of a child treated with tacrolimus. Chikamoto, H; Hattori, M; Horita, S; Ito, K; Matsumoto, N; Oonishi, M; Shiraga, H; Suzuki, T; Tanabe, K; Tokumoto, T; Toma, H; Watanabe, S; Yamaguchi, Y, 2000)	0.54
" Population average parameter estimates of clearance (CL), volume of distribution (V) and oral bioavailability (F) were sought; a number of clinical and demographic variables were tested for their influence on these parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Asian paediatric liver transplant patients. Aw, M; Chan, SY; Charles, BG; Ho, PC; Lim, SM; Quak, SH; Sam, WJ, 2000)	0.59
"The final optimal population models related clearance to age, volume of distribution to body surface area and bioavailability to body weight and total bilirubin concentration."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Asian paediatric liver transplant patients. Aw, M; Chan, SY; Charles, BG; Ho, PC; Lim, SM; Quak, SH; Sam, WJ, 2000)	0.59
" Absolute bioavailability was significantly lower (P = ."	( The pharmacokinetics and metabolic disposition of tacrolimus: a comparison across ethnic groups. Bekersky, I; Benet, LZ; Carrier, S; Christians, U; Dressler, D; Floren, LC; Frassetto, L; Mancinelli, LM, 2001)	0.56
"The effects of renal failure on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tacrolimus were investigated in rats."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tacrolimus in rats with experimental renal dysfunction. Hashimoto, Y; Inui, KI; Okabe, H, 2000)	0.8
" The introduction of the microemulsion formulation of cyclosporine with its more consistent bioavailability has renewed interest in the use of alternative sampling strategies to the trough cyclosporine concentration."	( New developments in the immunosuppressive drug monitoring of cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and azathioprine. Armstrong, VW; Oellerich, M, 2001)	0.54
"We recently reported that of all hydrophilic cyclodextrin (CyD) derivatives examined, 2,6-di-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DM-beta-CyD) most significantly increased the aqueous solubility and the dissolution rate, resulting in the improvement of oral bioavailability of the immunosuppressive drug tacrolimus in rats."	( Contribution of P-glycoprotein to the enhancing effects of dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin on oral bioavailability of tacrolimus. Arima, H; Hirayama, F; Uekama, K; Yunomae, K, 2001)	0.7
"The enhancing effects of cyclodextrins (CyDs) on the solubility, the dissolution rate, and the bioavailability of tacrolimus after oral administration to rats were examined and compared with those after administration of a PROGRAF capsule containing the solid dispersion formulation of tacrolimus."	( Comparative studies of the enhancing effects of cyclodextrins on the solubility and oral bioavailability of tacrolimus in rats. Arima, H; Hirayama, F; Irie, T; Miyake, K; Uekama, K; Yunomae, K, 2001)	0.73
" Because of presystemic elimination, the oral bioavailability is low (around 20%) but may vary between 4 and 89%."	( Comparative clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in paediatric and adult patients. Verbeeck, RK; Wallemacq, PE, 2001)	0.58
"Tacrolimus, a substrate of CYP3A, has low and variable bioavailability similar to cyclosporine."	( The effect of gut metabolism on tacrolimus bioavailability in renal transplant recipients. Alloway, RR; Gaber, AO; Johnson, JA; Tuteja, S, 2001)	2.04
" Based on this difference in first pass metabolism, an increase of 2% in bioavailability is expected, but an increase of 47% is observed (P=0."	( The effect of gut metabolism on tacrolimus bioavailability in renal transplant recipients. Alloway, RR; Gaber, AO; Johnson, JA; Tuteja, S, 2001)	0.59
"5 hours, and absolute bioavailability = 22."	( Comparative tacrolimus pharmacokinetics: normal versus mildly hepatically impaired subjects. Alak, A; Bekersky, I; Boswell, GW; Dressler, D; Mekki, QA, 2001)	0.69
" In conclusion, oral administration of tacrolimus may achieve the therapeutic level, even in the presence of jejunostomy after LTx, although the bioavailability is decreased."	( Oral administration of tacrolimus in the presence of jejunostomy after liver transplantation. Azuma, T; Hasegawa, T; Kimura, T; Nara, K; Okada, A; Sasaki, T; Soh, H, 2001)	0.89
" There were significant differences between the preoperative and the postoperative state in the area under the curve, total body clearance and bioavailability for the oral administration."	( Chrono and clinical pharmacokinetic study of tacrolimus in continuous intravenous administration. Akao, T; Habuchi, T; Kato, T; Sato, K; Satoh, S; Shimoda, N; Suzuki, T; Tachiki, Y; Tada, H; Tsuchiya, N, 2001)	0.57
" However, it is not easy to determine the optimal oral dose because of considerable variation of tacrolimus bioavailability between patients."	( Effective oral administration of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients. Kamoya, K; Kimikawa, M; Teraoka, S; Toma, H, 2001)	0.81
" Interindividual variabilities in CL, volume of distribution (V), and bioavailability (F) were 57."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in adult recipients receiving living-donor liver transplantation. Fukatsu, S; Hashida, T; Igarashi, T; Inui, K; Kiuchi, T; Saito, H; Takayanagi, K; Tanaka, K; Uemoto, S; Yano, I, 2001)	0.6
"The effects of renal failure on the hepatic and intestinal extraction of tacrolimus were evaluated to examine the mechanisms for the increased bioavailability of this drug in cisplatin-induced renal failure model rats."	( Evaluation of increased bioavailability of tacrolimus in rats with experimental renal dysfunction. Hashimoto, Y; Inui, K; Okabe, H; Saito, H; Yano, I, 2002)	0.81
" It is also possible that differences in P-gp function at various intestinal sites in a subject or at a given intestinal site in various subjects could lead to large intra- and interindividual variability in bioavailability of tacrolimus following oral administration."	( Tacrolimus is a class II low-solubility high-permeability drug: the effect of P-glycoprotein efflux on regional permeability of tacrolimus in rats. Amidon, GL; Ibuki, R; Ohike, A; Tamura, S; Yamashita, S, 2002)	1.94
"The immunosuppressant tacrolimus shows poor and variable bioavailability following oral administration in clinical use."	( Roles of the jejunum and ileum in the first-pass effect as absorptive barriers for orally administered tacrolimus. Inui, K; Masuda, S; Saito, H; Sakamoto, S; Shimomura, M; Tanaka, K; Uemoto, S, 2002)	0.84
" The bioavailability of tacrolimus in the jejunum- or ileum-resected rats was higher than that in sham-operated controls."	( Roles of the jejunum and ileum in the first-pass effect as absorptive barriers for orally administered tacrolimus. Inui, K; Masuda, S; Saito, H; Sakamoto, S; Shimomura, M; Tanaka, K; Uemoto, S, 2002)	0.84
" Despite the lower bioavailability of OST when compared with TC, the rejection incidence was similar with both formulations (60% vs."	( Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus oral suspension in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Chardot, C; Evrard, V; Janssen, M; Otte, JB; Paul, K; Reding, R; Sokal, E; Wallemacq, P; Wilmotte, L, 2002)	0.6
" This again results in reduced bioavailability of the drug, as compared with systemic use."	( Topical noncorticosteroid immunomodulation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Kyllönen, H; Reitamo, S; Remitz, A; Saarikko, J, 2002)	0.31
" Oral bioavailability of tacrolimus can be increased by concomitant administration of inhibitors of either CYP3A or P-glycoprotein."	( Drug interactions with tacrolimus. van Gelder, T, 2002)	0.93
"The bioavailability of structurally unrelated drugs is limited by active secretion via the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) product P-glycoprotein (Pgp) from enterocyte into lumen as well as intestinal metabolism by cytochrome P450 IIIA4 (CYP3A4)."	( C3435T polymorphism in the MDR1 gene affects the enterocyte expression level of CYP3A4 rather than Pgp in recipients of living-donor liver transplantation. Goto, M; Inui, K; Kiuchi, T; Masuda, S; Saito, H; Tanaka, K; Uemoto, S, 2002)	0.31
" In clinical studies, CYP3A/P-glycoprotein inhibitors and inducers primarily affect oral bioavailability of tacrolimus rather than its clearance, indicating a key role of intestinal P-glycoprotein and CYP3A."	( Mechanisms of clinically relevant drug interactions associated with tacrolimus. Benet, LZ; Christians, U; Jacobsen, W; Lampen, A, 2002)	0.76
" Consequently, the bioavailability of FK506 was decreased by DEX treatment, and the total clearance was significantly increased by high-dose DEX treatment."	( Lowered blood concentration of tacrolimus and its recovery with changes in expression of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein after high-dose steroid therapy. Kaji, K; Kaneko, H; Kaneko, S; Kobayashi, K; Miyamoto, K; Nomura, M; Shimada, T; Terada, A; Yokogawa, K, 2002)	0.6
" Poor precision may be due to reliance on routine drug monitoring data alone, difficulties with expression of covariates in continuous modeling relationships in the PKS program, lack of accurate quantitative measures of liver function, or large, random intraindividual variability in the bioavailability of tacrolimus."	( Bayesian forecasting and prediction of tacrolimus concentrations in pediatric liver and adult renal transplant recipients. Staatz, CE; Tett, SE; Willis, C, 2003)	0.76
" Oral bioavailability of tacrolimus, which is variable between patients, averages approximately 25%."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus-based combination therapies. Undre, NA, 2003)	0.95
" Ketoconazole increases tacrolimus bioavailability by inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A4 and glycoprotein-p."	( Coadministration of tacrolimus and ketoconazole in renal transplant recipients: cost analysis and review of metabolic effects. Carbajal, H; Rodríguez-Montalvo, C; Soltero, L; Valdés, A, 2003)	0.95
" Further prospective dose-controlled studies are necessary to investigate a possible effect of a standard-dose tacrolimus on long-term sirolimus bioavailability and/or metabolism."	( Long-term pharmacokinetic study of the novel combination of tacrolimus and sirolimus in de novo renal allograft recipients. Claes, K; Evenepoel, P; Kuypers, DR; Maes, B; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2003)	0.77
" The better bioavailability of the new formulation of CsA (Neoral), implies that the former dosage recommendations be reconsidered for distinctly lower figures."	( Treatment of idiopathic nephrosis by immunophillin modulation. Meyrier, A, 2003)	0.32
" The low oral bioavailability of calcineurin inhibitors is thought to result from the actions of the metabolizing enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and CYP3A5 and the multidrug efflux pump P-glycoprotein, encoded by MDR-1."	( Genetic polymorphisms of the CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and MDR-1 genes and pharmacokinetics of the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Gregoor, PJ; Hesselink, DA; Lindemans, J; van der Heiden, IP; van der Werf, M; van Gelder, T; van Schaik, RH; Weimar, W, 2003)	0.52
" These results suggest that hepatic failure after LDLT, including chronic rejection and/or cholangitis, was accompanied by upregulation of intestinal PGP expression, which could depress the bioavailability of the immunosuppressant."	( Enhanced expression of enterocyte P-glycoprotein depresses cyclosporine bioavailability in a recipient of living donor liver transplantation. Goto, M; Inui, K; Kiuchi, T; Kodawara, T; Masuda, S; Saito, H; Tanaka, K; Uemoto, S, 2003)	0.32
" The in vivo oral absorption study in dogs showed that bioavailability of tacrolimus from SDF with HPMC was remarkably improved compared with the crystalline powder."	( Establishment of new preparation method for solid dispersion formulation of tacrolimus. Higaki, K; Ibuki, R; Kimura, T; Nakate, T; Ohike, A; Okimoto, K; Tokunaga, Y; Yamashita, K, 2003)	0.78
" Potential pharmacokinetic advantages of the SL route of delivery include good permeability, rapid absorption, acceptable bioavailability and easy accessibility."	( Sublingual tacrolimus for immunosuppression in lung transplantation: a potentially important therapeutic option in cystic fibrosis. Palmer, SM; Reams, BD, 2002)	0.7
"There were no notable differences in group demographics, but a somewhat less favorable course occurred in group C, despite higher bioavailability of sirolimus in group C versus group A (P<0."	( A randomized long-term trial of tacrolimus and sirolimus versus tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporine (NEORAL) and sirolimus in renal transplantation. I. Drug interactions and rejection at one year. Burke, GW; Ciancio, G; Gaynor, JJ; Kupin, W; Mattiazzi, A; Miller, J; Nicolas, M; Rosen, A; Roth, D; Ruiz, P, 2004)	0.61
" If tacrolimus may be absorbed in the colon, direct administration of drug into this organ might be useful to augment bioavailability since the expression of CYP3A4 is low at this site."	( The colon displays an absorptive capacity of tacrolimus. Amae, S; Hayashi, Y; Ishii, T; Nio, M; Nishi, K; Sano, N; Wada, M, 2004)	1.14
" The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in comparative bioavailability studies."	( Liquid chromatography-negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of tacrolimus in human plasma and its bioanalytical applications. Chidambara, J; Gopinadh, B; Koteshwara, M; Manoj, S; Puran, S; Ramakrishna, NV; Santosh, M; Sumatha, B; Vishwottam, KN; Wishu, S, 2004)	0.54
" Model-independent pharmacokinetic parameters for tacrolimus were calculated and dose-corrected when appropriate: AUC12, peak plasma concentration (Cmax), pre-dose trough concentration (C0), time to Cmax, average steady-state blood concentration, steady-state total body clearance, terminal half-life, volume of distribution and an estimate for tacrolimus bioavailability was derived from additional steady-state intravenous clearance data."	( Time-related clinical determinants of long-term tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in combination therapy with mycophenolic acid and corticosteroids: a prospective study in one hundred de novo renal transplant recipients. Claes, K; Coosemans, W; Evenepoel, P; Kuypers, DR; Maes, B; Pirenne, J; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2004)	0.83
"The oral bioavailability of tacrolimus is low and varies considerably in humans due to first-pass metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and the active efflux mediated by P-glycoprotein."	( Increased bioavailability of tacrolimus after rectal administration in rats. Hobara, N; Hokama, N; Kameya, H; Ohshiro, S; Saitoh, H; Sakai, M; Sakanashi, M, 2004)	0.91
"Tacrolimus is characterized by a highly variable oral bioavailability and narrow therapeutic window."	( The rate of gastric emptying determines the timing but not the extent of oral tacrolimus absorption: simultaneous measurement of drug exposure and gastric emptying by carbon-14-octanoic acid breath test in stable renal allograft recipients. Claes, K; Evenepoel, P; Kuypers, DR; Maes, B; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2004)	1.99
" Tacrolimus shows large variability in bioavailability after oral administration, both due to intestinal metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) and active secretion from enterocyte into intestinal lumen by P-glycoprotein."	( Increased tacrolimus trough levels in association with severe diarrhea, a case report. Asano, T; Hayakawa, M; Nishimoto, K, 2004)	1.64
" Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus and everolimus, however, have all been described to exhibit ethnicity-specific differences in bioavailability and/or dose-adjusted systemic exposure, although currently available reports are controversial for some of these drugs."	( Pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressants: a perspective on ethnic differences. Dirks, NL; Huth, B; Meibohm, B; Yates, CR, 2004)	0.68
" At 24 h after reperfusion, the ileum P-glycoprotein level was transiently increased to two-fold, and the absorption rate of dihydro-[(3)H]FK506 from in situ ileum loop into portal vein was markedly low in comparison with the control."	( Transient up-regulation of P-glycoprotein reduces tacrolimus absorption after ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat ileum. Goto, M; Inui, K; Ito, K; Masuda, S; Okuda, M; Omae, T; Shimomura, M, 2005)	0.58
"Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein (PGP) are important determinants of the oral bioavailability and clearance of tacrolimus."	( Impact of gastric acid suppressants on cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein: consequences for FK506 assimilation. Lemahieu, WP; Maes, BD; Vanrenterghem, Y; Verbeke, K, 2005)	0.53
"Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window, and bioavailability is known to vary considerably between renal transplant recipients."	( AUC-guided dosing of tacrolimus prevents progressive systemic overexposure in renal transplant recipients. Cremers, SC; de Fijter, JW; den Hartigh, J; Paul, LC; Rowshani, AT; Schoemaker, RC; Scholten, EM; van Kan, EJ, 2005)	2.09
" These data strongly suggest that persistent diarrhea is associated with an increased oral bioavailability of Tac."	( Cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein activity and assimilation of tacrolimus in transplant patients with persistent diarrhea. Geboes, K; Lemahieu, W; Maes, B; Rutgeerts, P; Vanrenterghem, Y; Verbeke, K, 2005)	0.56
" We found that NEO and TAC administrations in the evening resulted in reduced bioavailability and delayed absorption when compared with drug administrations in the morning."	( Pharmacokinetic differences between morning and evening administration of cyclosporine and tacrolimus therapy. Abudoshukur, M; Ashizawa, T; Hama, K; Hirano, T; Iwahori, T; Johjima, Y; Konno, O; Matsuno, N; Nagao, T; Nakamura, Y; Oka, K; Okuyama, K; Takeuchi, H; Uchiyama, M, 2005)	0.55
"The purpose of this pharmacokinetic study was to determine whether the relative oral bioavailability of tacrolimus is increased with concomitant administration of clotrimazole."	( Concomitant clotrimazole therapy more than doubles the relative oral bioavailability of tacrolimus. Benedetti, E; Shin, GP; Sifontis, N; Vasquez, EM, 2005)	0.77
" It has yet to be seen whether the increased bioavailability of Neoral will result in an increased severity and prevalence of gingival overgrowth."	( Cyclosporin-induced gingival overgrowth in children. Hosey, MT; Welbury, RR; Wright, G, 2005)	0.33
", irinotecan), resulting in increased bioavailability and reduced clearance of these agents."	( Cyclosporin A, tacrolimus and sirolimus are potent inhibitors of the human breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) and reverse resistance to mitoxantrone and topotecan. Dai, Y; Gupta, A; Hebert, MF; Mao, Q; Ross, DD; Thummel, KE; Unadkat, JD; Vethanayagam, RR, 2006)	0.69
" Lower trough concentrations and bioavailability have been reported with oral MMF in first week after LTx."	( Intravenous mycophenolate mofetil with low-dose oral tacrolimus and steroid induction for live donor liver transplantation. Abt, P; Bozorgzadeh, A; Burlee, K; Jain, A; Kashyap, R; Kelley, M; Mohanka, R; Orloff, M, 2005)	0.58
"The significance of intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in determining the oral bioavailability of tacrolimus has been still controversial."	( Limited interaction between tacrolimus and P-glycoprotein in the rat small intestine. Achiwa, K; Aungst, BJ; Kobayashi, M; Oda, M; Saikachi, Y; Saitoh, H; Tadano, K; Takahashi, Y; Yamaguchi, M; Yuhki, Y, 2006)	0.85
" Bioavailability of enterally administered tacrolimus is poor, and further reduced by gastric residuals or by enteral nutrition."	( Buccal vs. nasogastric tube administration of tacrolimus after pediatric liver transplantation. Albers, MJ; Goorhuis, JF; Peeters, PM; Scheenstra, R, 2006)	0.85
"An extemporaneous suspension of tacrolimus for paediatric use has recently been developed but poor bioavailability and erratic plasma concentrations were observed during clinical use."	( Physical and microbiological stability of an extemporaneous tacrolimus suspension for paediatric use. Beeton, A; Han, J; Long, PF; Tuleu, C; Wong, I, 2006)	0.86
" The intestinal efflux-pump P-glycoprotein (Pgp) (multidrug resistance 1 [MDR1], ATP-binding cassette B1 [ABCB1]) and CYP3A4 have been demonstrated as important for the bioavailability of drugs, so called "absorptive barriers"."	( An up-date review on individualized dosage adjustment of calcineurin inhibitors in organ transplant patients. Inui, K; Masuda, S, 2006)	0.33
" The activities of CYP3A5 and P-gp have been shown to influence bioavailability of several drugs."	( Multidrug resistance gene-1 (MDR-1) haplotypes have a minor influence on tacrolimus dose requirements. Carter, ND; Fredericks, S; Goldberg, L; Holt, DW; MacPhee, IA; Moreton, M; Reboux, S, 2006)	0.57
" Correspondingly, the oral bioavailability, which was the after/ before fluconazole combination ratio of AUC0-12/dose and absorption rate (Cmax/dose/body weight), was significantly increased [2."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the combination of tacrolimus and fluconazole in renal transplant patients. Bunnachak, D; Jittikanont, S; Kanchanarattanakorn, K; Lumlertgul, D; Manoyot, A; Noppakun, K; Ophascharoensuk, V; Rojanasthien, N, 2006)	0.59
"The bioavailability and metabolism of cyclosporine and tacrolimus are primarily controlled by efflux pumps and members of the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isoenzyme system found in the liver and gastrointestinal tract."	( Effects of genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of calcineurin inhibitors. Hiles, JJ; Kolesar, J; Utecht, KN, 2006)	0.58
"We investigated the effects of the orally bioavailable non-immunosuppressive immunophilin ligand GPI 1046 (GPI) on erectile function and cavernous nerve (CN) histology following unilateral or bilateral crush injury (UCI, BCI, respectively) of the CNs."	( Neuroimmunophilin ligands protect cavernous nerves after crush injury in the rat: new experimental paradigms. Burnett, AL; Chen, Y; Guo, H; Hoke, A; McCormick, J; Sezen, SF; Steiner, JP; Valentine, H; Wu, Y, 2007)	0.34
" The bioavailability of the 2 formulations was evaluated based on the requirement of 20% deviation at a power of 80%."	( A randomized, open-label, two-period, crossover bioavailability study of two oral formulations of tacrolimus in healthy Korean adults. Kim, KH; Kim, YS; Kwon, KI; Lee, YJ; Park, K; Park, MS, 2007)	0.56
" The oral bioavailability of tacrolimus was poor and ranged from 11."	( Population pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tacrolimus in kidney transplant patients. Antignac, M; Barrou, B; Farinotti, R; Lechat, P; Urien, S, 2007)	0.88
"SchE can increase the oral bioavailability of tacrolimus."	( Effects of Schisandra sphenanthera extract on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in healthy volunteers. Li, Q; Shen, Y; Su, D; Wu, XC; Xin, HW; Xiong, L; Yu, AR; Zhu, M, 2007)	0.83
" Patients treated with cyclosporine as initial immunosuppression who fail to reach target C(2) levels in a timely fashion are at risk for impaired bioavailability of tacrolimus."	( Apparent low absorbers of cyclosporine microemulsion have higher requirements for tacrolimus in renal transplantation. Boudville, N; Denesyk, K; Elmestiri, M; House, AA; Jevnikar, AM; Luke, PP; Muirhead, N; Rehman, F, )	0.55
" Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects."	( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability. Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007)	0.34
" The more predictable oral bioavailability and better side-effect profile makes tacrolimus a more favourable choice as compared with ciclosporin."	( The use of tacrolimus in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Chow, DK; Leong, RW, 2007)	0.96
"The immunosuppressant drug tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic index and is subject to a large variation in individual bioavailability and clearance."	( Cloned enzyme donor immunoassay tacrolimus assay compared with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and microparticle enzyme immunoassay in liver and renal transplant recipients. Morris, RG; Salm, P; Taylor, PJ; Westley, IS, 2007)	0.92
" The low CsA and Tac bioavailability has been attributed to interindividual differences in the expression of the metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 3A."	( [Cytochrome P450 3A polymorphism and its importance in cyclosporine and tacrolimus therapy in transplanted patients]. Duricová, J; Grundmann, M, 2007)	0.57
" The aim of this trial was to analyze Tac bioavailability after partial liver transplantation."	( Oral tacrolimus bioavailability is increased after right split liver transplantation. Bärthel, E; Koch, A; Kornberg, A; Küpper, B; Settmacher, U; Thrum, K; Wilberg, J, 2007)	0.85
"Peroral Tac bioavailability was significantly higher after partial liver transplantation using the right hepatic lobe compared with full-size transplants."	( Oral tacrolimus bioavailability is increased after right split liver transplantation. Bärthel, E; Koch, A; Kornberg, A; Küpper, B; Settmacher, U; Thrum, K; Wilberg, J, 2007)	0.85
" Bioavailability of enterally administered tacrolimus is poor, and further reduced by gastrointestinal failure or enteral nutrition."	( Sublingual administration of tacrolimus in a renal transplant patient. Borobia, A; Carcas, A; Escuin, F; Fudio, S; Gil, F; Jiménez, C; Ramirez, E; Romero, I, 2008)	0.9
" Because of a possible limited bioavailability of FK506, long-term inhibition of neointimal formation was not sustained at the considered follow-up."	( Short-, mid-, and long-term effects of a polymer-free tacrolimus-eluting stent in a porcine coronary model. Black, A; Gaggianesi, S; Galloni, M; Lolli, V; Prunotto, M; Santarelli, A; Vignolini, C, 2009)	0.6
"This study proposes a new concept of double coated nanocapsules to improve the oral bioavailability of a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate drug, tacrolimus, without modulating the physiological activity of the P-gp pump."	( Novel double coated nanocapsules for intestinal delivery and enhanced oral bioavailability of tacrolimus, a P-gp substrate drug. Benita, S; Nassar, T; Nyska, A; Rom, A, 2009)	0.77
" Its oral bioavailability varies greatly between individuals, and it is a substrate of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and P-glycoprotein."	( Influence of CYP3A5 genetic polymorphism on tacrolimus daily dose requirements and acute rejection in renal graft recipients. Becquemont, L; Charpentier, B; Durrbach, A; Ferlicot, S; Furlan, V; Letierce, A; Quteineh, L; Taburet, AM; Verstuyft, C, 2008)	0.61
" The bioavailability of CsA and FK506 seems to be associated with the cytocrhome P450 IIIA (CYP3A) gene."	( Genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A5 and MDR1 genes and their correlations with plasma levels of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in renal transplant recipients. Breitenfeld, L; Martinho, A; Mendes, J; Mota, A; Pais, L; Simoes, O, 2009)	0.57
"Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) affect the bioavailability of tacrolimus, the most commonly used immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant recipients."	( Tacrolimus concentrations in relation to CYP3A and ABCB1 polymorphisms among solid organ transplant recipients in Korea. Cho, DY; Chun, S; Han, DJ; Jang, MS; Jun, KR; Kang, C; Kim, JQ; Lee, SG; Lee, W; Min, WK; Park, KT; Song, GW, 2009)	2.01
" In comparison to systemic tacrolimus used for prevention and treatment of rejection after organ transplantation, the bioavailability of topical tacrolimus in patients with atopic dermatitis is between 3 and 4%."	( Long-term safety of tacrolimus ointment in atopic dermatitis. Reitamo, S; Remitz, A, 2009)	0.97
" These results suggest that oral solution itraconazole significantly interacts with calcineurin inhibitors with a wide interindividual variability in allogeneic HSCT recipients, which could partly be explained by the variable bioavailability of oral solution itraconazole."	( Drug interaction between oral solution itraconazole and calcineurin inhibitors in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients: an association with bioavailability of oral solution itraconazole. Aisa, Y; Ikeda, Y; Kato, J; Mori, T; Nakamura, Y; Okamoto, S, 2009)	0.35
"71 L/kg, and typical bioavailability was 15."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: new initial dosage suggestions and a model-based dosage adjustment tool. Fasth, A; Friberg, LE; Staatz, CE; Wallin, JE, 2009)	0.64
"In the setting of a controlled clinical study, the co-administration of GFJ with FK506 increased the bioavailability of FK506."	( Co-administration of grapefruit juice increases bioavailability of tacrolimus in liver transplant patients: a prospective study. Liu, C; Liu, XM; Lv, Y; Ma, F; Shang, YF; Wang, B; Wu, Z; Yu, L; Zhang, XF; Zhang, XG, 2009)	0.59
" The following covariates were retained in the final model: time of drug administration on the absorption rate constant and CYP3A5 and ABCB1 genotypes on the TAC apparent clearance."	( Time of drug administration, CYP3A5 and ABCB1 genotypes, and analytical method influence tacrolimus pharmacokinetics: a population pharmacokinetic study. Delattre, IK; Haufroid, V; Mourad, M; Musuamba, FT; Verbeeck, RK; Wallemacq, P, 2009)	0.57
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."	( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination. Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)	0.36
" Due to the number of patients required to achieve sufficient statistical power, to test the therapeutic equivalence of two formulations of the same drug with the same bioavailability is an unrealistic goal."	( Bioequivalence testing of immunosuppressants: concepts and misconceptions. Christians, U; Clavijo, CF; Klawitter, J, 2010)	0.36
"We conclude that in adult renal transplant recipients, EVL significantly decreases TAC oral bioavailability in a dose-dependent manner."	( Interaction between everolimus and tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients: a pharmacokinetic controlled trial. Brunet, M; Cabello, M; del Castillo, D; Fernández, AM; Grinyó, JM; Pallardó, L; Pascual, J, 2010)	0.64
" However, the microvasculature distal to PES showed a decreased NO bioavailability at five days, which improved at 28 days."	( Endothelial function rather than endothelial restoration is altered in paclitaxel- as compared to bare metal-, sirolimusand tacrolimus-eluting stents. Danser, AH; Duncker, DJ; Onuma, Y; Sorop, O; van Beusekom, HM; van den Heuvel, M; van der Giessen, WJ, 2010)	0.57
" Tacrolimus pharmacokinetic variability is based on bioavailability and systemic clearance, which are represented by apparent oral clearance."	( A systematic review of the effect of CYP3A5 genotype on the apparent oral clearance of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients. Barry, A; Levine, M, 2010)	1.49
" A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model estimating oral clearance, between-patient variability in oral clearance, central volume of distribution, and residual variability in combination with historical estimates of first-order absorption rate constant, intercompartmental clearance, and peripheral volume of distribution adequately described the sparse MPA data."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of mycophenolic acid coadministered with either tasocitinib (CP-690,550) or tacrolimus in adult renal allograft recipients. Busque, S; Chan, G; Krishnaswami, S; Lamba, M; Melcher, M; Tafti, B, 2010)	0.57
" Bioavailability decreased with increasing MMF doses."	( Nonlinear relationship between mycophenolate mofetil dose and mycophenolic acid exposure: implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. de Winter, BC; Mathot, RA; Sombogaard, F; van Gelder, T; Vulto, AG, 2011)	0.37
" In Advagraf patients, a bimodal distribution was observed for the absorption rate constant (K(tr) ): one group with a K(tr) similar to that of Prograf treated patients and the other group with a slower absorption."	( Population pharmacokinetic model and Bayesian estimator for two tacrolimus formulations--twice daily Prograf and once daily Advagraf. de Winter, BC; Kamar, N; Marquet, P; Rostaing, L; Rousseau, A; Woillard, JB, 2011)	0.61
"Low solubility of tacrolimus in carrier matrix and subsequent poor in vivo bioavailability was overcome by constructing modified nanolipid carrier (MNLC) as a novel approach."	( Development and evaluation of colloidal modified nanolipid carrier: application to topical delivery of tacrolimus. Pople, PV; Singh, KK, 2011)	0.92
"A new self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) has been developed to increase the solubility, dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of tacrolimus (TAC)."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of tacrolimus in rats by self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems. He, F; He, Z; Liu, H; Sun, J; Wang, Y; Zhang, T, 2011)	0.85
" Those drugs have low and variable oral bioavailability that is increased when combined with cyclosporine or tacrolimus (TAC)."	( Sirolimus and everolimus intestinal absorption and interaction with calcineurin inhibitors: a differential effect between cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Boussera, B; Lamoureux, F; Marquet, P; Picard, N; Sauvage, FL, 2012)	0.79
" Unfortunately, both drugs are characterised by high pharmacokinetic variability, poor bioavailability and high toxicity."	( Immunophilin-loaded erythrocytes as a new delivery strategy for immunosuppressive drugs. Biagiotti, S; Bianchi, M; Conaldi, PG; Giacomini, E; Magnani, M; Pierigè, F; Rossi, L; Serafini, G, 2011)	0.37
" The European regulatory authorities require comparative bioavailability studies with an innovator product to grant marketing authorization of generic products."	( Bioequivalence of two tacrolimus formulations under fasting conditions in healthy male subjects. Kale, P; Mandal, J; Mathew, P; Patel, K; Patel, R; Soni, K; Tangudu, G, 2011)	0.68
"By delivering immunomodulatory drugs in vivo directly to lymph nodes draining an injection site, an opportunity exists to increase drug bioavailability to local immune cells."	( Nano-sized drug-loaded micelles deliver payload to lymph node immune cells and prolong allograft survival. Dane, KY; Eby, JK; Hubbell, JA; Inverardi, L; Nembrini, C; O'Neil, CP; Swartz, MA; Tomei, AA; Velluto, D, 2011)	0.37
" This study investigated the effects of co-administering CGP on the bioavailability of cyclosporine and tacrolimus."	( Citrus grandis peel increases the bioavailability of cyclosporine and tacrolimus, two important immunosuppressants, in rats. Chao, PD; Hou, YC; Lin, SP; Tsai, SY; Wang, MJ, 2011)	0.82
"Data were obtained from a comparative bioavailability study of oral TAC formulations (n = 22)."	( Association of ABCB1, CYP3A4*18B and CYP3A5*3 genotypes with the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in healthy Chinese subjects: a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Cui, XY; Geng, F; Jiao, Z; Qiu, XY; Shi, XJ; Zhong, MK, 2011)	0.59
" Oral bioavailability of the tablets was examined in fasted beagle dogs."	( Novel gastroretentive sustained-release tablet of tacrolimus based on self-microemulsifying mixture: in vitro evaluation and in vivo bioavailability test. Gan, Y; Wang, YP; Zhang, XX, 2011)	0.62
" Compared with the commercially available capsules of tacrolimus, the relative bioavailability of the SME gastroretentive sustained-release tablets was 553."	( Novel gastroretentive sustained-release tablet of tacrolimus based on self-microemulsifying mixture: in vitro evaluation and in vivo bioavailability test. Gan, Y; Wang, YP; Zhang, XX, 2011)	0.87
"SME gastroretentive sustained-release tablets can enhance the oral bioavailability of tacrolimus with poor solubility and a narrow absorption window."	( Novel gastroretentive sustained-release tablet of tacrolimus based on self-microemulsifying mixture: in vitro evaluation and in vivo bioavailability test. Gan, Y; Wang, YP; Zhang, XX, 2011)	0.85
" Although promiscuity of four drugs can be explained under the bioavailability model, the promiscuity of Tacrolimus and Pentamidine was completely unexpected."	( Systematic exploration of synergistic drug pairs. Andrews, BJ; Baryshnikova, A; Boone, C; Chua, HN; Cokol, M; Costanzo, M; Giaever, G; Mutlu, B; Myers, CL; Nergiz, ME; Nislow, C; Roth, FP; Suzuki, Y; Tasan, M; Weinstein, ZB, 2011)	0.58
" The typical population values of tacrolimus for the pharmacokinetic parameters of apparent clearance (CL/F), apparent distribution volume of the central compartment (V(2)/F), intercompartmental clearance (Q/F), apparent distribution volume of the peripheral compartment (V(3)/F), absorption rate (ka) and lag time (ALAG) were 27."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of tacrolimus in healthy Chinese volunteers. Ma, S; Miao, LY; Rui, JZ; Xue, L; Zhang, H, 2011)	0.9
" The data were analyzed by nonlinear mixed effect modelling, using a one compartment model with first order absorption and first order elimination and random effects on the absorption rate (k(a)), the apparent volume of distribution (V/F) and apparent clearance (CL/F)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and dose optimization with limited sampling strategy in liver transplant children. Barau, C; Barrail-Tran, A; Debray, D; Furlan, V; Taburet, AM, 2012)	0.38
" The relative bioavailability in patients with CF was approximately 60% of the relative bioavailability observed in patients without CF, and the transfer rate constant between the transit compartments was 2-fold smaller in patients with CF than in those without CF (3."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and design of a Bayesian estimator for therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus in lung transplantation. de Winter, BC; Estenne, M; Guillemain, R; Kessler, R; Knoop, C; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Pison, C; Reynaud-Gaubert, M; Rousseau, A; Stern, M, 2012)	0.59
"Population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that lung transplant patients with CF displayed lower bioavailability and a smaller transfer rate constant between transit compartments than those without CF, while the apparent clearance was faster in CYP3A5 expressers than in non-expressers."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and design of a Bayesian estimator for therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus in lung transplantation. de Winter, BC; Estenne, M; Guillemain, R; Kessler, R; Knoop, C; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Pison, C; Reynaud-Gaubert, M; Rousseau, A; Stern, M, 2012)	0.59
" The thermal studies (DSC, DSC-Photovisual, DTA and TG-dynamical) were applied in the thermal characterization of the raw materials of tacrolimus which showed pseudo-polymorphic forms, which must be monitored by pharmaceutical industry, avoiding future problems in pharmaceutical process, chemical stability and bioavailability of the tacrolimus product."	( Correlation of thermal analysis and pyrolysis coupled to GC-MS in the characterization of tacrolimus. Böer, TM; Macêdo, RO; Nascimento, TG; Procópio, JV, 2013)	0.81
" The oral bioavailability of tacrolimus averages 20% to 25%; however, the inter-individual variability in this parameter is large."	( Relationship among changes in hematocrit, albumin and corticosteroid dose on the disposition of tacrolimus during the first six months following renal transplantation. Domínguez-Ramírez, A; Fuentes-Noriega, I; González-López, EH; Mancilla-Urrea, E; Robles-Piedras, AL; Romano-Moreno, S, 2011)	0.88
" These results indicate that oral voriconazole has a significant drug interaction with oral tacrolimus with a wide inter-individual variability, which cannot be explained by the bioavailability of voriconazole."	( Drug interaction between voriconazole and tacrolimus and its association with the bioavailability of oral voriconazole in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Kato, J; Kikuchi, T; Kohashi, S; Mori, T; Okamoto, S; Ono, Y; Sakurai, M; Yamane, A, 2012)	0.86
"Variability in CYP3A5 expression associated with differences in tacrolimus bioavailability has been documented."	( CYP3A5 polymorphism in Mexican renal transplant recipients and its association with tacrolimus dosing. Alberú, J; Castañeda-Hernández, G; Elizondo, G; García-Roca, P; Mancilla Urrea, E; Medeiros, M; Morales-Buenrostro, LE; Ortiz, L; Reyes, H; Rodríguez-Espino, BA; Vásquez-Perdomo, M, 2012)	0.84
" We observed an increase in the Dose-Normalized Trough Concentration (DNTC) values when tacrolimus was administered for 4 consecutive days by jejunostomy as compared to oral administration, indicating that the relative bioavailability of tacrolimus increased."	( Tacrolimus trough levels before, during and after jejunostomy in a liver transplant patient: a case report. Charpiat, B; Ducerf, C; Duperret, S; Gazon, M; Mabrut, JY; Mezoughi, S; Preuss, J; Tod, M, 2012)	2.04
" This study sought to compare the bioavailability and blood trough concentrations of orally and sublingually administered tacrolimus in adult liver transplant recipients by considering intraindividual variations in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics properties."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of oral versus sublingual administration of tacrolimus in adult liver transplant recipients. Abdollahi, A; Dashti-Khavidaki, S; Irajian, H; Jafarian, A; Khalili, H; Nasiri-Toosi, M; Nasiri-Toosi, Z; Sadrai, S, 2012)	0.82
" Our study confirmed the high variability of posaconazole bioavailability and showed the significant influence of gastrointestinal disorders, food intake, and concomitant medication on the PPCs."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of posaconazole in patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Ameye, L; Aoun, M; Bourguignon, AM; Bron, D; Cotton, F; Csergö, M; Hites, M; Jacobs, F; Rasson, C; Vaes, M, 2012)	0.38
" The oral bioavailability of tacrolimus varies greatly between individuals and depends largely on the activity of both the cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) subfamily and P-glycoprotein (P-gp)."	( Influence of CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and MDR-1 polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and early renal dysfunction in liver transplant recipients. Cai, B; Li, Y; Shi, Y; Tang, J; Wang, L; Zhang, J; Zou, Y, 2013)	0.93
"The objective of the study was to investigate the relative bioavailability between the generic tacrolimus products that are presently authorized in Spain by adjusted indirect comparison."	( Bioequivalence between generic tacrolimus products marketed in Spain by adjusted indirect comparison. Alvarez, C; Blázquez-Pérez, A; Corredera-Hernández, MT; de la Torre-Alvarado, JM; García-Arieta, A; Herranz, M; Morales-Alcelay, S; Suárez-Gea, ML, 2013)	0.89
"Data from independent bioequivalence studies that compare each generic product with the reference product were combined by adjusted indirect comparisons to investigate the relative bioavailability between generic drug products, since there is no direct bioequivalence study comparing generics to each other."	( Bioequivalence between generic tacrolimus products marketed in Spain by adjusted indirect comparison. Alvarez, C; Blázquez-Pérez, A; Corredera-Hernández, MT; de la Torre-Alvarado, JM; García-Arieta, A; Herranz, M; Morales-Alcelay, S; Suárez-Gea, ML, 2013)	0.68
" We examined tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in the peri-operative period and determined the association between the tacrolimus absorption rate and body weight reduction."	( Excess fluid distribution affects tacrolimus absorption in peritoneal dialysis patients. Banno, K; Fukuoka, N; Hara, T; Inui, M; Kakehi, Y; Kiyomoto, H; Kohno, M; Moriwaki, K; Nishiyama, A; Sofue, T; Yamaguchi, K, 2013)	1.04
"The tacrolimus absorption rate on the day before kidney transplantation tended to be lower in PD patients than in HD patients; however, the rate improved after kidney transplantation and was similar in both groups of patients."	( Excess fluid distribution affects tacrolimus absorption in peritoneal dialysis patients. Banno, K; Fukuoka, N; Hara, T; Inui, M; Kakehi, Y; Kiyomoto, H; Kohno, M; Moriwaki, K; Nishiyama, A; Sofue, T; Yamaguchi, K, 2013)	1.23
" CYP3A5 genotype has a significant influence on the oral bioavailability of tacrolimus and is a potential influence on variability of exposure."	( CYP3A5 genotype had no impact on intrapatient variability of tacrolimus clearance in renal transplant recipients. Holt, DW; MacPhee, IA; Spierings, N, 2013)	0.86
" Phase 1 studies demonstrated greater bioavailability to twice-daily tacrolimus capsules and no new safety concerns."	( Conversion from twice-daily tacrolimus capsules to once-daily extended-release tacrolimus (LCPT): a phase 2 trial of stable renal transplant recipients. Alloway, RR; Bodziak, K; Bunnapradist, S; Gaber, AO; Kaplan, B, 2013)	0.92
" The greater bioavailability of LCP-Tacro allows for once-daily dosing and similar (AUC) exposure at a dose approximately 30% less than the total daily dose of Prograf."	( Conversion from twice-daily tacrolimus capsules to once-daily extended-release tacrolimus (LCPT): a phase 2 trial of stable renal transplant recipients. Alloway, RR; Bodziak, K; Bunnapradist, S; Gaber, AO; Kaplan, B, 2013)	0.68
" We investigated factors affecting interindividual variability of tacrolimus bioavailability in renal transplant patients."	( Pharmaceutical and genetic determinants for interindividual differences of tacrolimus bioavailability in renal transplant recipients. Habuchi, T; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Niioka, T; Numakura, K; Saito, M; Satoh, S, 2013)	0.86
" The tacrolimus absolute bioavailability was calculated using the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24) after continuous intravenous infusion and oral formulations of tacrolimus in the same recipient."	( Pharmaceutical and genetic determinants for interindividual differences of tacrolimus bioavailability in renal transplant recipients. Habuchi, T; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Niioka, T; Numakura, K; Saito, M; Satoh, S, 2013)	1.13
"The median (quartile 1-quartile 3) tacrolimus relative bioavailability for recipients with the CYP3A5*1 or CYP3A5*3/*3 alleles was significantly lower for the tacrolimus QD group [9."	( Pharmaceutical and genetic determinants for interindividual differences of tacrolimus bioavailability in renal transplant recipients. Habuchi, T; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Niioka, T; Numakura, K; Saito, M; Satoh, S, 2013)	0.9
"The larger interindividual variability of tacrolimus bioavailability for oral formulations appears to be due to the effects of the CYP3A5 polymorphism and the tacrolimus oral formulation."	( Pharmaceutical and genetic determinants for interindividual differences of tacrolimus bioavailability in renal transplant recipients. Habuchi, T; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Niioka, T; Numakura, K; Saito, M; Satoh, S, 2013)	0.88
" The relative bioavailability of Advagraf and Prograf was evaluated in a single-center, open-label study of Prograf-to-Advagraf conversion in 20 patients, ranging in age from 12 to 18 years, who had a stable liver transplant and were receiving Prograf."	( Conversion from Prograf to Advagraf in adolescents with stable liver transplants: comparative pharmacokinetics and 1-year follow-up. Almeida-Paulo, GN; Carcas-Sansuán, AJ; Díaz, C; Frauca, E; Frías-Iniesta, J; Hierro, L; Jara, P; Piñana, E; Tong, HY, 2013)	0.39
"The bioavailability of Prograf and Advagraf was evaluated in an open-label conversion study in 21 stable renal transplant paediatric patients."	( Conversion from Prograf to Advagraf in stable paediatric renal transplant patients and 1-year follow-up. Almeida-Paulo, GN; Alonso-Melgar, A; Carcas-Sansuán, AJ; Espinosa-Román, L; Fernández-Camblor, C; García-Meseguer, C; Medrano, N; Ramirez, E, 2014)	0.4
" Subjects taking concomitant PIs exhibited increases in CsA and TAC exposure (AUC/dose) due to the increased apparent oral bioavailability and decreased apparent oral clearance."	( Changes in clearance, volume and bioavailability of immunosuppressants when given with HAART in HIV-1 infected liver and kidney transplant recipients. Barin, B; Benet, L; Browne, M; Carlson, L; Christians, U; Floren, L; Frassetto, L; Roland, M; Stock, P; Wolfe, A, 2013)	0.39
"Macrocycles are ideal in efforts to tackle "difficult" targets, but our understanding of what makes them cell permeable and orally bioavailable is limited."	( Macrocyclic drugs and clinical candidates: what can medicinal chemists learn from their properties? Giordanetto, F; Kihlberg, J, 2014)	0.4
" Bioavailability was 49 % lower in expressers of cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) than in CYP3A5 nonexpressers."	( Importance of hematocrit for a tacrolimus target concentration strategy. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Holford, N; Midtvedt, K; Størset, E, 2014)	0.69
" The bioavailability and elimination of tacrolimus are affected by the patients CYP3A5 genotype."	( Inclusion of CYP3A5 genotyping in a nonparametric population model improves dosing of tacrolimus early after transplantation. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Hartmann, A; Jelliffe, R; Midtvedt, K; Neely, MN; Størset, E; van Guilder, M, 2013)	0.88
" These exploratory results suggest that this generic tacrolimus preparation would be expected to offer comparable bioavailability to the reference drug in these patient subpopulations."	( A randomized, crossover pharmacokinetic study comparing generic tacrolimus vs. the reference formulation in subpopulations of kidney transplant patients. Alloway, RR; Bloom, RD; Trofe-Clark, J; Wiland, A, )	0.62
" The estimated population mean of clearance (CL/F), volume of distribution (V/F) and absorption rate (Ka ) were 21."	( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenetic model of tacrolimus in the early period after kidney transplantation. Ha, J; Ha, S; Han, N; Kim, IW; Kim, MG; Lee, JI; Min, SI; Oh, JM; Yun, HY, 2014)	0.65
" The study was, balanced, randomized, two-treatments, two-periods, two-sequences, single dose, crossover, comparative oral bioavailability study in healthy adult human volunteers."	( Prograf five milligrams versus Tacrolimus medis in healthy volunteers: a bioequivalence study. Attia, M; Baassoumi, D; Bellahirich, W; Boujbel, L; Masri, M; Matha, V; Rizk, S, 2013)	0.68
" We discuss the administration strategy applied and whether tacrolimus granules for oral suspension by jejunostomy affect the bioavailability and its side effects."	( Modigraf administration through jejunostomy in liver transplant recipient: case report. Alamo-Martínez, JM; Barrera-Pulido, L; Bernal-Bellido, C; Gomez, LM; Gómez-Bravo, MA; Marente, VC; Martinez, JG; Padillo-Ruiz, FJ; Serrano-Díaz-Canedo, J; Suárez-Artacho, G, 2013)	0.63
" Compared with the drug powder, the solubility, dissolution and bioavailability of tacrolimus with the fast-dissolving solid dispersion containing tacrolimus/HP-β-CD/DOSS in the weight ratio of 5:40:4 were boosted by approximately 700-, 30- and 2-fold, respectively."	( Development of novel fast-dissolving tacrolimus solid dispersion-loaded prolonged release tablet. Cho, JH; Choi, HG; Kim, DW; Kim, JO; Kim, YI; Woo, JS; Yong, CS; Yousaf, AM, 2014)	0.9
" We developed an FK506 cream formulation with a controllable transdermal absorption rate by manipulating the IPM:DES ratio."	( Development and evaluation of a tacrolimus cream formulation using a binary solvent system. Itai, S; Iwao, Y; Noguchi, S; Yamanaka, M; Yokota, S, 2014)	0.69
"Tacrolimus bioavailability in steady state is similar in BID and QD formulations after conversion in stable LT recipients, excluding those with cystic fibrosis."	( Pharmacokinetic study of conversion from tacrolimus twice-daily to tacrolimus once-daily in stable lung transplantation. Berastegui, C; Blanco, A; Bravo, C; Camós, S; López-Meseguer, M; Méndez, A; Monforte, V; Pou, L; Roman, A, 2014)	2.11
" Studies in renal transplantation demonstrate greater bioavailability with similar safety and efficacy vs."	( Conversion from twice daily tacrolimus capsules to once daily extended-release tacrolimus (LCP-Tacro): phase 2 trial of stable liver transplant recipients. Alloway, RR; Eckhoff, DE; Teperman, LW; Washburn, WK, 2014)	0.7
" Relative bioavailability was calculated to be 96."	( Bioequivalence of tacrolimus formulations with different dynamic solubility and in-vitro dissolution profiles. Choi, du H; Jeong, SH; Kim, NA; Kwon, M; Park, J; Wang, H; Yeom, D; Yoo, SD, 2015)	0.75
"The bioavailability of oral tacrolimus is influenced by enterocyte metabolism, which involves CYP3A and P-glycoprotein."	( Effects of elevated tacrolimus trough levels in association with infectious enteritis on graft function in renal transplant recipients. Amada, N; Haga, I; Kashiwadate, T; Nakamura, A; Tokodai, K, 2014)	1.02
" The bioavailability was higher in obese rats, compared with that in lean rats."	( Mechanisms of lower maintenance dose of tacrolimus in obese patients. Huong, TT; Miyamoto, K; Mizutani, Y; Sai, Y; Sawamoto, K; Sugimoto, N, 2014)	0.67
" However, to be successful, the drug of interest must be sufficiently well absorbed from the distal region of the gastrointestinal tract."	( Assessment of tacrolimus absorption from the human intestinal tract: open-label, randomized, 4-way crossover study. Brown, M; Connor, A; First, R; Groenewoud, A; Higaki, K; Holman, J; Kawamura, A; Keirns, JJ; Murakami, M; Ogawara, K; Sako, K; Sawamoto, T; Tsunashima, D; Undre, N; Wilding, I; Wylde, H, 2014)	0.76
"Sublingual administration showed no clinically significant exposure, contrary to rectal administration, where all subjects had clinically relevant exposure, with a lower relative bioavailability (78%), a lower maximal blood concentration and a later time of maximal blood concentration compared with oral administration."	( Rectal and sublingual administration of tacrolimus: a single-dose pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers. Christiaans, M; Neef, C; Scheffers, I; Stifft, F; van Bortel, L; Vanmolkot, F, 2014)	0.67
" Single-dose 24-h pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated that the TAC formulation prepared by TFF exhibited higher pulmonary bioavailability with a prolonged retention time in the lung, possibly due to decreased clearance (e."	( In vitro and in vivo performance of dry powder inhalation formulations: comparison of particles prepared by thin film freezing and micronization. Batra, A; Liu, S; Peters, JI; Wang, YB; Watts, AB; Williams, RO, 2014)	0.4
"Studies with new tacrolimus formulations showed better bioavailability and lower doses, which might translate into less toxicity."	( Recent trials in immunosuppression and their consequences for current therapy. Viklicky, O; Wohlfahrtova, M, 2014)	0.74
" Several studies have reported that tacrolimus has variable and poor bioavailability after oral administration, apart from adverse effects such as gastrointestinal disorders, hyperglycemia, nephro- and neurotoxicity."	( Nanoencapsulation of tacrolimus in lipid-core nanocapsules showed similar immunosuppressive activity after oral and intraperitoneal administrations. Beck, RC; Dimer, FA; Friedrich, RB; Guterres, SS; Pohlmann, AR, 2014)	1
"Tacrolimus (TAC) suffers from poor cutaneous bioavailability when administered topically using conventional vehicles with the consequence that although it is indicated for the treatment of atopic dermatitis, it has poor efficacy against psoriasis."	( Polymeric micelle nanocarriers for the cutaneous delivery of tacrolimus: a targeted approach for the treatment of psoriasis. Gurny, R; Kalia, YN; Lapteva, M; Möller, M; Mondon, K, 2014)	2.09
" Co-administration of CLM and Tac resulted in significant increases in the oral bioavailability of Tac."	( Preliminary study of interaction of clarithromycin with tacrolimus in cats. Katayama, M; Okamura, Y; Shimamura, S; Ushio, T; Uzuka, Y, 2014)	0.65
" The enormously enhanced oral bioavailability of tacrolimus in rats was attributed to relatively faster absorption due to accelerated dissolution of the drug from the solid SEDDS."	( Preparation and pharmaceutical evaluation of new tacrolimus-loaded solid self-emulsifying drug delivery system. Cho, KH; Choi, HG; Kim, DS; Kim, DW; Kim, JH; Kim, JO; Seo, YG; Yong, CS; Yousaf, AM, 2015)	0.93
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of two oral tacrolimus formulations, the innovator Prograf(®) and a formulation commercialized in Mexico with the brand name Limustin(®), in children."	( Limustin®, a non-innovator tacrolimus formulation, yields reduced drug exposure in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Castañeda-Hernandez, G; Cruz-Antonio, L; García-Roca, P; Jacobo-Cabral, CO; Lozada-Rojas, L; Medeiros, M; Reyes, H, 2014)	0.93
"Clinical performance of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) drug product is related to the amorphous drug content because of the greater bioavailability of this form of the drug than its crystalline form."	( Determination of tacrolimus crystalline fraction in the commercial immediate release amorphous solid dispersion products by a standardized X-ray powder diffraction method with chemometrics. Bykadi, S; Khan, MA; Rahman, Z; Siddiqui, A, 2014)	0.74
" Tacrolimus clearance was 30% higher (95% CI 13, 46%) and bioavailability 18% lower (95% CI 2, 29%) in CYP3A5 expressers compared with non-expressers."	( Improved prediction of tacrolimus concentrations early after kidney transplantation using theory-based pharmacokinetic modelling. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Bergmann, TK; Bremer, S; Hennig, S; Holford, N; Midtvedt, K; Staatz, CE; Størset, E, 2014)	1.62
" A hallmark differentiation between this formulation and other once- and twice-daily tacrolimus products is the proprietary MeltDose drug delivery technology which is designed to improve the bioavailability of drugs with low water solubility."	( Once-daily LCP-Tacro MeltDose tacrolimus for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in kidney and liver transplantations. Grinyó, JM; Petruzzelli, S, 2014)	0.91
"Tacrolimus prolonged release (Envarsus®; henceforth referred to as tacrolimus PR) is a new, once-daily, prolonged-release tacrolimus formulation, utilizing a drug delivery technology designed to enhance the bioavailability of drugs with low water solubility by creating a solid solution of the drug."	( Tacrolimus prolonged release (Envarsus®): a review of its use in kidney and liver transplant recipients. Garnock-Jones, KP, 2015)	3.3
"To improve the bioavailability of orally administered drugs, we synthesized a pH-sensitive polymer (poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(2-methyl-2-carboxyl-propylene carbonate)-vitamin E, mPEG-PCC-VE) attempting to integrate the advantages of enteric coating and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition."	( Enteric polymer based on pH-responsive aliphatic polycarbonate functionalized with vitamin E to facilitate oral delivery of tacrolimus. Ding, W; Du, Y; Han, X; He, Z; Kou, L; Li, L; Lian, H; Liu, Y; Luo, C; Qiu, S; Sun, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Xiang, R; Zhai, Y; Zhang, D, 2015)	0.62
"In order to improve oral bioavailability of tacrolimus (FK506), a novel poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride)-graft-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin amphiphilic copolymer (CD-PVM/MA) is developed, combining the bioadhesiveness of PVM/MA, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and cytochrome P450-inhibitory effect of CD into one."	( Multifunctional Poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride)-graft-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Amphiphilic Copolymer as an Oral High-Performance Delivery Carrier of Tacrolimus. Fu, Q; Guan, J; Hao, X; He, Z; Lian, H; Liu, X; Pan, X; Qi, W; Sun, J; Sun, Y; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Zhai, Y; Zhang, D, 2015)	0.87
"To develop a novel self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (solid SNEDDS) with better oral bioavailability of tacrolimus, the solid SNEDDS was obtained by spray-drying the solutions containing the liquid SNEDDS and colloidal silica."	( Solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for enhanced oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble tacrolimus: physicochemical characterisation and pharmacokinetics. Baek, HH; Chang, PS; Choi, HG; Kim, DW; Kim, JO; Lim, SJ; Park, JH; Seo, YG; Yong, CS; Yousaf, AM, 2015)	0.84
"A self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) containing tacrolimus has been developed to enhance the bioavailability and lymphatic delivery of tacrolimus."	( Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System for Enhancing Bioavailability and Lymphatic Delivery of Tacrolimus. Cho, HY; Choi, JH; Lee, YB; Oh, IJ, 2015)	0.88
" There have been efforts to develop an alternative TAC formulation with an improved dissolution rate and oral bioavailability (BA), and the development of a rapid and sensitive analytical method for its in vivo pharmacokinetic study is an essential prerequisite."	( A rapid and sensitive method to determine tacrolimus in rat whole blood using liquid-liquid extraction with mild temperature ultrasonication and LC-MS/MS. Cho, HR; Choi, YS; Kang, MJ; Park, JS, 2016)	0.7
"0-fold greater bioavailability (p<0."	( Improved oral absorption of tacrolimus by a solid dispersion with hypromellose and sodium lauryl sulfate. Ahn, HI; Cho, HR; Choi, YS; Ho, MJ; Jung, HJ; Kang, MJ; Lee, DR; Park, JS; Park, JY, 2016)	0.73
" Lower TDD reflects LCPT's improved bioavailability and absorption."	( Novel Once-Daily Extended-Release Tacrolimus Versus Twice-Daily Tacrolimus in De Novo Kidney Transplant Recipients: Two-Year Results of Phase 3, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial. Budde, K; Bunnapradist, S; Ciechanowski, K; Denny, JE; Grinyó, JM; Rostaing, L; Silva, HT, 2016)	0.71
"The objective of this study was to develop proliposomal formulation for a poorly bioavailable drug, tacrolimus."	( Design, Characterization, and In Vivo Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus Proliposomes. Betageri, GV; Nekkanti, V; Rueda, J; Wang, Z, 2016)	0.89
" Successful and sustained absorption of tacrolimus without reducing bioavailability compared with IR formulation was observed for ERG."	( Preparation of extended release solid dispersion formulations of tacrolimus using ethylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose by solvent evaporation method. Higaki, K; Ogawara, K; Sako, K; Tsunashima, D; Yamashita, K, 2016)	0.94
" Compound 13d, having good in vitro ADME profile and moderate oral bioavailability in mice, showed potent anti-inflammatory activity against hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity reaction in mice following topical and oral administration."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel orally available 1-phenyl-6-aminouracils containing dimethyldihydrobenzofuranol structure for the treatment of allergic skin diseases. Fujiwara, N; Hasegawa, F; Inoue, Y; Isobe, M; Isobe, Y; Tobe, M; Tsuboi, K, 2016)	0.43
" The oral bioavailability of tacrolimus may be affected by many factors, including patient age and gender, as well as by drug-drug interactions or genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolism."	( Risk Factors for Subtherapeutic Tacrolimus Levels after Conversion from Continuous Intravenous Infusion to Oral in Children after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Bhatia, M; Garvin, JH; George, D; Jin, Z; Kahn, J; Kolb, M; Kung, AL; Offer, K; Satwani, P, 2016)	1.01
" In order to improve the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of tacrolimus (FK506), herein FK506 nanosuspensions with different particle size were successfully prepared using ISN method through adjusting the amount of acid-base pair and the stabilizer, the mean particle sizes of obtained FK506 nanosuspensions were 167."	( Preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of amorphous tacrolimus nanosuspensions produced using CO2-assisted in situ nanoamorphization method. Han, X; Wang, J; Wang, Y, 2016)	0.91
" However, one of the critical points of TAC is the poor and variable bioavailability that influences immunosuppression, and is also responsible for adverse effects."	( Meltdose Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics. Baraldo, M, 2016)	0.85
"CYP3A5 gene polymorphism rs776746 has been associated with lower tacrolimus dose requirements and bioavailability in both adults and children."	( CYP3A5 Genotype and Time to Reach Tacrolimus Therapeutic Levels in Renal Transplant Children. Alvarez-Elías, AC; García-Roca, P; Medeiros, M; Valverde, S; Varela-Fascinetto, G; Velásquez-Jones, L, 2016)	0.95
" Long-term follow up is needed to address the consequences of early post-transplantation bioavailability differences due to CYP3A5 genotype."	( CYP3A5 Genotype and Time to Reach Tacrolimus Therapeutic Levels in Renal Transplant Children. Alvarez-Elías, AC; García-Roca, P; Medeiros, M; Valverde, S; Varela-Fascinetto, G; Velásquez-Jones, L, 2016)	0.71
" The primary objective was to investigate the effect of food on the PKs and relative bioavailability of Tac ONCE-DAILY."	( Effect of Breakfast on the Exposure of the Once-Daily Tacrolimus Formulation in Stable Kidney Transplant Recipients. Christiaans, MH; Stifft, F; Undre, N; van Hooff, JP, 2016)	0.68
" Analysis of dose-adjusted exposure parameters showed significant increases in AUC and Cmin after SL administration confirming a better bioavailability of the SL route compared with oral route."	( Sublingual administration improves systemic exposure of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: comparison with oral administration. Apicella, L; Balletta, MM; Capone, D; Carrano, R; Federico, S; Mosca, T; Nappi, R; Russo, L; Sabbatini, M; Santangelo, M; Tarantino, G, 2016)	0.68
"Concerns exist over the extrapolation of bioavailability studies of generic immunosuppressive drugs in healthy volunteers, regarding their efficacy and safety in kidney transplant recipients."	( Bioavailability, Efficacy and Safety of Generic Immunosuppressive Drugs for Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gupta, NR; Jaber, BL; Raman, G; Tsipotis, E; Zintzaras, E, 2016)	0.43
"Not all generic immunosuppressive drugs have similar relative bioavailability to their brand name counterparts."	( Bioavailability, Efficacy and Safety of Generic Immunosuppressive Drugs for Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gupta, NR; Jaber, BL; Raman, G; Tsipotis, E; Zintzaras, E, 2016)	0.43
"Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive drug has a variable pharmacokinetic and poor oral bioavailability due to poor solubility."	( Physicochemical, Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Soluplus Stabilized Nanosuspension of Tacrolimus. Minayian, M; Varshosaz, J; Yazdekhasti, S, 2017)	2.11
"The precipitation anti-solvent evaporation is a nano-crystalization technique which showed to be an effective approach for enhancing water solubility and bioavailability of tacrolimus."	( Physicochemical, Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Soluplus Stabilized Nanosuspension of Tacrolimus. Minayian, M; Varshosaz, J; Yazdekhasti, S, 2017)	0.86
" This study evaluated the relative bioavailability of prolonged-release tacrolimus suspension versus intact capsules in healthy participants."	( Relative bioavailability of single doses of prolonged-release tacrolimus administered as a suspension, orally or via a nasogastric tube, compared with intact capsules: a phase 1 study in healthy participants. Dickinson, J; Undre, N, 2017)	0.93
"Compared with intact capsules, the rate of absorption of prolonged-release tacrolimus from suspension was faster, leading to higher peak blood concentrations and shorter time to peak; relative bioavailability was similar with suspension administered orally."	( Relative bioavailability of single doses of prolonged-release tacrolimus administered as a suspension, orally or via a nasogastric tube, compared with intact capsules: a phase 1 study in healthy participants. Dickinson, J; Undre, N, 2017)	0.93
" PLGA-NPs improved corneal, conjunctival and aqueous humor bioavailability of TAC."	( Poly (d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for sustained release of tacrolimus in rabbit eyes. Alshamsan, A; Kalam, MA, 2017)	0.69
" It was hypothesized that cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A inhibition of the small intestine by voriconazole and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition of the small intestine by risperidone exerted a synergistic effect on the bioavailability of tacrolimus."	( The possible clinical impact of risperidone on P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of tacrolimus: A case report and in vitro study. Adachi, Y; Higashi, H; Nakamura, S; Nomura, K; Taguchi, M; Watanabe, N, 2018)	0.89
"Tacrolimus is metabolized by members of the cytochrome p450 3A subfamily, and its bioavailability depends also on P-glycoprotein."	( Impact of Acute Infection Requiring Hospitalization on Tacrolimus Blood Levels in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Beguin, C; De Meyer, M; Goffin, E; Hassoun, Z; Jadoul, M; Kanaan, N; Mourad, M; Percy, C; Wallemacq, P, 2017)	2.15
" How acute infection precisely affects metabolism and bioavailability of tacrolimus remains to be investigated."	( Impact of Acute Infection Requiring Hospitalization on Tacrolimus Blood Levels in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Beguin, C; De Meyer, M; Goffin, E; Hassoun, Z; Jadoul, M; Kanaan, N; Mourad, M; Percy, C; Wallemacq, P, 2017)	0.93
" In addition, there are number of formulations attempted to enhance its erratic bioavailability through various techniques namely solid dispersions, inclusion complexes, prodrug approach, SMEDDS etc."	( Tacrolimus: An updated review on delivering strategies for multifarious diseases. Dheer, D; Gupta, PN; Shankar, R, 2018)	1.92
" However, the impact of partial drug crystallization in the drug product on the resulting bioavailability and pharmacokinetics is unknown."	( Investigating the Impact of Drug Crystallinity in Amorphous Tacrolimus Capsules on Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence Using Discriminatory In Vitro Dissolution Testing and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation. Chow, ECY; Gao, Y; Purohit, HS; Sun, DD; Taylor, LS; Trasi, NS; Wen, H; Zhang, X, 2018)	0.72
"We found that formulation did not influence bioavailability and that use of >20 mg prednisolone daily increased everolimus clearance."	( A pharmacological rationale for improved everolimus dosing in oncology and transplant patients. Burger, DM; de Fijter, JW; Guchelaar, HJ; Moes, DJAR; Reinders, MEJ; Ter Heine, R; van Erp, NP; van Herpen, CM, 2018)	0.48
"The objective of the current study was to explore the role of ABCB1 and CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms in predicting the bioavailability of tacrolimus and the risk for post-transplant diabetes."	( Artificial neural network model for predicting the bioavailability of tacrolimus in patients with renal transplantation. Kutala, VK; Naushad, SM; Raju, SB; Thishya, K; Vattam, KK, 2018)	0.92
" Therefore, we were interested in bioavailability aspects of novel once-daily tacrolimus (LCPT, Envarsus) and once-daily tacrolimus extended-release formulation (ER-Tac, Advagraf) compared with twice-daily immediate-release tacrolimus (IR-Tac, Prograf)."	( Bioavailability and costs of once-daily and twice-daily tacrolimus formulations in de novo kidney transplantation. Budde, K; Friedersdorff, F; Glander, P; Kasbohm, S; Liefeldt, L; Peters, R; Rudolph, B; Waiser, J; Wu, K, 2018)	0.96
"SCY-078 is an orally bioavailable triterpenoid glucan synthase inhibitor in clinical development as an intravenous and oral treatment of fungal infections caused by Candida and Aspergillus species."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interaction Potential for Coadministered SCY-078, an Oral Fungicidal Glucan Synthase Inhibitor, and Tacrolimus. Angulo, D; Atiee, G; Corr, C; Hyman, M; Murphy, G; Willett, M; Wring, S, 2019)	0.72
"Due to the low cutaneous bioavailability of tacrolimus (TAC), penetration enhancers are used to improve its penetration into the skin."	( Synthesis of poly(lactide-co-glycerol) as a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer with high loading capacity for dermal drug delivery. Graff, P; Haag, R; Hedtrich, S; Kleuser, B; Schumacher, F; Zabihi, F, 2018)	0.74
" Dermal bioavailability enhancement (4."	( Active natural oil-based nanoemulsion containing tacrolimus for synergistic antipsoriatic efficacy. Jain, S; Katiyar, SS; Kushwah, V; Sahu, S, 2018)	0.74
" Relative bioavailability was calculated between generic formulations A (0."	( Dosing recommendations based on population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Mexican adult patients with kidney transplant. Isordia-Segovia, J; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Milán-Segovia, RDC; Niño-Moreno, PDC; Reséndiz-Galván, JE; Romano-Moreno, S, 2019)	0.75
" Marinosolv allows the solubilization and thereby improvement of the bioavailability of many otherwise practically insoluble drugs, since dissolved drugs permeate faster into tissues, including ocular tissues."	( Pharmacokinetics of topically applied tacrolimus dissolved in Marinosolv, a novel aqueous eye drop formulation. Graf, P; Kirchoff, N; Knecht, C; Koller, C; König-Schuster, M; Nakowitsch, S; Prieschl-Grassauer, E; Schindlegger, Y; Siegl, C; Sipos, W; Unger-Manhart, N, 2019)	0.78
" LCPT has greater relative bioavailability and lower peak-to-trough fluctuation compared with PR-Tac."	( Pharmacokinetics of Prolonged-Release Once-Daily Formulations of Tacrolimus in De Novo Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Randomized, Parallel-Group, Open-Label, Multicenter Study. Cassuto, E; Ciurlia, G; Del Bello, A; Essig, M; Garrigue, V; Geraci, S; Govoni, M; Kamar, N; Le Meur, Y; Malvezzi, P; Mariat, C; Nicolini, G; Piotti, G; Poli, G; Rostaing, L, 2019)	0.75
" According to pharmacokinetic model estimates, the inter- and intra-individual variabilities in bioavailability following IM injection were remarkably reduced compared with those following oral administration."	( Reduced variability in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics following intramuscular injection compared to oral administration in cynomolgus monkeys: Investigating optimal dosing regimens. Gershkovich, P; Kim, KS; Kim, SJ; Kim, TH; Lee, JB; Lee, KW; Park, JB; Shin, BS; Shin, S; Yoo, SD, 2019)	0.82
" Tacrolimus absorption rate was 50% slower with PR-T vs IR-T."	( Population pharmacokinetics of immediate- and prolonged-release tacrolimus formulations in liver, kidney and heart transplant recipients. Bonate, P; Keirns, J; Lu, Z, 2019)	1.66
" Tacrolimus trough concentrations and relative bioavailability were similar between formulations, supporting 1 mg:1 mg conversion from Prograf to Advagraf/Astagraf XL in clinical practice."	( Population pharmacokinetics of immediate- and prolonged-release tacrolimus formulations in liver, kidney and heart transplant recipients. Bonate, P; Keirns, J; Lu, Z, 2019)	1.66
"35-fold higher in the recipients who had a liver with the CYP3A5*1 allele than in those with the CYP3A5*3/*3 genotype, whereas bioavailability was ~0."	( A Minimal Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Tacrolimus in Living-Donor Liver Transplantation: Perspectives Related to Liver Regeneration and the cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) Genotype. Itohara, K; Kaido, T; Matsubara, K; Nakagawa, S; Okajima, H; Tsuzuki, T; Uemoto, S; Uesugi, M; Yano, I; Yonezawa, A, 2019)	0.76
" Interestingly, FK506 exhibited extended bioavailability in the grafts but was undetectable in systemic circulation and other tissues."	( Engineering "cell-particle hybrids" of pancreatic islets and bioadhesive FK506-loaded polymeric microspheres for local immunomodulation in xenogeneic islet transplantation. Choi, DY; Jeong, JH; Jeong, TC; Katila, N; Kim, JO; Nepal, MR; Nguyen, HT; Nguyen, TT; Park, PH; Pham, TT; Phung, CD; Pun, NT; Yong, CS; Yook, S; You, Z, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" Thus, promoting tissue permeability of drugs as well as prolonging their retention on the eye surface can improve their bioavailability and enhance their therapeutic effects."	( Overcoming the Anatomical and Physiological Barriers in Topical Eye Surface Medication Using a Peptide-Decorated Polymeric Micelle. Chen, W; Ge, C; Lin, S; Nan, K; Wang, D; Wang, J; Wu, B; Xie, Q; Zheng, Q, 2019)	0.51
"An extended-release formulation of tacrolimus designed for once-daily administration (LCP-TAC) is a new prolonged-release tacrolimus (TAC-PR) formulation using a drug delivery technology designed to enhance the bioavailability of drugs compared with TAC-PR."	( MeltDose Technology vs Once-Daily Prolonged Release Tacrolimus in De Novo Liver Transplant Recipients. Adani, GL; Baccarani, U; Baraldo, M; Cherchi, V; Falzone, B; Lorenzin, D; Pravisani, R; Risaliti, A; Velkoski, J, 2019)	1.04
" Inter-occasion (dose-to-dose) variability far exceeded the interindividual variability (IIV), with an estimated variability in relative bioavailability of 55% (95% CI 48."	( High Variability of Whole-Blood Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics Early After Thoracic Organ Transplantation. De Lange, DW; Grutters, JC; Huitema, ADR; Hunault, CC; Kesecioglu, J; Kirkels, JH; Sikma, MA; Van de Graaf, EA; Van Maarseveen, EM; Verhaar, MC, 2020)	0.84
" To bypass this bioavailability issue, we suggest administering tacrolimus intravenously and aiming below the upper therapeutic range early post-transplantation."	( High Variability of Whole-Blood Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics Early After Thoracic Organ Transplantation. De Lange, DW; Grutters, JC; Huitema, ADR; Hunault, CC; Kesecioglu, J; Kirkels, JH; Sikma, MA; Van de Graaf, EA; Van Maarseveen, EM; Verhaar, MC, 2020)	1.08
"Amorphous solid dispersions typically improve the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs."	( Absorptive Dissolution Testing: An Improved Approach to Study the Impact of Residual Crystallinity on the Performance of Amorphous Formulations. Hate, SS; Reutzel-Edens, SM; Taylor, LS, 2020)	0.56
" Excessive variability in bioavailability may lead to higher interoccasion (dose-to-dose) variability than interindividual variability of pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Impact of Hematocrit on Monitoring and Dosing of Tacrolimus Early After Heart and Lung Transplantation. De Lange, DW; Huitema, ADR; Hunault, CC; Sikma, MA; Van Maarseveen, EM, 2020)	0.79
" Thus, the TCS microneedle patch has the potential to be developed as a transdermal delivery system for tacrolimus with improved bioavailability and sustained release over a longer period."	( Fabrication and Characterization of Thiolated Chitosan Microneedle Patch for Transdermal Delivery of Tacrolimus. Ahmad, Z; Bukhari, NI; Hussain, I; Hussain, SZ; Khan, MI; Sarwar, HS; Shahnaz, G; Siddique, MI; Sohail, MF, 2020)	0.99
" However, the narrow therapeutic window, and high inter- and intrapatient variation in bioavailability largely limited its clinical application."	( Multiple genetic factors affecting the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of tacrolimus in Chinese myasthenia gravis patients. Dong, XH; Jin, WL; Li, X; Li, Y; Li, ZB; Luo, ZH; Meng, HY; Peng, YY; Xu, LQ; Xu, Q; Yan, CK; Yang, H, 2020)	0.78
" Numbers of formulations have been attempted to enhance the erratic bioavailability of FK506 through various techniques."	( Cationic nanoemulsions with prolonged retention time as promising carriers for ophthalmic delivery of tacrolimus. Chen, X; Lin, X; Liu, Z; Song, H; Tao, C; Zeng, L; Zhang, J; Zhang, M, 2020)	0.77
" The improved bioavailability may be beneficial for simultaneous pancreas-kidney recipients (SPK)."	( The use of LCP-Tacrolimus (Envarsus XR) in simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplant recipients. Ajaimy, M; Akalin, E; Azzi, Y; Campbell, A; Graham, JA; Kinkhabwala, M; Konicki, A; Liriano-Ward, L; Pynadath, C; Rocca, JP; Torabi, J, 2020)	0.91
"The aim of the study was to assess bioavailability aspects of tacrolimus formulations during conversion from twice-daily (TAC BID) to once-daily (TAC OD) formulation in 89 stable kidney transplant recipients."	( Conversion From a Twice-Daily to a Once-Daily Tacrolimus Formulation in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Kamińska, D; Kościelska-Kasprzak, K; Krajewska, M; Kuriata-Kordek, M; Mazanowska, O; Poznański, P; Zielińska, D, 2020)	1.06
" We present a first application for the analysis of bioavailability changes in formulation conversion."	( Predictive engines based on pharmacokinetics modelling for tacrolimus personalized dosage in paediatric renal transplant patients. Borobia, A; Carcas-Sansuan, A; Prado-Velasco, M, 2020)	0.8
" It has poor cutaneous bioavailability when administered topically using conventional delivery approach, thus it has poor efficacy against the psoriasis."	( Topical delivery of Tacrolimus using liposome containing gel: An emerging and synergistic approach in management of psoriasis. Awasthi, R; Jindal, S; Kulkarni, GT; Singhare, D, 2020)	0.88
"16), implying that these differences occurred because of altered bioavailability rather than modified clearance."	( Chronopharmacokinetics and Food Effects of Single-Dose LCP-Tacrolimus in Healthy Volunteers. Alloway, RR; Brennan, DC; Cohen, EA; Kerr, J; Meier-Kriesche, U; Momper, JD; Moten, MA; Stevens, DR; Trofe-Clark, J, 2020)	0.8
" In the real-life nonfasting setting, the PK-profiles were flat but comparable after the morning and evening doses, showing slower absorption rate and lower AUC compared with the fasting-state."	( Fasting Status and Circadian Variation Must be Considered When Performing AUC-based Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus in Renal Transplant Recipients. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Debord, J; Gustavsen, MT; Klaasen, RA; Midtvedt, K; Robertsen, I; Vethe, NT; Woillard, JB, 2020)	0.77
" Oral tacrolimus formulation presents poor bioavailability with intraindividual and interindividual variations; however, some factors affecting its blood concentration among pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) recipients are still unclear."	( Clinical Factors Affecting the Dose Conversion Ratio from Intravenous to Oral Tacrolimus Formulation among Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients. Fujiwara, K; Ishida, H; Kanamitsu, K; Shimada, A; Tsukahara, H; Washio, K; Yorifuji, T, 2020)	1.27
" This study aimed to determine, in kidney transplant patients, the influence of different genotypic clusters involving these SNPs CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A4*22, and CYP3A5*3 on Tacrolimus bioavailability during the first (PTP1) and the second (PTP2) posttransplant phase (PT)."	( Influence of CYP3A polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in kidney transplant recipients. Aouam, K; Ben Fredj, N; Boughattas, NA; Chaabane, A; Chadli, Z; Hammouda, M; Hannachi, I; Kerkeni, E; Kolsi, A; Touitou, Y, 2021)	1.09
"Following single topical administration, TAC was absorbed slowly with a Tmax of 4 h and an absolute bioavailability of 11%."	( Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Tacrolimus after Topical Administration: Implications for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation. Dong, L; Erbas, VE; Fanzio, PM; Feturi, FG; Gorantla, VS; Oksuz, S; Plock, JA; Sahin, H; Schnider, JT; Solari, MG; Spiess, AM; Unadkat, JM; Venkataramanan, R, 2020)	0.83
" The degradation rate, together with release and diffusion characteristics provides an estimate of the bioavailability and therefore can be a guide to future formulation development."	( Predicting drug release and degradation kinetics of long-acting microsphere formulations of tacrolimus for subcutaneous injection. Ashtikar, M; Gao, GF; Kaihara, M; Kojima, R; Modh, H; Shanehsazzadeh, S; Tajiri, T; Wacker, MG; Yoshida, T, 2021)	0.84
"Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), is a promising antioxidant; however, low bioavailability owing to lipid-solubility is a limiting factor."	( Water-soluble coenzyme Q10 provides better protection than lipid-soluble coenzyme Q10 in a rat model of chronic tacrolimus nephropathy. Bae, SK; Chung, BH; Chung, SJ; Cui, S; Kim, HL; Kim, JH; Ko, EJ; Lee, KE; Lim, SW; Luo, K; Quan, Y; Shin, YJ; Yang, CW, 2021)	0.83
"Food reduces tacrolimus bioavailability after immediate-release tacrolimus (IR-Tac) and after a new prolonged-release tacrolimus formulation (PR-Tac), when using a high-fat breakfast, but the effects of a continental breakfast on PR-Tac are unknown."	( Differential Effect of a Continental Breakfast on Tacrolimus Formulations With Different Release Characteristics. Behnisch, R; Bollmann, J; Bruckner, T; Burhenne, J; Czock, D; Haefeli, WE; Huppertz, A; Zorn, M, 2021)	1.24
" Additionally, we identified supporting evidence for the nephroprotective function of gallic acid using molecular docking and bioavailability investigations."	( Identification of gallic acid as a active ingredient of Syzygium aromaticum against tacrolimus-induced damage in renal epithelial LLC-PK1 cells and rat kidney. Hong, G; Jung, K; Kang, KS; Kim, CE; Kim, DW; Lee, HL; Lee, JH; Park, M, 2021)	0.85
" To compare bioavailability among different dose ranges, the blood concentration was divided by the dose (C/D)."	( Switching from Intravenous to Oral Tacrolimus Reduces its Blood Concentration in Paediatric Cancer Patients. Asakura, Y; Chiba, T; Endo, M; Goto, S; Hirai, D; Ito, S; Kudo, K; Miura, S; Nihei, S; Nishiya, N; Oyake, T; Ujiie, H, 2021)	0.9
" One such extended-release formulation of tacrolimus known as LCPT allows once-daily dosing and improves bioavailability compared to immediate-release tacrolimus (IR-tacrolimus)."	( De novo tacrolimus extended-release tablets (LCPT) versus twice-daily tacrolimus in adult heart transplantation: Results of a single-center non-inferiority matched control trial. Carey, SA; Cheung, ZO; Clark, DM; Doss, AK; Felius, J; Gottlieb, RL; Guerrero-Miranda, CY; Hall, SA; Jamil, AK; Kale, P; Kerlee, KR; Martits-Chalangari, K; Sam, T; van Zyl, JS, 2021)	1.32
" Once-daily formulations of Tac (LCP-Tac and PR-Tac) have been recently designed for higher bioavailability and a more consistent exposure over time, as opposed to the twice-daily, administered immediate-release formulation of Tac (IR-Tac)."	( A single-center, open-label, randomized cross-over study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of once-daily prolonged-release formulations of tacrolimus in de novo liver transplant recipients. Achilles, EG; Buchholz, BM; Fischer, L; Herden, U; Ott, A; Sterneck, M, 2021)	0.82
" LCP-Tac demonstrated a greater bioavailability compared to PR-Tac."	( A single-center, open-label, randomized cross-over study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of once-daily prolonged-release formulations of tacrolimus in de novo liver transplant recipients. Achilles, EG; Buchholz, BM; Fischer, L; Herden, U; Ott, A; Sterneck, M, 2021)	0.82
" CYP3A5 is expressed in both the intestine and the liver and has been shown to impact both the bioavailability and metabolism of orally administered tacrolimus."	( Impact of Pharmacogenetics on Intravenous Tacrolimus Exposure and Conversions to Oral Therapy. Frame, D; Gersch, CL; Hertz, DL; Kidwell, KM; Li, Y; Marcath, LA; Nguyen, V; Pasternak, AL; Rae, JM; Scappaticci, G, 2022)	1.18
" TAC bioavailability was decreased when co-administered with St John's wort (SJW), cranberry, rooibos tea, and boldo in human models by induction of the CYP450 system and/or P-gp efflux pump, meanwhile, the TAC bioavailability was increased when co-administered with grapefruit juice (GFJ), schisandra, berberine, turmeric, pomegranate juice, pomelo, and ginger in human and or animal models by inhibition effect on CYP450 system and/or P-gp efflux pump."	( Tacrolimus and herbs interactions: a review. Abushammala, I, 2021)	2.06
" Tacrolimus, a salvage therapy before colectomy, is usually orally administered, though its bioavailability is low compared intravenous administration."	( Intravenous tacrolimus is a superior induction therapy for acute severe ulcerative colitis compared to oral tacrolimus. Fujii, T; Hibiya, S; Kawamoto, A; Kinoshita, K; Nagahori, M; Ohtsuka, K; Okamoto, R; Saito, E; Shimizu, H; Takenaka, K; Watanabe, M, 2021)	1.91
" We also investigated the sensitivity of estimates to absorption rate constants that are often fixed at a published value in tacrolimus population PK analyses."	( Sensitivity of estimated tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic profile to assumed dose timing and absorption in real-world data and simulated data. Beck, C; Birdwell, KA; Choi, L; Van Driest, SL; Weeks, HL; Williams, ML, 2022)	1.23
"There was no appreciable difference in parameter estimates with assumed versus extracted last-dose time, and our sensitivity analysis revealed little difference between parameters estimated across a range of assumed absorption rate constants."	( Sensitivity of estimated tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic profile to assumed dose timing and absorption in real-world data and simulated data. Beck, C; Birdwell, KA; Choi, L; Van Driest, SL; Weeks, HL; Williams, ML, 2022)	1.02
"The final estimated values for apparent clearance, the volume of distribution, and absorption rate were 21."	( Pharmacokinetic Model Based on Stochastic Simulation and Estimation for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus in Korean Adult Transplant Recipients. Choi, S; Ghim, JR; Han, S; Hong, Y; Jung, SH; Kang, G, 2022)	0.94
"Wuzhi tablets are a dose-sparing agent for tacrolimus (TAC) in China and increase the bioavailability of TAC."	( Prediction of tacrolimus and Wuzhi tablet pharmacokinetic interaction magnitude in renal transplant recipients. Chen, P; Chen, X; Dai, R; Fu, Q; Huang, M; She, Y; Wang, C, 2022)	1.34
" Patients with nondigestive system cancer had higher apparent volume of distribution and absorption rate constant than digestive system cancer."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of apatinib in adult cancer patients. Chen, KG; Guo, ZX; Kan, M; Li, Q; Li, Y; Liu, HY; Liu, XL; Shi, JY; Song, LL; van den Anker, J; Yang, XM; Ye, PP; Zhang, YH; Zhao, FR; Zhao, W, 2023)	0.91
" Envarsus® is also a prolonged-release once-daily tacrolimus formulation, developed using MeltDose™ drug-delivery technology to increase drug bioavailability; improved bioavailability results in low patient drug absorption variability and less pronounced peak-to-trough fluctuations."	( EnGraft: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, two-arm, superiority study protocol to assess bioavailability and practicability of Envarsus® versus Advagraf™ in liver transplant recipients. Baccar, S; Brennfleck, F; Brunner, SM; Geissler, EK; Götz, M; Holub-Hayles, I; James, B; Mutzbauer, I; Schlitt, HJ; Wöhl, DS, 2023)	1.16
"The EnGraft compares bioavailability and tests superiority of Envarsus® (test arm) versus Advagraf™ (comparator arm) in de novo LTx recipients."	( EnGraft: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, two-arm, superiority study protocol to assess bioavailability and practicability of Envarsus® versus Advagraf™ in liver transplant recipients. Baccar, S; Brennfleck, F; Brunner, SM; Geissler, EK; Götz, M; Holub-Hayles, I; James, B; Mutzbauer, I; Schlitt, HJ; Wöhl, DS, 2023)	0.91
" Improving bioavailability and increasing C/D ratio using Envarsus could reduce renal dysfunction and other tacrolimus-related toxicities; previous trials have shown that a higher C/D ratio (i."	( EnGraft: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, two-arm, superiority study protocol to assess bioavailability and practicability of Envarsus® versus Advagraf™ in liver transplant recipients. Baccar, S; Brennfleck, F; Brunner, SM; Geissler, EK; Götz, M; Holub-Hayles, I; James, B; Mutzbauer, I; Schlitt, HJ; Wöhl, DS, 2023)	1.12
"LCP-tacrolimus displays enhanced oral bioavailability compared to immediate-release (IR-) tacrolimus."	( Tacrolimus Exposure Before and After a Switch From Twice-Daily Immediate-Release to Once-Daily Prolonged Release Tacrolimus: The ENVARSWITCH Study. Anglicheau, D; Buchler, M; Choukroun, G; Colosio, C; Conti, F; Crépin, S; Debette-Gratien, M; Dharancy, S; Duvoux, C; Etienne, I; Garrouste, C; Mariat, C; Marquet, P; Merville, P; Micallef, L; Monchaud, C; Rerolle, JP; Salamé, E; Saliba, F; Tafzi, N; Thierry, A; Woillard, JB, 2023)	2.91
" We hypothesized that rectal administration of Tac would effectively mitigate PEP by ensuring systemic and pancreatic bioavailability of Tac."	( Rectal administration of tacrolimus protects against post-ERCP pancreatitis in mice. Barakat, MT; Bottino, R; Ding, Y; Frymoyer, AR; Husain, SZ; Jayaraman, T; Khalid, A; Lin, YC; Murayi, JA; Ni, J; Papachristou, GI; Poropatich, R; Sheth, SG; Swaminathan, G; Tsai, CY; Wen, L; Yu, M, 2023)	1.21

Dosage Studied

Tacrolimus once daily Advagraf has been developed to provide a more convenient dosing regimen to improve adherence. Optimizing either MMF or EC-MPS along with a combined thymoglobulin/daclizumab induction resulted in a low AR rate and acceptably high renal function at 12 months.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Drug dose-response analyses indicate that the level of cellular calcineurin activity correlates closely with the ability of these cells to undergo apoptosis."	( Correlation of calcineurin phosphatase activity and programmed cell death in murine T cell hybridomas. Bierer, BE; Burakoff, SJ; Fruman, DA; Mather, PE, 1992)	0.28
" The immunosuppressant drug FK 506 could inhibit the development of the arthritis when present during the activation period in culture or when dosed to the recipients of activated cells."	( Characterisation of passively transferred antigen arthritis induced by methylated bovine serum albumin in the rat: effect of FK 506 on arthritis development. Griffiths, RJ; Li, SW; Mather, ME, 1992)	0.28
" With a lower dosage of this agent, antibody production and immune deposits in the glomerular basement membrane occurred despite the suppression of proteinuria."	( FK506, a novel immunosuppressive agent, induces antigen-specific immunotolerance in active Heymann's nephritis and in the autologous phase of Masugi nephritis. Maezawa, A; Naruse, T; Okubo, Y; Ono, K; Tsukada, Y; Yano, S, 1990)	0.28
" Lessons are still being learned about dosage and what determines safe dose schedules."	( Selected topics on FK 506, with special references to rescue of extrahepatic whole organ grafts, transplantation of "forbidden organs," side effects, mechanisms, and practical pharmacokinetics. Abu-Elmagd, K; Fung, JJ; Porter, KA; Starzl, TE; Todo, S; Tzakis, A, 1991)	0.28
" A dose-response study showed that FK506 suppressed EAU induction at doses 10-30 times lower CsA when given on days 0-14 postimmunization, while 15-DSG suppressed the disease development at doses very similar to CsA."	( Effects of FK506, 15-deoxyspergualin, and cyclosporine on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in the rat. Kawashima, H; Mochizuki, M, 1990)	0.28
"3 mg/kg/day-treated group, whereas it did decrease significantly in the 1 mg/kg/day-treated group, decreased further with the increase in dosage of FK-506, and decreased markedly in the 30 mg/kg/day group, The number of CD4-CD8-thymocytes did not show any change, even in the high-dosage groups."	( The influence of FK-506 on the thymus and spleen in normal C3H/He mice: flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations. Chen, MF; Maruyama, M; Suzuki, H; Yano, S, 1991)	0.28
" On the basis of the dose-response study, the capacity of FK506 in preventing EAU induction is 10-30 times more intense than that of cyclosporine."	( Effects of a new immunosuppressive agent, FK506, on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rats. Fujino, Y; Kawashima, H; Mochizuki, M, 1988)	0.27
" These findings show that, at the dosage selected, the powerful immunosuppressive activities of FK-506 were associated with little evidence of acute toxicity and with no indications of additive toxicity with CsA."	( Immunosuppressive activity, lymphocyte subset analysis, and acute toxicity of FK-506 in the rat. A comparative and combination study with cyclosporine. Hasan, NU; Stephen, M; Thomson, AW; Whiting, PH; Woo, J, 1989)	0.28
" Because of poor water solubility, the conventional intravenous dosage forms of FK 506 (C-FK 506) contain surfactants such as HCO-60 which may cause adverse effects."	( Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of liposomal tacrolimus (FK 506) in rats. Jusko, WJ; Lee, MJ; Straubinger, RM, 1995)	0.52
"Liposomal FK 506 may be an improved dosage form for parenteral use."	( Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of liposomal tacrolimus (FK 506) in rats. Jusko, WJ; Lee, MJ; Straubinger, RM, 1995)	0.52
" Oral FK506 did not consistently increase bile flow, as evaluated by a bile salt dose-response curve (9, 18, 36 mumol/min sodium taurocholate) but did significantly increase bile chloride secretion."	( The effect of FK506 on canine bile flow. Fairchild, RB; Kaminski, DL; Reese, JC; Solomon, H; Warty, V, 1993)	0.29
"Delayed administration of tetrandrine, a novel broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory agent, to BB rats at a dosage schedule of 20 mg kg-1 day-1 from 79 days of age reduced the cumulative incidence of diabetes from 73."	( Synergy between tetrandrine and FK506 in prevention of diabetes in BB rats. Heil, BV; Lieberman, I; Seow, WK; Thong, YH, 1993)	0.29
" The peak concentration time (Tmax) was observed within 30 min after administration in all dosing groups (1-10 mg/kg) with or without feeding, whereas the oral absorption of FK506 was reduced to about 50% by gavage at a dose of 1 mg/kg."	( Oral absorption of FK506 in rats. Fujisaki, J; Hata, T; Hirano, Y; Iwasaki, K; Kagayama, A; Kaibara, A; Ohara, K; Tanimoto, S, 1993)	0.29
" This has caused difficulty in defining the optimum dosage regimen and has highlighted the usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring."	( Tacrolimus. A review of its pharmacology, and therapeutic potential in hepatic and renal transplantation. Faulds, D; Fitton, A; Peters, DH; Plosker, GL, 1993)	1.73
" To implement the RCCCT design, a novel FK-506 intelligent dosing system (IDS) was used to guide all doses to prospectively achieve the target concentration range specific in the study protocol."	( Computer-guided concentration-controlled trials in autoimmune disorders. Doyle, H; Fung, J; Lieberman, R; McCauley, J; McMichael, J; Starzl, TE; Thomson, A; van Thiel, D, 1993)	0.29
" In vivo, basal testosterone levels and secretion in response to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation in ACl rats treated with intramuscular (IM) injections of FK506 at a dosage of 1 or 2 mg/kg/d for 14 days were not different from those of age-matched normal controls."	( Effect of FK506 on rat Leydig cell function--in vivo and in vitro study. Murase, N; Starzl, TE; Tai, J; Tze, WJ, 1994)	0.29
" Two of these 3 children achieved resolution with either steroid therapy or an increased dosage of FK506, while the third child developed chronic rejection."	( FK506 conversion therapy in pediatric liver transplantation. Concepcion, W; Cox, K; Egawa, H; Esquivel, CO; Lawrence, L; So, SK, 1994)	0.29
"32 mg/kg/day of FK506 from the day of operation while group III was given the same dosage from the 4th day after transplantation."	( Limited effectiveness of FK506 administration for ongoing rejection in heterotopic rat heart transplantation. Aoyagi, S; Hirano, A; Hisatomi, K; Isomura, T; Kosuga, K; Nishimi, M; Ohishi, K; Sato, T, 1994)	0.29
" Adverse effects requiring tacrolimus dosage adjustment include nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, alterations in glucose metabolism, and infection or susceptibility to malignancy."	( Tacrolimus, a new immunosuppressant--a review of the literature. Hooks, MA, 1994)	2.03
" Blood samples were obtained at 24 hours after the final dosage of the agent."	( Administration time-dependent toxicity of a new immunosuppressive agent, tacrolimus (FK 506). Ebihara, A; Fujimura, A, 1994)	0.52
" Careful monitoring and FK 506 dosing adjustment may be necessary to maintain therapeutic concentration and minimize toxicity in patients receiving this agent."	( FK 506 (Tacrolimus) metabolism by rat liver microsomes and its inhibition by other drugs. Burckart, GJ; Prasad, TN; Starzl, TE; Stiff, DD; Subbotina, N; Venkataramanan, R; Zemaitis, MA, 1994)	0.72
"We have investigated the importance of cytochrome P-450IIIA enzyme activity in influencing dosage of the immunosuppressive drugs FK 506 and cyclosporine after liver transplantation."	( Importance of cytochrome P-450IIIA activity in determining dosage and blood levels of FK 506 and cyclosporine in liver transplant recipients. Cakaloglu, Y; Devlin, J; Tredger, JM; Williams, R, 1994)	0.29
" Meticulous monitoring of FK 506 trough levels and dosage adaptation are compulsory when concomitant treatment with such a drug is unavoidable."	( FK 506/fluconazole interaction enhances FK 506 nephrotoxicity. Assan, R; Bismuth, H; Feutren, G; Fredj, G; Larger, E, )	0.13
" Dexamethasone (Dex) never suppressed histamine paw edema of mice before 1 hr after its dosing as new protein(s) synthesis is required."	( Nitric oxide- and hydrogen peroxide-mediated gene expression by glucocorticoids and FK506 in histamine paw edema of mice. Oyanagui, Y, 1994)	0.29
"To clarify the mechanism of glucose intolerance induced by FK506, a novel immunosuppressant, 5 or 10 mg/kg/day of FK506 was dosed orally to rats for 2 weeks, and 125I-insulin binding to the erythrocytes, plasma glucose and insulin levels, and pancreatic insulin content were examined."	( Mechanism of FK506-induced glucose intolerance in rats. Hirano, Y; Mine, Y; Mitamura, T; Noguchi, H; Ohara, K; Tamura, T, 1994)	0.29
" All adverse effects disappeared or improved when FK506 was stopped or when the dosage was decreased."	( FK506 treatment of noninfectious uveitis. Ishigatsubo, Y; Ishioka, M; Isobe, K; Nakamura, S; Ohno, S; Tanaka, S; Watanabe, N, 1994)	0.29
" In the long term, azathioprine should be suspended and the dosage of corticosteroids should be reduced."	( [Rejection of a liver allograft. Diagnosis and treatment]. Calmus, Y, 1994)	0.29
" A low dosage of FK 506 starting on day 0, in combination with DSG starting on day 0 or day 4 (but not on day 7), had a synergistic effect in prolonging allograft survival for 14."	( The superior effect of the combination of FK 506 and deoxyspergualin on rat cardiac allograft survival. Ishibashi, M; Jiang, H; Li, D; Namiki, M; Okuyama, A; Sonoda, T; Takahara, S, 1994)	0.29
" The objective was to evaluate whether oral FK 506 dosing was viable and whether blood concentrations in the range 10-20 ng/ml would prove to be practical."	( FK 506 versus cyclosporin in the prevention of renal allograft rejection--European pilot study: six-week results. Buist, L; Christiaans, M; Erhard, J; Krauss, M; Mayer, D; Schleibner, S; van Hooff, J; Wagner, K, 1995)	0.29
" Thus in a dosage inside the therapeutic range defined from skin transplantations, FK-506 generated a number of toxic effects including a considerable nephrotoxic effect."	( Nephrotoxicity of FK-506 in the rat. Studies on glomerular and tubular function, and on the relationship between efficacy and toxicity. Dieperink, H; Kemp, E; Leyssac, PP; Nielsen, FT; Starklint, H, 1995)	0.29
" We propose that the optimal dosage of FK506 obtained by monitoring the trough levels using the IMx method should maintain a 10-20 ng/ml level during the first month, and a 5-10 ng/ml level at the second and third months."	( A proposal of FK506 optimal dosing in living related liver transplantations. Hashida, T; Inomata, Y; Okajima, H; Tanaka, K; Ueda, M; Uemoto, S; Yamaoka, Y, 1995)	0.29
"25 mL of 50% ethanol, and were sacrificed on day 5 following 4 days dosing with FK506 (0."	( Effects of FK506 on an experimental model of colitis in rats. Goto, H; Hayakawa, T; Hoshino, H; Ozawa, T; Sugiyama, S, 1995)	0.29
"The accuracy and precision of an intelligent dosing system (IDS) for FK506 in predicting doses to achieve target drug levels has been prospectively evaluated in transplant and autoimmune patients."	( An intelligent and cost-effective computer dosing system for individualizing FK506 therapy in transplantation and autoimmune disorders. Doyle, H; Fung, J; Lieberman, R; McCauley, J; McMichael, J; Starzl, TE, 1993)	0.29
"The blood concentration-time curve was studied in 10 kidney transplant recipients on 26 occasions after oral dosage of 2 to 18 mg every 12 hours."	( Intra- and interindividual variation in the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus (FK506) in kidney transplant recipients--importance of trough level as a practical indicator. Ichikawa, Y; Ihara, H; Ikoma, F; Nagano, S; Nojima, M; Shinkuma, D, 1995)	0.53
" It seems that the incidence of the adverse effects depends on the dosage of FK506."	( [A phase II study of FK506 (tacrolimus) on refractory uveitis associated with Behçet's disease and allied conditions]. Inaba, G; Masuda, K; Mochizuki, M; Sakane, T, 1995)	0.59
" Histopathologically, there were no abnormal changes in the testis, seminal vesicle or prostate in any rats dosed with Prograf, but intra-ductal eosinophilic globules, probably degeneration of the sperm cells, were observed in the epididymis of the 3 mg/kg/day group."	( Effect of Prograf (FK506) on spermatogenesis in rats. Fujihira, S; Fujii, T; Fujimoto, Y; Hisatomi, A; Mine, Y; Ohara, K, 1996)	0.29
" Dose-response experiments revealed that 1 x 10(8) cells/recipient was most effective in causing prolonged graft survival after termination of FK 506 treatment."	( Effects of portal venous inoculation with donor splenocytes on lung allograft survival in dogs. Ichinari, H; Koga, Y; Matsuzaki, Y; Shibata, K; Shimizu, T; Yoshioka, M, 1996)	0.29
"The smaller dosage of tacrolimus led to a higher trough concentration of 14."	( Three-times-daily monotherapy with tacrolimus (FK 506) in kidney transplantation. Fukunishi, T; Hanafusa, T; Ichikawa, Y; Kyo, M; Nagano, S, 1996)	0.89
" Because of this variability, the narrow therapeutic index of tacrolimus, and the potential for several drug interactions, monitoring of tacrolimus blood concentrations is useful for optimisation of therapy and dosage regimen design."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus. Burckart, G; Jain, A; Lever, J; McMichael, J; Prasad, T; Starzl, T; Swaminathan, A; Venkataramanan, R; Warty, V; Zuckerman, S, 1995)	0.82
" A tacrolimus artificial intelligence modeling system (AIMS) was used to guide patient dosing to achieve target concentrations specified by the study protocols."	( Computer-guided randomized concentration-controlled trials of tacrolimus in autoimmunity: multiple sclerosis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Doyle, H; Irish, W; Lieberman, R; Marino, I; McCauley, J; McMichael, J, 1996)	1.16
" Patients were evaluated at 42 days after transplant for the occurrence of the first episode of acute rejection or toxicity, necessitating a dosage reduction."	( An open-label, concentration-ranging trial of FK506 in primary kidney transplantation: a report of the United States Multicenter FK506 Kidney Transplant Group. Laskow, DA; Matas, AJ; Mendez, R; Neylan, JF; Vincenti, F, 1996)	0.29
" A lack of histologic improvement (or worsening) at 1 week was demonstrated in a significant proportion of patients (27%); increased tacrolimus dosing provided rejection reversal or improvement in 1-2 weeks in each of these patients."	( Tacrolimus therapy for refractory acute renal allograft rejection: definition of the histologic response by protocol biopsies. Bruce, DS; Cronin, D; Haas, M; Josephson, MA; Millis, JM; Newell, KA; Piper, JB; Thistlethwaite, JR; Woodle, ES, 1996)	1.94
" Corticosteroid dosage requirements were reduced in the tacrolimus-treated group with the cumulative dosage exposure from 20."	( Transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure: comparing tacrolimus versus cyclosporine for immunosuppression and the outcome in elective transplants. European FK506 Liver Study Group. Devlin, J; Williams, R, 1996)	0.79
" Extreme inter- and intrapatient variability and lack of correlation between drug dosage and drug blood levels necessitate consistent and reliable therapeutic drug monitoring."	( A simplified whole blood enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ProTrac II) for tacrolimus (FK506) using proteolytic extraction in place of organic solvents. Ersfeld, D; Jensen, T; Jevans, A; Kobayashi, M; MacFarlane, G; Scheller, D; Wong, PY, 1996)	0.52
" Mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) was significantly increased in the two highest dosage groups (B,C) at 2 h of infusion: (MBP; P: +2."	( The acute effects of FK-506 on renal haemodynamics, water and sodium excretion and plasma levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide and vasopressin in pigs. Golbaekdal, K; Nielsen, CB; Pedersen, EB, 1996)	0.29
" Thereafter, serum IgE levels progressively decreased in parallel with a reduced dosage of FK506."	( Extremely high serum level of IgE during immunosuppressive therapy: paradoxical effect of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus. Ariga, T; Furuta, H; Kawamura, N; Kobayashi, I; Okano, M; Sakiyama, Y; Tame, A, 1997)	0.51
"Nifedipine decreased the daily and cumulative dosage requirement of tacrolimus."	( Nifedipine interaction with tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients. Gordon, FD; Jenkins, RL; Lewis, WD; Marcos-Alvarez, A; Seifeldin, RA, 1997)	0.83
" In eight patients who suffered from toxicity, a reduction in the dosage of tacrolimus was attempted with simultaneous MMF therapy."	( Mycophenolate mofetil added to immunosuppression after liver transplantation--first results. Bechstein, WO; Keck, H; Klupp, J; Knoop, M; Langrehr, JM; Lemmens, HP; Neuhaus, P; Neuhaus, R; Platz, KP; Pratschke, J, 1997)	0.53
" Both groups showed no statistical differences in number, kidney function, age, body weight, sex distribution, steroid dosage and follow-up time after transplantation."	( Effects of cyclosporin A and FK 506 on lipid metabolism and fibrinogen in kidney transplant recipients. Arlt, M; Brückner, D; Dietl, KH; Hohage, H; Spieker, C; Zidek, W, 1997)	0.3
" Chronic oral dosing has been associated with numerous side effects."	( Tacrolimus (FK 506) overdose: a report of five cases. Hodgman, M; Krenzelok, EP; Mrvos, R, 1997)	1.74
" Monotherapy with a lower dosage of FK506 or transplantation with impure pig islets resulted in increased graft survival time over controls, but less than that with the 2 mg/kg per day FK506."	( Prolongation of pig islet xenograft survival in rats immunosuppressed with FK506. Cheung, SS; Tai, J; Tze, WJ, 1997)	0.3
" Further definition of its pathogenesis and improved dosing strategies for both of these drugs may reduce the impact of nephrotoxicity on both short-term and long-term outcomes."	( Nephrotoxicity associated with cyclosporine and FK506. Gonwa, TA; Klintmalm, GB, 1995)	0.29
" One of these toxic findings was cataract, and we have found that cataract appeared in rats dosed orally with FK506 for 13 weeks and more."	( Cataract development induced by repeated oral dosing with FK506 (tacrolimus) in adult rats. Fukuhara, Y; Hisatomi, A; Ishida, H; Mitamura, T; Murato, K; Ohara, K; Takahashi, Y, 1997)	0.53
" Accordingly, we reduced overall immunosuppression for the last seven patients in the FK506 group; the decrease in FK506 and prednisone dosage led to a decrease in the early infection rate without an increase in the rejection rate."	( FK506 effectiveness in reducing acute rejection after heart transplantation: a prospective randomized study. Arbustini, E; Campana, C; Gavazzi, A; Goggi, C; Grossi, P; Ippoliti, G; Martinelli, L; Pellegrini, C; Regazzi, M; Rinaldi, M; Vigano, M, 1997)	0.3
" Further studies are needed to establish the exact dosage and therapeutic levels of the drug."	( FK506 effectiveness in reducing acute rejection after heart transplantation: a prospective randomized study. Arbustini, E; Campana, C; Gavazzi, A; Goggi, C; Grossi, P; Ippoliti, G; Martinelli, L; Pellegrini, C; Regazzi, M; Rinaldi, M; Vigano, M, 1997)	0.3
" No proteinuria was observed after total dosage of immunosuppressants was increased."	( [A case of recurrent IgA nephropathy following renal transplantation under tacrolimus (FK506)]. Hatori, M; Honda, M; Ichimaru, N; Imai, E; Kokado, Y; Kyo, M; Matsumiya, K; Miyamoto, M; Nonomura, N; Okuyama, A; Takahara, S; Takao, T; Yokoyama, K, 1997)	0.53
" These may be dose-related, and low-dose tacrolimus regimens, by allowing reduction in dosage of other diabetogenic immunosuppressive agents, have produced encouraging results in pancreas transplantation in many centres."	( Update of tacrolimus in pancreas transplantation. Ericzon, BG; Wijnen, RM, 1997)	0.97
" Unexpectedly, IFN-gamma markedly reduced the incidence of IDDM as compared with control rats when administered six times per week at a dosage of 280,000 U between ages 30-35 to 105 days or ages 60-64 to 105 days."	( Paradoxical antidiabetogenic effect of gamma-interferon in DP-BB rats. Calori, G; Di Marco, R; Garotta, G; Grasso, S; Magro, G; Meroni, PL; Mughini, L; Nicoletti, F; Stivala, F; Zaccone, P, 1998)	0.3
" The study design required dosing with less tacrolimus (mean mg/day +/- SEM), which was achieved at 1 week (23."	( Tacrolimus (FK506) and mycophenolate mofetil combination therapy versus tacrolimus in adult liver transplantation. Bynon, JS; Contreras, JL; Eckhoff, DE; Frenette, LR; Hudson, SL; McGuire, BM, 1998)	2
" Dose-response curves for TGF-beta-mediated signaling in primary fibroblasts and thymocytes isolated from either wild-type or FKBP12-deficient mice were identical."	( FKBP12 is not required for the modulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor I signaling activity in embryonic fibroblasts and thymocytes. Bassing, CH; Heitman, J; Matzuk, MM; Muir, S; Shou, W; Wang, XF, 1998)	0.3
" Thus, a clinically-relevant dosage of FK506 attenuated both glial activation and white matter changes in chronic cerebral ischemia in the rat."	( Dose-dependent, protective effect of FK506 against white matter changes in the rat brain after chronic cerebral ischemia. Akiguchi, I; Kimura, J; Tomimoto, H; Wakita, H, 1998)	0.3
" Early dosing regimens were determined by attempts to balance the toxicities (representing a dose ceiling) against rejection (for minimum dosing)."	( Tacrolimus (FK506) and the pharmaceutical/academic/regulatory gauntlet. Demetris, AJ; Fung, JJ; Starzl, TE; Todo, S, 1998)	1.74
" Further studies of the combination of FK 506 and MMF in kidney transplant recipients to further define the optimal dosing regimen are warranted."	( FK 506 and mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients: six-month results of a multicenter, randomized dose ranging trial. FK 506 MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group. Mendez, R, 1998)	0.3
" Conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus during maintenance therapy is often considered in the event of rejection or when adverse events do not respond to dosage reduction."	( Suggested guidelines for the use of tacrolimus in pancreas/kidney transplantation. Bartlett, ST; Burke, GW; Gruessner, RW; Stock, PG, 1998)	0.86
"The dosage of tacrolimus (D), the trough blood concentrations (C) and the evolution of the D/C ratio were followed for 1 year after transplantation in so adult patients (38 males and 12 females) undergoing liver allograft."	( Influence of posttransplant time on dose and concentration of tacrolimus in liver transplant patients. Andres, I; Brunet, M; Corbella, J; Lopez, R; Pou, L; Rodamilans, M, 1998)	0.9
"007) and daily and cumulative cyclosporine dosage at 5 years (P=0."	( Chronic renal failure following liver transplantation: a retrospective analysis. Fisher, NC; Gunson, BK; Lipkin, GW; Neuberger, JM; Nightingale, PG, 1998)	0.3
" In these transfected cells, the dose-response curve for the inhibition of FcepsilonRI-mediated exocytosis by FK506 was shifted to the left, indicating an increased drug sensitivity of BKO-transfected cells."	( Direct evidence that FK506 inhibition of FcepsilonRI-mediated exocytosis from RBL mast cells involves calcineurin. Brand, P; Hultsch, T; Kincaid, RL; Knop, J; Lohmann, S; Saloga, J, 1998)	0.3
"2 mg/kg to 30 ml/min/kg when dosed at 1 and 3 mg/kg."	( Disposition of L-732,531, a potent immunosuppressant, in rats and baboons. Carey, KD; Chiu, SH; Colletti, A; Hawkins, T; Karanam, BV; Lavin, M; Miller, RR; Montgomery, T; Stearns, RA; Tang, YS; Vincent, SH, 1998)	0.3
"In this study we have shown that FK506 is able to delay corneal allograft rejection at a much lower dosage than CSA without a higher incidence of side effects related to toxicity or overimmunosuppression."	( A comparative investigation of FK506 and cyclosporin A in murine corneal transplantation. Braunstein, S; Godehardt, E; Reinhard, T; Reis, A; Sundmacher, R, 1998)	0.3
"Although it is important to maintain an appropriate blood concentration of FK506 after liver transplantation, significant interindividual variability in the actual FK506 dosage has been observed, presumably due to the wide variability of cytochrome P450 3A4 activity in liver microsomes."	( Relationship between in vivo FK506 clearance and in vitro 13-demethylation activity in living-related liver transplantation. Chisuwa, H; Hashikura, Y; Ikegami, T; Iwasaki, K; Katsuyama, Y; Kawasaki, S; Nakazawa, Y; Terada, M, 1998)	0.3
" Eight days after stopping mibefradil, tacrolimus was restarted at the same dosage and the subsequent plasma concentrations remained in the therapeutic range."	( Serious interaction between mibefradil and tacrolimus. Gallino, A; Giostra, E; Krähenbühl, S; Menafoglio, A, 1998)	0.83
" Tacrolimus dosing was increased 1-2 mg every 1 or 2 days until hepatic enzymes started to improve."	( Reversal of early acute rejection with increased doses of tacrolimus in liver transplantation: a pilot study. Berger, F; Boillot, O; Gratadour, P; Le Derf, Y; Mechet, I; Meeus, P; Paliard, P; Scoazec, JY; Souraty, P; Viale, JP, 1998)	1.45
"This pilot study suggests that increasing tacrolimus dosage could be considered as treatment against early acute rejection episodes including the severe grade."	( Reversal of early acute rejection with increased doses of tacrolimus in liver transplantation: a pilot study. Berger, F; Boillot, O; Gratadour, P; Le Derf, Y; Mechet, I; Meeus, P; Paliard, P; Scoazec, JY; Souraty, P; Viale, JP, 1998)	0.81
" The clearance was approximately 2-fold higher than that previously observed in adults; this could explain the higher dosage requirements in children."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus (FK506) in paediatric liver transplant recipients. Bernard, O; Clement De Clety, S; De Ville De Goyet, J; Firdaous, I; Furlan, V; Lykavieris, L; Möller, A; Otte, JB; Reding, R; Schäfer, A; Sokal, E; Stadler, P; Taburet, AM; Undre, NA; Van Leeuw, V; Wallemacq, PE, )	0.45
" In many cases, a reduction in dosage can reverse these adverse effects."	( The role of tacrolimus in adult kidney transplantation: a review. Laskow, DA; Neylan, JF; Pirsch, JD; Shapiro, RS; Tomlanovich, SJ; Vergne-Marini, PJ, 1998)	0.68
" The dosage of tacrolimus (D), the trough blood concentrations (C), and the evolution of the ratio (D/C) were followed up for 2 years after transplantation in 50 adult patients (38 men, 12 women) undergoing liver allograft transplantation."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus in liver transplantation, phase III FK506 multicenter Spanish Study Group: a two-year follow-up. Andres, I; Andreu, H; Bilbao, I; Brunet, M; Corbella, J; Lopez, R; Margarit, C; Pou, L; Rimola, A, 1998)	0.94
" Monitoring blood concentrations of tacrolimus is vital, and appropriate dosage adjustments are required when the two drugs are administered concurrently to avoid serious interactions such as nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity."	( Interaction between tacrolimus and nefazodone in a stable renal transplant recipient. Bennett, WM; deMattos, AM; Norman, DJ; Olyaei, AJ, )	0.73
" FK-506 increased the level of blood glucose in rats when given daily at an oral dosage of 3 mg/kg for 14 days."	( Studies of repeated administration of FK-506 on myocardial metabolism in rats. Hoshi, K; Ichihara, K; Satoh, K; Yamamoto, A; Yoshida, A, 1998)	0.3
" Cyclosporine was dosed to achieve a target concentration range between 150 and 450 ng/mL during the first 8 weeks after transplant."	( Relationship of tacrolimus (FK506) whole blood concentrations and efficacy and safety after HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplantation. Fay, JW; Fitzsimmons, WE; Klein, JL; Maher, RM; Nash, RA; Przepiorka, D; Ratanatharathorn, V; Weisdorf, DJ; Wingard, JR; Zhu, J, 1998)	0.65
" The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus were obtained from serial blood samples collected over 96 hours, after single oral and intravenous administration prior to and during an 18-day concomitant rifampin dosing phase."	( Effects of rifampin on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Bekersky, I; Dressler, D; Fisher, RM; Hebert, MF; Marsh, CL, 1999)	0.92
" The concentration of MPA and MPAG in plasma, bile, and urine samples obtained over one dosing interval was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography."	( Effect of t-tube clamping on the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in liver transplant patients on oral therapy of mycophenolate mofetil. Fung, JJ; Hamad, I; Jain, AB; Venkataramanan, R; Warty, VS; Zhang, S; Zuckerman, S, 1999)	0.3
" This review summarizes the current world experience with tacrolimus in pediatric renal transplantation, and describes the details of tacrolimus dosing and the treatment of tacrolimus-related complications."	( Tacrolimus in pediatric renal transplantation: a review. Shapiro, R, 1998)	1.99
"5 mg/kg) were given orally by gavage; thrice weekly according to the monotherapy or dual-therapy dosing protocol."	( Immunosuppressive effect of combination schedules of brequinar with leflunomide or tacrolimus on rat cardiac allotransplantation. Antoniou, EA; Chondros, K; D'Silva, M; Deroover, A; Howie, AJ; McMaster, P, 1999)	0.53
" dosing in monkeys using an ex vivo whole blood IL-2 production assay."	( Discovery of ascomycin analogs with potent topical but weak systemic activity for treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. BaMaung, NY; Clark, RF; Fey, TA; Gauvin, DM; Gunawardana, IW; Henry, CL; Kawai, M; Kopecka, H; Krause, R; Lane, BC; Liu, L; Luly, JR; Marsh, K; Miller, L; Mollison, KW; Or, YS; Pong, M; Rhoades, TA; Sheets, MP; Smith, ML; Trevillyan, JM; Tu, NP; Wagner, R; Wiedeman, PE; Xie, Q, 1998)	0.3
" The o/w emulsion of tacrolimus may be an improved dosage form via the enteral route."	( Pharmacokinetic advantages of a newly developed tacrolimus oil-in-water-type emulsion via the enteral route. Hashimoto, H; Kazui, T; Muhammad, BA; Suzuki, K; Suzuki, Y; Uno, T, 1999)	0.88
" Employing the Korsmeyer-Peppas model of Fickian and non-Fickian drug release, it was further shown that release of the drug from the dosage form was governed largely by surface erosion of the surfactant-enriched tablet matrix."	( Design and characterization of a surfactant-enriched tablet formulation for oral delivery of a poorly water-soluble immunosuppressive agent. Grim, YA; Matuszewska, BK; Ostovic, D; Ruddy, SB; Storey, DE, 1999)	0.3
" Tacrolimus was absorbed rapidly after oral dosing with a mean Cmax and Tmax of 42 ng/ml and 1 h, respectively."	( The disposition of 14C-labeled tacrolimus after intravenous and oral administration in healthy human subjects. Hata, T; Iwasaki, K; Kawamura, A; Möller, A; Schäfer, A; Shiraga, T; Teramura, Y; Undre, NA, 1999)	1.5
") was administered over the 18-day period of study according to three dosage regiments: delayed (days 9-17), discontinuous (days 0-8) and continuous (days 0-17) administrations."	( Efficacy of delayed or discontinuous FK506 administrations on nerve regeneration in the rat sciatic nerve crush model: lack of evidence for a conditioning lesion-like effect. Gold, BG; Gordon, HS; Wang, MS, 1999)	0.3
" The initial dosage was 5 mg twice/day, but it was gradually increased to 10 mg twice/day, aiming at 15-20 ng/ml."	( Sudden hearing loss associated with tacrolimus in a kidney-pancreas allograft recipient. Corwin, C; Hunsicker, LG; Ku, YM; Min, DI; Rayhill, S; Wu, YM, 1999)	0.58
" A nonnephrotoxic and powerful immunosuppressant such as mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) could allow a reduction of cyclosporine dosage or its withdrawal and an improvement in renal function in these patients."	( Conversion of liver transplant recipients on cyclosporine with renal impairment to mycophenolate mofetil. Alvárez-Cienfuegos, J; Girala, M; Gómez-Manero, N; Herrero, JI; Pardo, F; Prieto, J; Quiroga, J; Sangro, B, 1999)	0.3
" The optimal dosing regimen after pediatric heart transplantation is unknown."	( Optimal dosing of intravenous tacrolimus following pediatric heart transplantation. Boyle, GJ; Griffith, BP; Law, YM; Miller, SA; Myers, JL; Robinson, BV; Webber, SA, 1999)	0.59
" Both FK506 and QND evoked a significant QTc prolongation, and the dose-response relationship showed an anti-clockwise hysteresis, FK506-induced QTc prolongation persisted throughout the duration of the experiment despite a decline in the plasma FK506 concentration, whilst QND-induced QTc prolongation disappeared as plasma concentrations decreased."	( Sustained QT prolongation induced by tacrolimus in guinea pigs. Iga, T; Minematsu, T; Ohtani, H; Sato, H, 1999)	0.58
" Mean blood levels paralleled dosing in both groups, but were greater in the Rej patients (10."	( Tacrolimus rescue in liver transplant patients with refractory rejection or intolerance or malabsorption of cyclosporine. The US Multicenter FK506 Liver Study Group. Klein, A, 1999)	1.75
" The acute adverse effects of calcineurin inhibitors on renal haemodynamics are thought to be directly related to the cyclosporin or tacrolimus dosage and blood concentration."	( Immunosuppressant-induced nephropathy: pathophysiology, incidence and management. Bennett, WM; de Mattos, AM; Olyaei, AJ, 1999)	0.51
" Once patients were tolerating oral medications, tacrolimus infusion was converted to oral dosing using a 4:1 conversion."	( Increased clearance of tacrolimus in children: need for higher doses and earlier initiation prior to bone marrow transplantation. Beltz, S; Graham-Pole, J; Kedar, A; Mehta, P; Wingard, JR, 1999)	0.87
" When neurotoxicity occurs after OLTX under tacrolimus, it is usually a minor complication and responds readily to a reduction in the dosage of or a temporary withdrawal of tacrolimus."	( Conversion to neoral for neurotoxicity after primary adult liver transplantation under tacrolimus. Brody, D; Fung, J; Hamad, I; Jain, A; Kanal, E; Rishi, N, 2000)	0.79
"Neurological complications after OLTX disorders that occur under tacrolimus and that fail to respond to a reduction in the dosage can be treated safely by conversion to Neoral."	( Conversion to neoral for neurotoxicity after primary adult liver transplantation under tacrolimus. Brody, D; Fung, J; Hamad, I; Jain, A; Kanal, E; Rishi, N, 2000)	0.77
" The described dosing schedule resulted in subtherapeutic daclizumab levels in liver transplant recipients."	( Experience with daclizumab in liver transplantation: renal transplant dosing without calcineurin inhibitors is insufficient to prevent acute rejection in liver transplantation. Ascher, NL; Freise, C; Hirose, R; Osorio, RW; Quan, D; Roberts, JP; Stock, PG, 2000)	0.31
" The dosing regimen used in renal transplant recipients is most likely insufficient for liver transplant patients."	( Experience with daclizumab in liver transplantation: renal transplant dosing without calcineurin inhibitors is insufficient to prevent acute rejection in liver transplantation. Ascher, NL; Freise, C; Hirose, R; Osorio, RW; Quan, D; Roberts, JP; Stock, PG, 2000)	0.31
"The recommended dosage for mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in combination with cyclosporin (CyA) for pediatric kidney transplant recipients is 600 mg/m(2) twice daily (b."	( Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolate mofetil are influenced by concomitant immunosuppression. Filler, G; Mai, I; Zimmering, M, 2000)	0.31
" In yeast, expression of ARA9 results in an increase in the maximal agonist response and a leftward shift in the AHR dose-response curve."	( ARA9 modifies agonist signaling through an increase in cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Bradfield, CA; Bunger, MK; Dunham, EE; Glover, E; LaPres, JJ, 2000)	0.31
" Reduction of tacrolimus dosage or conversion to cyclosporin A (CsA) has been used as an effective treatment in reviewed cases."	( Sirolimus in pediatric gastrointestinal transplantation: the use of sirolimus for pediatric transplant patients with tacrolimus-related cardiomyopathy. Jaffe, JS; Pappas, PA; Pinna, AD; Rusconi, P; Thompson, JF; Tzakis, AG; Weppler, D, 2000)	0.88
" Thus, dose-response relationships for FK506 (0."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of tacrolimus-induced QT prolongation in guinea pigs. Iga, T; Minematsu, T; Ohtani, H; Sato, H, 1999)	0.56
" A mean reduction in TAC dosage of 18."	( Clinical and histological analysis of acute tacrolimus (TAC) nephrotoxicity in renal allografts. Ishikawa, N; Oshima, T; Shimizu, T; Shinmura, H; Tanabe, K; Tokumoto, T; Toma, H; Yamaguchi, Y, 1999)	0.56
" A reduction of TAC dosage may be effective in improving allograft functions."	( Clinical and histological analysis of acute tacrolimus (TAC) nephrotoxicity in renal allografts. Ishikawa, N; Oshima, T; Shimizu, T; Shinmura, H; Tanabe, K; Tokumoto, T; Toma, H; Yamaguchi, Y, 1999)	0.56
" Further studies need to be conducted to optimize the dosage schedule and to determine therapeutic ranges, efficacy, and safety."	( Tacrolimus: an alternative for graft-versus-host disease prevention. Kennedy, LA; Lee, TJ, 2000)	1.75
"The dosing regimen for conversion from cyclosporin A (CsA) to tacrolimus immunosuppression was studied in 12 pediatric liver allograft recipients."	( Conversion from cyclosporin A to tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation. Debray, D; Fourre, C; Furlan, V; Taburet, AM, 2000)	0.83
" Two of the responders showed rebound worsening when tacrolimus was stopped or the dosage reduced rapidly, and one of these eventually required proctectomy."	( Topical tacrolimus may be effective in the treatment of oral and perineal Crohn's disease. Casson, DH; Eltumi, M; Murch, SH; Tomlin, S; Walker-Smith, JA, 2000)	0.99
"An obvious dose-response relationship for the antiproliferative effects of each drug was detected."	( Comparison of the in vitro antiproliferative effects of five immunosuppressive drugs on lymphocytes in whole blood from cats. Craigmill, AL; Gregory, CR; Kyles, AE, 2000)	0.31
" For example, human terfenadine hepatic extraction goes from 95% in the absence of a competitive inhibitor to 35% in the presence of one (ketoconazole, 200 mg po Q 12 h dosed to steady-state)."	( Cytochrome P450 3A4 in vivo ketoconazole competitive inhibition: determination of Ki and dangers associated with high clearance drugs in general. Boxenbaum, H, )	0.13
" None of the rats receiving dosage of 5 mg/kg/d showed any neurotoxic symptoms throughout the two-week test period."	( Correlation between neurotoxic events and intracerebral concentration of tacrolimus in rats. Harihara, Y; Imamura, H; Sakamoto, Y; Sato, H, 2000)	0.54
" In the second set of experiments the dosage regime was identical, but at the end of the treatment period the animals were anaesthetized for implantation of arterial and venous cannulae, and then received a saline (plus inulin) infusion for 6 h, during which time blood and urine samples were collected."	( The hypomagnesaemic action of FK506: urinary excretion of magnesium and calcium and the role of parathyroid hormone. Lote, CJ; Thewles, A; Wood, JA; Zafar, T, 2000)	0.31
" Although preliminary, these data demonstrate significant transplanted organ-specific differences in MMF pharmacology and/or bioavailability, and suggest the need for separate evaluation of MMF dosing for each transplant type."	( Levels of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide derivative in the plasma of liver, small bowel and kidney transplant patients receiving tacrolimus and cellcept combination therapy. de Faria, L; Esquenazi, V; Miller, J; Tsaroucha, AK; Tzakis, AG; Zucker, K, 2000)	0.51
" Clearance of tacrolimus was calculated from the blood levels for patients during intravenous dosing and normalized by ideal body weight."	( Tacrolimus clearance is age-dependent within the pediatric population. Blamble, D; Chan, KW; Danielson, M; Hilsenbeck, S; Krance, R; Przepiorka, D, 2000)	2.11
" The symptoms of CsA- and tacrolimus-associated neurotoxicity may be reversed in most patients by substantially reducing the dosage of immunosuppressant or discontinuing these drugs."	( Neurotoxicity of calcineurin inhibitors: impact and clinical management. Bechstein, WO, 2000)	0.61
" However, it is unrelated to the dosage and the concentration of cyclosporine or tacrolimus."	( Arteriolopathy in non-episode biopsies of renal transplant allograft. Ichimaru, N; Imai, E; Kojima, Y; Kokado, Y; Kyakuno, M; Kyo, M; Miyamoto, M; Morozumi, K; Nakamura, T; Oka, K; Okuyama, A; Permpongkosol, S; Takahara, S; Tanaka, T; Toki, K; Wang, JD, 2000)	0.53
" The frequency and the severity of arteriolopathy are not concerned with dosage and concentration of CsA or FK506."	( Arteriolopathy in non-episode biopsies of renal transplant allograft. Ichimaru, N; Imai, E; Kojima, Y; Kokado, Y; Kyakuno, M; Kyo, M; Miyamoto, M; Morozumi, K; Nakamura, T; Oka, K; Okuyama, A; Permpongkosol, S; Takahara, S; Tanaka, T; Toki, K; Wang, JD, 2000)	0.31
" Our data show that, although arteriolopathy is characteristic of drug-induced nephropathy, it is unrelated to dosage and concentration of cyclosporine or tacrolimus in non-episode biopsy."	( Clinicopathological evaluation in non-episode biopsies of renal transplant allograft. Ding, XQ; Hatori, M; Ichimaru, N; Imai, E; Inoue, T; Kameoka, H; Kojima, Y; Kokado, Y; Kyakuno, M; Kyo, M; Miyamoto, M; Morozumi, K; Nakamura, T; Oka, K; Okuyama, A; Permpongkosol, S; Takahara, S; Tanaka, T; Toki, K; Wang, JD, 2000)	0.5
"1 mg/kg/dose given twice a day, and the dosage was adjusted to achieve blood levels between 10 and 15 ng/mL."	( Oral tacrolimus treatment of severe colitis in children. Balint, JP; Bousvaros, A; Daum, F; Day, AS; Ferry, GD; Freeman, KB; Griffiths, AM; Kirschner, BS; Leichtner, AM; Parker-Hartigan, L; Werlin, SL; Zurakowski, D, 2000)	0.82
"Details of drug dosage histories, sampling times and concentrations were collected retrospectively from routine therapeutic drug monitoring data accumulated for at least 4 days after surgery."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Asian paediatric liver transplant patients. Aw, M; Chan, SY; Charles, BG; Ho, PC; Lim, SM; Quak, SH; Sam, WJ, 2000)	0.59
"Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus (FK) is widely performed to assist adjustments of drug dosage but may be an inadequate surrogate of the immunosuppression induced."	( In vitro pentamer formation as a biomarker of tacrolimus-related immunosuppressive activity after liver transplantation. Tolou-Ghamari, Z; Tredger, JM; Wendon, J, 2000)	0.85
" There was a significant decrease in mean tacrolimus dosage (P<0."	( Posttransplant diabetes mellitus in pediatric thoracic organ recipients receiving tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Boyle, GJ; Griffith, BP; Law, YM; Lawrence, K; Miller, SA; Paolillo, JA; Pigula, FA; Wagner, K; Webber, SA, 2001)	0.8
" Variables considered were age, total bodyweight (TBW), body surface area (BSA), time after initiation of treatment (T), gender, haematocrit (Hct), albumin (Alb), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gammaGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin (BIL), creatinine clearance (CL(CR)) and dosage of concomitant corticosteroids (EST)."	( Covariate effects on the apparent clearance of tacrolimus in paediatric liver transplant patients undergoing conversion therapy. Blázquez, A; García Sánchez, MJ; Manzanares, C; Manzanares, J; Medina, E; Santos-Buelga, D; Urruzuno, P, 2001)	0.57
"The proposed model for tacrolimus CL can be applied for a priori dosage calculations, although the results should be used with caution because of the unexplained variability in the CL."	( Covariate effects on the apparent clearance of tacrolimus in paediatric liver transplant patients undergoing conversion therapy. Blázquez, A; García Sánchez, MJ; Manzanares, C; Manzanares, J; Medina, E; Santos-Buelga, D; Urruzuno, P, 2001)	0.88
" Development of this complication was associated with elevated intravenous FK 506 dosing schedules, with the mean cumulative dose 43% higher than treated patients with unaffected kidney function."	( Renal complications and development of hypertension in the European study of FK 506 and cyclosporin in primary liver transplant recipients. Bismuth, H; Calne, R; Devlin, J; Groth, C; McMaster, P; Neuhaus, P; Otto, G; Pichlmayr, R; Williams, R, 1994)	0.29
"05), and insomnia was not related to any dosing variable."	( Neurological complications in the European multicentre study of FK 506 and cyclosporin in primary liver transplantation. Bismuth, H; Calne, R; Groth, C; McMaster, P; Neuhaus, P; Otto, G; Pichlmayr, R; Williams, R, 1994)	0.29
"In a retrospective study, we analysed the FK 506 dosage used in primary liver graft recipients enrolled in the European FK 506 multicenter trial conducted from September 1990 to January 1992."	( Optimal FK 506 dosage in patients under primary immunosuppression following liver transplantation. Bismuth, H; Calne, R; Groth, C; McMaster, P; Neuhaus, P; Otto, G; Pichlmayr, R; Williams, R; Winkler, M, 1994)	0.29
" Blood was sampled during the 24 hours subsequent to dosing on day 7 (after the first MMF dose), on day 14 (after multiple MMF doses) and on day 21 (after CsA/TRL washout)."	( Comparison of the effects of tacrolimus and cyclosporine on the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid. Barten, MJ; Christians, U; Klupp, J; Morris, RE; van Gelder, T, 2001)	0.6
"The objective of this study was to estimate tacrolimus population parameter values and to evaluate the ability of the maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) Bayesian fitting procedure to predict tacrolimus blood levels, using the traditional strategy of monitoring only trough levels, for dosage individualization in liver transplant patients."	( Failure of traditional trough levels to predict tacrolimus concentrations. Baulieux, J; Charpiat, B; Ducerf, C; Fourcade, N; Jelliffe, RW; Macchi-Andanson, M, 2001)	0.83
" In association with short-term monitoring of blood trough levels of TAC, the dosage should be reduced early if symptoms of an acute gastroenteritis are present."	( Rotavirus infection as cause of tacrolimus elevation in solid-organ-transplanted children. Ellemunter, H; Fischer, H; Frühwirth, M; Hochleitner, B; Königsrainer, A; Margreiter, R; Simma, B, 2001)	0.59
" Further study is needed to evaluate long-term safety and efficacy and to determine the best dosage regimen."	( Tacrolimus in dermatologic disorders. Skaehill, PA, 2001)	1.75
"Living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and subsequent immunosuppressive therapy with tacrolimus have been cornerstones in the recovery of patients from end-stage liver failure, but there has been no critical dosage regimen for tacrolimus therapy, especially the initial dosage."	( Pharmacokinetic and prognostic significance of intestinal MDR1 expression in recipients of living-donor liver transplantation. Hashida, T; Inui , K; Masuda, S; Saito, H; Tanaka, K; Uemoto, S, 2001)	0.53
" Steady state oral pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained between 1 and 3 months after transplant while patients were receiving twice daily dosing of tacrolimus to maintain whole blood levels between 10 and 20 ng/ml."	( The effect of gut metabolism on tacrolimus bioavailability in renal transplant recipients. Alloway, RR; Gaber, AO; Johnson, JA; Tuteja, S, 2001)	0.79
" Drug efficacy and potency was calculated based on dose-response curves of the drug-mediated decrease in CD4(+)/CD8alpha(+)/CD25(+) cells."	( Coexpression of CD4 and CD8alpha on rat T-cells in whole blood: a sensitive marker for monitoring T-cell immunosuppressive drugs. Diaz-Romero, J; Vogt, G; Weckbecker, G, 2001)	0.31
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the circadian variation of this drug in continuous intravenous administration, with regard to the dosing scheme for conversion from intravenous to oral therapy."	( Chrono and clinical pharmacokinetic study of tacrolimus in continuous intravenous administration. Akao, T; Habuchi, T; Kato, T; Sato, K; Satoh, S; Shimoda, N; Suzuki, T; Tachiki, Y; Tada, H; Tsuchiya, N, 2001)	0.57
" As the oral tacrolimus absorption was found to be variable between preoperative and postoperative states in identical patients, the conversion dosage cannot be calculated from preoperative oral or postoperative intravenous pharmacokinetics."	( Chrono and clinical pharmacokinetic study of tacrolimus in continuous intravenous administration. Akao, T; Habuchi, T; Kato, T; Sato, K; Satoh, S; Shimoda, N; Suzuki, T; Tachiki, Y; Tada, H; Tsuchiya, N, 2001)	0.94
"Overcoming adverse effects of immunosuppressors can be achieved by combining different drugs, thus allowing a dosage reduction."	( Combined immunosuppression of mycophenolate mofetil and FK506 for myoblast transplantation in mdx mice. Asselin, I; Camirand, G; Caron, NJ; Tremblay, JP, 2001)	0.31
" An adjustment of dosage of immunosuppressants according to the clinical situation and, particularly in the case of MMF, spreading the total dosage over more than 2 daily doses are often sufficient."	( Adverse gastrointestinal effects of mycophenolate mofetil: aetiology, incidence and management. Behrend, M, 2001)	0.31
" In patients with altered renal function, introduction of MMF or sirolimus can allow a reduction in dosage or complete withdrawal of cyclosporine."	( [Minimization of immunosuppression]. Thervet, E, 2001)	0.31
"No clear correlation existed between tacrolimus dosage and blood concentrations (r2=0."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in children who receive cut-down or full liver transplants. Charles, BG; Lynch, SV; Staatz, CE; Taylor, PJ; Tett, SE; Willis, C, 2001)	0.87
"Pharmacokinetic information obtained in this study may assist physicians in making individualized dosage decisions in regard to tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplant recipients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in children who receive cut-down or full liver transplants. Charles, BG; Lynch, SV; Staatz, CE; Taylor, PJ; Tett, SE; Willis, C, 2001)	0.8
" The purpose of this study was to review our experience with MMF dosing and the role of mycophenolic acid (MPA) levels for therapeutic drug monitoring in a population of pediatric heart transplant recipients."	( Mycophenolic acid levels in pediatric heart transplant recipients receiving mycophenolate mofetil. Boucek, MM; Dipchand, AI; McCrindle, BW; Pietra, B; Rosebrook-Bicknell, HL, 2001)	0.31
" Dosing by body surface area (mg/m(2)), age and interval from transplantation were all independently associated with MPA level."	( Mycophenolic acid levels in pediatric heart transplant recipients receiving mycophenolate mofetil. Boucek, MM; Dipchand, AI; McCrindle, BW; Pietra, B; Rosebrook-Bicknell, HL, 2001)	0.31
"(1) There is marked individual variation in pharmacokinetics of MMF in pediatric patients; (2) dosing by body surface area may be advantageous; (3) higher MMF doses may be required at younger ages and in the early period after transplantation; (4) lower MMF doses may be required with concurrent tacrolimus therapy; and (5) serum trough MPA levels may relate to efficacy."	( Mycophenolic acid levels in pediatric heart transplant recipients receiving mycophenolate mofetil. Boucek, MM; Dipchand, AI; McCrindle, BW; Pietra, B; Rosebrook-Bicknell, HL, 2001)	0.49
"Since tacrolimus absorption was better under fasted condition than under the presence of food, it is thought that the highest medicine effect with the least dosage is provided by preprandial oral administration."	( Effective oral administration of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients. Kamoya, K; Kimikawa, M; Teraoka, S; Toma, H, 2001)	1.07
" The estimated population pharmacokinetic parameters can be applied for a priori dosage calculations in adult patients with LDLT."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in adult recipients receiving living-donor liver transplantation. Fukatsu, S; Hashida, T; Igarashi, T; Inui, K; Kiuchi, T; Saito, H; Takayanagi, K; Tanaka, K; Uemoto, S; Yano, I, 2001)	0.6
" Approximately 3(1/4) years after these unresponsive ulcers appeared, the reduction of the oral dosage of tacrolimus resulted in the total remission of the ulcers."	( Resolution of oral ulcerations after decreasing the dosage of tacrolimus in a liver transplantation recipient. Arriba, L; Hernández, G; Jiménez, C; Lucas, M; Moreno, E, 2001)	0.76
" The human preparations were exposed to concentrations of 8 x 10(-9), 8 x 10(-8) and 8 x 10(-6) M FK506 followed by a cumulative dose-response curve with isoprenaline as a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor agonist."	( FK506 does not affect cardiac contractility and adrenergic response in vitro. Domeier, E; Grapow, M; Hakim, K; Janssen, PM; Kögler, H; Milting, H; Prestle, J; Seidler, T; Wangemann, T; Zeitz, O; Zerkowski, HR, 2001)	0.31
" Optimal dosing strategies for SKPT recipients remain to be determined."	( Multicenter survey of daclizumab induction in simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplant recipients. Alloway, RR; Bruce, DS; Humar, A; Kaufman, DB; Light, JA; Lo, A; Sollinger, HW; Stratta, RJ; Sutherland, DE, 2001)	0.31
" Because of increasing use of FK506 in solid organ transplantation, caution should be paid with FK506 dosage monitoring in cases of peripheral nervous system symptoms."	( Severe axonal polyneuropathy after a FK506 overdosage in a lung transplant recipient. Boukriche, Y; Brugière, O; Castier, Y; Fournier, M; Mal, H; Stocco, J, 2001)	0.31
" To achieve the best compromise between prevention of rejection and toxicity, dosage individualisation is required and this can be achieved through therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)."	( Immunosuppressive therapy for paediatric transplant patients: pharmacokinetic considerations. del Mar Fernández De Gatta, M; Domínguez-Gil, A; García, MJ; Santos-Buelga, D, 2002)	0.31
" Data on this subject are not consistent because of differences in dosage and duration of treatment and the presence of comorbidity in the studied patients."	( Different effects of tacrolimus and cyclosporine on renal hemodynamics and blood pressure in healthy subjects. Abrahams, A; Hené, RJ; Klein, IH; Koomans, HA; Ligtenberg, G; van Ede, T, 2002)	0.63
"We conclude that tacrolimus given during 2 weeks in the currently advised dosage has no unfavorable effects on renal hemodynamics and blood pressure in healthy individuals."	( Different effects of tacrolimus and cyclosporine on renal hemodynamics and blood pressure in healthy subjects. Abrahams, A; Hené, RJ; Klein, IH; Koomans, HA; Ligtenberg, G; van Ede, T, 2002)	0.97
" These results could have important implications regarding the dosing of immunosuppressives in living donor liver transplant recipients."	( Living donor liver transplant recipients achieve relatively higher immunosuppressant blood levels than cadaveric recipients. Bak, T; Everson, GT; Kam, I; Kugelmas, M; Stolpman, N; Trotter, JF; Wachs, M, 2002)	0.31
" In conclusion, LRD recipients have significantly decreased tacrolimus dosing requirements compared with CAD recipients during the first 3 months posttransplantation despite having similar tacrolimus concentrations."	( Tacrolimus dosing requirements and concentrations in adult living donor liver transplant recipients. Andreoni, KA; Dupuis, RE; Fair, JH; Fann, AL; Gerber, DA; Johnson, MW; Shrestha, R; Taber, DJ, 2002)	2
" Alternative dosing regimens based on pharmacokinetic simulation and limited clinical trials are being investigated."	( A multicenter, open-label, comparative trial of two daclizumab dosing strategies vs. no antibody induction in combination with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids for the prevention of acute rejection in simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplant Alloway, RR; Hodge, E; Lo, A; Stratta, RJ, 2002)	0.52
" Accordingly, the use of OST may constitute an alternative option for tacrolimus administration in low body weight organ recipients, to allow dosage titration in the early post-transplant weeks."	( Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus oral suspension in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Chardot, C; Evrard, V; Janssen, M; Otte, JB; Paul, K; Reding, R; Sokal, E; Wallemacq, P; Wilmotte, L, 2002)	0.83
" The combination of SRL with cyclosporin (CsA) has been studied, and a 4-hour interval between dosing of the two drugs is recommended even though it is inconvenient for patients and may affect compliance."	( A clinical pharmacokinetic study of tacrolimus and sirolimus combination immunosuppression comparing simultaneous to separated administration. Fraser, A; MacDonald, AS; Mahalati, K; McAlister, VC; Peltekian, KM, 2002)	0.59
"To study the dose-response relationship of the pharmacokinetic interaction between diltiazem and tacrolimus in kidney and liver transplant recipients."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between tacrolimus and diltiazem: dose-response relationship in kidney and liver transplant recipients. Jones, TE; Morris, RG, 2002)	0.81
" In the two kidney transplant recipients, an increase in tacrolimus AUC(24) occurred following the 20 mg/day dosage of diltiazem (26 and 67%)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between tacrolimus and diltiazem: dose-response relationship in kidney and liver transplant recipients. Jones, TE; Morris, RG, 2002)	0.83
" Dosage alterations ofrenally eliminated drugs may be required for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index."	( Evaluation of renal function in transplant patients on tacrolimus therapy. Agarwala, S; Burckart, G; Chakrabarti, P; Culligan, E; Jain, A; McCauley, J; Shapiro, R; Venkataramanan, R, 2002)	0.56
"Between-subject variability in dose-adjusted concentrations during dosing interval varied from 38."	( The impact of ethnic miscegenation on tacrolimus clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring. da Silva Moreira, SR; Felipe, CR; Garcia, R; Machado, PG; Pestana, JO; Silva, HT, 2002)	0.59
" Therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dosage adjustments of tacrolimus is an efficient tool to manage drug interactions."	( Mechanisms of clinically relevant drug interactions associated with tacrolimus. Benet, LZ; Christians, U; Jacobsen, W; Lampen, A, 2002)	0.79
" Blood and urine probes were always drawn immediately before morning dosage of immunosuppressants."	( Interaction of the endothelin system and calcineurin inhibitors after kidney transplantation. Bachert, D; Diehr, P; Fritsche, L; Hocher, B; Neumayer, HH; Slowinski, T; Subkowski, T, 2002)	0.31
" Based on our finding of a double peak in the dose-response for FK506, it is hypothesized that at least two mechanisms of action (perhaps corresponding to distinct functional binding sites) are evoked at different concentrations of the drug to accelerate nerve regeneration."	( Bimodal dose-dependence of FK506 on the rate of axonal regeneration in mouse peripheral nerve. Ceballos, D; Gold, BG; Navarro, X; Udina, E; Verdú, E, 2002)	0.31
"This study compared an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technique for measurement of tacrolimus concentrations in adult kidney and liver transplant recipients, and investigated how assay choice influenced pharmacokinetic parameter estimates and drug dosage decisions."	( Comparison of an ELISA and an LC/MS/MS method for measuring tacrolimus concentrations and making dosage decisions in transplant recipients. Staatz, CE; Taylor, PJ; Tett, SE, 2002)	0.75
" The newest drugs to reach clinical evaluation, sirolimus and everolimus, have been studied in the context of concentration-controlled dosing and there is a good rationale for their measurement."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs in kidney transplantation. Holt, DW, 2002)	0.31
"Although used for more than 20 years, optimal dosing strategies of most immunosuppressants have never been determined."	( Tacrolimus in cardiac transplantation: efficacy and safety of a novel dosing protocol. Baran, DA; Chan, M; Cheng, J; Correa, R; Courtney, MC; Fallon, JT; Galin, I; Gass, AL; Lansman, SL; Sandler, D; Segura, L; Spielvogel, D, 2002)	1.76
" A novel dosing scheme was evaluated to establish the safety and efficacy of this approach."	( Tacrolimus in cardiac transplantation: efficacy and safety of a novel dosing protocol. Baran, DA; Chan, M; Cheng, J; Correa, R; Courtney, MC; Fallon, JT; Galin, I; Gass, AL; Lansman, SL; Sandler, D; Segura, L; Spielvogel, D, 2002)	1.76
"It was shown that this conservative initial dosing approach, which guarantees renal safety, is not associated with an increased risk of allograft rejection."	( Tacrolimus in cardiac transplantation: efficacy and safety of a novel dosing protocol. Baran, DA; Chan, M; Cheng, J; Correa, R; Courtney, MC; Fallon, JT; Galin, I; Gass, AL; Lansman, SL; Sandler, D; Segura, L; Spielvogel, D, 2002)	1.76
" FK506 is effective in the treatment of refractory colitis with per oral dosing being equivalent to intravenous administration."	( Response of refractory colitis to intravenous or oral tacrolimus (FK506). Bruening, A; Fellermann, K; Herrlinger, KR; Homann, N; Ludwig, D; Stange, EF; Tanko, Z; Witthoeft, T, 2002)	0.56
" An understanding of factors that influence the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus may assist in drug dosage decisions."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in adult kidney transplant recipients. Staatz, CE; Taylor, PJ; Tett, SE; Willis, C, 2002)	0.84
" Besides eviction of food allergens, eight children were switched from tacrolimus to cyclosporine, whereas tacrolimus dosage was decreased in four."	( Angioedema in pediatric liver transplant recipients under tacrolimus immunosuppression. Bernard, O; Debray, D; Frauger, E; Habes, D; Lykavieris, P, 2003)	0.8
"Patient outcomes in transplantation would improve if dosing of immunosuppressive agents was individualized."	( Toward better outcomes with tacrolimus therapy: population pharmacokinetics and individualized dosage prediction in adult liver transplantation. Lynch, SV; Staatz, CE; Taylor, PJ; Tett, SE; Willis, C, 2003)	0.61
" Although parameters like drug toxicity, optimal drug dosage or delayed endothelial healing need to be further evaluated, summarizing the today's clinical experience the strategy of drug-coated stents promises a striking benefit in interventional treatment of coronary lesions."	( Drug eluting stents: initial experiences. Büllesfeld, L; Gerckens, U; Grube, E; Müller, R, 2002)	0.31
"New databases were added to the Abbottbase PKS (Bayesian dosage prediction) program to incorporate the population pharmacokinetic models developed for tacrolimus."	( Bayesian forecasting and prediction of tacrolimus concentrations in pediatric liver and adult renal transplant recipients. Staatz, CE; Tett, SE; Willis, C, 2003)	0.79
" Comedication with CsA increased MMF dosage requirements compared with children on Tac therapy."	( Mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Adams, JE; Aw, MM; Brown, NW; Dhawan, A; Gonde, CE; Heaton, ND; Itsuka, T; Mieli-Vergani, G; Tredger, JM, 2003)	0.32
" The dosage of tacrolimus was adjusted to keep a whole blood tacrolimus level of 5-10 ng/ml."	( Tacrolimus in resistant primary membranous nephropathy--a report of 3 cases. Lai, FM; Leung, CB; Li, PK; Szeto, CC, 2003)	2.11
"Insight into the mechanisms of organ engraftment and acquired tolerance has made it possible to facilitate these mechanisms, by tailoring the timing and dosage of immunosuppression in accordance with two therapeutic principles: recipient pretreatment, and minimum use of post-transplant immunosuppression."	( Tolerogenic immunosuppression for organ transplantation. Abu-Elmagd, K; Bond, G; Corry, RJ; Demetris, AJ; Eghtesad, B; Fontes, P; Fung, JJ; Gayowski, T; Gray, EA; Jordan, ML; Marcos, A; Murase, N; Nalesnik, MA; Potdar, S; Randhawa, P; Scantlebury, VP; Shapiro, R; Starzl, TE; Trucco, M; Woodward, J; Wu, T; Zeevi, A, 2003)	0.32
" The pharmacokinetic data accumulated on sirolimus have been a key element in formulating guidelines on dosing with this drug, both when used in combination with cyclosporine and when used after cyclosporine withdrawal."	( Therapeutic monitoring of sirolimus: its contribution to optimal prescription. Denny, K; Holt, DW; Johnston, A; Lee, TD, 2003)	0.32
"To report the first case of tacrolimus measurement in human milk following maternal dosing in a woman who breast-fed while taking the medication."	( Milk transfer and neonatal safety of tacrolimus. French, AE; Koren, G; Soldin, OP; Soldin, SJ, 2003)	0.89
" Most liver transplantation centers reduce the dosage of steroids and eventually withdraw them after various time intervals."	( Steroid-free immunosuppression during and after liver transplantation--a 3-yr follow-up report. Aerts, R; Fevery, J; Koshiba, T; Lauwers, P; Nevens, F; Pirenne, J; Roskams, T; Schetz, M; Van Gelder, F; Verhaegen, M, 2003)	0.32
" As dosage increased, the rejection could not be prevented and the damage to liver and kidney could be induced."	( [Combined immunosuppression of FK506 and RS-61443 in rat limb allotransplantation]. Chen, ZB; Hong, GX; Huang, QS; Kang, H; Wang, FB; Weng, YX, 2003)	0.32
" It is often assumed that the diverse dosing contributes to the observed pharmacokinetic differences between the two drugs."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and cyclosporine at equivalent molecular doses. Højskov, C; Jørgensen, KA; Karamperis, N; Pedersen, AR; Poulsen, JH; Povlsen, JV, 2003)	0.59
" The purpose of this study was to characterize the dose-dependent effects of FK506 on T-cell proliferation, and establish a subimmunosuppressive dosing regimen for FK-506 in mice."	( Use of mixed lymphocyte reaction to identify subimmunosuppressive FK-506 levels in mice. Brenner, MJ; Ellis, RA; Hunter, DA; Mackinnon, SE; Myckatyn, TM, 2003)	0.32
" This paper describes previous work on the individualized dosing of tacrolimus, including patients who are maintained on monotherapy after heart transplantation with tacrolimus alone."	( "One size fits all": immunosuppression in cardiac transplantation. Baran, DA; Galin, ID, 2003)	0.55
" Because of the skin's high degree of immunogenicity, until recently it was widely assumed that the dosage of immunosuppressive drugs required to prevent rejection was too high to be used safely in the clinical setting."	( Formation of synapses between dendritic cells and lymphocytes in skin lymph in an allogeneic reaction. Galkowska, H; Mijal, J; Olszewski, WL, 2002)	0.31
" Tacrolimus dosage was modified to maintain a target blood concentration of 5 to 10 ng/mL."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after multidose oral administration and efficacy in the prevention of allograft rejection in cats with renal transplants. Craigmill, AL; Gregory, CR; Griffey, SM; Jackson, J; Kyles, AE; Stanley, SD, 2003)	1.55
"Interindividual variability in dosage requirements of the calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressive agents cyclosporine and tacrolimus after liver transplantation may result from differences in the CYP3A activity of the liver graft."	( Relationship between postoperative erythromycin breath test and early morbidity in liver transplant recipients. Dalhoff, K; Kirkegaard, P; Rasmussen, A; Schmidt, LE, 2003)	0.53
" Whether ERMBT results may be used to individualize dosage of calcineurin inhibitors needs to be explored."	( Relationship between postoperative erythromycin breath test and early morbidity in liver transplant recipients. Dalhoff, K; Kirkegaard, P; Rasmussen, A; Schmidt, LE, 2003)	0.32
" Our primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy and optimal dosing of tacrolimus in preventing rejection, using an established rat model of laryngeal transplantation."	( Tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil provide effective immunosuppression in rat laryngeal transplantation. Dan, O; Fritz, M; Nelson, M; Strome, M; Worley, S, 2003)	1.99
"A dosage efficacy study with 10 experimental arms was conducted."	( Tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil provide effective immunosuppression in rat laryngeal transplantation. Dan, O; Fritz, M; Nelson, M; Strome, M; Worley, S, 2003)	1.76
" Dosage groups were compared on rejection score using Wilcoxon's rank sum test and the Jonckheere-Terpstra test for trend."	( Tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil provide effective immunosuppression in rat laryngeal transplantation. Dan, O; Fritz, M; Nelson, M; Strome, M; Worley, S, 2003)	1.76
" Great caution is required in the management of tacrolimus dosage when Kaletra is introduced or withdrawn in HIV-positive patients after liver transplantation, particularly in the presence of hepatic dysfunction."	( Effect of coadministered lopinavir and ritonavir (Kaletra) on tacrolimus blood concentration in liver transplantation patients. Eghtesad, B; Fung, JJ; Jain, AB; Marcos, A; Rafail, AB; Ragni, M; Shapiro, R; Venkataramanan, R, 2003)	0.82
" Renal toxicity is proportional to previous impairment of renal function, primary renal disease (FSGS vs MCD) dosage >5."	( Treatment of idiopathic nephrosis by immunophillin modulation. Meyrier, A, 2003)	0.32
"05) but only in the 2-g MMF dosing group."	( Long-term changes in mycophenolic acid exposure in combination with tacrolimus and corticosteroids are dose dependent and not reflected by trough plasma concentration: a prospective study in 100 de novo renal allograft recipients. Claes, K; Coosemans, W; Evenepoel, P; Kuypers, DR; Maes, B; Pirenne, J; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2003)	0.55
" MMF was added gradually while simultaneously reducing the dosage of CI."	( Effectiveness and safety of mycophenolate mofetil as monotherapy in liver transplantation. Cuervas-Mons, V; Gómez, A; Herreros, A; Jimenez, M; Lopez-Monclus, J; Moreno, JM; Navarrete, E; Revilla, J; Rubio, E; Sánchez Turrión, V, 2003)	0.32
" The treatment for acidosis and hyperkalaemia should be started as soon as RTA is diagnosed, and the dosage of FK506 should also be reduced if possible."	( Renal tubular acidosis secondary to FK506 in living donor liver transplantation: a case report. Maehara, Y; Ogita, K; Shimada, M; Soejima, Y; Suehiro, T; Suita, S; Taguchi, T; Takada, N, 2003)	0.32
" Steroid dosage, tacrolimus dosage, tacrolimus trough concentration (C0) and tacrolimus concentration/dose ratio [C0 divided by the 24 h dosage (mg/kg)] were assessed for each dosage group after 1 and 3 months of tacrolimus treatment."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between corticosteroids and tacrolimus after renal transplantation. Anglicheau, D; Beaune, P; Cassinat, B; Flamant, M; Legendre, C; Martinez, F; Schlageter, MH; Thervet, E, 2003)	0.9
" At 1 and 3 months, the tacrolimus doses and concentration/dose ratios differed significantly in the three steroid dosage groups."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between corticosteroids and tacrolimus after renal transplantation. Anglicheau, D; Beaune, P; Cassinat, B; Flamant, M; Legendre, C; Martinez, F; Schlageter, MH; Thervet, E, 2003)	0.87
" The higher the steroid dosage, the higher the dosage of tacrolimus needed to achieve target trough levels in these patients."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between corticosteroids and tacrolimus after renal transplantation. Anglicheau, D; Beaune, P; Cassinat, B; Flamant, M; Legendre, C; Martinez, F; Schlageter, MH; Thervet, E, 2003)	0.81
"1 mm/hour) despite treatment for >/=1 month with a stable, maximally tolerated dosage of oral MTX (	( Tacrolimus in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate: a six-month, open-label study. Borton, MA; Habros, JS; Kaine, JL; Kolba, KS; Kremer, JM; Mekki, QA; Mengle-Gaw, LJ; Schwartz, BD; Wisemandle, W, 2003)	1.95
" Tacrolimus dosing was based on C0 not AUC."	( Tacrolimus monitoring by simplified sparse sampling under the concentration time curve. Balbontin, FG; Belitsky, P; Fraser, A; Kiberd, B; Lawen, J; Singh, D; Squires, J, 2003)	2.67
" The serum may alter results of dose-response curves, and thus autologous serum may introduce an uncontrolled variable when different species are being compared in vitro."	( FK506 and rapamycin: differential sensitivity of human, baboon, cynomolgus monkey, dog and pig lymphocytes. Calne, RY; Metcalfe, S; Svvennsen, R, 1992)	0.28
" Energy-rich phosphates are near normal in the high dosage immunosuppression groups but show a significant reduction in the low dosage groups."	( Prevention of cardiac allograft rejection by FK506 and rapamycin: assessment by histology and nuclear magnetic resonance. Altermatt, HJ; Althaus, U; Billingham, M; Galdikas, J; Lazeyras, F; Morris, R; Schaffner, T; Tschopp, A; Walpoth, B, 1992)	0.28
" This expanded pilot series discusses immunosuppression dosing modification to further minimize drug toxicity without sacrificing regimen efficacy."	( Continued superior outcomes with modification and lengthened follow-up of a steroid-avoidance pilot with extended daclizumab induction in pediatric renal transplantation. Alexander, SR; Millan, M; Salvatierra, O; Sarwal, MM; Satterwhite, T; Vidhun, JR, 2003)	0.32
" Leukopenia, anemia, and allograft nephrotoxicity were addressed by solely decreasing MMF and tacrolimus dosing and/or by replacing MMF with sirolimus, without increasing acute rejection."	( Continued superior outcomes with modification and lengthened follow-up of a steroid-avoidance pilot with extended daclizumab induction in pediatric renal transplantation. Alexander, SR; Millan, M; Salvatierra, O; Sarwal, MM; Satterwhite, T; Vidhun, JR, 2003)	0.54
" In both cases the dosage reduction did not result in improvement of symptoms, which completely disappeared after modification of the immunosuppressive regimen from tacrolimus to cyclosporine."	( Severe neurotoxicity in tacrolimus-treated living kidney transplantation in two cases. Cappello, D; Macarone, M; Puliatti, C; Valvo, M; Veroux, M; Veroux, P, 2003)	0.82
" Rats were euthanized at three time points (25, 30, and 35 days), to fully investigate the effects of different FK506 dosing regimens on neuroregeneration."	( Dose-dependent effects of FK506 on neuroregeneration in a rat model. Hunter, DA; Lowe, JB; Mackinnon, SE; Sen, SK; Sobol, JB; Yang, RK, 2003)	0.32
" John's wort dosing phase (300 mg orally three times daily)."	( Effects of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Akhtar, S; Chen, YL; Hebert, MF; Larson, AM; Park, JM, 2004)	0.57
" Adjustment to the dose or dosing interval is not required for patients treated with tacrolimus during CVVHD."	( Influence of continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients with small-for-size grafts. Furukawa, H; Kishino, S; Miyazaki, K; Shimamura, T; Sugawara, M; Takekuma, Y; Todo, S, 2003)	0.77
" In lung transplant recipients, because of the high potential for acute and chronic allograft rejection, optimal selection, dosage and delivery of immunosuppressive medications is critical."	( Sublingual tacrolimus for immunosuppression in lung transplantation: a potentially important therapeutic option in cystic fibrosis. Palmer, SM; Reams, BD, 2002)	0.7
" This syndrome appeared soon after institution of or increase in sirolimus dosage and improved only after this medication was discontinued."	( Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with combined sirolimus and tacrolimus immunosuppression after intestinal transplantation. Fishbein, TM; Florman, SS; Gondolesi, GE; Grosskreutz, C; Kaufman, SS; Paramesh, AS; Sharma, S, 2004)	0.56
"This 1-year interim analysis indicates that a decreasing dosage of tacrolimus with either adjunctive sirolimus or MMF may optimize future graft survival versus a less favorable outcome using a similar algorithm with CsA and sirolimus."	( A randomized long-term trial of tacrolimus and sirolimus versus tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporine (NEORAL) and sirolimus in renal transplantation. I. Drug interactions and rejection at one year. Burke, GW; Ciancio, G; Gaynor, JJ; Kupin, W; Mattiazzi, A; Miller, J; Nicolas, M; Rosen, A; Roth, D; Ruiz, P, 2004)	0.84
"This 1-year interim analysis of a long-term, prospective, randomized renal-transplant study indicates that decreasing maintenance dosage of Tacro with adjunctive Siro or MMF appears to point to improved long-term function, with reasonably few adverse events."	( A randomized long-term trial of tacrolimus/sirolimus versus tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporine (NEORAL)/sirolimus in renal transplantation. II. Survival, function, and protocol compliance at 1 year. Burke, GW; Ciancio, G; Gaynor, JJ; Kupin, W; Mattiazzi, A; Miller, J; Nicolas, M; Rosen, A; Roth, D; Ruiz, P, 2004)	0.61
" The objective of this study was to confirm the influence of these polymorphisms on tacrolimus dosing in adult lung transplant patients."	( Tacrolimus dosing in adult lung transplant patients is related to cytochrome P4503A5 gene polymorphism. Burckart, GJ; Dauber, J; Grgurich, W; Griffith, BP; Iacono, A; Lamba, J; McCurry, K; McDade, K; Ristich, J; Schuetz, E; Webber, S; Zaldonis, D; Zeevi, A; Zhang, J; Zheng, H, 2004)	1.99
" The optimal dosage appears to be 3 mg/day in terms of efficacy and safety."	( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus (FK506) in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled dose-finding study. Abe, T; Hara, M; Hashimoto, H; Irimajiri, S; Kondo, H; Sugawara, S; Uchida, S, 2004)	0.63
" Tacrolimus levels and dosage requirements were compared before and during azole therapy."	( Tacrolimus dosage requirements after initiation of azole antifungal therapy in pediatric thoracic organ transplantation. Boyle, GJ; Gandhi, S; Kurland, G; Law, YM; Mahnke, CB; Michaels, M; Miller, SA; Pigula, FA; Sutton, RM; Venkataramanan, R; Webber, SA, 2003)	2.67
"Trough concentrations of tacrolimus should be monitored closely for optimizing the dosage regimen in patients receiving concomitant lansoprazole."	( Lansoprazole-tacrolimus interaction in Japanese transplant recipient with CYP2C19 polymorphism. Inui, K; Ito, N; Motohashi, H; Ogawa, O; Okuda, M; Takahashi, K; Yamamoto, S; Yonezawa, A, 2004)	1
" Steady-state tacrolimus pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated on two occasions in an open-label, three-arm, two-period sequential study: twice daily dosing (Phase I) and once daily dosing (Phase II)."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: twice daily versus once daily dosing. Brennan, DC; Hardinger, KL; Koch, MJ; Miller, BW; Park, JM; Schnitzler, MA, 2004)	1.01
" Statistical analysis showed that the C2 correlated with the area under the time-blood concentration curve of cyclosporine for 0 to 4 hours after dosing (R=0."	( Conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporine microemulsion therapy in liver transplant recipients. Hashikura, Y; Ikegami, T; Katsuyama, Y; Kawasaki, S; Miyagawa, S; Nakazawa, Y; Ogino, S; Terada, M; Urata, K, 2004)	0.67
" The tacrolimus dosage need not be reduced unless trough levels are too high."	( Tacrolimus pain syndrome in renal transplant patients: report of two cases. Albano, L; Bendini, C; Blaimont, A; Cassuto, E; Franco, M; Jaeger, P, 2004)	2.28
" The daily dosage of tacrolimus was modified mainly on the basis of trough levels."	( Tacrolimus therapy according to mucosal MDR1 levels in small-bowel transplant recipients. Fujimoto, Y; Goto, M; Inui, K; Masuda, S; Tanaka, K; Uemoto, S, 2004)	2.09
" In mice with syngeneic islet transplantations, a single administration of 30 mg/kg of tacrolimus inhibited insulin secretion, whereas a single administration of an equal dosage of M-FK did not."	( Biodegradable microsphere-loaded tacrolimus enhanced the effect on mice islet allograft and reduced the adverse effect on insulin secretion. Fujino, M; Funeshima, N; Hara, Y; Kawashima, Y; Kitazawa, Y; Li, XK; Lu, FZ; Miyamoto, Y; Takenaka, H; Uno, T; Wang, Q; Yamamoto, H, 2004)	0.83
" The half-life was estimated using the data points during the terminal disposition phase and area under the concentration (AUC) time curve was calculated within a dosing interval using the trapezoidal method."	( Pharmacokinetics of sirolimus and tacrolimus in pediatric transplant patients. Holt, DW; McGhee, W; Reyes, J; Schubert, M; Shaw, LM; Sindhi, R; Venkataramanan, R; Webber, S, 2004)	0.6
" Her tacrolimus dosage was increased from 7 to 28 mg twice/day, and ketoconazole therapy was added; however, her tacrolimus concentration remained undetectable."	( Tacrolimus toxicity associated with concomitant metoclopramide therapy. Callahan, BL; Park, JM; Prescott, WA, 2004)	2.28
" In addition, a significant curvilinear dose-response relationship was found between ACEI dose and HCT."	( Pharmacoepidemiology of anemia in kidney transplant recipients. Chandraker, A; Gabardi, S; Kewalramani, R; Rutstein, M; Vonvisger, T; Winkelmayer, WC, 2004)	0.32
" Cumulative steroid dosage early after OLT is shown to be important, presumably by decreasing bone formation rates."	( Immunosuppressive and postoperative effects of orthotopic liver transplantation on bone metabolism. Clarke, BL; Guichelaar, MM; Hay, JE; Malinchoc, M; Sibonga, J, 2004)	0.32
" This study was designed to determine the optimal dosage combinations of tacrolimus and sirolimus in a high-risk cadaveric renal transplant population."	( Observations regarding the use of sirolimus and tacrolimus in high-risk cadaveric renal transplantation. Egidi, MF; Fisher, JS; Gaber, AO; Gaber, LW; Lo, A; Nazakatgoo, N; Shokouh-Amiri, MH, 2004)	0.81
" These preliminary results provide evidence that sirolimus should not be added to tacrolimus without dosage adjustments."	( Observations regarding the use of sirolimus and tacrolimus in high-risk cadaveric renal transplantation. Egidi, MF; Fisher, JS; Gaber, AO; Gaber, LW; Lo, A; Nazakatgoo, N; Shokouh-Amiri, MH, 2004)	0.8
"The results suggest that analysis of lymphocyte function in whole blood may be useful to optimize dosing of SRL in combination with CsA or TRL and that PD monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs will enhance the value of PK monitoring."	( Synergistic effects of sirolimus with cyclosporine and tacrolimus: analysis of immunosuppression on lymphocyte proliferation and activation in rat whole blood. Armstrong, VW; Barten, MJ; Boeger, M; Dhein, S; Gummert, JF; Mohr, FW; Oellerich, M; Shipkova, M; Streit, F; Tarnok, A, 2004)	0.57
" The recipient rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, receiving peribulbar SEB injection of a dosage of 30, 60, 90 or 120 microg/kg 7 days before and after operations."	( [The role of superantigen SEB-induced immunotolerance in the immune privileged site]. Chen, Y; He, QH; Jie, Y; Pan, ZQ; Peng, H; Wu, YY; Xu, L; Zhang, WH, 2003)	0.32
" This study assesses the relationship between concentration-controlled dosing during the early period after transplantation, the time to achieve target concentrations and genotype in 178 renal transplant recipients (CYP3AP1*1/*3 or *1/*1: n = 53, CYP3AP1*3/*3: n = 125)."	( The influence of pharmacogenetics on the time to achieve target tacrolimus concentrations after kidney transplantation. Carter, ND; Fredericks, S; Goldberg, L; Holt, DW; Johnston, A; MacPhee, IA; Syrris, P; Tai, T, 2004)	0.56
"A prospective evaluation was performed to study the potential benefits of the use of interleukin-2 receptor antibody (IL-2Rab) in the induction therapy with early elimination of steroid and reduction of tacrolimus dosage in liver transplant recipients among whom 94% had chronic hepatitis B infection."	( Interleukin-2 receptor antibody (basiliximab) for immunosuppressive induction therapy after liver transplantation: a protocol with early elimination of steroids and reduction of tacrolimus dosage. Chan, SC; Fan, ST; Lai, CL; Liu, CL; Lo, CM; Ng, IO; Wong, J, 2004)	0.7
"Instantaneous intra-renal transplant hemodynamics were assessed in 22 patients using quantitative cineloop color Doppler imaging after dosing with microemulsion cyclosporine (CSA) or tacrolimus (TAC)."	( Oral cyclosporine but not tacrolimus reduces renal transplant blood flow. Bonovas, G; Chapman, JR; Gruenewald, SM; Nankivell, BJ, 2004)	0.82
"CSA dosing resulted in renal hypoperfusion, with a mean relative reduction of 43%+/-20% (range 22-76%) in maximal fractional area (MFA) of color pixels to nadir, compared to baseline."	( Oral cyclosporine but not tacrolimus reduces renal transplant blood flow. Bonovas, G; Chapman, JR; Gruenewald, SM; Nankivell, BJ, 2004)	0.62
" In conclusion, this study gives information about the TDM practice in institutional clinical laboratory and also indicates the importance of critical information such as sampling time for individual decision making in dosage regiment."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressant drugs in Marmara University Hospital. Akc, A; Berkman, K; Demir, D; Gören, MZ; ISkender, E; Karaalp, A; Oktay, S; Onat, F; Ozkaynakç, A; Ozyurt, H; Yananl, HR, 2004)	0.32
" This article reviews the use of cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, with emphasis on pharmacology, results in controlled clinical trials, and safety, and issues related to dosing and toxicity monitoring."	( Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Egan, LJ; Loftus, CG; Sandborn, WJ, 2004)	0.94
" From March 1999 to May 2001, a total of 297 SKPT patients were enrolled into a prospective, multicenter, randomized, open-label, comparative trial of two daclizumab dosing strategies versus no-antibody induction in combination with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids in SKPT recipients."	( Does surgical technique influence outcomes after simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation? Alloway, RR; Hodge, EE; Lo, A; Stratta, RJ, 2004)	0.51
" Research and development programs are underway for a new modified release dosage form of tacrolimus (MR-4), a new analog of leflunomide (FK 778), and several novel compounds (PG 490-88, AGI 1096) in collaboration with other companies."	( New drugs to improve transplant outcomes. First, MR; Fitzsimmons, WE, 2004)	0.54
" To avoid disruption of therapy, measurements were made at 2-h intervals over an 8-h period during normal dosing regimens."	( A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and microemulsified cyclosporin in paediatric renal transplant recipients. Acott, PD; Crocker, JF; McLellan, H; Renton, KW, 2004)	0.59
" Area under the curve (AUC) for tacrolimus remained relatively constant in each 2-h period of the dosage interval compared with the AUC for cyclosporin, which varied by over twofold in the same time period."	( A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and microemulsified cyclosporin in paediatric renal transplant recipients. Acott, PD; Crocker, JF; McLellan, H; Renton, KW, 2004)	0.87
" Dosage and target concentration recommendations for tacrolimus vary from centre to centre, and large pharmacokinetic variability makes it difficult to predict what concentration will be achieved with a particular dose or dosage change."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus in solid organ transplantation. Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2004)	0.83
" Because this dose resulted in low area-under-the-curve (AUC) in our infant population, we retrospectively analyzed all available pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles in pediatric renal transplant patients on MMF plus Tac therapy to propose appropriate MMF dosing in pediatric patients of all ages."	( Age-dependency of mycophenolate mofetil dosing in combination with tacrolimus after pediatric renal transplantation. Berard, R; Filler, G; Foster, J; Lepage, N; Mai, I, 2004)	0.56
" The dosing requirement decreased from 500 mg/m2 BID in 2-year-old patients to 250 mg/m2 in adolescents."	( Age-dependency of mycophenolate mofetil dosing in combination with tacrolimus after pediatric renal transplantation. Berard, R; Filler, G; Foster, J; Lepage, N; Mai, I, 2004)	0.56
" It may be necessary to take Hct into consideration in the FK506 dosing regimen, especially when the Hct is low."	( Effect of hematocrit on pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in adult living donor liver transplant recipients. Hori, S; Iga, T; Kusama, M; Makuuchi, M; Minematsu, T; Ohtani, H; Sato, H; Sawada, Y; Sugawara, Y; Sugiyama, E; Takayama, T; Yamada, Y, 2004)	0.58
" To fully benefit from this promising new drug, FK778 dosing will be optimized in subsequent studies."	( The effects of FK778 in combination with tacrolimus and steroids: a phase II multicenter study in renal transplant patients. Chang, R; Charpentier, B; Grinyó, JM; Jurewicz, A; Klinger, M; Kreis, H; Mourad, G; Neuhaus, P; Paczek, L; Paul, LC; Rostaing, L; Short, C; Squifflet, JP; van Hooff, JP; Vanrenterghem, Y; Wlodarczyk, Z, 2004)	0.59
" The incidence of acute allograft rejection (AR), blood concentration and dosage of FK506, and the liver graft function were observed in the 30 days after liver transplantation and compared with the results documented in literatures."	( [Clinical study of three-dose regimen of Zenapax in orthotopic liver transplantation]. Deng, WF; He, G; Yu, LX, 2004)	0.32
" The tacrolimus dosage was adjusted to trough levels in the target range of 10-15 microg/L during the first 3 mo and 5-10 microg/L thereafter."	( Initial steroid-free immunosuppression after liver transplantation in recipients with hepatitis C virus related cirrhosis. Braun, F; Ramadori, G; Ringe, B; Sattler, B; Wietzke-Braun, P, 2004)	0.84
"In an attempt to reduce both initial and long-term (nephrotoxic) calcineurin inhibitor maintenance dosage and totally eliminate maintenance corticosteroids, alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) was used as induction therapy in first cadaver and non-HLA-identical living donor renal transplantation."	( The use of Campath-1H as induction therapy in renal transplantation: preliminary results. Burke, GW; Carreno, MR; Ciancio, G; Esquenazi, V; Gaynor, JJ; Kupin, W; Mattiazzi, A; Miller, J; Roohipour, R; Rosen, A; Roth, D; Ruiz, P; Tzakis, AG, 2004)	0.32
" Maintenance target 12-hr tacrolimus trough levels of 5 to 7 ng/mL were operational from the outset as well as (reduced) mycophenolate mofetil dosage of 500 mg twice daily."	( The use of Campath-1H as induction therapy in renal transplantation: preliminary results. Burke, GW; Carreno, MR; Ciancio, G; Esquenazi, V; Gaynor, JJ; Kupin, W; Mattiazzi, A; Miller, J; Roohipour, R; Rosen, A; Roth, D; Ruiz, P; Tzakis, AG, 2004)	0.62
"In an early assessment, the combination of Campath-1H, low dosing of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil, and avoidance of maintenance corticosteroid use seems to be safe and effective for kidney transplant recipients."	( The use of Campath-1H as induction therapy in renal transplantation: preliminary results. Burke, GW; Carreno, MR; Ciancio, G; Esquenazi, V; Gaynor, JJ; Kupin, W; Mattiazzi, A; Miller, J; Roohipour, R; Rosen, A; Roth, D; Ruiz, P; Tzakis, AG, 2004)	0.56
" The MG activities of daily living (MGADL) scores and the dosage of prednisolone (PSL) were assessed at baseline and 4 months later."	( Low-dose tacrolimus treatment in thymectomised and steroid-dependent myasthenia gravis. Fukutake, T; Hattori, T; Kawaguchi, N; Munakata, S; Nemoto, Y; Yoshiyama, Y, 2004)	0.74
"01) as well as the average dosage of PSL reducing from 31."	( Low-dose tacrolimus treatment in thymectomised and steroid-dependent myasthenia gravis. Fukutake, T; Hattori, T; Kawaguchi, N; Munakata, S; Nemoto, Y; Yoshiyama, Y, 2004)	0.74
"5 microM) shifted the dose-response curve of ryanodine- or caffeine-induced 45Ca2+ release from the vesicles to the left."	( Elucidation of the ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release mechanism of rat pancreatic acinar cells: modulation by cyclic ADP-ribose and FK506. Ozawa, T, 2004)	0.32
" Percutaneous adventitial delivery is safe, feasible, and provides consistent dosing for complete treatment of a vascular territory."	( Novel percutaneous adventitial drug delivery system for regional vascular treatment. Baluom, M; Benet, LZ; Ikeno, F; Kaneda, H; Lyons, J; Rezaee, M, 2004)	0.32
" Because of poor solubility in water, the conventional intravenous dosage forms of tacrolimus contain surfactants such as cremophor EL (BASF Wyandotte Co."	( Preparation of highly water soluble tacrolimus derivatives: poly(ethylene glycol) esters as potential prodrugs. Cho, H; Chung, Y, 2004)	0.82
" We investigated the influence of dosing time on the neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and immunosuppressive effect of tacrolimus in rats."	( Tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity is ameliorated by administration in the dark phase in rats. Kataoka, Y; Oishi, R; Yamauchi, A, 2004)	1.98
" Intermittent dosing with potent topical steroids and/or combination therapy with steroid and tacrolimus have been frequently used in the daily management of AD to overcome the problems accompanying the long term use of steroids."	( Intermittent topical corticosteroid/tacrolimus sequential therapy improves lichenification and chronic papules more efficiently than intermittent topical corticosteroid/emollient sequential therapy in patients with atopic dermatitis. Fukagawa, S; Furue, M; Koga, T; Nakahara, T; Uchi, H, 2004)	0.82
" A jackknife procedure was used to evaluate the predictive performance of the model, and this demonstrated that collecting a sample at 5 hours after dosing could be considered as the optimal sampling time for predicting AUC(0-6)."	( Sampling times for monitoring tacrolimus in stable adult liver transplant recipients. Dansirikul, C; Duffull, SB; Lynch, SV; Staatz, CE; Taylor, PJ; Tett, SE, 2004)	0.61
" Evolving tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive protocols for renal transplantation over the last 10 years, particularly in terms of tacrolimus dosing and corticosteroid elimination, has led to a reduction in PTDM-related morbidity without compromising efficacy."	( Post-transplant diabetes mellitus: the last 10 years with tacrolimus. Bäckman, LA, 2004)	0.97
" In an attempt to reduce the dosage and toxicity of the current immunosuppressive regimens, we have now tested the ability of GA, combined with low doses of cyclosporin (CyA) or tacrolimus (FK506), to suppress the rejection of mismatched allografts across major histocompatibility barriers."	( Combined treatment of glatiramer acetate and low doses of immunosuppressive drugs is effective in the prevention of graft rejection. Aharoni, R; Arnon, R; Sela, M; Yussim, A, 2005)	0.52
"To review the literature relating to immunosuppressant drug measurement as performed in therapeutic drug monitoring laboratories associated with transplantation centers and consider whether the assay methods widely used for patient dosage management achieve acceptable quality criteria in the context of other sources of variability with these drugs."	( Immunosuppressant drug monitoring: is the laboratory meeting clinical expectations? Morris, RG, 2005)	0.33
"Emphasis was placed on the literature relating to the quality of immunosuppressant drug assays, their limitations, and evidence of clinical benefit in dosage individualization."	( Immunosuppressant drug monitoring: is the laboratory meeting clinical expectations? Morris, RG, 2005)	0.33
"In many cases, clinical laboratories fail to meet the reasonable clinical expectations required for interpretation of immunosuppressant drug assay results as an adjunct to optimal dosage individualization and patient care."	( Immunosuppressant drug monitoring: is the laboratory meeting clinical expectations? Morris, RG, 2005)	0.33
" The optimal FK778 dosage was determined to be 20 mg/kg per day, because adverse effects (weight loss and intestinal bleeding) occurred at 30 mg/kg per day."	( FK778 and FK506 combination therapy to control acute rejection after rat liver allotransplantation. Hirohashi, K; Ikeda, K; Kubo, S; Minamiyama, Y; Okuda, T; Suehiro, S; Takemura, S; Tanaka, H; Yamamoto, S; Yamasaki, K, 2004)	0.32
" Complications of high AZA dosing make dose escalation potentially problematic."	( Utility of azathioprine metabolite measurements in post-transplant recurrent autoimmune and immune-mediated hepatitis. Emre, SH; Rumbo, C; Shneider, BL, 2004)	0.32
" In vivo LFv2IRE transduction of insulin target tissues followed by AP20187 dosing may represent a therapeutic strategy to be tested in animal models of insulin resistance due to insulin receptor deficiency or of type I diabetes."	( Pharmacological regulation of the insulin receptor signaling pathway mimics insulin action in cells transduced with viral vectors. Auricchio, A; Beguinot, F; Cotugno, G; Formisano, P; Linher, K; Pollock, R, 2004)	0.32
" The immunosuppression is as follows: (i) basiliximab (20 mg if body weight >30 kg; 10 mg if < 30 kg) is given pretransplant and at day 4; (ii) tacrolimus (Tac) is administered in order to obtain blood trough levels of 10-20 and 5-10 ng/ml during and after the first 2 months post-transplant, respectively; (iii) steroids are tapered during the first 6 months and then replaced by mycophenolate mofetil (depending on previous rejection episodes, infection status and the result of a routine biopsy) at a dosage of 4-600 mg/m(2) body surface area."	( One-year results of basiliximab induction and tacrolimus associated with sequential steroid and MMF treatment in pediatric kidney transplant recipient. Cardillo, M; Edefonti, A; Ferraresso, M; Ghio, L; Ginevri, F; Montini, G; Murer, L; Perfumo, F; Pietrobon, B; Scalamogna, M; Zacchello, G; Zanon, GF, 2005)	0.79
" These results indicate that stable kidney and liver transplant recipients can be safely converted from standard Prograf twice daily dosing to the same mg-for-mg daily dose of MR tacrolimus once daily in the morning."	( Modified release tacrolimus. First, MR; Fitzsimmons, WE, 2004)	0.86
" Future studies should focus on alternative dosing schedules with more aggressive use of adjuvant therapies, including GFs."	( Applicability, tolerability and efficacy of preemptive antiviral therapy in hepatitis C-infected patients undergoing liver transplantation. Ascher, NA; Bollinger, K; Khalili, M; Roberts, JP; Shergill, AK; Straley, S; Terrault, NA, 2005)	0.33
" The protocol calls for a 10-day pretransplantation conditioning period, starting with one dosage of rituximab and followed by full dose tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone."	( ABO incompatible kidney transplantations without splenectomy, using antigen-specific immunoadsorption and rituximab. Fehrman, I; Genberg, H; Kumlien, G; Lundgren, T; Sandberg, J; Tydén, G, 2005)	0.53
" SRL dosing was dependent upon concomitant immunosuppressive therapy."	( An open-label, pilot study evaluating the safety and efficacy of converting from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus in established renal allograft recipients with moderate renal insufficiency. Adler, SH; Cohen, DJ; Jensik, S; Peddi, VR; Pescovitz, M; Pirsch, J; Thistlethwaite, JR; Vincenti, F, 2005)	0.33
" Therefore, the monitoring of the enterocyte P-glycoprotein level would provide useful information for determining the dosage of tacrolimus immediately after small bowl transplantation."	( Transient up-regulation of P-glycoprotein reduces tacrolimus absorption after ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat ileum. Goto, M; Inui, K; Ito, K; Masuda, S; Okuda, M; Omae, T; Shimomura, M, 2005)	0.79
" Unfortunately, in clinical practice, monitoring predose trough blood concentrations is often not sufficient for guiding optimal long-term dosing of these drugs."	( Immunosuppressive drug monitoring - what to use in clinical practice today to improve renal graft outcome. Kuypers, DR, 2005)	0.33
" At the end of the study, eight patients (67%) showed improvement in either MG score or Activities in Daily Living score, and prednisolone dosage could be reduced in seven patients (58%), with a mean reduction ratio of 37%."	( Long-term treatment of generalised myasthenia gravis with FK506 (tacrolimus). Konishi, T; Saida, T; Takamori, M; Yoshiyama, Y, 2005)	0.57
" Animals tolerated this dosage of Multiglycosidorum tripterygii for 12 weeks after administration."	( Efficacy of Multiglycosidorum tripterygii for rat tracheal allografts. Nakanishi, R; Yasumoto, K, 2005)	0.33
"There is a paucity of data examining the efficacy of valganciclovir (VGC) for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in kidney transplant patients, particularly with regard to utilization of a risk-stratified dosing regimen."	( Cytomegalovirus prophylaxis with valganciclovir in African-American renal allograft recipients based on donor/recipient serostatus. Alangaden, GJ; Chandrasekar, P; El-Amm, JM; Garnick, J; Granger, DK; Gruber, SA; Haririan, A; Morawski, K; Sillix, DH; West, MS, 2005)	0.33
"The genetic polymorphisms in the ABCB1 gene, which encodes for the membrane pump, P-glycoprotein, have been previously demonstrated to have an association with tacrolimus dosing in organ transplant patients."	( Sequential analysis of tacrolimus dosing in adult lung transplant patients with ABCB1 haplotypes. Burckart, GJ; Iacono, A; Lamba, J; McCurry, K; Schuetz, E; Webber, S; Zeevi, A; Zhang, J; Zheng, H, 2005)	0.84
" After twice daily dosing was stabilized based on clinical judgment, at least 5 days postoperatively, tacrolimus levels were drawn prior to, and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after the morning dose."	( Effect of age, ethnicity, and glucocorticoid use on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in pediatric renal transplant patients. Aviles, DH; Kim, JS; Leblanc, PL; Matti Vehaskari, V; Silverstein, DM, 2005)	0.79
" The serum titer of anti-Ach-receptor antibodies decreased in parallel with clinical improvement due to tacrolimus, and we accordingly reduced the dosage of prednisolone."	( Low-dose tacrolimus for two cases of myasthenia gravis with invasive thymoma that relapsed shortly after thymectomy. Deguchi, K; Ikeda, K; Kuriyama, S; Sasaki, I; Shimamura, M; Takeuchi, H; Touge, T; Tsukaguchi, M; Urai, Y, 2005)	0.96
" We have suggested that transplantation outcomes can be improved by modifying the timing and dosage of immunosuppression to facilitate natural mechanisms of alloengraftment and acquired tolerance."	( Kidney transplantation under minimal immunosuppression after pretransplant lymphoid depletion with Thymoglobulin or Campath. Bass, DC; Basu, A; Demetris, AJ; Fung, JJ; Girnita, A; Gray, E; Kahn, A; Marcos, A; Metes, D; Murase, N; Ness, R; Randhawa, P; Shapiro, R; Starzl, TE; Tan, H; Zeevi, A, 2005)	0.33
" Our latest pretreatment/induction conditioning and posttransplantation monotherapy strategy improves graft acceptance and lowers subsequent immunosuppression dosing requirements."	( Evolutionary experience with immunosuppression in pediatric intestinal transplantation. Abu-Elmagd, KM; Bond, GJ; Mazariegos, GV; Reyes, J; Sindhi, R, 2005)	0.33
" Subsequently, we used this model to apply prospectively AUC-guided dosing of tacrolimus in 15 consecutive renal transplant recipients."	( AUC-guided dosing of tacrolimus prevents progressive systemic overexposure in renal transplant recipients. Cremers, SC; de Fijter, JW; den Hartigh, J; Paul, LC; Rowshani, AT; Schoemaker, RC; Scholten, EM; van Kan, EJ, 2005)	0.88
" In the AUC-guided dosing cohort the apparent clearance of tacrolimus decreased gradually over time, which was not reflected in corresponding trough levels."	( AUC-guided dosing of tacrolimus prevents progressive systemic overexposure in renal transplant recipients. Cremers, SC; de Fijter, JW; den Hartigh, J; Paul, LC; Rowshani, AT; Schoemaker, RC; Scholten, EM; van Kan, EJ, 2005)	0.89
" Evaluation of hematologic factors that affect the whole blood concentrations of tacrolimus may be helpful in deciding the dosage of this drug."	( Effects of some hematological parameters on whole blood tacrolimus concentration measured by two immunoassay-based analytical methods. Akaydin, M; Akbas, SH; Caglar, S; Demirbas, A; Ersoy, FF; Gultekin, M; Gurkan, A; Ozdem, S; Senol, Y; Tuncer, M; Yucetin, L, 2005)	0.8
"Modifications in the timing and dosage of immunosuppression can ameliorate the morbidity and mortality that has prevented widespread use of intestinal transplantation (ITx) in children."	( Intestinal transplantation under tacrolimus monotherapy after perioperative lymphoid depletion with rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (thymoglobulin). Abu-Elmagd, K; Bond, GJ; Macedo, C; Mazariegos, GV; Murase, N; Peters, J; Reyes, J; Sindhi, R; Starzl, TE, 2005)	0.61
" Neither the cyclosporine nor the tacrolimus dosage was adjusted for at least 3 days before and during blood sampling for pharmacokinetic profiling."	( Effects of calcineurin inhibitors on sirolimus pharmacokinetics during staggered administration in renal transplant recipients. Chen, KH; Chen, RR; Hu, RH; Huang, JD; Lee, PH; Sun, SW; Tsai, MK; Wu, FL, 2005)	0.61
" We observed no differences between the two patient groups in terms of their demographic data, renal and liver function, or dosage of sirolimus during the study."	( Effects of calcineurin inhibitors on sirolimus pharmacokinetics during staggered administration in renal transplant recipients. Chen, KH; Chen, RR; Hu, RH; Huang, JD; Lee, PH; Sun, SW; Tsai, MK; Wu, FL, 2005)	0.33
" The goal of the study was to investigate the effect of a reduction of calcineurin inhibitor dosage with the concomitant introduction of mycophenolate mofetil on both renal function and cardiac allograft function."	( Improvement of renal function in pediatric heart transplant recipients treated with low-dose calcineurin inhibitor and mycophenolate mofetil. Boyer, O; Dechaux, M; Gubler, MC; Le Bidois, J; Niaudet, P, 2005)	0.33
"The reduction of calcineurin inhibitor dosage and replacement of azathioprine by mycophenolate mofetil is a safe way to improve renal function in children with heart transplants and calcineurin inhibitor induced nephrotoxicity."	( Improvement of renal function in pediatric heart transplant recipients treated with low-dose calcineurin inhibitor and mycophenolate mofetil. Boyer, O; Dechaux, M; Gubler, MC; Le Bidois, J; Niaudet, P, 2005)	0.33
" The dosage of CNIs, cyclosporine or tacrolimus, was gradually reduced and withdrawn within 6 weeks from patients in the withdrawal group."	( Differential effects of cyclosporine and tacrolimus on mycophenolate pharmacokinetics in patients with impaired kidney function. Gerhardt, UW; Heck, M; Hohage, H; Suwelack, BM; Welling, U; Zeh, M, 2005)	0.87
" Some studies have shown that C0 is a poor predictor of drug exposure (represented by AUC), and that concentrations measured after dosing may have a stronger correlation with AUC."	( Best single time points as surrogates to the tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid area under the curve in adult liver transplant patients beyond 12 months of transplantation. Barkun, J; Cantarovich, M; Deschenes, M; Mardigyan, V; Metrakos, P; Tchervenkov, J, 2005)	0.59
"The aim of the present study was to determine whether plasma drug concentrations measured after dosing would be better correlated with the tacrolimus and mycoplasmic acid (MPA) (the active metabolite of MMF) AUC(0-12) values compared with C0 in liver transplant recipients > or = 12 months after transplantation."	( Best single time points as surrogates to the tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid area under the curve in adult liver transplant patients beyond 12 months of transplantation. Barkun, J; Cantarovich, M; Deschenes, M; Mardigyan, V; Metrakos, P; Tchervenkov, J, 2005)	0.79
" The only adverse event to show a dose-response relationship was a transient feeling of warmth."	( Oral pimecrolimus in the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque-type psoriasis: a double-blind, multicentre, randomized, dose-finding trial. Cherill, R; Emady-Azar, S; Gottlieb, AB; Griffiths, CE; Ho, VC; Lahfa, M; Marks, I; Mrowietz, U; Murrell, DF; Ortonne, JP; Paul, CF; Todd, G, 2005)	0.33
" After week 2, prednisone and MMF were both tapered by 20% of the initial dosage per week."	( Donor leukocytes combine with immunosuppressive drug therapy to prolong limb allograft survival. Bishop, GA; Fujioka, H; Kanatani, T; Kurosaka, M; Lanzetta, M; Matsumoto, T; McCaughan, GW; Owen, E, 2005)	0.33
" However, dosing and long-term efficacy remains a critical issue in stent-based local drug delivery."	( Comparative study of tacrolimus and paclitaxel stent coating in the porcine coronary model. Böhm, M; Grandt, A; Lorenz, G; Nickenig, G; Scheller, B; Wnendt, S, 2005)	0.65
" These observations should be taken into consideration when switching from one calcineurin inhibitor to another, but the final dosage should be based on both this pharmacokinetic data and the clinical situation."	( Randomized calcineurin inhibitor cross over study to measure the pharmacokinetics of co-administered enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium. Balez, S; Bastien, MC; Kaplan, B; Meier-Kriesche, HU; Minnick, P; Picard, F; Schmouder, R; Sechaud, R; Yeh, CM, 2005)	0.33
" Further trials are necessary to determine the optimal dosage and duration of therapy, and its efficacy in comparison to standard regimens."	( Tacrolimus for induction therapy of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis: an open-labeled pilot study. Au, TC; Mok, CC; Siu, YP; To, CH; Tong, KH, 2005)	1.77
" Numerous physiological changes occur with aging that could potentially affect the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and, hence, patient dosage requirements."	( Pharmacokinetic considerations relating to tacrolimus dosing in the elderly. Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2005)	0.81
" Manual muscle testing results, serum creatine kinase (CK) levels, and the daily corticosteroid dosage were used to assess improvement in myositis."	( Treatment of antisynthetase-associated interstitial lung disease with tacrolimus. Fertig, N; Lucas, MR; Oddis, CV; Sereika, SM; Wilkes, MR, 2005)	0.56
" A statistically significant reduction in the corticosteroid dosage was also observed."	( Treatment of antisynthetase-associated interstitial lung disease with tacrolimus. Fertig, N; Lucas, MR; Oddis, CV; Sereika, SM; Wilkes, MR, 2005)	0.56
" Patient and graft survival, renal function, study drug dosing and discontinuations were evaluated at 1 year."	( A prospective, randomized trial of tacrolimus in combination with sirolimus or mycophenolate mofetil in kidney transplantation: results at 1 year. Gonwa, T; Jensik, S; Mendez, R; Steinberg, S; Weinstein, S; Yang, HC, 2005)	0.61
" The renal tolerability of CsA is reasonably good when the dosage is low."	( Treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Meyrier, A, 2005)	0.33
" Pimecrolimus blood levels from a subgroup of 22 patients showed no difference in systemic exposure between the two dosing regimens."	( A randomized study of the safety, absorption and efficacy of pimecrolimus cream 1% applied twice or four times daily in patients with atopic dermatitis. Abrams, K; Caro, I; Gottlieb, A; Ling, M; Pariser, D; Scott, G; Stewart, D, 2005)	0.33
" Systemic absorption of pimecrolimus applied BID and QID is minimal and is not different between dosing regimens."	( A randomized study of the safety, absorption and efficacy of pimecrolimus cream 1% applied twice or four times daily in patients with atopic dermatitis. Abrams, K; Caro, I; Gottlieb, A; Ling, M; Pariser, D; Scott, G; Stewart, D, 2005)	0.33
"Tacrolimus (TAC) dosing in lung transplantation is traditionally based on blood trough levels (C0)."	( Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in lung transplantation: new strategies for monitoring. Jakob, H; Kamler, M; Ragette, R; Teschler, H; Weinreich, G, 2005)	3.21
" Fifteen patients had variable response to C-I and MMF, but they achieved CR after CTX and their initial dosage of C-I and MMF were reduced to nearly one half."	( Combination of immunosuppressive agents in treatment of steroid-resistant minimal change disease and primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. El-Reshaid, K; El-Reshaid, W; Madda, J, 2005)	0.33
"The purpose of this study is to find out whether basiliximab administration will improve postoperative renal function by delaying the start of tacrolimus and decreasing of dosage requirement for tacrolimus in adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT)."	( The renal-sparing efficacy of basiliximab in adult living donor liver transplantation. Chen, CL; Chen, YS; Chuang, FR; Jawan, B; Lee, CH; Lin, CC; Liu, YW; Wang, CC, 2005)	0.53
"Therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM) is advocate to provide information about the adequacy of a dosing regimen or likelihood of toxicity associated with drug."	( [Current status of therapeutic drug monitoring for immunosuppressive drugs]. Uchida, K, 2005)	0.33
" For CYA and TAC treatment periods, the median NS relapse rate was two and one relapses per year, respectively, and cumulative steroid dosage was 73."	( Treatment of severe steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) in children with tacrolimus. Clark, AG; MacLeod, R; Rigby, E; Sinha, MD, 2006)	0.56
" The immunosuppression scheme and dosage of drugs used in pregnant women are vital to both the normal course of pregnancy and delivery of a healthy child."	( [Immunosuppressive drug therapy during pregnancy after kidney transplantation]. Gryboś, M; Kazimierczak, I; Kazimierczak, K; Klinger, M; Weyde, W; Zmonarski, S, 2005)	0.33
" Tacrolimus levels and dosage requirements were compared during and after itraconazole therapy."	( Itraconazole prophylaxis in lung transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus (FK 506): efficacy and drug interaction. Bakal, I; Kramer, MR; Ollech, A; Ollech, JE; Sahar, G; Saute, M; Shitrit, D, 2005)	1.48
" The FK506 concentrations standardized by dosage and body weight (FK506 concentration per dose/kg) were compared among the 3 subgroups within the MDR1 exon 21 and exon 26 groups."	( [Relationship between MDR1 gene polymorphism and blood concentration of tacrolimus in renal transplant patients]. Guan, DL; Hu, XP; Lü, YP; Ma, LL; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Zhang, P; Zhang, XD, 2005)	0.56
" Therefore obtaining a sufficient tacrolimus blood level via this molecular information-based initial dosage adjustment may enable the episode of acute cellular rejection after liver transplantation to be reduced."	( Intestinal MDR1/ABCB1 level at surgery as a risk factor of acute cellular rejection in living-donor liver transplant patients. Fukatsu, S; Goto, M; Inui, K; Kiuchi, T; Masuda, S; Ogura, Y; Oike, F; Takada, Y; Tanaka, K; Uesugi, M, 2006)	0.61
" Tacrolimus dosage and blood trough concentration were investigated at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 1 month after transplantation."	( Influence of CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms of donor rather than recipient to tacrolimus individual dose requirement in liver transplantation. Jiang, G; Jin, J; Wu, L; Xie, H; Yan, S; Yu, S; Zheng, S, 2006)	1.48
" Information derived from the whole blood population model may subsequently be used by clinicians for dosage individualisation through Bayesian forecasting."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in whole blood and plasma in asian liver transplant patients. Aw, M; Chan, SY; Ho, PC; Holmes, MJ; Lee, KH; Lim, SG; Prabhakaran, K; Quak, SH; Sam, WJ; Tham, LS, 2006)	0.62
"The influence of ABCB1 (MDR1) polymorphisms on tacrolimus dosing has been questioned in previous studies with contradictory findings, possibly due to the association between CYP3A5 polymorphisms and tacrolimus dosing."	( Impact of ABCB1 (MDR1) haplotypes on tacrolimus dosing in adult lung transplant patients who are CYP3A5 *3/*3 non-expressors. Burckart, GJ; Iacono, A; McCurry, K; McDade, K; Schuetz, E; Wang, J; Watanabe, RM; Webber, S; Zaldonis, D; Zeevi, A; Zheng, H, 2006)	0.86
"A total of 91 lung transplant patients treated primarily with tacrolimus and prednisone were enrolled, and clinical information on drug dosing and blood levels was collected."	( Impact of ABCB1 (MDR1) haplotypes on tacrolimus dosing in adult lung transplant patients who are CYP3A5 *3/*3 non-expressors. Burckart, GJ; Iacono, A; McCurry, K; McDade, K; Schuetz, E; Wang, J; Watanabe, RM; Webber, S; Zaldonis, D; Zeevi, A; Zheng, H, 2006)	0.85
"This study demonstrates that ABCB1 haplotypes derived from three common polymorphisms are associated with tacrolimus dosing in lung transplant patients when eliminating the confounder CYP3A5 genotype."	( Impact of ABCB1 (MDR1) haplotypes on tacrolimus dosing in adult lung transplant patients who are CYP3A5 *3/*3 non-expressors. Burckart, GJ; Iacono, A; McCurry, K; McDade, K; Schuetz, E; Wang, J; Watanabe, RM; Webber, S; Zaldonis, D; Zeevi, A; Zheng, H, 2006)	0.82
" MR-4's once-daily dosing offers an advantage over the currently available calcineurin inhibitors in preventing graft rejection."	( Modified-release tacrolimus. Chisholm, MA; Middleton, MD, 2006)	0.67
" Leflunomide was dosed to a targeted blood level of active metabolite, A77 1726, of 50 microg/ml to 100 microg/ml (150 microM to 300 microM)."	( Treatment of renal allograft polyoma BK virus infection with leflunomide. Atwood, W; Foster, P; Garfinkel, M; Gillen, D; Harland, R; Javaid, B; Jordan, J; Josephson, MA; Kadambi, P; Meehan, S; Millis, MJ; Sadhu, M; Thistlethwaite, RJ; Williams, J, 2006)	0.33
" This report details drug dosing and monitoring, protocol discontinuance, biopsy-proven rejection, graft failure, other adverse events, and death at 36 months postoperatively."	( A randomized long-term trial of tacrolimus/sirolimus versus tacrolimums/mycophenolate versus cyclosporine/sirolimus in renal transplantation: three-year analysis. Burke, GW; Ciancio, G; Gaynor, JJ; Kupin, W; Miller, J; Rosen, A; Roth, D; Ruiz, P, 2006)	0.62
" We evaluated total Quantitative MG (Q-MG) score, anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody titer in the blood, interleukin 2 (IL-2) production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), administration dosage of prednisolone (PSL), and adverse effects of FK506."	( Long-term therapeutic efficacy and safety of low-dose tacrolimus (FK506) for myasthenia gravis. Igarashi, S; Naruse, S; Nishizawa, M; Onodera, O; Oyake, M; Shimohata, T; Tada, M; Tanaka, K; Tsuji, S, 2006)	0.58
"A reduction in steroid dosage of 50% without worsening of the symptoms was observed 1 year after FK506 administration in three out of six steroid-dependent MG patients (50."	( Long-term therapeutic efficacy and safety of low-dose tacrolimus (FK506) for myasthenia gravis. Igarashi, S; Naruse, S; Nishizawa, M; Onodera, O; Oyake, M; Shimohata, T; Tada, M; Tanaka, K; Tsuji, S, 2006)	0.58
"The suspension was physically (particle size) and microbiologically stable during the 8-week study period suggesting other factors including poor dosing could be responsible for the pharmacokinetic variation observed during clinical use which warrants further investigation."	( Physical and microbiological stability of an extemporaneous tacrolimus suspension for paediatric use. Beeton, A; Han, J; Long, PF; Tuleu, C; Wong, I, 2006)	0.58
" Recipients receiving protease inhibitor-based HAART regimens required significant dosing modification to maintain appropriate tacrolimus levels."	( [Renal transplantation in HIV-infected patients in Spain]. Baltar, JM; Cofán, F; Gómez, E; González-Molina, M; López, F; Marcén, R; Mazuecos, A; Oppenheimer, F; Pascual, J; Puig-Hooper, CE; Rivero, M; Sola, E, 2006)	0.54
" Newer topical medications are being used that have multiple actions, such as an antihistaminic effect coupled with mast-cell stabilisation, and which require reduced daily dosing due to their longer duration of action."	( Pharmacotherapy of allergic eye disease. Flynn, TH; Larkin, F; Manzouri, B; Ono, SJ; Wyse, R, 2006)	0.33
" Both tacrolimus and cyclosporine are substrates of Pgp, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, and therefore, these molecules are potential pharmacokinetic factors with which to establish personalized dosage regimens for these drugs."	( An up-date review on individualized dosage adjustment of calcineurin inhibitors in organ transplant patients. Inui, K; Masuda, S, 2006)	0.81
" In multivariate analysis, the independent predictive factors for anemia at M6 were mean corpuscular volume (<85 fl) at day 7, daily steroid dosage (<0."	( Predictive factors for anemia six and twelve months after orthotopic liver transplantation. Esposito, L; Guitard, J; Kamar, N; Lavayssière, L; Muscari, F; Perron, JM; Ribes, D; Rostaing, L; Suc, B, 2006)	0.33
" However, estimation of AUC requires multiple blood samples throughout the dosing period, which is often inconvenient and expensive."	( Beyond cyclosporine: a systematic review of limited sampling strategies for other immunosuppressants. Ensom, MH; Ting, LS; Villeneuve, E, 2006)	0.33
" There were no abnormal radiographic findings, and there was no improvement with a reduction of CI dosage or with administration of a calcium channel blocker."	( Calcineurin inhibitor-induced irreversible neuropathic pain after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Aoyama, K; Fujii, N; Hiraki, A; Ikeda, K; Ishimaru, F; Kondo, E; Koyama, M; Masunari, T; Matsuzaki, T; Mizobuchi, S; Shinagawa, K; Tanimoto, M; Teshima, T, 2006)	0.33
" Moreover, 18 at a dosage of 10 mg/kg was found to be significantly neuroprotective in a mouse peripheral sympathetic nerve injury model induced by 8 mg/kg 6-hydroxydopamine."	( FK506-binding protein ligands: structure-based design, synthesis, and neurotrophic/neuroprotective properties of substituted 5,5-dimethyl-2-(4-thiazolidine)carboxylates. Hu, Y; Huang, W; Li, S; Liu, H; Wang, L; Xiao, J; Zhao, L; Zhong, W, 2006)	0.33
" Steroid dosing was identical in both groups."	( A prospective, randomized, multicenter trial of tacrolimus-based therapy with or without basiliximab in pediatric renal transplantation. Beattie, J; Fitzpatrick, M; Friman, S; Grenda, R; Hughes, D; Janssen, F; Milford, DV; Moghal, NE; Perner, F; Saleem, MA; Trompeter, R; Van Damme-Lombaerts, R; Vondrak, K; Watson, A; Webb, NJ, 2006)	0.59
" Reduction in dosage of CNI may delay the development of CAN, leading to longer graft survival."	( Stable graft function after reduction of calcineurin inhibitor dosage in paediatric kidney transplant patients. Amann, K; Benz, K; Dittrich, K; Dötsch, J; Klare, B; Nüsken, KD; Plank, C; Rascher, W; Sauerstein, K; Stuppy, A, 2006)	0.33
" Over a period of 9 months CNI dosage was stepwise reduced from CSA trough levels of 100-150 ng/ml to 50-70 ng/ml and Tac trough levels of 5-8 ng/ml to 2-3 ng/ml, respectively."	( Stable graft function after reduction of calcineurin inhibitor dosage in paediatric kidney transplant patients. Amann, K; Benz, K; Dittrich, K; Dötsch, J; Klare, B; Nüsken, KD; Plank, C; Rascher, W; Sauerstein, K; Stuppy, A, 2006)	0.33
"No optimal tacrolimus dosage regimen suitable for clinical use in liver transplant recipients has yet been established."	( A nomogram for predicting the optimal oral dosage of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients with small-for-size grafts. Furukawa, H; Kishino, S; Ohno, K; Shimamura, T; Todo, S, )	0.77
"These findings could be useful to the health care provider for adjustment of tacrolimus dosage in adult liver transplant recipients with various clinical factors."	( Factors affecting the apparent clearance of tacrolimus in Korean adult liver transplant recipients. Hahn, HJ; Lee, JY; Oh, JM; Shin, WG; Son, IJ; Suh, KS; Yi, NJ, 2006)	0.82
" The appropriate utilisation of the drugs involves the administration of an adequate dosage to reach the blood concentrations that will suppress the alloimmune response, while avoiding secondary toxicities."	( Chronopharmacokinetics of ciclosporin and tacrolimus. Baraldo, M; Furlanut, M, 2006)	0.6
" This case illustrates the potential role of tacrolimus and sirolimus dosing in combination therapy to produce severe intrarenal vasoconstriction."	( Reverse diastolic intrarenal flow due to calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) toxicity. Banas, B; Böger, CA; Krämer, BK; Mihatsch, MJ; Rümmele, P, 2006)	0.59
" Tacrolimus was employed for the maintenance therapy, and the oral prednisolone dosage could successfully be tapered without recurrence, along with the decrement of the titer of MPO-ANCA."	( Tacrolimus as a reinforcement therapy for a patient with MPO-ANCA-associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Eguchi, K; Honda, E; Honda, S; Ida, H; Iwanaga, N; Kawakami, A; Kawasaki, S; Nakamura, H; Origuchi, T; Tsuchihashi, Y; Yoshimine, H, 2007)	2.69
" Children and adolescents particularly benefit from TDM, because dosing requirements are often not studied in the same detail as in adults."	( Value of therapeutic drug monitoring of MMF therapy in pediatric transplantation. Filler, G, 2006)	0.33
" In this study, FK506 in combination with a small doses of steroid while decreasing FK506 dosage plays a role in consolidating the curative effect and preventing relapse."	( FK506 in the treatment of children with nephrotic syndrome of different pathological types. Fan, Z; Fu, Y; Gao, C; Gao, Y; Liu, G; Ren, X; Xia, Z; Zhang, LF, 2006)	0.33
" Dosing and monitoring these drugs is based on pharmacokinetic protocols, but measuring a pharmacodynamic parameter, calcineurin phosphatase (CaN) activity, could be a valuable supplement in determining optimal doses."	( The calcineurin activity profiles of cyclosporin and tacrolimus are different in stable renal transplant patients. Højskov, C; Jørgensen, KA; Karamperis, N; Koefoed-Nielsen, PB; Poulsen, JH, 2006)	0.58
" cyclosporine in renal transplant recipients, even when steroid dosing is lower with tacrolimus."	( Relative risk of new-onset diabetes during the first year after renal transplantation in patients receiving tacrolimus or cyclosporine immunosuppression. Hilbrands, LB; Hoitsma, AJ, )	0.57
" His tacrolimus dosage was decreased, and azathioprine was discontinued."	( Tumor lysis syndrome associated with reduced immunosuppression in a lung transplant recipient. Deel, C; Hellman, RN; Khan, BA, 2006)	0.85
"In a dose-response study, there are frequently multiple goals and not all planned observations are realized at the end of the study."	( Bayesian optimal designs for a quantal dose-response study with potentially missing observations. Baek, I; Wong, WK; Wu, X; Zhu, W, 2006)	0.33
" At every time point, this combination was presumed to correlate well with pre-intervention AUC, thus the dosage could be significantly reduced."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the combination of tacrolimus and fluconazole in renal transplant patients. Bunnachak, D; Jittikanont, S; Kanchanarattanakorn, K; Lumlertgul, D; Manoyot, A; Noppakun, K; Ophascharoensuk, V; Rojanasthien, N, 2006)	0.59
" The tacrolimus dosage was then reduced by 40% and given in combination with fluconazole at 100-200 mg/day for one week, tacrolimus whole blood concentrations were studied again."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the combination of tacrolimus and fluconazole in renal transplant patients. Bunnachak, D; Jittikanont, S; Kanchanarattanakorn, K; Lumlertgul, D; Manoyot, A; Noppakun, K; Ophascharoensuk, V; Rojanasthien, N, 2006)	1.11
" Mean tacrolimus dosage in this group could be reduced from 10."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the combination of tacrolimus and fluconazole in renal transplant patients. Bunnachak, D; Jittikanont, S; Kanchanarattanakorn, K; Lumlertgul, D; Manoyot, A; Noppakun, K; Ophascharoensuk, V; Rojanasthien, N, 2006)	1.08
" SRL was dosed to achieve target trough levels between 10 and 20 ng/mL."	( Sirolimus pharmacokinetics in pediatric renal transplant recipients receiving calcineurin inhibitor co-therapy. Benfield, MR; Fennell, RS; Grimm, PC; Harmon, WE; Herrin, JT; Lirenman, DS; McDonald, RA; Munoz-Arizpe, R; Schachter, AD; Wyatt, RJ, 2006)	0.33
" Nowadays, tacrolimus is one of the most widely used immunosuppressant agents together with cyclosporine following kidney and liver transplantation with a standardized twice-daily dosing regimen."	( Review of the clinical experience with a modified release form of tacrolimus [FK506E (MR4)] in transplantation. Büchler, MW; Mehrabi, A; Sauer, P; Schemmer, P; Schmidt, J; Weitz, J; Wente, MN, 2006)	0.96
"For renal transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus as an immunosuppressant, practitioners can expect CYP3A5*1 carriers to have a tacrolimus clearance 25-45% greater than that of CYP3A5*3 homozygotes, with proportional dosing needs to maintain adequate immunosuppression."	( Effects of genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of calcineurin inhibitors. Hiles, JJ; Kolesar, J; Utecht, KN, 2006)	0.6
" Sixty-six Chinese renal transplant patients enrolled in this study were surveyed for body weight and dosage and concentration of tacrolimus as well as MDR1 genotype by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis."	( Tacrolimus dosing in Chinese renal transplant patients is related to MDR1 gene C3435T polymorphisms. Gui, R; Huang, Z; Li, D; Li, J; Nie, X, 2006)	1.98
"9 ng/mL and area under the curve over a dosing interval (AUC) was 132 +/- 56 ng x h/mL."	( Differential pharmacokinetic interaction of tacrolimus and cyclosporine on everolimus. Curtis, JJ; Hricik, DE; Kovarik, JM; Pescovitz, MD; Scantlebury, V; Vasquez, A, 2006)	0.59
" These results suggest that tacrolimus would not cause clinically significant interactions with other drugs, which are metabolized by CYPs, via the inhibition of hepatic metabolism and that the reason why cyclosporine, but not tacrolimus, has a pharmacokinetic inhibitory effect might be that the dosage and/or the unbound concentrations around its metabolic enzymes are higher than those of tacrolimus, rather than the differences in the inhibition potential."	( Effect of cyclosporine and tacrolimus on cytochrome p450 activities in human liver microsomes. Niwa, T; Saito, M; Shiraga, T; Takagi, A; Yamamoto, S, 2007)	0.93
" The results support the safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with MMF, corticosteroids and basiliximab induction, as well as XL as a safe and effective once-daily dosing alternative."	( One-year results with extended-release tacrolimus/MMF, tacrolimus/MMF and cyclosporine/MMF in de novo kidney transplant recipients. Abouljoud, M; Bhattacharya, P; Dhadda, S; First, MR; Fitzsimmons, W; Holman, J; Kuo, PC; Silva, HT; Wisemandle, K; Yang, HC, 2007)	0.86
" A high trough concentration of sirolimus might increase the risk of hematological toxicy, and adjustment of the dosage for immunosuppressive treatment will be necessary in Japanese patients."	( Temporal decline in sirolimus elimination immediately after pancreatic islet transplantation. Inui, K; Iwanaga, Y; Katsura, T; Masuda, S; Matsumoto, S; Nagata, H; Noguchi, H; Okitsu, T; Sato, E; Shimomura, M; Yano, I; Yonekawa, Y, 2006)	0.33
" Single timepoint MPA concentration during the 12-hour dosing interval cannot reflect MPA AUC(12)."	( Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and determination of area under the curve by abbreviated sampling strategy in Chinese liver transplant recipients. Chen, H; Deng, X; Fei, Y; Li, H; Peng, C; Qiu, W; Shen, B; Shen, C; Yang, W; Yu, Z; Zhou, G, 2007)	0.34
" Tacrolimus dosage was adjusted to maintain blood levels in the range of 7 to 10 ng/mL."	( Long-term follow-up of tacrolimus treatment in immune posterior uveitis. Ciancas, E; Figueroa, MS; Orte, L, )	1.35
" Dosage effects of immunosuppressive drugs (tacrolimus, cyclosporin A, sirolimus, mycophenolic acid, and methylprednisolone) were evaluated in vitro and the assay was applied successfully to dialysis, renal transplant, and liver transplant patients."	( Validation of immunological biomarkers for the pharmacodynamic monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs in humans. Böhler, T; Budde, K; Glander, P; Gurragchaa, P; Kamar, N; Klupp, J; Neumayer, HH; Nolting, J; Reisener, K, 2007)	0.6
" An individualized dosage regimen design incorporating such genetic information would help increase clinical efficacy of the drug while reducing adverse drug reactions."	( Influence of the CYP3A5 and MDR1 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in healthy Korean subjects. Choi, JH; Jang, SB; Kim, KH; Lee, JE; Lee, YJ; Park, K, 2007)	0.57
" Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was administered at doses of 2 g per day with subsequent dosage adjustment based on tolerability."	( A retrospective study of steroid elimination in simultaneous pancreas and preemptive kidney transplant (Sppre-Ktx) recipients. Gałazka, Z; Grochowiecki, T; Grygiel, K; Nazarewski, S; Paczek, L; Pietrasik, K; Sańko-Resmer, J; Szmidt, J; Wyzgał, J, 2006)	0.33
" Beginning on the morning of study day 8, patients were converted to XL on a 1:1 (mg:mg) basis for their total daily dose, and were maintained on a once-daily AM dosing regimen using the same therapeutic monitoring and patient care techniques employed with TAC."	( Once-daily tacrolimus extended-release formulation: 1-year post-conversion in stable pediatric liver transplant recipients. Anania, C; Dhadda, S; Emre, S; First, MR; Fitzsimmons, W; Florman, S; Heffron, TG; Kalayoglu, M; Keirns, J; Pescovitz, MD; Sawamoto, T; Smallwood, G; Wisemandle, K, 2007)	0.73
" For pediatric patients, both drugs should be dosed per body surface area, and pharmacokinetic monitoring is mandatory."	( Calcineurin inhibitors in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Filler, G, 2007)	0.34
"Our long-term objective is to develop evidence-based guidelines for age-appropriate drug dosing of all drugs commonly used during childhood and adolescence, based on pharmacokinetically/pharmacogenetically determined drug exposure to maximize therapeutic yield while minimizing toxicity."	( Optimization of immunosuppressive drug monitoring in children. Filler, G, 2007)	0.34
" Coadministration of posaconazole increased cyclosporine exposure and necessitated dosage reductions of 14-29% for cyclosporine in three subjects."	( Effect of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Gelone, S; Kantesaria, B; Krishna, G; Mant, TG; Martinho, M; Sansone-Parsons, A, 2007)	0.57
"These findings suggest that the dosage of cyclosporine or tacrolimus should be reduced when posaconazole therapy is started and that plasma levels of the immunosuppressant should be monitored during and at the discontinuation of posaconazole therapy so that dosages are adjusted accordingly."	( Effect of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Gelone, S; Kantesaria, B; Krishna, G; Mant, TG; Martinho, M; Sansone-Parsons, A, 2007)	0.82
" Tacrolimus dosage and blood concentration were investigated at 1, 2 and 3 weeks after transplantation."	( Polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10, cytochrome P450 3A5 and ABCB1 in Chinese liver transplant patients treated with immunosuppressant tacrolimus. Gao, J; Li, D; Lou, YQ; Wang, X; Zhang, GL; Zhu, JY, 2007)	1.45
"We retrospectively analyzed the impact of sirolimus addition (SRL) with a 25% dosing reduction in calcineurin inhibitors on liver function among patients with or without hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection."	( Lack of hepatotoxicity upon sirolimus addition to a calcineurin inhibitor-based regimen in hepatitis virus-positive renal transplant recipients. Chang, HR; Lian, JD; Lin, CC, 2007)	0.34
"The combination therapy with suplatast tosilate decreased the effective dosage of tacrolimus ointment supporting use of the combination therapy for refractory facial erythema."	( Suplatast/tacrolimus combination therapy for refractory facial erythema in adult patients with atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis study. Furue, M; Katayama, I; Miyachi, Y, 2007)	0.97
" This was followed by low-dose twice a day tacrolimus monotherapy with consolidation to once daily dosing by 6 months and once every other day dosing by 12 months."	( Renal transplantation in children managed with lymphocyte depleting agents and low-dose maintenance tacrolimus monotherapy. Basu, A; Ellis, D; Janosky, J; Kayler, L; Moritz, M; Shapiro, R; Starzl, TE; Tan, H; Vats, A, 2007)	0.82
"Tacrolimus extended-release (XL) is a once-daily formulation recently developed to reduce the frequency of dosing for patients currently using the twice-a-day formulation of tacrolimus (TAC)."	( Two years postconversion from a prograf-based regimen to a once-daily tacrolimus extended-release formulation in stable kidney transplant recipients. Alloway, R; First, MR; Fitzsimmons, W; Gourishankar, S; Hariharan, S; Khalil, K; Matas, A; Miller, J; Norman, D; Pirsch, J; Steinberg, S; Wisemandle, K; Zaltzman, J, 2007)	2.02
" Therefore, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors by which to establish individualized dosage adjustment for these drugs should be identified."	( [Individualized dosage regimen of immunosuppressive drugs based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis]. Fukudo, M, 2007)	0.34
" In experimental transplants, many dosage regimens have been reported, often without such determinations."	( Severe tacrolimus toxicity in rabbits. Bishop, AT; Friedrich, PF; Gades, NM; Giessler, GA, 2007)	0.79
"To obtain nontoxic drug concentrations in the blood, 3 dosage regimens were required."	( Severe tacrolimus toxicity in rabbits. Bishop, AT; Friedrich, PF; Gades, NM; Giessler, GA, 2007)	0.79
"At an intramuscular dosage of 1 mg/kg/d, the mean tacrolimus blood level was 90."	( Severe tacrolimus toxicity in rabbits. Bishop, AT; Friedrich, PF; Gades, NM; Giessler, GA, 2007)	1.05
"08 mg/kg/d dosage combined with intermittent drug level monitoring permits survival without significant complications."	( Severe tacrolimus toxicity in rabbits. Bishop, AT; Friedrich, PF; Gades, NM; Giessler, GA, 2007)	0.79
"1%, symptoms recur rapidly on dosage reduction, and extremely long-term, or even lifelong, treatment is thus probably needed."	( [Chronic actinic dermatitis: treatment with topical tacrolimus (two cases)]. Alquier-Bouffard, A; D'incan, M; Da Costa, CM; Franck, F; Roger, H; Souteyrand, P; Taïeb, A, )	0.38
" Nevertheless, studies of the pharmacokinetic properties of the CNI, particularly cyclosporine, have led to improved dosing strategies."	( Therapeutic monitoring of calcineurin inhibitors for the nephrologist. Cantarovich, M; Cole, E; Schiff, J, 2007)	0.34
"Risk for new-onset diabetes (NOD) after renal transplantation is higher with tacrolimus (Tac) than with cyclosporine (CsA), but the extent to which the diabetogenic effect of Tac is dosage dependent or steroid dependent remains uncertain."	( Influence of early posttransplantation prednisone and calcineurin inhibitor dosages on the incidence of new-onset diabetes. Brennan, DC; Burroughs, TE; Hardinger, K; Irish, WD; Lentine, KL; Machnicki, G; Schnitzler, MA; Swindle, J; Takemoto, SK, 2007)	0.57
" Another challenge is to move toward prospective randomized studies to explore whether a pharmacogenetic approach, taking into account a limited number of polymorphisms prior to drug treatment, could be used on an individual basis to guide initial dosing of a given drug."	( Pharmacogenetics of tacrolimus and sirolimus in renal transplant patients: from retrospective analyses to prospective studies. Anglicheau, D; Legendre, C; Thervet, E, 2007)	0.66
"This study compared the 24-month efficacy and safety of two immunosuppressive regimens using reduced calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) exposure with standard dosage of CsA in 240 patients who were randomized into three groups: group A (n=80): Thymoglobulin, CsA (4 mg/kg twice daily) plus azathioprine (1."	( Randomized controlled study comparing reduced calcineurin inhibitors exposure versus standard cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. Checa, MD; Fernández, A; García, JJ; González-Posada, JM; Hernández, D; Hortal, L; Miquel, R; Porrini, E; Rodríguez, A; Rufino, M; Torres, A, 2007)	0.34
"The purpose of the study was to demonstrate how the interaction between phenytoin and tacrolimus (FK 506) can be managed clinically and to characterize the change in FK 506 levels after discontinuation of phenytoin in two Japanese heart transplant recipients with different dosing periods ofphenytoin."	( Drug interactions between tacrolimus and phenytoin in Japanese heart transplant recipients: 2 case reports. Hanatani, A; Kotake, T; Morishita, H; Nakatani, T; Ochi, H; Takada, M; Ueda, T; Wada, K, 2007)	0.86
"The persistence of CYP induction after discontinuing phenytoin is dependent on the history of administration and, perhaps, on the dosing period in particular."	( Drug interactions between tacrolimus and phenytoin in Japanese heart transplant recipients: 2 case reports. Hanatani, A; Kotake, T; Morishita, H; Nakatani, T; Ochi, H; Takada, M; Ueda, T; Wada, K, 2007)	0.64
" When efavirenz (four patients) or a nucleoside analogue combination (one patient) was added, very little change in tacrolimus dosing was required."	( Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in hepatitis C virus and HIV co-infected liver transplant recipients in the ANRS HC-08 study. Abbara, C; Barrail, A; Boissonnas, A; Bonhomme-Faivre, L; Duclos-Vallée, JC; Samuel, D; Taburet, AM; Teicher, E; Vincent, I; Vittecoq, D, 2007)	0.8
" Tacrolimus dosing must be optimised according to therapeutic drug monitoring and the antiretroviral drug combination."	( Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in hepatitis C virus and HIV co-infected liver transplant recipients in the ANRS HC-08 study. Abbara, C; Barrail, A; Boissonnas, A; Bonhomme-Faivre, L; Duclos-Vallée, JC; Samuel, D; Taburet, AM; Teicher, E; Vincent, I; Vittecoq, D, 2007)	1.5
" To assist in appropriate clinical management, we describe the pharmacokinetics and dosing modifications in 35 patients (20 kidney, 13 liver and two kidney-liver HIV-infected subjects with end-stage kidney or liver disease), on both IS and NNRTIs, PIs, and combined NNRTIs + PIs, in studies done at weeks 2-4 and/or 12 weeks after transplantation or after a change in IS or ARV drug regimen (n = 97 studies)."	( Immunosuppressant pharmacokinetics and dosing modifications in HIV-1 infected liver and kidney transplant recipients. Benet, LZ; Browne, M; Carlson, L; Cheng, A; Frassetto, LA; Roland, ME; Stock, PG; Wolfe, AR, 2007)	0.34
"Gingival overgrowth was higher in the group that was administered the higher cyclosporine dosage (CsA2) than in the group that received the therapeutic dosage, showing a positive relation between dosage and severity of gingival overgrowth."	( Histopathological and morphological alterations of periodontium in rats treated with tacrolimus and cyclosporine. Costa, FI; Costa, FO; Costa, JE; Cota, LO; Lages, EJ; Lages, EM, 2007)	0.56
"We aimed to evaluate an effective dosage and safety profile of pimecrolimus as an anti-inflammatory drug for drug-eluting stents."	( Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus-eluting stents in porcine coronary arteries. Baffour, R; Diener, T; Harder, C; Hellinga, D; Jones, R; Pakala, R; Seabron, R; Tio, FO; Tittelbach, M; Virmani, R; Waksman, R; Wittchow, E, )	0.13
" Of the 16 patients that received tacrolimus, comparable dosing on a per kilogram body weight basis was observed."	( Predicting immunosuppressant dosing in the early postoperative period with noninvasive indocyanine green elimination following orthotopic liver transplantation. Alster, JM; Beven, M; Cywinski, JB; Fung, JJ; Irefin, SA; Parker, BM; Popovich, M, 2008)	0.63
" The most attractive candidate for a pharmacogenetic strategy is tacrolimus dosing based on the CYP3A5 genotype."	( A pharmacogenetic strategy for immunosuppression based on the CYP3A5 genotype. Holt, DW; MacPhee, IA, 2008)	0.58
" Papillary bleeding index, time since transplant and azathioprine dosage were significant in the univariate and multivariate models (adjusted R=43."	( Gingival overgrowth in renal transplant subjects medicated with tacrolimus in the absence of calcium channel blockers. Cezário, ES; Costa, FO; Cota, LO; Ferreira, SD; Siqueira, FM; Soares, RV; Zenóbio, EG, 2008)	0.58
" Since IP was still active and serum KL-6 remained high, 3 mg/day of tacrolimus was added to control IP further and to reduce the dosage of PSL which was recognized as one of the aggravation factors of pneumomediastinum."	( A case report of rheumatoid arthritis complicated with rapidly progressive interstitial pneumonia, multiple bullae and pneumomediastinum, which was successfully treated with tacrolimus. Komano, Y; Kubota, T; Miyasaka, N; Nonomura, Y; Ochi, S; Ogawa, J; Sugihara, T, 2008)	0.77
" A novel once-daily dosage form of tacrolimus has recently been developed and is approved for use in Europe."	( The role of tacrolimus in renal transplantation. Bowman, LJ; Brennan, DC, 2008)	1
" Cyclosporin taken at the currently recommended low dosage and not in combination with a CCB may not be associated with a significant risk for GE in individuals with good oral hygiene."	( Gingival enlargement among renal transplant recipients in the era of new-generation immunosuppressants. Armitage, GC; Greenberg, KV; Shiboski, CH, 2008)	0.35
" There was no change in AUC(0-12), maximum plasma concentration, trough plasma concentration, or oral clearance of tacrolimus with variation in dosage or AUC of MPA."	( No pharmacokinetic interactions between mycophenolic acid and tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients. Habuchi, T; Inoue, K; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Suzuki, T, 2008)	0.8
" Multiple blood samples were taken over one dosing interval after oral tacrolimus administration, and pharmacokinetics differences were compared."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in living donor liver transplant and deceased donor liver transplant recipients. Abt, P; Batzold, P; Bozorgzadeh, A; Jain, A; Kashyap, R; Kwong, T; Orloff, M; Sharma, R; Tsoulfas, G; Venkataramanan, R; Williamson, M, 2008)	0.9
"The mean tacrolimus dosage in first 14 postoperative days was (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in living donor liver transplant and deceased donor liver transplant recipients. Abt, P; Batzold, P; Bozorgzadeh, A; Jain, A; Kashyap, R; Kwong, T; Orloff, M; Sharma, R; Tsoulfas, G; Venkataramanan, R; Williamson, M, 2008)	1.09
"Intermittent dosing of a topical calcineurin inhibitor for preventing atopic dermatitis (AD) disease relapse in patients with stabilized AD has not been evaluated."	( Intermittent therapy for flare prevention and long-term disease control in stabilized atopic dermatitis: a randomized comparison of 3-times-weekly applications of tacrolimus ointment versus vehicle. Abramovits, W; Breneman, D; Crowe, AW; Fleischer, AB; Gold, MH; Hanifin, JM; Jaracz, E; Kirsner, RS; Shull, TF; Zeichner, J, 2008)	0.54
" Results of these studies have established the safety and efficacy of this once-daily dosing alternative."	( First clinical experience with the new once-daily formulation of tacrolimus. First, MR, 2008)	0.58
", reduction of tacrolimus monotherapy dosing to every other day, three times a week, twice a week, or once a week) attempted."	( Alemtuzumab preconditioning with tacrolimus monotherapy-the impact of serial monitoring for donor-specific antibody. Basu, A; Blisard, DM; Girnita, AL; Gray, EA; Kayler, LK; Marcos, A; Randhawa, PS; Shapiro, R; Starzl, TE; Tan, HP; Thai, NL; Zeevi, A, 2008)	0.98
" Whether age-specific tacrolimus dosing algorithms will improve outcome needs further study."	( Maturation of dose-corrected tacrolimus predose trough levels in pediatric kidney allograft recipients. Concepcion, W; Kambham, N; Li, L; Naesens, M; Salvatierra, O; Sarwal, M, 2008)	0.95
"Tacrolimus dosage in pediatric RTRs is empirically based on weight."	( Standard dosing of tacrolimus leads to overexposure in pediatric renal transplantation recipients. Kausman, JY; Marks, SD; Patel, B, 2008)	2.12
" This interim analysis showed no evidence of an increased risk of poorer performance among the early steroid reduction or safety differences in kidney transplant recipients versus a regular dosage steroid group of patients."	( Corticosteroid reduction with tacrolimus (CORRETA) TRIAL: a prospective Brazilian multicenter, randomized trial of early corticosteroid reduction versus regular corticosteroid dosage maintenance on a tacrolimus (Prograf) and mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcep Abbud-Filho, M; Campos, HH; Carvalho, DB; Cavalcanti, RL; Garcia, VD; Goncalves, RT; Lobao-Neto, AA, 2008)	0.63
"The optimal dosing protocol for rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG) induction in renal transplantation has not been determined, but evidence exists that rATG infusion before renal allograft reperfusion improves early graft function."	( Randomized trial of single-dose versus divided-dose rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin induction in renal transplantation: an interim report. Christensen, KA; Freifeld, AG; Grant, WJ; Groggel, GC; Henning, ME; Kellogg, AM; Lane, JT; Langnas, AN; Mercer, DF; Nielsen, KJ; Rigley, TH; Sandoz, JP; Skorupa, AJ; Skorupa, JY; Stevens, RB; Wrenshall, LE, 2008)	0.35
"Between April 20, 2004 and December 26, 2007 we enrolled renal transplant patients into a prospective, randomized, nonblinded trial of two rATG dosing protocols (single dose, 6 mg/kg vs."	( Randomized trial of single-dose versus divided-dose rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin induction in renal transplantation: an interim report. Christensen, KA; Freifeld, AG; Grant, WJ; Groggel, GC; Henning, ME; Kellogg, AM; Lane, JT; Langnas, AN; Mercer, DF; Nielsen, KJ; Rigley, TH; Sandoz, JP; Skorupa, AJ; Skorupa, JY; Stevens, RB; Wrenshall, LE, 2008)	0.35
" However, its optimal dosing in this subgroup has not been studied."	( Thymoglobulin dose optimization for induction therapy in high risk kidney transplant recipients. Airee, R; Drachenberg, C; Gurk-Turner, C; Haririan, A; Kukuruga, D; Philosophe, B, 2008)	0.35
"To evaluate the effect of total rATG dosing on graft outcomes in such patients, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 96 adult patients who received repeat transplants (85%) or had panel reactive antibody more than 40% (19%) and were maintained on tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroid."	( Thymoglobulin dose optimization for induction therapy in high risk kidney transplant recipients. Airee, R; Drachenberg, C; Gurk-Turner, C; Haririan, A; Kukuruga, D; Philosophe, B, 2008)	0.53
" Calcineurin activity at trough time points was suggested as a single surrogate predictor for overall calcineurin activity throughout dosing periods."	( Pharmacodynamic monitoring of calcineurin phosphatase activity in transplant patients treated with calcineurin inhibitors. Yano, I, 2008)	0.35
" Simple reduction in dosage of CNI has little or no long-term benefit on their adverse effects, and complete withdrawal without threatening graft outcome may only be possible after liver transplantation."	( Calcineurin inhibitor sparing in paediatric solid organ transplantation : managing the efficacy/toxicity conundrum. Brown, NW; Dhawan, A; Tredger, JM, 2008)	0.35
" The impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes encoding CYP3A5 and P-gp on CNI dosing was examined among Asian renal transplant recipients."	( Significant impact of gene polymorphisms on tacrolimus but not cyclosporine dosing in Asian renal transplant recipients. Chin, YM; Loh, PT; Lou, HX; Vathsala, A; Zhao, Y, 2008)	0.61
"The significant interindividual and intraindividual variability in the blood concentrations of the most commonly used calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus and cyclosporine makes the exact dosing of these agents in transplant recipients very challenging."	( Altered first-pass effects in a liver transplant recipient explained intraindividual variation in calcineurin inhibitor concentrations: a case report. Chalasani, NP; Gorski, JC; Hall, SD; Malireddy, SR; Pinto, AG, 2008)	0.55
"A liver transplant recipient, who had previously presented with tacrolimus toxicity on his usual dosing regimen and intolerant to standard doses of cyclosporine, was selected to undergo the study."	( Altered first-pass effects in a liver transplant recipient explained intraindividual variation in calcineurin inhibitor concentrations: a case report. Chalasani, NP; Gorski, JC; Hall, SD; Malireddy, SR; Pinto, AG, 2008)	0.58
"Between December 2004 and February 2006, a single-center, open-label randomized trial of MMF (group A, n=75) versus EC-MPS (group B, n=75) was performed in primary renal transplant recipients receiving combined thymoglobulin/daclizumab induction along with reduced tacrolimus dosing and elimination of corticosteroids 1 week postoperatively."	( Randomized trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in primary renal transplant recipients given tacrolimus and daclizumab/thymoglobulin: one year follow-up. Burke, GW; Ciancio, G; Gaynor, JJ; Hanson, L; Kupin, W; Miller, J; Rosen, A; Roth, D; Ruiz, P; Sageshima, J; Tueros, L, 2008)	0.73
" Optimizing either MMF or EC-MPS along with a combined thymoglobulin/daclizumab induction, low tacrolimus dosing and steroid avoidance resulted in a low AR rate and an acceptably high renal function at 12 months."	( Randomized trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in primary renal transplant recipients given tacrolimus and daclizumab/thymoglobulin: one year follow-up. Burke, GW; Ciancio, G; Gaynor, JJ; Hanson, L; Kupin, W; Miller, J; Rosen, A; Roth, D; Ruiz, P; Sageshima, J; Tueros, L, 2008)	0.77
" Concentration-controlled dosing of MMF based on routine therapeutic drug monitoring, which requires area under the concentration-time curve (mycophenolic acid [MPA]-AUC0-12h) determinations, is uncommon."	( Defining algorithms for efficient therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolate mofetil in heart transplant recipients. Beiras-Fernandez, A; Bigdeli, AK; Kaczmarek, I; Kaczmarek, P; Meiser, B; Mueller, T; Reichart, B; Schmoeckel, M; Ueberfuhr, P; Vogeser, M, 2008)	0.35
" The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and MDR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms on changes in tacrolimus exposure and dosing in renal allograft recipients treated with fluconazole."	( Effects of CYP3A5 and MDR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms on drug interactions between tacrolimus and fluconazole in renal allograft recipients. de Jonge, H; Kuypers, DR; Naesens, M; Vanrenterghem, Y, 2008)	0.77
"01), so that a marked dosage increase was needed (0."	( Drop in trough blood concentrations of tacrolimus after switching from nelfinavir to fosamprenavir in four HIV-infected liver transplant patients. Adani, GL; Bresadola, V; Furlanut, M; Londero, A; Pavan, F; Pea, F; Tavio, M; Viale, P, 2008)	0.62
"The existence of moderate to severe arteriosclerosis in medium-sized arteries would have the potential of causing chronic TAC nephrotoxicities, rather than the dosage or whole blood trough level of TAC."	( Clinical and histological analysis of chronic tacrolimus nephrotoxicity in renal allografts. Ishida, H; Omoto, K; Shimizu, T; Shirakawa, H; Tanabe, K; Yamaguchi, Y, 2008)	0.6
" Especially, clinically relevant immunosuppressive drug interactions require prompt identification, intensified monitoring of drug concentrations and adequate dosing responses."	( Influence of interactions between immunosuppressive drugs on therapeutic drug monitoring. Kuypers, DR, 2008)	0.35
" Details of drug dosage history, sampling time and concentration of 802 data points in 58 patients were collected retrospectively."	( [Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Chinese renal transplant patients]. Bi, SS; Chen, WQ; Li, L; Liu, X; Lu, W; Zhang, GM; Zhang, XL, 2008)	0.63
" Pancreatic insulin content decreased dose-dependently in both the bolus intravenous injection and continuous intravenous infusion groups, and there was no significant difference between the decreases caused by the two dosing regimens."	( Effect of pharmacokinetic profile on the pancreatic toxicity and efficacy of tacrolimus in rats. Asano, M; Hanaoka, K; Mitamura, T; Niwa, T; Seki, J; Yamada, A, 2008)	0.57
"8 mg/dL) were switched to SRL monotherapy, initially at a dosage between 3 and 5 mg/d, and subsequently adapted to achieve trough level between 8 to 10 ng/mL."	( Sirolimus monotherapy effectiveness in liver transplant recipients with renal dysfunction due to calcineurin inhibitors. Ballarin, R; Cappelli, G; De Ruvo, N; Di Benedetto, F; Di Sandro, S; Gerunda, GE; Montalti, R; Spaggiari, M, 2009)	0.35
" In most cases of PRES, the symptom complex is reversible by reducing the dosage or withholding the drug for a few days."	( PRES (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome), a rare complication of tacrolimus therapy. Coyle, J; Fanning, N; Hodnett, P; Maher, MM; O'Regan, K, 2009)	0.58
" We analyzed the blood concentrations and the rate of concentration compared with dosage (C/D rate) pre- and postcombination over 6 months."	( Tripterygium wilfordii hook f increase the blood concentration of tacrolimus. Chen, J; Ji, S; Li, L; Liu, Z; Wen, J; Zheng, C, 2008)	0.58
"In contrast to the previous reports, the CYP3A5 *1 allele was not associated with the frequency of SAR or CAN, suggesting that further studies of different immunosuppressive strategies using tacrolimus are needed to confirm the adequate dosing and concentration of tacrolimus for each CYP3A5 genotype."	( CYP3A5 *1 allele associated with tacrolimus trough concentrations but not subclinical acute rejection or chronic allograft nephropathy in Japanese renal transplant recipients. Habuchi, T; Inoue, K; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Komatsuda, A; Miura, M; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Suzuki, T; Tsuchiya, N, 2009)	0.82
" Patients were administered tacrolimus at a dosage of 1, 2 or 3 mg once daily, and followed up for 24 weeks."	( Single center prospective study of tacrolimus efficacy and safety in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Amano, K; Kameda, H; Nagasawa, H; Nishi, E; Ogawa, H; Sekiguchi, N; Suzuki, K; Takei, H; Takeuchi, T; Tsuzaka, K, 2009)	0.92
" The FK506 intervention group was intraperitoneally injected with FK506 immediately after HIBD, at a dosage of 1 mg/kg daily, for three days."	( [Effect of tacrolimus on growth-associated protein-43 expression in the hippocampus of neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage]. Xiong, Y; Yuan, SY; Zhou, Y, 2009)	0.74
" Because patients are typically dosed per kilogram body weight, this might result in underexposure and overexposure in patients, with a low and high body weight, respectively."	( Explaining variability in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics to optimize early exposure in adult kidney transplant recipients. Danhof, M; de Fijter, JW; den Hartigh, J; Guchelaar, HJ; Ploeger, BA; Press, RR; van der Straaten, T; van Pelt, J, 2009)	0.65
" With regard to the ABCB1 SNPs, they did not show any influence on tacrolimus dosing requirements."	( The effect of CYP3A5 and ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms on tacrolimus dose requirements in Caucasian liver transplant patients. Biondi, F; D'Alessandro, N; Gridelli, B; Labbozzetta, M; Notarbartolo, M; Palazzo, U; Polidori, P; Poma, P; Provenzani, A; Sanguedolce, R; Triolo, F; Vizzini, G, )	0.6
"Pharmacogenetic analysis of CYP3A5 in the donor could contribute to determine the appropriate initial dosage of tacrolimus in liver transplant patients."	( The effect of CYP3A5 and ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms on tacrolimus dose requirements in Caucasian liver transplant patients. Biondi, F; D'Alessandro, N; Gridelli, B; Labbozzetta, M; Notarbartolo, M; Palazzo, U; Polidori, P; Poma, P; Provenzani, A; Sanguedolce, R; Triolo, F; Vizzini, G, )	0.58
" Dosing compliance (DC) was calculated for each patient and the mean DC was compared between the two groups."	( Impact of a pharmaceutical care program on liver transplant patients' compliance with immunosuppressive medication: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial using electronic monitoring. Klein, A; Krämer, I; Otto, G, 2009)	0.35
" Dose adjustment according to drug concentration measurements is recommended to optimize dosing of MMF and to maintain adequate immunosuppression in patients converted to low-dose CNI therapy."	( Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolites in stable adult liver transplant recipients with renal dysfunction on a low-dose calcineurin inhibitor regimen and mycophenolate mofetil. Armstrong, VW; Beckebaum, S; Cicinnati, VR; Gerken, G; Klein, CG; Oellerich, M; Paul, A; Streit, F, 2009)	0.35
"5 g/d in patients who had partial or complete remission), change in kidney function, and tacrolimus dosing and serum levels."	( Tacrolimus therapy in adults with steroid- and cyclophosphamide-resistant nephrotic syndrome and normal or mildly reduced GFR. Chen, J; Chen, Y; Han, F; He, Q; He, X; Li, H; Li, Q; Li, X; Wang, H; Ye, H; Zhang, X, 2009)	2.02
"Multiple administration of h-IFN without co-administration of tacrolimus induced IgG response at 2 or 3 weeks following first administration in the short dosing interval (daily, once per 3 days, or once per a week), irrespective of the dosing interval."	( Effect of co-administration of tacrolimus on the pharmacokinetics of multiple subcutaneous administered interferon-alpha in rats. Ishida, T; Kiwada, H; Miyake, M; Mukai, T; Nishibayashi, T; Odomi, M; Yamazaki, H, 2009)	0.88
"001 mg/kg) may be a promising way to assess crossover pharmacokinetic study of human or humanized proteinic formulations with multiple dosing schedules in an experimental animal."	( Effect of co-administration of tacrolimus on the pharmacokinetics of multiple subcutaneous administered interferon-alpha in rats. Ishida, T; Kiwada, H; Miyake, M; Mukai, T; Nishibayashi, T; Odomi, M; Yamazaki, H, 2009)	0.64
" These data show that a larger dosage is needed for everolimus than sirolimus to maintain the same trough blood concentration."	( Larger dosage required for everolimus than sirolimus to maintain same blood concentration in two pancreatic islet transplant patients with tacrolimus. Inui, K; Iwanaga, Y; Katsura, T; Masuda, S; Matsumoto, S; Okitsu, T; Sato, E; Shimomura, M; Uemoto, S; Yano, I, 2009)	0.56
" Narrow therapeutic range and individual variance in pharmacokinetics make it difficult to establish a fixed dosage for all patients."	( Stepwise regression analysis of the determinants of blood tacrolimus concentrations in Chinese patients with liver transplant. Cai, WM; Chen, B; Jin, Z; Mao, AW; Zhang, WX, 2009)	0.6
" This 2-year, open-label, randomized, multicenter trial compared the efficacy and safety of concentration-controlled MMF (MMF(CC)) dosing with a fixed-dose regimen in 720 kidney recipients."	( Fixed- or controlled-dose mycophenolate mofetil with standard- or reduced-dose calcineurin inhibitors: the Opticept trial. Angelis, M; Bloom, RD; Cibrik, D; Gaston, RS; Kaplan, B; Meier-Kriesche, HU; Mulgaonkar, S; Patel, D; Shah, T; Shaw, LM, 2009)	0.35
" Tacrolimus was dosed seeking a trough blood level of 8 to 10 ng/mL by month 3 and 5 to 8 ng/mL thereafter."	( Prospective clinical trial comparing two immunosuppressive regimens, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil versus everolimus and low-dose cyclosporine, in de novo renal transplant recipients: results at 6 months follow-up. Castagneto, M; Citterio, F; Delreno, F; Favi, E; Gargiulo, A; Romagnoli, J; Spagnoletti, G, 2009)	1.5
" Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters of single-dose and multiple-dose administration, as well as the FK506 concentrations in eye tissues, showed that the FK506 formulation and the dosing regimen ensured the therapeutic concentration of FK506 for treating corneal allograft rejection."	( Preparation of 0.05% FK506 suspension eyedrops and its pharmacokinetics after topical ocular administration. Chen, JQ; Ye, CT; Yuan, J; Zhai, JJ; Zhou, SY, 2009)	0.35
" Early studies in renal transplantation have provided insight into optimal dosing strategies of sirolimus and of concomitant immunosuppressive agents."	( Considerations in sirolimus use in the early and late post-transplant periods. Elliott, EN; Gaber, AO; Gaber, LW; Knight, RJ; Patel, SJ, 2009)	0.35
"The population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus was described in 22 pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, and a model-based dosage adjustment tool that may assist with therapy in new patients was developed."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: new initial dosage suggestions and a model-based dosage adjustment tool. Fasth, A; Friberg, LE; Staatz, CE; Wallin, JE, 2009)	0.92
" We assayed serum creatinine and tacrolimus blood trough concentrations to calculate the concentration per dosage during follow-up."	( Effect of CYP3A5 genotype on renal allograft recipients treated with tacrolimus. Chen, JS; Cheng, DR; Cheng, Z; Ji, SM; Li, LS; Liu, ZH; Sha, GZ; Sun, QQ; Wen, JQ, 2009)	0.87
" The CYP3A5*3/*3 group showed the largest concentration per dosage (C/D) and CYP3A5*1/*1, the smallest C/D."	( Effect of CYP3A5 genotype on renal allograft recipients treated with tacrolimus. Chen, JS; Cheng, DR; Cheng, Z; Ji, SM; Li, LS; Liu, ZH; Sha, GZ; Sun, QQ; Wen, JQ, 2009)	0.59
" Our study suggested to choose the initial dosage according to the CYP3A5 genotype to obtain a better outcome and reduce the incidences of acute rejection episodes and nephrotoxicity."	( Effect of CYP3A5 genotype on renal allograft recipients treated with tacrolimus. Chen, JS; Cheng, DR; Cheng, Z; Ji, SM; Li, LS; Liu, ZH; Sha, GZ; Sun, QQ; Wen, JQ, 2009)	0.59
" Conditions improved after the cessation of tacrolimus for three days followed by reducing the dosage of voriconazole and tacrolimus."	( Voriconazole inhibition of tacrolimus metabolism in a kidney transplant recipient with fluconazole-resistant cryptococcal meningitis. Chang, CM; Chang, HH; Ko, WC; Lee, HC; Lee, NY; Wu, CJ; Yang, YH, 2010)	0.92
" To date, this CYP3A5 variant is the only reported genetic factor to predict the appropiate starting dosage of Tac, avoiding overdosing and improving the outcome of renal transplantation."	( Pharmacogenetics of calcineurin inhibitors in renal transplantation. Coto, E; Tavira, B, 2009)	0.35
" It is usually based on trough concentration (C(0)) monitoring, but other TDM tools include the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) over the (12-hour) dosage interval or the AUC over the first 4 hours post-dose, as well as other single concentration-time points such as the concentration at 2 hours."	( Pharmacokinetic optimization of immunosuppressive therapy in thoracic transplantation: part I. Marquet, P; Monchaud, C, 2009)	0.35
"To investigate the tacrolimus dosage requirements and blood concentrations in adult-to-adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation (AALDLT) recipients with small-for-size (SFS) grafts."	( Tacrolimus dosage requirements in living donor liver transplant recipients with small-for-size grafts. Lan, X; Li, B; Li, Y; Liu, F; Wang, WT; Wei, YG; Wen, TF; Xu, MQ; Yan, LN; Yang, JY; Zhao, JC, 2009)	2.12
" The tacrolimus dosage requirements in group S were significantly lower than group N at 2 wk (2."	( Tacrolimus dosage requirements in living donor liver transplant recipients with small-for-size grafts. Lan, X; Li, B; Li, Y; Liu, F; Wang, WT; Wei, YG; Wen, TF; Xu, MQ; Yan, LN; Yang, JY; Zhao, JC, 2009)	2.31
"SFS grafts recipients have significantly decreased tacrolimus dosage requirements compared with non-SFS grafts recipients in AALDLT during the first 2 mo post-surgery."	( Tacrolimus dosage requirements in living donor liver transplant recipients with small-for-size grafts. Lan, X; Li, B; Li, Y; Liu, F; Wang, WT; Wei, YG; Wen, TF; Xu, MQ; Yan, LN; Yang, JY; Zhao, JC, 2009)	2.05
" Close monitoring is required in the management of tacrolimus and sirolimus dosing regimens when combined with ritonavir boosted HIV-1 protease inhibitors."	( Effect of coadministered HIV-protease inhibitors on tacrolimus and sirolimus blood concentrations in a kidney transplant recipient. Barau, C; Blouin, P; Creput, C; Durrbach, A; Furlan, V; Taburet, AM, 2009)	0.86
"To present the correlation between dosage and plasma concentration of tacrolimus and the consequences for short-term hepatorenal function of conversion to Advagraf (tacrolimus extended-release capsules) in liver transplant recipients."	( Evaluation of clinical safety of conversion to Advagraf therapy in liver transplant recipients: observational study. Alamo-Martinez, JA; Barrera-Pulido, L; Bernal Bellido, C; Gomez-Bravo, MA; Marin-Gomez, LM; Pascasio, JM; Suárez Artacho, G, )	0.37
" Dosage was adjusted milligram for milligram."	( Evaluation of clinical safety of conversion to Advagraf therapy in liver transplant recipients: observational study. Alamo-Martinez, JA; Barrera-Pulido, L; Bernal Bellido, C; Gomez-Bravo, MA; Marin-Gomez, LM; Pascasio, JM; Suárez Artacho, G, )	0.13
" Despite no modification of Advagraf dosage during follow-up in most patients, mean tacrolimus levels decreased from the first month after conversion; however, at 6 months after conversion, they tended to equal the initial value."	( Evaluation of clinical safety of conversion to Advagraf therapy in liver transplant recipients: observational study. Alamo-Martinez, JA; Barrera-Pulido, L; Bernal Bellido, C; Gomez-Bravo, MA; Marin-Gomez, LM; Pascasio, JM; Suárez Artacho, G, )	0.36
" Also a complete 12-hour pharmacokinetic profile was recorded for 15 transplant patients who had the polymorphism and for 15 controls who were randomly chosen since they received the same type and dosage of mycophenolate, same posttransplant time and similar renal function."	( The prevalence of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9) gene promoter region single-nucleotide polymorphisms T-275A and C-2152T and its influence on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in stable renal transplant patients. Arroyo, M; Barrientos, A; Calvo, N; De la Orden, V; Maestro, ML; Ortega, D; Pérez-Flores, I; Sánchez-Fructuoso, AI; Veganzone, S; Viudarreta, M, )	0.13
" Three patients were excluded: 1 because of the development of abdominal pain, and 2 because of dosing errors."	( Three-month experience with tacrolimus once-daily regimen in stable renal allografts. Aguado Fernández, S; Alonso Alvarez, M; Baños Gallardo, M; Diez Ojea, B; García Melendreras, S; Gómez Huertas, E, )	0.43
" No de novo posttransplantation diabetes mellitus was diagnosed; patients with diabetes required similar dosage of hypoglycemia treatment."	( Conversion to tacrolimus extended-release formulation: short-term clinical results. Gallego-Valcarce, E; Gomez-Roldan, C; Llamas-Fuentes, F; Martinez-Fernandez, G; Ortega-Cerrato, A; Perez-Martinez, J, )	0.49
"Conversion from BID TAC to OD TAC, milligram for milligram, is clinically safe; however, monitoring of tacrolimus concentration in patients receiving low dosage is mandatory to prevent subtherapeutic levels."	( Conversion to tacrolimus extended-release formulation: short-term clinical results. Gallego-Valcarce, E; Gomez-Roldan, C; Llamas-Fuentes, F; Martinez-Fernandez, G; Ortega-Cerrato, A; Perez-Martinez, J, )	0.71
" Therefore, we analyzed the effect of different dosing patterns of MMF and EC-MPS on IMPDH activity in stable patients after renal transplantation."	( Comparison of inosine-monophosphate-dehydrogenase activity in patients with enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium or mycophenolate mofetil after renal transplantation. Küpper, M; Rath, T, )	0.13
" In week 2 and 3 posttransplant, a significant adjustment in the ADV dosage was necessary to achieve sufficient tacrolimus trough levels."	( Modified release tacrolimus in de novo immunosuppression after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation--a first single-center experience. Claas, S; Klein, T; Krämer, BK; Krüger, B; Schenker, P; Traska, T; Viebahn, R; Wunsch, A, )	0.68
" Protocols to reverse nephrotoxicity incorporate dosage reduction or withdrawal of these agents."	( Two-year experience with tacrolimus in renal transplantation after late conversion from cyclosporine therapy. Videla, CO, )	0.43
" Cyclosporine C0 or C2 levels and CsA dosage had previously been changed simultaneously with ketoconazole."	( Two-year experience with tacrolimus in renal transplantation after late conversion from cyclosporine therapy. Videla, CO, )	0.43
" Maximum tacrolimus dosage administrated for patients over a 6-month period appeared not to be predictive for the DAS28-CRP remission at 6 months."	( Prediction of DAS28-CRP remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tacrolimus at 6 months by baseline variables. Aoyagi, K; Aramaki, T; Arima, K; Eguchi, K; Fujikawa, K; Furuyama, M; Ida, H; Iwamoto, N; Kamachi, M; Kawakami, A; Kawashiri, SY; Matsuoka, N; Mizokami, A; Nakamura, H; Nakashima, M; Origuchi, T; Tamai, M; Ueki, Y; Yamasaki, S, 2009)	0.99
" Treatment of active atopic dermatitis lesions with pimecrolimus cream 1% twice daily, followed by the once-daily dosing regimen, was sufficient to prevent subsequent atopic dermatitis relapses over 16 weeks in pediatric patients."	( Twice-daily versus once-daily applications of pimecrolimus cream 1% for the prevention of disease relapse in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Aberer, W; Guettner, A; Gunstone, A; Hultsch, T; Kekki, OM; López Estebaranz, JL; Ruer-Mulard, M; Vertruyen, A, )	0.13
"The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in pediatric kidney transplant patients, identify factors that explain variability, and determine dosage regimens."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of tacrolimus in de novo pediatric kidney transplant recipients. André, JL; Bensman, A; Brochard, K; Cloarec, S; Cochat, P; Elie, V; Fakhoury, M; Garaix, F; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Leroy, V; Loirat, C; Niaudet, P; Roussey, G; Zhao, W, 2009)	0.83
" These findings suggest a safer dosing and monitoring of tacrolimus coadministered with rabeprazole early on after liver transplantation regardless of the CYP2C19 and CYP3A5 genotypes of transplant patients and their donors."	( Absence of influence of concomitant administration of rabeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in adult living-donor liver transplant patients: a case-control study. Hosohata, K; Inui, K; Kaido, T; Masuda, S; Ogura, Y; Oike, F; Sugimoto, M; Takada, Y; Uemoto, S; Yonezawa, A, 2009)	0.82
" The blood tacrolimus concentration was higher than usual at that time; thus, tacrolimus dosage was reduced."	( Reversible myocardial hypertrophy induced by tacrolimus in a pediatric heart transplant recipient: case report. Hashimoto, S; Ishibashi-Ueda, H; Kato, T; Mano, A; Nakatani, T; Wada, K; Yahata, Y, 2009)	1
" Dosage is titrated based on blood concentration measurement."	( Pharmacodynamic monitoring of calcineurin inhibition therapy: principles, performance, and perspectives. de Fijter, JW; van Pelt, J; van Rossum, HH, 2010)	0.36
" Tacrolimus (3 mg) was administered after supper, and blood tacrolimus concentrations were measured just prior to dosing and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of orally administered tacrolimus in lupus nephritis patients. Asamiya, Y; Itabashi, M; Nitta, K; Sugiura, H; Takei, T; Tsukada, M; Uchida, K, 2010)	1.54
"MPA TDM-based MMF dosage adjustment enabled us to administer MMF more confidently than categorical dosing."	( A clinical assessment of mycophenolate drug monitoring after liver transplantation. Ahn, CS; Choi, NK; Choi, YI; Ha, TY; Hwang, S; Jung, DH; Kim, KH; Kim, KW; Lee, SG; Moon, DB; Park, GC; Park, PJ; Song, GW; Yu, YD, )	0.13
" Oral prednisolone dosage was successfully tapered without recurrence, along with decreasing titer of MPO-ANCA."	( Improvement of rapidly progressive lupus nephritis associated MPO-ANCA with tacrolimus. Amano, H; Kanamaru, Y; Kanmaru, Y; Lee, S; Morimoto, S; Ohsawa, I; Takasaki, Y; Tomino, Y; Watanabe, T, 2010)	0.59
"It was shown in the study that disorders of glucose metabolism induced by FK506 were related to the dosage of FK506."	( Effects of different dose of FK506 on endocrine function of pancreatic islets and damage of beta cells of pancreatic islets in a Wistar rat model. Li, F; Li, Q, 2010)	0.36
" Blood tacrolimus concentration was well controlled after transplantation, but an approximately threefold increase in the concentration was observed on day 10 even though the dosage was unchanged."	( Change in blood tacrolimus concentration by fluctuation of renal function in a bone marrow transplant patient. Hoshino, N; Ikuno, Y; Konishi, H; Minouchi, T; Sumi, M; Yamaji, A, )	0.93
" Patients were administered TAC at a dosage of 1-6 mg once daily, followed up for 24 weeks."	( Single center prospective study of tacrolimus efficacy and safety in the treatment of various manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Amano, K; Kameda, H; Nagasawa, H; Nishi, E; Okuyama, A; Suzuki, K; Takei, H; Takeuchi, T; Tsuzaka, K, 2011)	0.65
" IMPDH activity decreased to 75% and 67% at 1 and 2 h after dosing respectively."	( Evaluation of inosin-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase activity during maintenance therapy with tacrolimus. Maiguma, T; Oishi, R; Okabe, Y; Otsubo, K; Sugitani, A; Tanaka, M; Teshima, D; Yosida, T, 2010)	0.58
" Voriconazole treatment led to a dramatic increase in tacrolimus concentration that required its discontinuation in spite of the manufacturer's guidelines that recommend a reduction of tacrolimus dosage by one-third."	( Effects of voriconazole on tacrolimus metabolism in a kidney transplant recipient. Basile, V; Capone, D; Ciotola, A; D'Alessandro, V; Federico, S; Gentile, A; Nappi, R; Polichetti, G; Renda, A; Sabbatini, M; Santangelo, M; Tarantino, G, 2010)	0.91
", and the dosage of immunoinhibitory used was recorded periodically."	( [Clinical application and exploration on mechanism of action of Cordyceps sinensis mycelia preparation for renal transplantation recipients]. Ding, CG; Jin, ZK; Tian, PX, 2009)	0.35
"BLC could effectively protect liver and kidney, stimulate hemopoietic function, improve hypoproteinemia, as well as reduce the incidence of infection and the dosage of CsA and FK506 used, etc."	( [Clinical application and exploration on mechanism of action of Cordyceps sinensis mycelia preparation for renal transplantation recipients]. Ding, CG; Jin, ZK; Tian, PX, 2009)	0.35
" Since crossover PK studies are preferentially carried out using larger animals such as dogs or monkeys that are capable of accepting the same dosage formulations as those for clinical use, we extended our study of co-administration of tacrolimus with multiple h-IFN administrations to beagle dogs in the present study."	( Co-administration of tacrolimus suppresses pharmacokinetic modulation of multiple subcutaneously administered human interferon-alpha in Beagle dogs. Ishida, T; Kamada, N; Kiwada, H; Miyake, M; Mukai, T; Nishibayashi, T; Odomi, M; Yamazaki, H, 2010)	0.86
" Details of drug dosage history, sampling time and tacrolimus concentration in 63 patients (44 males and 19 females), 27 - 57 years old (age mean 40."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in kidney transplant patients. Catic-Djordjevic, A; Djordjevic, V; Jankovic, SM; Milovanovic, JR; Paunovic, G; Velickovic-Radovanovic, R, 2010)	0.9
"The derived model describes well tacrolimus clearance in terms of characteristics of Serbian kidney transplant patients, offering basis for rational individualization of tacrolimus dosing regimens."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in kidney transplant patients. Catic-Djordjevic, A; Djordjevic, V; Jankovic, SM; Milovanovic, JR; Paunovic, G; Velickovic-Radovanovic, R, 2010)	0.93
"De novo renal transplant patients were randomized to receive intensified dosing of MMF (1."	( The CLEAR study: a 5-day, 3-g loading dose of mycophenolate mofetil versus standard 2-g dosing in renal transplantation. Barama, AA; Cardella, CJ; Dandavino, R; Gourishankar, S; Houde, I; Keown, PA; Kiberd, BA; Landsberg, D; Pirc, L; Shoker, A; Wrobel, MM, 2010)	0.36
" Further studies are required to determine whether limited intensified MMF dosing can reduce acute rejection."	( The CLEAR study: a 5-day, 3-g loading dose of mycophenolate mofetil versus standard 2-g dosing in renal transplantation. Barama, AA; Cardella, CJ; Dandavino, R; Gourishankar, S; Houde, I; Keown, PA; Kiberd, BA; Landsberg, D; Pirc, L; Shoker, A; Wrobel, MM, 2010)	0.36
" Subsequently, a prospective study was carried out, patients were randomized to algorithm-predicted dosing or standard dosing."	( Effects of diltiazem on pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in relation to CYP3A5 genotype status in renal recipients: from retrospective to prospective. Chen, SY; Chen, X; Fu, Q; Huang, M; Li, JL; Liu, LS; Teng, LC; Wang, CX; Wang, XD, 2011)	0.63
" CsA inhibition ranged from 28 to 77% within a dosing interval, whereas it was less than 1% for Tac, considering free concentrations and assuming competitive inhibition."	( Cyclosporine A, but not tacrolimus, shows relevant inhibition of organic anion-transporting protein 1B1-mediated transport of atorvastatin. Amundsen, R; Asberg, A; Christensen, H; Zabihyan, B, 2010)	0.67
" Fifty percent of the patients received tacrolimus (TRL) and the others cyclosporine (CsA), both dosed according to weight."	( Cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation: prophylaxis and preemptive treatment--a single-center experience. Campanella, L; Cuomo, O; Esposito, C; Ioia, G; Perrella, A; Taglialatela, D, 2010)	0.63
" Tacrolimus can be safely converted from the twice daily formulation (Prograf) to the same dose (1 mg:1 mg) of once daily dosing tacrolimus (m-Tac)."	( Once daily tacrolimus formulation: monitoring of plasma levels, graft function, and cardiovascular risk factors. Bachetoni, A; Barile, M; Berloco, PB; Meçule, A; Mitterhofer, AP; Nofroni, I; Poli, L; Tinti, F; Umbro, I, 2010)	1.66
" Tacrolimus once daily Advagraf has been developed to provide a more convenient dosing regimen to improve adherence."	( Safety of conversion from twice-daily tacrolimus (Prograf) to once-daily prolonged-release tacrolimus (Advagraf) in stable liver transplant recipients. Adani, GL; Baccarani, U; Baroni, GS; Bresadola, V; Comuzzi, C; Faraci, MG; Garelli, P; Lorenzin, D; Nicolini, D; Risaliti, A; Rossetto, A; Soardo, G; Toniutto, P, 2010)	1.54
"Polymorphisms in the drug transporter gene (ABCB1) may play a significant role in individualizing cyclosporine (CsA) and tacrolimus (Tac) dosage and subsequently the allograft outcome in renal transplant recipients."	( Do drug transporter (ABCB1) SNPs influence cyclosporine and tacrolimus dose requirements and renal allograft outcome in the posttransplantation period? Kapoor, R; Mittal, RD; Singh, R; Srivastava, A, 2011)	0.82
" The dosage of FK506 was 2 mg/kg/day."	( Effects of immunosuppressant FK-506 on tooth movement. de Farias, ML; de Mendonça, LM; de Souza, MM; Gonçalves, RT; Martins, MA; Santos, RL, 2010)	0.36
"This review explores pharmacogenetic knowledge developed over the last decade regarding the impact of ABCB1 polymorphisms on tacrolimus toxicity and dosage requirements in children."	( Impact of ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 1 pharmacogenetics on tacrolimus-associated nephrotoxicity and dosage requirements in paediatric patients with liver transplant. Hawwa, AF; McElnay, JC, 2011)	0.81
" ABCB1 donor genotypes and ABCB1 expression level in the intestine and leukocytes may be useful in dosage selection."	( Impact of ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 1 pharmacogenetics on tacrolimus-associated nephrotoxicity and dosage requirements in paediatric patients with liver transplant. Hawwa, AF; McElnay, JC, 2011)	0.6
"CNI dosage was significantly tapered after introduction of 2,000 mg MMF per day."	( Sustained renal response to mycophenolate mofetil and CNI taper promotes survival in liver transplant patients with CNI-related renal dysfunction. Altendorf-Hofmann, A; Büchler, P; Friess, H; Kornberg, A; Kornberg, J; Krause, B; Küpper, B; Sappler, A; Thrum, K; Wilberg, J, 2011)	0.37
" The median dosage of MMF was 1180 mg/d at the end of follow-up."	( Introduction of mycophenolate mofetil in maintenance liver transplant recipients: what can we expect? Results of a 10-year experience. Adham, M; Boillot, O; Dumortier, J; Guillaud, O; Pittau, G; Salandre, J; Scoazec, JY, 2010)	0.36
" Unlike cyclosporine, tacrolimus partially suppressed calcineurin activity throughout the dosing interval compared to the pre-dose level (cyclosporine, 62-67% inhibition; tacrolimus, 13-35% inhibition)."	( A transient increase of calcineurin phosphatase activity in living-donor kidney transplant recipients with acute rejection. Fukudo, M; Inui, K; Ito, N; Kamoto, T; Katsura, T; Ogawa, O; Yamamoto, S; Yano, I, 2010)	0.68
" This difference in apparent oral clearance could be used in future studies to guide initial dosing strategies of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients based on genotype."	( A systematic review of the effect of CYP3A5 genotype on the apparent oral clearance of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients. Barry, A; Levine, M, 2010)	0.79
" Ranolazine dechallenge on a subsequent admission produced subtherapeutic tacrolimus concentrations requiring dosage increases."	( Ranolazine-tacrolimus interaction. Pierce, DA; Reeves-Daniel, AM, 2010)	0.98
"The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus (TRL) are clearly affected by genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes, which lead to large interindividual differences in dose-response relations."	( Toward personalized medicine in renal transplantation. Amenabar Iribar, JJ; Arrieta Gutiérrez, A; Gainza de los Rios, FJ; Jofre-Monseny, L; Lampreabe, I; Martinez, A; Olano-Martin, E; Rodriguez, M; Tejedor, D; Zárraga Larrondo, S, 2010)	0.67
"It has been suggested that for adequate maintenance of tacrolimus levels, the total daily dosage should be increased when switching from the conventional twice-daily regimen tacrolimus (CT) to once-daily sustained-release tacrolimus (SR-T)."	( Conversion of heart transplant patients from standard to sustained-release tacrolimus requires a dosage increase. Barge-Caballero, E; Barge-Caballero, G; Blanco-Canosa, P; Castro-Beiras, A; Crespo-Leiro, MG; Fariñas-Garrido, P; Grille-Cancela, Z; Marzoa-Rivas, R; Mosquera, V; Naya-Leira, C; Paniagua-Martín, MJ; Pedrosa del Moral, V, 2010)	0.84
"To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a 25% increase in daily dosage when switching heart transplant (HT) patients from CT to SR-T."	( Conversion of heart transplant patients from standard to sustained-release tacrolimus requires a dosage increase. Barge-Caballero, E; Barge-Caballero, G; Blanco-Canosa, P; Castro-Beiras, A; Crespo-Leiro, MG; Fariñas-Garrido, P; Grille-Cancela, Z; Marzoa-Rivas, R; Mosquera, V; Naya-Leira, C; Paniagua-Martín, MJ; Pedrosa del Moral, V, 2010)	0.59
" Twenty-three patients (31%) required no dosage change in the first 3 months, but 44 (33%) required one or two changes."	( Conversion of heart transplant patients from standard to sustained-release tacrolimus requires a dosage increase. Barge-Caballero, E; Barge-Caballero, G; Blanco-Canosa, P; Castro-Beiras, A; Crespo-Leiro, MG; Fariñas-Garrido, P; Grille-Cancela, Z; Marzoa-Rivas, R; Mosquera, V; Naya-Leira, C; Paniagua-Martín, MJ; Pedrosa del Moral, V, 2010)	0.59
"Administration of SR-T at a dosage 25% higher than the daily dosage of CT was safe."	( Conversion of heart transplant patients from standard to sustained-release tacrolimus requires a dosage increase. Barge-Caballero, E; Barge-Caballero, G; Blanco-Canosa, P; Castro-Beiras, A; Crespo-Leiro, MG; Fariñas-Garrido, P; Grille-Cancela, Z; Marzoa-Rivas, R; Mosquera, V; Naya-Leira, C; Paniagua-Martín, MJ; Pedrosa del Moral, V, 2010)	0.59
"Intestinal absorption and metabolism of tacrolimus was significantly affected by the SNPs in the CYP3A5 and MDR1 genes, which may offer a useful tool to optimize tacrolimus dosing after renal transplantation."	( Genetic polymorphisms and individualized tacrolimus dosing. Beltrán Catalán, S; Jiménez Torres, NV; Kanter Berga, J; López-Montenegro Soria, MA; Milara Payá, J; Pallardó Mateu, LM, 2010)	0.89
"To determine the proportion of patients achieving tacrolimus whole-blood concentrations of ≥10 ng/mL within 3 days of kidney transplantation, after randomization either to standard dosing (control group) or post-transplantation dosing guided by a 2-hour (C(2) ) level following a preoperative tacrolimus dose (T2 group)."	( Pre-transplant pharmacokinetic profiling and tacrolimus requirements post-transplant. Butcher, BE; Campbell, S; Ferrari, P; Hawley, C; Hutchison, B; Irish, A; Walker, R, 2010)	0.87
" Subsequent dosing in both groups was based upon tacrolimus trough level monitoring."	( Pre-transplant pharmacokinetic profiling and tacrolimus requirements post-transplant. Butcher, BE; Campbell, S; Ferrari, P; Hawley, C; Hutchison, B; Irish, A; Walker, R, 2010)	0.87
" Age, ethnicity and CYP3A inhibitor use could predict 30% of tacrolimus dosing variability."	( Using genetic and clinical factors to predict tacrolimus dose in renal transplant recipients. Elliott, E; Gaber, AO; Mao, Y; Patel, S; Razo, J; Shea, E; Wang, P; Wong, ST; Wu, AH; Zhou, X, 2010)	0.86
" Because research in pharmacogenetics already identified polymorphisms impacting their pharmacokinetic parameters in adults, developmental pharmacogenetics of immunosuppressants holds promises for optimizing dosage regimens and improving clinical outcome in children."	( Developmental pharmacogenetics of immunosuppressants in pediatric organ transplantation. Fakhoury, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Zhao, W, 2010)	0.36
" The dosage of tacrolimus was remarkably reduced from day -1 to day 28 when the patient had the CYP3A5 rs4646450 C/C and/or rs776746 G/G genotype (P=0."	( Cytochrome P450 genetic polymorphisms influence the serum concentration of calcineurin inhibitors in allogeneic hematopoietic SCT recipients. Ando, K; Inoko, H; Kawada, H; Kunii, N; Machida, S; Ogawa, Y; Ohgiya, D; Onizuka, M; Toyosaki, M, 2011)	0.72
"This is the first long-term, randomized trial comparing enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium versus mycophenolate mofetil along with reduced maintenance tacrolimus dosing and steroid avoidance, which resulted in similarly low-BPAR rates, acceptably high renal function at 48 months, and an equivalent side effect profile."	( Randomized trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in primary renal transplantation with tacrolimus and steroid avoidance: four-year analysis. Brown, R; Burke, GW; Chen, L; Ciancio, G; Gaynor, JJ; Guerra, G; Hanson, L; Kupin, W; Roth, D; Ruiz, P; Sageshima, J; Tueros, L; Zarak, A, 2011)	0.77
" This case suggests that reducing the dosage of immunosuppressive agents can be an effective strategy for GVHD after liver transplantation."	( Graft versus host disease after liver transplantation: a case report. Gao, J; Gao, PJ; Huang, L; Leng, XS; Li, GM; Wang, D; Zhu, JY, 2010)	0.36
" A liquid dispersion of colloidal TAC and lactose (1:1 ratio by weight) was aerosolized using a vibrating mesh nebulizer and administered via a nose-only dosing chamber."	( Preclinical evaluation of tacrolimus colloidal dispersion for inhalation. Coalson, JJ; O'Donnell, KP; Peters, JI; Talbert, RL; Watts, AB; Williams, RO, 2011)	0.67
" Recent studies have indicated that a fasting state and administration of a higher dosage of tacrolimus at the beginning of therapy are critical in ensuring that the target trough concentration of the agent is reached."	( The use of traditional and newer calcineurin inhibitors in inflammatory bowel disease. Fujii, T; Naganuma, M; Watanabe, M, 2011)	0.59
" A fixed dosing of MMF often causes bone marrow toxicity or cytomegalovirus antigenemia under the optimal dosing of calcineurin inhibitors."	( [Optimal immunosuppressive therapy based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimetabolites in clinical practice]. Naito, T, 2010)	0.36
"6 μg/mL, and area under the drug concentration-time curve over a dosing interval (AUC) was 12."	( Pharmacokinetics of sotrastaurin combined with tacrolimus or mycophenolic acid in de novo kidney transplant recipients. Arns, W; Budde, K; Dantal, J; Grinyo, JM; Kovarik, JM; Proot, P; Rostaing, L; Steiger, JU, 2011)	0.63
" CNI dosage was progressively reduced until discontinuation."	( Tolerability of everolimus-based immunosuppression in maintenance liver transplant recipients. Adham, M; Boillot, O; Dumortier, J; Gagnieu, MC; Giostra, E; Guillaud, O; Mentha, G; Morard, I; Morelon, E; Vallin, M, )	0.13
" Tacrolimus levels and dosage requirements were compared during and after azole therapy."	( Voriconazole and itraconazole in lung transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus (FK 506): efficacy and drug interaction. Amital, A; Fuks, L; Kramer, MR; Shitrit, D, )	1.28
"Thirty-one stable kidney transplant patients were converted at the same dosage (1 mg:1 mg)."	( Improvement of graft function after conversion to once daily tacrolimus of stable kidney transplant patients. Bachetoni, A; Barile, M; Berloco, PB; Brunini, F; Meçule, A; Mitterhofer, AP; Nofroni, I; Poli, L; Tinti, F; Umbro, I, 2010)	0.6
"We switched 54 chronic stable patients (41 males and 13 females) from twice daily dosing with conventional TAC or CsA to once daily dosing with modified release TAC."	( Increased adherence after switch from twice daily calcineurin inhibitor based treatment to once daily modified released tacrolimus in heart transplantation: a pre-experimental study. Celik, S; De Geest, S; Dengler, TJ; Doesch, AO; Ehlermann, P; Erbel, C; Frankenstein, L; Katus, HA; Koch, A; Konstandin, M; Kristen, A; Mueller, S; Zugck, C, 2010)	0.57
"Patients were randomized to receive either intensified dosing of mycophenolate mofetil (1."	( The role of proton pump inhibitors on early mycophenolic acid exposure in kidney transplantation: evidence from the CLEAR study. Dandavino, R; Gourishankar, S; Keown, P; Kiberd, BA; Wrobel, M, 2011)	0.37
" Steroid dosage was reduced during the course of the study in 74."	( Clinical efficacy and immunological impact of tacrolimus in Chinese patients with generalized myasthenia gravis. Hu, XQ; Lu, CZ; Lu, JH; Xiao, BG; Zhang, H; Zhang, X; Zhao, CB, 2011)	0.63
" Because of the potential for a significant interaction between tacrolimus and atazanavir, the tacrolimus dosage was to be based on serum tacrolimus concentrations."	( Managing the atazanavir-tacrolimus drug interaction in a renal transplant recipient. Aull, MJ; Figueiro, JM; Saal, SD; Tsapepas, DS; Webber, AB, 2011)	0.91
"In a 53-year-old man with HIV infection who underwent renal transplantation, the drug interaction between atazanavir and tacrolimus was managed by modifying the tacrolimus dosage regimen after determining the patient's blood tacrolimus concentration profile."	( Managing the atazanavir-tacrolimus drug interaction in a renal transplant recipient. Aull, MJ; Figueiro, JM; Saal, SD; Tsapepas, DS; Webber, AB, 2011)	0.88
" All patients with presumptive TIPI were treated with high dosage glucocorticosteroids and one received concomitant immunosuppressants."	( Tacrolimus-induced pulmonary injury in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Harigai, M; Ide, H; Jodo, S; Katayama, K; Koike, R; Komano, Y; Matsushima, H; Miwa, Y; Miyasaka, N; Morita, K; Nakamura, H; Nakashima, H; Nanki, T; Natsumeda, M; Sakai, F; Sato, Y; Semba, S; Sugiyama, H; Tanaka, M; Tateishi, M, 2011)	1.81
" The only prospective, randomized, multicenter trial demonstrated that early taper of mycophenolate dosage to 1 g/day can be utilized without increased risk of rejection, compared with late tapering, but the rejection rate was high (30-40%)."	( Impact of Mycophenolate Mofetil Dose Reduction on Allograft Outcomes in Kidney Transplant Recipients on Tacrolimus-Based Regimens: A Systematic Review. Ensom, MH; Greanya, ED; Su, VCh, 2011)	0.58
"A pharmacogenetics-based dosing model has been developed for the prediction of the tacrolimus maintenance dose in renal transplant recipients."	( Tacrolimus dosing in Chinese renal transplant recipients: a population-based pharmacogenetics study. Jiang, HX; Li, CJ; Li, L; Li, ZH; Si-Tu, B; Zhang, YJ; Zheng, L, 2011)	2.04
"Determining IL-10 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms of donors may allow individualized tacrolimus dosage regimens to be determined for liver transplant patients during the early posttransplantation period."	( Impact of interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms on tacrolimus dosing requirements in Chinese liver transplant patients during the early posttransplantation period. Fan, J; Liu, G; Peng, Z; Wang, Z; Zhang, X, 2011)	0.85
" Because patients with DGF have a higher rate of acute rejection and lower MPA exposure, higher dosing of mycophenolate mofetil in such patients may improve outcome."	( How delayed graft function impacts exposure to mycophenolic acid in patients after renal transplantation. Armstrong, VW; Budde, K; de Fijter, H; Kuypers, D; Mamelok, RD; Oellerich, M; Silva, HT; van Gelder, T, 2011)	0.37
" This study suggested that a new regimen with lower and narrow target trough levels of tacrolimus or a dosing strategy based on the CYP3A5 genotype is needed to reduce the risk of developing IF."	( Factors increasing quantitative interstitial fibrosis from 0 hr to 1 year in living kidney transplant patients receiving tacrolimus. Habuchi, T; Horikawa, Y; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Komatsuda, A; Miura, M; Miura, Y; Narita, S; Numakura, K; Obara, T; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Tsuchiya, N; Tsuruta, H, 2011)	0.8
"5) months and was treated by CsA and prednisone dosage adjustments."	( Successful treatment of fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis after liver transplantation. Arvelakis, A; Assis, D; Caldwell, C; Cimsit, B; Emre, S; Kulkarni, S; Schilsky, M; Taddei, T, 2011)	0.37
" The relationship between Tac-O dosage and trough levels after conversion is not clear."	( Tacrolimus trough levels and level-to-dose ratio in stable renal transplant patients converted to a once-daily regimen. Bachetoni, A; Berloco, PB; Lai, Q; Meçule, A; Mitterhofer, AP; Nofroni, I; Poli, L; Pretagostini, R; Tinti, F; Umbro, I, 2011)	1.81
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."	( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury. Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)	0.37
"Prolonged-release tacrolimus was developed to provide a more convenient once-daily dosing that could improve patient adherence."	( Efficacy and safety of conversion from twice-daily to once-daily tacrolimus in a large cohort of stable kidney transplant recipients. Alonso, A; Burgos, D; Cantarell, C; Fernández, A; Franco, A; Fructuoso, AS; Gentil, MA; Guirado, L; Hernández, D; Huertas, EG; Jiménez, C; Jimeno, L; Lauzurica, R; Mazuecos, A; Osuna, A; Paul, J; Plumed, JS; Rodríguez, A; Ruiz, JC; Torregrossa, JV; Zárraga, S, 2011)	0.94
"To develop a dosing equation for tacrolimus, using genetic and clinical factors from a large cohort of kidney transplant recipients."	( Dosing equation for tacrolimus using genetic variants and clinical factors. Birnbaum, AK; Brundage, RC; Israni, AK; Jacobson, PA; Oetting, WS; Passey, C, 2011)	0.97
" This study is important towards individualization of dosing in the clinical setting and may increase the number of patients achieving the target concentration."	( Dosing equation for tacrolimus using genetic variants and clinical factors. Birnbaum, AK; Brundage, RC; Israni, AK; Jacobson, PA; Oetting, WS; Passey, C, 2011)	0.69
" We previously revealed that higher therapeutic effects were obtained in RA patients and RA model animals when the dosing time of methotrexate was chosen according to the 24-h rhythms to cytokine."	( Dosing time-dependency of the arthritis-inhibiting effect of tacrolimus in mice. Fukuyama, R; Higuchi, S; Ieiri, I; Obayashi, K; To, H; Tomonari, M; Yoshimatsu, H, 2011)	0.61
"Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is now commonly used in pediatric liver transplant recipients, but no clear recommendations about the dosing regimen have been made for this population."	( Optimization of the dosing regimen of mycophenolate mofetil in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Barau, C; Barrail-Tran, A; Debray, D; Furlan, V; Habes, D; Hemerziu, B; Taburet, AM, 2011)	0.37
" Initial TAC dosing was equal in all patients and adjusted using therapeutic drug monitoring."	( The interactions of age, genetics, and disease severity on tacrolimus dosing requirements after pediatric kidney and liver transplantation. Brojeni, PY; de Wildt, SN; Koren, G; Nulman, I; Parshuram, C; Soldin, OP; Soldin, SJ; van der Heiden, IP; van Schaik, RH, 2011)	0.61
" In these patients, age and CYP3A5 genotype were independently associated with TAC dosing requirement."	( The interactions of age, genetics, and disease severity on tacrolimus dosing requirements after pediatric kidney and liver transplantation. Brojeni, PY; de Wildt, SN; Koren, G; Nulman, I; Parshuram, C; Soldin, OP; Soldin, SJ; van der Heiden, IP; van Schaik, RH, 2011)	0.61
" Discontinuation of tacrolimus, as prompted by the established literature, permitted the patient to eliminate tacrolimus-associated toxicity, whereas its substitution with everolimus and mycofenolic acid allowed the maintenance of immunosuppression while avoiding acute organ rejection and reducing the dosage of corticosteroids."	( Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in the Intensive Care Unit after liver transplant: a comparison of our experience with the existing literature. Boccagni, P; Bortolato, A; Lunardi, N; Manara, R; Ori, C; Rossi, S; Saraceni, E; Segato, M, 2012)	0.7
" The aims of this study were to investigate CYP3A5 polymorphism's effect on TAC dosing and the age dependency of TAC dosing by testing blood concentrations, and the interaction between steroids and TAC during the first year after tx."	( Influence of CYP3A5 polymorphism on tacrolimus maintenance doses and serum levels after renal transplantation: age dependency and pharmacological interaction with steroids. Argibay, PF; Belloso, WH; Coccia, PA; Costa, L; Ferraris, JR; Ferraris, V; Ghezzi, LF; Jimenez, G; Larriba, JM; Redal, MA, 2011)	0.64
"This study uses the saphenous nerve crush model in Thy1-YFP mice and serial transcutaneous imaging to evaluate the rate of nerve regeneration under various FK-506 (tacrolimus) dosing regimens and in the presence of transgenic overexpression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)."	( Evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration via in vivo serial transcutaneous imaging using transgenic Thy1-YFP mice. Johnson, PJ; Mackinnon, SE; Sun, HH; Yan, Y, 2011)	0.56
" Almost all gastroenterologists (97%) used weight-based dosing that was gradually escalated."	( How are thiopurines used and monitored by Swedish gastroenterologists when treating patients with inflammatory bowel disease? Andersson, P; Hindorf, U, 2011)	0.37
"AEB071 combined with a smaller dosage of Tac may be clinically possible to establish calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) minimization protocol in solid organ transplantation."	( The effects of AEB071 (sotrastaurin) with tacrolimus on rat heterotopic cardiac allograft rejection and survival. Fang, YH; Huh, KH; Joo, DJ; Kim, MS; Kim, YS; Lim, BJ; Suh, H, 2011)	0.63
" Still, there is no consensus considering the recommended dosing and the therapeutic range of MPA."	( Monitoring of mycophenolic acid and kidney function during combined immunosuppressive therapy. Asztalos, L; Ivády, G; Kappelmayer, J; Kovács, AM; Oláh, AV; Varga, E; Varga, J, 2011)	0.37
" Further studies are necessary to determine the optimal dosage and duration of the therapies."	( Mycophenolate mofetil or tacrolimus compared with intravenous cyclophosphamide in the induction treatment for active lupus nephritis. Chen, N; Li, X; Ren, H; Shen, P; Wu, X; Xu, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhang, W, 2012)	0.68
" At 1, 3 and 6 months after transplantation, tacrolimus doses (mg/kg/day) and trough blood levels (C0) were recorded and the weight-adjusted tacrolimus dosage (mg/kg/day) was calculated."	( Influence of CYP3A5 and ABCB1 gene polymorphisms and other factors on tacrolimus dosing in Caucasian liver and kidney transplant patients. Bertani, T; Caccamo, C; D'Alessandro, N; Gridelli, B; Labbozzetta, M; Notarbartolo, M; Palazzo, U; Polidori, P; Poma, P; Provenzani, A; Salis, P; Vizzini, G, 2011)	0.85
" A correlation was found between the age at the time of transplant and the tacrolimus dosing requirements (r(s) = -0."	( Age and CYP3A5 genotype affect tacrolimus dosing requirements after transplant in pediatric heart recipients. de Wildt, SN; Gijsen, V; Koren, G; Mital, S; Nulman, I; Soldin, OP; Soldin, SJ; van der Heiden, IP; van Schaik, RH, 2011)	0.89
"Younger age and CYP3A5 expressor genotype were independently associated with higher dosing requirements and lower tacrolimus concentration/dose ratios."	( Age and CYP3A5 genotype affect tacrolimus dosing requirements after transplant in pediatric heart recipients. de Wildt, SN; Gijsen, V; Koren, G; Mital, S; Nulman, I; Soldin, OP; Soldin, SJ; van der Heiden, IP; van Schaik, RH, 2011)	0.87
" Catatonic symptoms completely resolved in these patients after reducing the tacrolimus dosage or switching it to alternative immunosuppressants."	( Catatonia as a manifestation of tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity in organ transplant patients: a case series. Chopra, A; Das, P; Huston, J; Kuppuswamy, PS; Li, X; Philbrick, K; Rai, A; Sola, C, )	0.64
"Based on these results, trough concentration monitoring can be considered an appropriate procedure for routine tacrolimus dosage adjustment in adult LDLT patients."	( Significance of trough monitoring for tacrolimus blood concentration and calcineurin activity in adult patients undergoing primary living-donor liver transplantation. Egawa, H; Fukudo, M; Hashi, S; Inui, K; Kaido, T; Masuda, S; Mori, A; Ogawa, K; Ogura, Y; Sugimoto, M; Uemoto, S; Yano, I; Yoshida, Y; Yoshizawa, A, 2012)	0.86
" The change of the tacrolimus treatment from Tc to Tc-pr dosing did not effect organ function but seemed to improve glycemic control."	( Tacrolimus dose and blood concentration variability in kidney transplant recipients undergoing conversion from twice daily to once daily modified release tacrolimus. Krawczyk, J; Kurnatowska, I; Nowicki, M; Oleksik, T, 2011)	2.14
" Improved assay accuracy is required to provide optimized drug dosing and consistent care across transplant centers globally."	( The need for standardization of tacrolimus assays. Armbruster, DA; Buchholz, C; Holt, DW; Johnston, A; Levine, DM; Maine, GT; Mussell, C; O'Connor, G; Tuck, V, 2011)	0.65
"Limited sampling strategies (LSS) for estimating the area under the curve (AUC(0-12h)) of tacrolimus and optimizing dosage adjustment are not currently used or fully validated in pediatric patients, although the method is of real benefit to children."	( Limited sampling strategy for estimating individual exposure of tacrolimus in pediatric kidney transplant patients. Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Fakhoury, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Maisin, A; Zhao, W, 2011)	0.83
" During the 1 -12 months of WC treatment, the Tac dosage was significantly lower in the WC group than in the control group (P<0."	( [Study on the clinical application of wuzhi capsule after renal transplantation]. Chen, HZ; Xie, SP; Yan, Q, 2011)	0.37
"Ointment dosage forms are semi-solid preparations intended for local or transdermal delivery of active substances usually for application to the skin and it is important that they present a homogeneous appearance."	( Homogeneity study of ointment dosage forms by infrared imaging spectroscopy. Carneiro, RL; Poppi, RJ, 2012)	0.38
"Single-center, open-label randomized trial of 200 primary kidney transplant recipients was performed: (group I, n=100) ATG/Dac (3 ATG, 2 Dac doses) versus (group II, n=100) ATG/alemtuzumab (1 dose each), with maintenance consisting of reduced tacrolimus dosing (rTd), enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS), and early corticosteroid withdrawal."	( Randomized trial of dual antibody induction therapy with steroid avoidance in renal transplantation. Brown, R; Burke, GW; Chen, L; Ciancio, G; Gaynor, JJ; Guerra, G; Hanson, L; Kupin, W; Livingstone, AS; Roth, D; Ruiz, P; Sageshima, J; Tueros, L; Zarak, A, 2011)	0.55
" Use of a pharmacogenetic approach to dosing sirolimus awaits testing and it is unlikely to be useful for ciclosporin or everolimus."	( Pharmacogenetic biomarkers: cytochrome P450 3A5. MacPhee, IA, 2012)	0.38
"Tacrolimus dosing requirement, normalized by drug levels and expressed as the concentration/dose (C/D) ratio as a surrogate index of tacrolimus bioavailability, was employed to identify four categories of tacrolimus dosing requirement, namely, very high, high, small, and very-small, in very fast, fast, slow, and very slow metabolizers, respectively."	( The interactions of age, sex, body mass index, genetics, and steroid weight-based doses on tacrolimus dosing requirement after adult kidney transplantation. Antoniotti, R; Cena, T; Fenoglio, R; Ferrante, D; Genazzani, A; Magnani, C; Menegotto, A; Quaglia, M; Stratta, P; Terrazzino, S, 2012)	2.04
" As the tacrolimus dosing requirement increases with increasing tacrolimus clearance through concomitant steroid use, undesirable changes in tacrolimus levels may occur when steroid doses are tapered, predominantly in slow metabolizers."	( The interactions of age, sex, body mass index, genetics, and steroid weight-based doses on tacrolimus dosing requirement after adult kidney transplantation. Antoniotti, R; Cena, T; Fenoglio, R; Ferrante, D; Genazzani, A; Magnani, C; Menegotto, A; Quaglia, M; Stratta, P; Terrazzino, S, 2012)	1.03
" Simulation studies reveal that in 60% of subjects the current initial standard dose without subsequent dosage adjustments overshoot the desired trough concentration range of 10-20 ng/mL."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation: early posttransplantation clearance. Bergstrand, M; Karlsson, MO; Nydert, PS; Staatz, CE; Wallin, JE; Wilczek, HE, 2011)	0.66
" This model has the potential to aid therapeutic drug monitoring and was also used to suggest a revised dosing scheme in the intended population."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation: early posttransplantation clearance. Bergstrand, M; Karlsson, MO; Nydert, PS; Staatz, CE; Wallin, JE; Wilczek, HE, 2011)	0.66
" Broad ADME genotyping was performed on 446 kidney transplant recipients, who had been dosed to a steady state with tacrolimus."	( The use of a DNA biobank linked to electronic medical records to characterize pharmacogenomic predictors of tacrolimus dose requirement in kidney transplant recipients. Basford, M; Bian, A; Birdwell, KA; Choi, L; Cowan, JD; Denny, JC; Grady, B; Haas, DW; Ikizler, TA; Jiang, M; Richardson, DM; Ritchie, MD; Robinson, MP; Stein, CM; Vranic, G; Xu, H, 2012)	0.8
" The purpose of this study was to investigate whether tacrolimus levels exceed the desired therapeutic range in adult patients being initiated on a dosage regimen and to establish the use of pharmacokinetic concepts to avoid organ rejection and other complications related to tacrolimus over-exposure."	( Tacrolimus levels in adult patients with renal transplant. González-López, EH; Robles-Piedras, AL, 2009)	2.04
" The release of IFN-γ and IL-1β was also suppressed after single dosing with tacrolimus to colitic mice."	( Tacrolimus ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice: implication of interferon-γ and interleukin-1β suppression. Koshiba, M; Maeda, N; Miyata, K; Okada, Y; Takakura, S, 2011)	2.04
" In conclusion, our study suggests that ethnic differences exist between Hispanic and non-Hispanic children in TAC PK, and based on our preliminary findings, either a higher or more frequent TAC dosing may be required for effective immunosuppression therapy in Hispanic children."	( Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in Hispanic children after kidney transplantation. Al-Uzri, A; Cherala, G; Munar, MY; Naher, A, 2011)	1.81
"Promising evidence regarding the anti-scar potential of tacrolimus merits further research to optimize the dosage and the usage of the drug."	( Topical application of tacrolimus prevents epidural fibrosis in a rat postlaminectomy model: histopathological and ultrastructural analysis. Albayrak, B; Demir, N; Gulsen, I; Ismailoglu, O; Tanriover, G, 2011)	0.93
"Upon administration of steady-state morning tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil doses, 28 patients for whom at least three months had passed after renal transplantation underwent serial blood sample collection over a 12-hour dosing period."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients on a corticosteroid-free regimen. Al-Khatib, M; Ensom, MH; Greanya, ED; Partovi, N; Poulin, E; Shapiro, RJ, 2012)	0.96
" Of 112 patients enrolled, 98 were converted to QD dosing (full analysis set [FAS])."	( Renal function, efficacy and safety postconversion from twice- to once-daily tacrolimus in stable liver recipients: an open-label multicenter study. Boillot, O; Sańko-Resmer, J; Thorburn, D; Wolf, P, 2012)	0.61
" Conversion of kidney transplant patients to increased MPA dosing using EC-MPS 1,440 mg/d, with reduced tacrolimus exposure, appears an effective immunosuppression strategy and may improve renal function."	( A multicenter, randomized trial of increased mycophenolic acid dose using enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium with reduced tacrolimus exposure in maintenance kidney transplant recipients. Barrou, B; Be, F; Cassuto, E; Chaouche, K; Di Giambattista, F; Ducloux, D; Kamar, N; Ladrière, M; Moal, MC; Quéré, S; Rostaing, L; Villemain, F, 2012)	0.8
" With regard to the ABCB1 and cytochrome P-4503A5, they showed no influence on tacrolimus dosing requirements at 1 week or 1 month after transplant."	( Association between tacrolimus concentration and genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A5 and ABCB1 during the early stage after liver transplant in an Iranian population. Aghdaie, MH; Azarpira, N; Banihashemi, M; Darai, M; Geramizadeh, B; Malekhosseini, SA; Malekpour, Z; Moini, M; Nikeghbalian, S; Rahsaz, M, 2012)	0.93
"Graceptor is a new modified-release once-daily formulation of tacrolimus with an efficacy and safety profile similar to twice-daily tacrolimus (Prograf), as identified by clinical trials, offering a more convenient dosing regimen to improve adherence."	( Safety and efficacy of conversion from twice-daily tacrolimus (prograf) to once-daily prolonged-release tacrolimus (graceptor) in stable kidney transplant recipients. Hama, K; Hirano, T; Iwamoto, H; Jojima, Y; Katayama, H; Kihara, Y; Konno, O; Nakamura, Y; Shimazu, M; Soga, A; Takeuchi, H; Toraishi, T; Yokoyama, T, 2012)	0.87
"25 mg/kg BW twice daily tacrolimus and 500 mg twice daily mycophenolic acid would be an appropriate maintenance dosage for conventional pigs."	( Oral immunosuppressive medication for growing pigs in transplantation studies. Jensen-Waern, M; Kruse, R; Lundgren, T, 2012)	0.69
"More research with calcineurin inhibitor reduction and withdrawal regimens is needed to optimise dosing and timing of calcineurin inhibitor treatment in order to achieve optimal patient and graft survival with a minimum of adverse events."	( Calcineurin inhibitor minimisation versus continuation of calcineurin inhibitor treatment for liver transplant recipients. Chan, AW; Gluud, C; Penninga, L; Steinbrüchel, DA; Wettergren, A, 2012)	0.38
" The objective of this evaluation was to determine the relationship among changes in hematocrit, albumin, and corticosteroid dosing on the disposition of tacrolimus during 6 months of treatment in renal transplant recipients."	( Relationship among changes in hematocrit, albumin and corticosteroid dose on the disposition of tacrolimus during the first six months following renal transplantation. Domínguez-Ramírez, A; Fuentes-Noriega, I; González-López, EH; Mancilla-Urrea, E; Robles-Piedras, AL; Romano-Moreno, S, 2011)	0.79
" Tacrolimus was titrated to achieve a trough blood concentration of 4-6 ng/mL, and the dosage of azathioprine was 2 mg/kg/d."	( Outcomes of maintenance therapy with tacrolimus versus azathioprine for active lupus nephritis: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Chen, J; Chen, W; Fu, J; Fu, P; Kong, Y; Li, Z; Liao, Y; Liu, F; Liu, Q; Liu, Z; Lou, T; Tang, X; Yang, Z; Yu, X; Zhang, J, 2012)	1.56
"73 m(2) for a total dosage of 10 g/1."	( Tacrolimus versus intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide therapy in Chinese adults with steroid-resistant idiopathic minimal change nephropathy: a multicenter, open-label, nonrandomized cohort trial. Chen, J; Li, H; Li, X; Shen, H; Shi, X; Wang, H; Xu, G, 2012)	1.82
" Administration of boceprevir plus tacrolimus requires significant dose reduction and prolongation of the dosing interval for tacrolimus, with close monitoring of tacrolimus blood concentrations and frequent assessments of renal function and tacrolimus-related side effects."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between the hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor boceprevir and cyclosporine and tacrolimus in healthy volunteers. Butterton, J; Feng, HP; Gupta, S; Hulskotte, E; O'Mara, E; van Zutven, M; Wagner, J; Xuan, F, 2012)	0.87
" We pharmacologically evaluated in tacrolimus-treated recipients a novel dosing regimen of MPA with an initial high dose followed by a gradual decrease over time."	( Mycophenolate sodium dosing in combination with tacrolimus: pharmacokinetic evaluation of a novel regimen in de novo tacrolimus-treated kidney transplant patients. Alamartine, E; Basset, T; Berthoux, F; Delavenne, X; Maillard, N; Mariat, C; Mehdi, M; Pons, B; Sauron, C, 2012)	0.91
"This exploratory study suggests that such a dosing regimen of mycophenolate sodium might quickly offer and sustain an optimal exposure to MPA in tacrolimus-treated kidney transplant patients."	( Mycophenolate sodium dosing in combination with tacrolimus: pharmacokinetic evaluation of a novel regimen in de novo tacrolimus-treated kidney transplant patients. Alamartine, E; Basset, T; Berthoux, F; Delavenne, X; Maillard, N; Mariat, C; Mehdi, M; Pons, B; Sauron, C, 2012)	0.83
"The incidence of early posttransplant diabetes mellitus and the average dosage of insulin consumption among diabetic recipients were significantly higher in recipients in the standard protocol group than in the 24-hour avoidance group (P < ."	( Twenty-four hour steroid avoidance immunosuppressive regimen in liver transplant recipients. Guo, ZY; Han, M; He, XS; Hu, AB; Ju, WQ; Ling, X; Tai, Q; Wu, LW; Zhu, XF, 2012)	0.38
" The CYP3A5 phenotype had a significant impact in tacrolimus bioavailability, as wild-type carriers required higher dosing compared to mutated carriers to achieve similar drug trough levels."	( CYP3A5 polymorphism in Mexican renal transplant recipients and its association with tacrolimus dosing. Alberú, J; Castañeda-Hernández, G; Elizondo, G; García-Roca, P; Mancilla Urrea, E; Medeiros, M; Morales-Buenrostro, LE; Ortiz, L; Reyes, H; Rodríguez-Espino, BA; Vásquez-Perdomo, M, 2012)	0.86
" The developed model could be useful to optimize individual pediatric tacrolimus (PR) dosing regimen in routine clinical practice."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of once daily prolonged-release formulation of tacrolimus in pediatric and adolescent kidney transplant recipients. Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Fakhoury, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Maisin, A; Storme, T; Zhao, W, 2013)	0.84
" However, decreasing or stopping cyclosporine dosing reverses measured nephrotoxicity in the vast majority of patients, and some patients with careful monitoring can tolerate very low-dose cyclosporine (<2 mg/kg per day) for longer periods."	( Calcineurin inhibitors in chronic urticaria. Khan, DA; Trojan, TD, 2012)	0.38
"A reduction in CNI dosage may lead to a decrease in the occurrence of post-transplant malignancy."	( Effect of immunosuppressive drugs on spontaneous DNA repair in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Gafter, U; Gafter-Gvili, A; Herman-Edelstein, M; Malachi, T; Ori, Y; Rozen-Zvi, B; Zingerman, B, 2012)	0.38
" The incidence of calcineurin-inhibitor-induced pain syndrome was related to the dosage of tacrolimus (P > ."	( Immunosuppressant-related hip pain after orthotopic liver transplant. Chen, GH; Fu, BS; He, JW; Jiang, N; Li, H; Wang, GS; Wang, GY; Wang, K; Yang, Y; Zhang, J, 2013)	0.61
" We increased the dosage of oral PSL up to 30 mg/day, and three courses of mPSL pulse therapy were applied, but these therapies had only limited effect, and his symptoms worsened."	( Effective treatment of a 13-year-old boy with steroid-dependent ocular myasthenia gravis using tacrolimus. Ito, H; Kagami, S; Mori, K; Mori, T; Suzue, M, 2013)	0.61
"Prospective data are lacking concerning the effect of reduced mycophenolic acid (MPA) dosing on efficacy and the influence of concomitant tacrolimus exposure."	( Does reduction in mycophenolic acid dose compromise efficacy regardless of tacrolimus exposure level? An analysis of prospective data from the Mycophenolic Renal Transplant (MORE) Registry. Chan, L; Doria, C; Greenstein, S; Langone, A; Narayanan, M; Pankewycz, O; Sankari, B; Shihab, F; Ueda, K, )	0.56
" Estimated oral clearances of IT decreased on average by 50%, requiring reduced dosing regimens."	( Practical management of boceprevir and immunosuppressive therapy in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C virus recurrence. Antonini, TM; Barau, C; Bonhomme-Faivre, L; Coilly, A; Duclos-Vallée, JC; Furlan, V; Noël, C; Roche, B; Roque-Afonso, AM; Samuel, D; Taburet, AM, 2012)	0.38
" The effective dosage in this study was 2-3 mg/day for patients with complete or partial response to tacrolimus."	( Low-dose tacrolimus in treating lupus nephritis refractory to cyclophosphamide: a prospective cohort study. Chen, H; Fei, Y; Hou, Y; Li, M; Wu, Q; Xu, D; Zeng, X; Zhang, F; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, )	0.76
"Our results suggested tacrolimus at low dosage and serum level to be potentially effective and safe for treatment in patients with LN resistant to sufficient CYC therapy."	( Low-dose tacrolimus in treating lupus nephritis refractory to cyclophosphamide: a prospective cohort study. Chen, H; Fei, Y; Hou, Y; Li, M; Wu, Q; Xu, D; Zeng, X; Zhang, F; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, )	0.86
" Tacrolimus (FK-506) was administered at an initial dosage of 1 mg every 12 hours, and FK-506 concentration in the blood was monitored monthly."	( Tacrolimus on Kimura's disease: a case report. Bing, G; Da-Long, S; Wei, R; Xiang-Zhen, L; Xin, L; Yun-Yan, Z, 2014)	2.76
" This study highlights the importance of achieving early target exposure and suggests a potential role for individualized initial dosing or early therapeutic monitoring of all three immunosuppressive agents."	( Kidney transplant outcomes are related to tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid and prednisolone exposure in the first week. Barraclough, KA; Campbell, SB; Hawley, CM; Isbel, NM; Johnson, DW; Leary, DR; Lee, KJ; McWhinney, BC; Staatz, CE; Ungerer, JP, 2012)	0.64
" Further studies are needed to determine optimal dosing of CNIs in the elderly."	( Lower calcineurin inhibitor doses in older compared to younger kidney transplant recipients yield similar troughs. Guan, W; Israni, A; Jacobson, PA; Leduc, R; Matas, AJ; Oetting, WS; Schladt, D, 2012)	0.38
" Intensified dosing with the equivalent of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 3 g daily in tacrolimus-treated patients has been shown to increase exposure however about 15% remain below the lower therapeutic threshold of MPA area under the curve (AUC) of 30 mg · hr⁻¹ · L⁻¹ early post transplant."	( Limits to intensified mycophenolate mofetil dosing in kidney transplantation. Daley, C; Kiberd, BA; Lawen, J, 2012)	0.6
" If intensified MPA dosing is considered, exceeding 3 g daily in tacrolimus-treated patients provides no added benefit."	( Limits to intensified mycophenolate mofetil dosing in kidney transplantation. Daley, C; Kiberd, BA; Lawen, J, 2012)	0.62
"Blood, plasma, and urine samples were collected over 1 steady-state dosing interval from women treated with oral tacrolimus during early to late pregnancy (n = 10) and postpartum (n = 5)."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus during pregnancy. Calamia, JC; Davis, CL; Easterling, TR; Hebert, MF; Miodovnik, M; Shen, DD; Thummel, KE; Umans, JG; Zheng, S, 2012)	0.91
" Both drugs are dosed orally and have common intestinal and hepatic metabolism and intestinal transport mechanisms."	( The evaluation of potential pharmacokinetic interaction between sirolimus and tacrolimus in healthy volunteers. Korth-Bradley, J; Matschke, K; Parks, V; Patat, A; Tortorici, MA, 2013)	0.62
" However, due to the complexity of anti-rejection immunosuppressive therapy dosing, we suggest that sirolimus and tacrolimus concentration monitoring be performed when changes in dosing are made for either drug regimen."	( The evaluation of potential pharmacokinetic interaction between sirolimus and tacrolimus in healthy volunteers. Korth-Bradley, J; Matschke, K; Parks, V; Patat, A; Tortorici, MA, 2013)	0.83
"To predict simultaneously the area under the concentration-time curve during one dosing interval [AUC(0,12 h)] for mycophenolic acid (MPA) and tacrolimus (TAC), when concomitantly used during the first month after transplantation, based on common blood samples."	( Statistical tools for dose individualization of mycophenolic acid and tacrolimus co-administered during the first month after renal transplantation. Capron, A; De Meyer, M; Delattre, IK; Haufroid, V; Mourad, M; Musuamba, FT; Verbeeck, RK; Wallemacq, P, 2013)	0.82
" The narrow interindividual variability of Tac-QD pharmacokinetics and its difference between CYP3A5 expressers and nonexpressers might contribute to a dosing strategy based on CYP3A5 genotype."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of once- and twice-daily tacrolimus in the early stage after renal transplantation. Habuchi, T; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Narita, S; Niioka, T; Numakura, K; Saito, M; Satoh, S; Tsuchiya, N, 2012)	0.61
" Data were also collected on the percentage of patients who required dosage titration, drug cost savings, and rates of reversion to brand-name tacrolimus, biopsy-proved acute allograft rejections, and mortality."	( Evaluation of clinical and safety outcomes associated with conversion from brand-name to generic tacrolimus in transplant recipients enrolled in an integrated health care system. Chan, J; Hui, RL; Nguyen, LM; Spence, MM, 2012)	0.8
" Since dosage titration may be required, close therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended."	( Evaluation of clinical and safety outcomes associated with conversion from brand-name to generic tacrolimus in transplant recipients enrolled in an integrated health care system. Chan, J; Hui, RL; Nguyen, LM; Spence, MM, 2012)	0.6
" These risk factors for TMA suggest that when using a SIR/TAC regimen for GVHD prophylaxis, careful monitoring and adjustment of the sirolimus dosage is critical, particularly in patients with active aGVHD."	( Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with sirolimus level after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation with tacrolimus/sirolimus-based graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis. Forman, SJ; Khaled, SK; Khuu, T; Liu, X; Nakamura, R; Palmer, J; Parker, PM; Shayani, S; Stiller, T; Thomas, SH, 2013)	0.6
" There was a tendency toward a slow elevation and a higher dosage requirement in the tacrolimus QD group, compared with the tacrolimus BID group in the early stages, though the required dosages decreased steadily."	( One-year follow-up of treatment with once-daily tacrolimus in de novo renal transplant. Kawanami, S; Kitada, H; Kurihara, K; Masutani, K; Miura, Y; Nishiki, T; Okabe, Y; Tanaka, M; Terasaka, S; Tuchimoto, A, 2012)	0.86
" Monitoring trough levels helps not only in reducing nephrotoxiicity but also in reducing the chances of acute rejection; although there is no international consensus, the trough concentration is used to determine dosing and the AUC for calculating the exposure of the patient to the drug."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in adult renal transplant recipients. Madhavarapu, M; Mayur, P; Naik, P; Nayak, KS; Sritharan, V, 2012)	0.7
"Trough level determination and a C2, C4 two-point limited sampling strategy may be useful to plan the dosing strategy and estimate the exposure of renal transplant patients to tacrolimus."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in adult renal transplant recipients. Madhavarapu, M; Mayur, P; Naik, P; Nayak, KS; Sritharan, V, 2012)	0.9
" Understanding TAC and MMF exposure in the context of corticosteroid-sparing protocols should allow for improved dosing of immunosuppressants and better management of posttransplant patients."	( Effect of corticosteroid withdrawal on tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil exposure in a randomized multicenter study. Fitzsimmons, W; Gaber, AO; Henning, AK; Holman, J; Lee, ST; Pirsch, JD; Reisfield, R; Shihab, FS; Smith, LD; Woodle, ES, 2013)	0.66
" The daily dosage of PSL could be significantly reduced in both PM and DM after starting TAC compared with before."	( Coadministration of tacrolimus with corticosteroid accelerates recovery in refractory patients with polymyositis/ dermatomyositis: a retrospective study. Ikeda, S; Ishii, W; Matsuda, M; Shimojima, Y; Tazawa, K, 2012)	0.7
" It can be used as a routine procedure to perform AUC-based tacrolimus(PR) dosage optimization in pediatric renal transplant patients."	( Limited sampling strategy using Bayesian estimation for estimating individual exposure of the once-daily prolonged-release formulation of tacrolimus in kidney transplant children. Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Fakhoury, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Maisin, A; Storme, T; Zhao, W, 2013)	0.83
" This present study aimed to conduct the selective delivery of FK506 to damaged regions, while at the same time reducing the dosage of FK506, by using a liposomal drug delivery system."	( Treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury with PEGylated liposomes encapsulating FK506. Agato, Y; Asai, T; Fukuta, T; Ishii, T; Minamino, T; Oku, N; Oyama, D; Shimizu, K; Yasuda, N, 2013)	0.39
"A pretransplantation pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in these patients was developed, and a posttransplantation dosing advice was established for each individual patient."	( Pretransplantation pharmacokinetic curves of tacrolimus in HIV-infected patients on ritonavir-containing cART: a pilot study. Crommelin, HA; Mudrikova, T; van den Broek, MP; van Maarseveen, EM; van Zuilen, AD, 2013)	0.91
"These preliminary data suggest that the use of MSCs could provide potential benefits in renal transplantation by reducing the dosage of conventional immunosuppressive drug that is required to maintain long-term graft survival and function."	( Donor-derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with low-dose tacrolimus prevent acute rejection after renal transplantation: a clinical pilot study. Chen, X; Chen, Z; Fang, J; Ke, M; Li, G; Li, X; Liao, D; Liu, L; Ma, J; Pan, G; Peng, Y; Xia, W; Xiang, AP; Xu, L, 2013)	0.63
" A once-daily, modified-release oral formulation of tacrolimus has been developed to simplify dosing and improve medication adherence."	( Improved adherence to tacrolimus once-daily formulation in renal recipients: a randomized controlled trial using electronic monitoring. Dobbels, F; Kanaan, N; Kianda, MN; Kristanto, P; Kuypers, DR; Peeters, PC; Sennesael, JJ; Vanrenterghem, Y; Vrijens, B, 2013)	0.96
" Electronically compiled dosing histories provide detailed data on patient adherence that can be used for efficient medication management."	( Improved adherence to tacrolimus once-daily formulation in renal recipients: a randomized controlled trial using electronic monitoring. Dobbels, F; Kanaan, N; Kianda, MN; Kristanto, P; Kuypers, DR; Peeters, PC; Sennesael, JJ; Vanrenterghem, Y; Vrijens, B, 2013)	0.7
" Full pharmacokinetic profiles of sirolimus within a single dosing interval were collected."	( Sirolimus pharmacokinetics in early postmyeloablative pediatric blood and marrow transplantation. Bunin, N; Goyal, RK; Grupp, SA; Han, K; Mada, SR; Pulsipher, MA; Venkataramanan, R; Wall, DA, 2013)	0.39
" In a comparison of the relative potency of each drug at different dosing ranges, tacrolimus had the strongest Th1 inhibitory effect (median inhibition of interferon-γ at 97."	( Comparison of the effect of standard and novel immunosuppressive drugs on CMV-specific T-cell cytokine profiling. Broscheit, C; Egli, A; Humar, A; Kumar, D; O'Shea, D, 2013)	0.62
" The clinical titration of dosage to maintain whole blood tacrolimus trough concentrations in the usual therapeutic range can lead to elevated unbound concentrations and possibly toxicity in pregnant women with anemia and hypoalbuminemia."	( Interpreting tacrolimus concentrations during pregnancy and postpartum. Davis, CL; Easterling, TR; Hays, K; Hebert, MF; Miodovnik, M; Shen, DD; Thummel, KE; Umans, JG; Zheng, S, 2013)	1
" Our aim was to test whether the DeKAF dosing algorithm could predict estimated tacrolimus clearance in renal transplant recipients at our centre."	( A published pharmacogenetic algorithm was poorly predictive of tacrolimus clearance in an independent cohort of renal transplant recipients. Borgulya, G; Boughton, O; Cecconi, M; Fredericks, S; MacPhee, IA; Moreton-Clack, M, 2013)	0.86
"Demographic characteristics, concomitant medications, tacrolimus dosing information, and steady-state venous whole blood specimen values after tacrolimus administration were collected."	( Sublingual tacrolimus: a pharmacokinetic evaluation pilot study. Amann, S; Aull, M; Benkert, S; Cremers, S; Dadhania, D; Delfin, M; Kapur, S; Levine, D; Saal, S; Tsapepas, D, 2013)	1.03
" When the rapamycin dosage is limiting, mTOR inhibition of S6K phosphorylation can be enhanced by FKBP51 overexpression in mammalian cells, whereas FKBP12 is dispensable."	( Large FK506-binding proteins shape the pharmacology of rapamycin. Bracher, A; Fabian, AK; Hausch, F; Kozany, C; März, AM, 2013)	0.39
"Mizoribine (MZR) was approved in 1984 in Japan for the suppression of rejection in renal transplantation with an approved administration dosage of 1-3 mg/kg/day."	( Randomized comparative trial of mizoribine versus mycophenolate mofetil in combination with tacrolimus for living donor renal transplantation. Akiyama, T; Amada, N; Takahara, S; Takahashi, K; Tanabe, K; Toma, H; Uchida, K, 2013)	0.61
" To reduce this incidence, in most studies, induction therapy with depleting anti-T-lymphocyte antibodies is coupled with a reduction of the dosage of the calcineurin inhibitor."	( Effect of a single intraoperative high-dose ATG-Fresenius on delayed graft function in donation after cardiac-death donor renal allograft recipients: a randomized study. Abrahams, AC; Hilbrands, LB; Hoitsma, AJ; Kho, MM; Sanders, JS; van den Hoogen, MW; van Dijk, M; van Zuilen, AD; Weimar, W, 2013)	0.39
" A dosing equation was fit based on above data with CYP3A5 genotype and diltiazem co-administration as variables."	( Individualization of tacrolimus dosage basing on cytochrome P450 3A5 polymorphism--a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Chen, SY; Fu, Q; Huang, M; Li, J; Li, JL; Liu, LS; Liu, T; Meng, FH; Wang, CX; Wang, XD, )	0.45
" In a suspected case, the doctor was recommended to discontinue, decrease the dosage or keep the drug under observation; and a follow-up of the patient's platelet count was made in order to classify the relationship between the drug and thrombocytopenia."	( [Incidence of drug-induced thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients]. Álvarez-Arroyo, L; Delgado-Sánchez, O; Seco-Melantuche, R, )	0.13
" The doctor was recommended to discontinue the drug (2), decrease the dosage (3) or keep it under observation (3), with 100% acceptance."	( [Incidence of drug-induced thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients]. Álvarez-Arroyo, L; Delgado-Sánchez, O; Seco-Melantuche, R, )	0.13
" The aim of this study was to determine the role of CYP3A4FNx011B on tacrolimus dosing and clinical outcome in liver transplant recipients."	( Cytochrome P450 3A4FNx011B as pharmacogenomic predictor of tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and clinical outcome in the liver transplant recipients. Albekairy, A; Alkatheri, A; Fujita, S; Hemming, A; Howard, R; Karlix, J; Reed, A, )	0.61
"A simplified dosing regimen may improve drug compliance in kidney transplant recipients and long-term graft outcomes."	( Once-daily extended-release versus twice-daily standard-release tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review. Chapman, JR; Craig, JC; Ho, ET; Wong, G, 2013)	0.63
" We hypothesize that these differences in dosing requirement may be due to an interethnic polymorphism in the expression of enzymes involved in tacrolimus metabolism."	( Tacrolimus therapeutic drug monitoring in Tunisian renal transplant recipients: effect of post-transplantation period. Aloui, S; Aouam, K; Ben Fredj, N; Boughattas, NA; Chaabane, A; Chadly, Z; Hammouda, M; Skhiri, H, 2013)	2.03
" Determination of the ABCC2 as well as CYP3A5 genotype may be useful for more accurate tacrolimus dosage adjustment."	( Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2) haplotypes significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients. Akhlaghi, F; Chitnis, SD; Christians, U; Gohh, RY; Ogasawara, K, 2013)	0.82
" The selection of the optimum SMEDDS Tac composition might have advantage as an alternative oral dosage form for Tac."	( Pharmacokinetics of a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of tacrolimus. Gruber, M; Hirt, SW; Kunz, W; Lehle, K; Schmid, C; Touraud, D; von Suesskind-Schwendi, M, 2013)	0.63
"The mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor everolimus (Zortress®, Certican®) was recently approved in the USA and a number of EU countries for use in combination with a reduced dosage of tacrolimus and corticosteroids for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in adult liver transplant recipients."	( Everolimus: a guide to its use in liver transplantation. Keating, GM; Lyseng-Williamson, KA, 2013)	0.58
" In clinical practice optimal dosing is difficult to achieve due to important inter- and intraindividual variation in CNI pharmacokinetics."	( From gut to kidney: transporting and metabolizing calcineurin-inhibitors in solid organ transplantation. Knops, N; Kuypers, D; Levtchenko, E; van den Heuvel, B, 2013)	0.39
"Forty-seven patients completed LCP-Tacro dosing per protocol."	( Conversion from twice-daily tacrolimus capsules to once-daily extended-release tacrolimus (LCPT): a phase 2 trial of stable renal transplant recipients. Alloway, RR; Bodziak, K; Bunnapradist, S; Gaber, AO; Kaplan, B, 2013)	0.68
" The greater bioavailability of LCP-Tacro allows for once-daily dosing and similar (AUC) exposure at a dose approximately 30% less than the total daily dose of Prograf."	( Conversion from twice-daily tacrolimus capsules to once-daily extended-release tacrolimus (LCPT): a phase 2 trial of stable renal transplant recipients. Alloway, RR; Bodziak, K; Bunnapradist, S; Gaber, AO; Kaplan, B, 2013)	0.68
" The resulting dosing, taking, and timing compliance rates of the patients were higher during the once-daily dosing period."	( Increased medication compliance of liver transplant patients switched from a twice-daily to a once-daily tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen. Eberlin, M; Krämer, I; Otto, G, )	0.35
" In addition to restricting water intake and administering hypertonic sodium, the tacrolimus dosage was reduced, resulting in alleviation of SIADH."	( Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion induced by tacrolimus following allogeneic cord blood transplantation. Arai, Y; Kadowaki, N; Kitano, T; Kondo, T; Takaori-Kondo, A; Yamashita, K, 2013)	0.85
" On the morning of study Day 8, the total daily doses for patients were converted to Tac-OD on a 1:1 basis and maintained on a once-daily morning dosing regimen."	( Conversion of twice-daily tacrolimus to once-daily tacrolimus formulation in stable pediatric kidney transplant recipients: pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Ahn, S; Ha, IS; Ha, J; Hong, HJ; Kang, HG; Kim, SJ; Kim, SM; Min, SI; Min, SK; Park, DD; Park, T, 2013)	0.69
"A prolonged-release formulation of tacrolimus (Tacrolimus QD) was developed to allow once-daily dosing and to have similar safety and efficacy profiles to twice-daily tacrolimus (Tacrolimus BID)."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and pathology for low-dose tacrolimus once-daily and twice-daily in living kidney transplantation: prospective trial in once-daily versus twice-daily tacrolimus. Honda, K; Ishida, H; Omoto, K; Shimizu, T; Tanabe, K; Tanabe, T; Tsuchiya, T, 2013)	0.91
" Each pharmacokinetic profile consisted of eight blood samples collected during the 12-hour dosing interval."	( Limited sampling strategy of mycophenolic acid in adult kidney transplant recipients: influence of the post-transplant period and the pharmacokinetic profile. Aouam, K; Ben Fredj, N; Boughattas, N; Chaabane, A; Chadly, Z; El May, M; Hammouda, M; Skhiri, H, 2013)	0.39
" Dosage tapering lasted 3-9 months; in one center dose tapering lasted for less than 3 months."	( [Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in Piedmont and the Aosta Valley in Italy: case study and treatment]. Amore, A; Besso, L; Ferro, M; Giacchino, F; Manganaro, M; Quaglia, M; Rollino, C; Savoldi, S, )	0.13
" We conclude that in Caucasian Spanish LT patients, a native or graft-borne CYP3A5*1 allele tends to lower tacrolimus concentrations and increase dosage needs, but has no significant impact on the incidence of BPAR."	( Impact of donor and recipient CYP3A5 and ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms on tacrolimus dosage requirements and rejection in Caucasian Spanish liver transplant patients. Alamo, JM; Brunet, M; Castellote, J; Fondevila, C; Gómez-Bravo, MA; Millán, O; Pons, JA; Rufian, S; Salcedo, M; Suarez, F, 2013)	0.84
" Age and tacrolimus dosage are independent risk factors for new onset diabetes mellitus after transplant in our patients."	( New onset diabetes and impaired fasting glucose after liver transplant: risk analysis and the impact of tacrolimus dose. Eshraghian, A; Janghorban, P; Lankarani, KB; Malek-Hosseini, SA; Nikeghbalian, S, 2014)	1.03
" Outcomes evaluated included the percentage of patients requiring a dosage change, absolute change in average tacrolimus trough level, and frequency of biopsy-proven acute rejection within six months of discharge."	( Clinical outcomes associated with conversion from brand-name to generic tacrolimus in hospitalized kidney transplant recipients. Emre, S; Formica, RN; Heavner, MS; Kulkarni, S; Tichy, EM; Yazdi, M, 2013)	0.83
" There were no significant differences between the brand and generic groups with respect to dosage adjustments required or trough tacrolimus levels at any point in the transition of care."	( Clinical outcomes associated with conversion from brand-name to generic tacrolimus in hospitalized kidney transplant recipients. Emre, S; Formica, RN; Heavner, MS; Kulkarni, S; Tichy, EM; Yazdi, M, 2013)	0.83
" Tacrolimus dosage adjustments were common throughout the transitions of care, regardless of the formulation used."	( Clinical outcomes associated with conversion from brand-name to generic tacrolimus in hospitalized kidney transplant recipients. Emre, S; Formica, RN; Heavner, MS; Kulkarni, S; Tichy, EM; Yazdi, M, 2013)	1.53
"The dosage of immunosuppressants had to be reduced significantly (TAC: 30-fold; CSA 3,5-fold)."	( [HCV reinfection after liver transplantation - management and first experiences with telaprevir-based triple therapy]. Gerken, G; Herzer, K; Jochum, C; Papadopoulos-Köhn, A; Paul, A; Timm, J, 2013)	0.39
" Tacrolimus is the basic immunosuppressant for patients after a liver transplant and thanks to its prolonged-release dosage form, which due to its simplicity and reliability of use, replaces tacrolimus twice daily early after the transplant and in the longterm administration, will apparently, for a while, defend its position."	( [Immunosuppression after liver transplant, now and in future]. Trunečka, P, 2013)	1.3
"We conducted a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial in 187 kidney transplant recipients to evaluate the impact of VGCV dosing and renal function on the development of CMV infection."	( Critical analysis of valganciclovir dosing and renal function on the development of cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplantation. Chavin, K; Chua, E; Pilch, N; Posadas Salas, MA; Taber, DJ; Thomas, B, 2013)	0.39
" VGCV dosing was appropriate for most patients, in those who did and did not develop CMV infection."	( Critical analysis of valganciclovir dosing and renal function on the development of cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplantation. Chavin, K; Chua, E; Pilch, N; Posadas Salas, MA; Taber, DJ; Thomas, B, 2013)	0.39
"Our study confirms the decreased CYP3A4 activity toward Tac for CYP3A4*22 carriers early after transplantation and provides evidence for refining genotype-based dosage by adding the CYP3A4*22 genotype information to the CYP3A5*3 allelic status."	( Impact of CYP3A4*22 allele on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in early period after renal transplantation: toward updated genotype-based dosage guidelines. Capron, A; De Meyer, M; De Pauw, L; Eddour, DC; Elens, L; Haufroid, V; Latinne, D; Mourad, M; van Schaik, RH; Wallemacq, P, 2013)	0.68
"The concentration of tacrolimus was detected by enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique, and was adjusted by weight and dosage to C/D ratios."	( [Association of CYP3A5 and MDR1 genetic polymorphisms with the blood concentration of tacrolimus in Chinese liver and renal transplant recipients]. Liang, DR; Liang, MZ; Miao, J; Sun, JY; Wang, XG; Wang, YP; Zou, YG, 2013)	0.93
" Modern dosing of glucocorticoid-free immunosuppression with low-dose tacrolimus and sirolimus does not induce insulin resistance in this population."	( Improvement in insulin sensitivity after human islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes. Dalton-Bakes, C; Ferguson, JF; Fuller, C; Kong, SM; Naji, A; Reilly, MP; Rickels, MR; Teff, KL, 2013)	0.62
"The aims of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in adult kidney transplant recipients, to use this model to compare cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) genotype-based initial dosing of tacrolimus with standard per-kilogram-based dosing, and to predict the best starting dose of tacrolimus based on patient genotype to achieve a trough concentration between 6 and 10 µg/L by day 5 posttransplantation."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in adult kidney transplant patients: impact of CYP3A5 genotype on starting dose. Barraclough, KA; Bergmann, TK; Hennig, S; Isbel, NM; Staatz, CE, 2014)	0.92
" Tacrolimus dosing regimens were compared by predicting tacrolimus trough concentrations in a simulated data set by running NONMEM with population parameters fixed at the final model estimates."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in adult kidney transplant patients: impact of CYP3A5 genotype on starting dose. Barraclough, KA; Bergmann, TK; Hennig, S; Isbel, NM; Staatz, CE, 2014)	1.6
" In a recent study in adults, POR*28 was associated with increased dosing requirements early after transplant of CYP3A5-expressing kidney transplant recipients."	( P450 oxidoreductase *28 (POR*28) and tacrolimus disposition in pediatric kidney transplant recipients--a pilot study. de Wildt, SN; Gijsen, VM; Koren, G; Nulman, I; Soldin, OP; Soldin, SJ; van Schaik, RH, 2014)	0.68
"Following organ engraftment, initial dosing of tacrolimus is based on recipient weight and adjusted by measured C(0) concentrations."	( Inclusion of CYP3A5 genotyping in a nonparametric population model improves dosing of tacrolimus early after transplantation. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Hartmann, A; Jelliffe, R; Midtvedt, K; Neely, MN; Størset, E; van Guilder, M, 2013)	0.87
" Developed model demonstrates the feasibility of estimation of individual tacrolimus clearance and may allow rational individualization of tacrolimus dosing in kidney transplant patients."	( Total plasma protein effect on tacrolimus elimination in kidney transplant patients--population pharmacokinetic approach. Golubović, B; Kovačević, SV; Miljković, B; Prostran, M; Radivojević, D; Vučićević, K, 2014)	0.92
" A randomised controlled study in kidney transplant recipients has demonstrated that a CYP3A5 genotype-based approach to tacrolimus dosing leads to more patients reaching the target concentration early after transplantation."	( The role of pharmacogenetics in the disposition of and response to tacrolimus in solid organ transplantation. Bouamar, R; Elens, L; Hesselink, DA; van Gelder, T; van Schaik, RH, 2014)	0.85
"Because LC-MRM-MS is commonly used in routine clinical dosage of drugs, this CN activity assay could be applied, with parallel blood drug concentration monitoring, to a large panel of patients to reevaluate the validity of PBMC CN activity monitoring."	( Calcineurin activity assay measurement by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Carr, L; Essig, M; Gagez, AL; Gastinel, LN; Marquet, P; Sauvage, FL, 2014)	0.4
" Physical examinations, hematology, urine analysis and serum chemistry tests were performed at screening and before dosing in each period and at end of the study."	( Prograf five milligrams versus Tacrolimus medis in healthy volunteers: a bioequivalence study. Attia, M; Baassoumi, D; Bellahirich, W; Boujbel, L; Masri, M; Matha, V; Rizk, S, 2013)	0.68
" To achieve these levels, AA RTRs require a significantly higher dosage of TAC compared to C patients (5."	( African American renal transplant recipients (RTR) require higher tacrolimus doses to achieve target levels compared to white RTR: does clotrimazole help? Dayton, M; Feng, L; Kohli, R; Laftavi, MR; Nader, N; Pankewycz, O; Patel, S; Said, M, 2013)	0.63
" Sudden hearing loss occurred under high serum levels of tacrolimus, and after dosage correction of tacrolimus pure-tone audiometry ruled out hearing loss progression for each patient."	( Sudden hearing loss associated with tacrolimus after pediatric renal transplant. Aydin, E; Baskin, E; Bayrakci, U; Gulleroglu, K; Haberal, M; Moray, G; Ozluoglu, L, 2013)	0.91
" In transplant recipients not infected with HIV, tacrolimus (TAC) trough levels (C0) or cyclosporine (CsA) drawn at C0 or 2 hours after dosing (C2) correlate with drug exposure (area under the curve [AUC]/dose) and outcomes."	( Best single time point correlations with AUC for cyclosporine and tacrolimus in HIV-infected kidney and liver transplant recipients. Barin, B; Benet, LZ; Browne, M; Frassetto, LA; Roland, M; Stock, PG; Tan-Tam, CC; Wolfe, AR, 2014)	0.89
" Genotyping is an attractive option especially for the initiation of the dosing of tacrolimus; also, unlike phenotypic tests, the genotype is a stable characteristic that needs to be determined only once for any given gene."	( Pharmacogenetic considerations for optimizing tacrolimus dosing in liver and kidney transplant patients. D'Alessandro, N; Labbozzetta, M; Mathis, E; Notarbartolo, M; Polidori, C; Polidori, P; Poma, P; Provenzani, A; Santeusanio, A; Vizzini, G, 2013)	0.87
" Therefore, the CYP3A5 genotype of Chinese pediatric recipients (intestine) as well as donors (graft liver) was performed for the purpose of establishing an optimal dosage regimen in children."	( CYP3A5 genotypes affect tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and infectious complications in Chinese pediatric liver transplant patients. Chen, Y; Han, L; Li, Q; Streicher, K; Xi, Z; Xia, Q; Xia, Y; Xu, N; Xue, F; Zhang, J, 2014)	0.71
" Groups A and C received standard maintenance dosing with tacrolimus (TAC), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and corticosteroids."	( Randomized trial of three induction antibodies in kidney transplantation: long-term results. Burke, GW; Chen, L; Ciancio, G; Flores, S; Gaynor, JJ; Guerra, G; Hanson, L; Kupin, W; Mattiazzi, A; Roth, D; Sageshima, J; Tueros, L; Vianna, R, 2014)	0.65
" Ad hoc analysis suggested that the inferior results in group B were specifically a result of reduced dosing and greater withholding of TAC and MMF occurring in that group."	( Randomized trial of three induction antibodies in kidney transplantation: long-term results. Burke, GW; Chen, L; Ciancio, G; Flores, S; Gaynor, JJ; Guerra, G; Hanson, L; Kupin, W; Mattiazzi, A; Roth, D; Sageshima, J; Tueros, L; Vianna, R, 2014)	0.4
" Fifty-seven patients completed LCP-Tacro dosing in the core study; 43 completed the extension phase."	( Conversion from twice daily tacrolimus capsules to once daily extended-release tacrolimus (LCP-Tacro): phase 2 trial of stable liver transplant recipients. Alloway, RR; Eckhoff, DE; Teperman, LW; Washburn, WK, 2014)	0.7
"A prospective, stratified observational study based on therapeutic drug monitoring of MPA (6 total plasma concentrations over a 12-hour dosing interval, τ) in consecutive stable adult renal transplant recipients (n = 68)."	( Effect of cyclosporine on steady-state pharmacokinetics of MPA in renal transplant recipients is not affected by the MPA formulation: analysis based on therapeutic drug monitoring data. Božina, N; Granić, P; Lalić, Z; Lebo, A; Lovrić, M; Nađ-Škegro, S; Pasini, J; Trkulja, V, 2014)	0.4
"Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressant drug, presents a narrow therapeutic window and a large pharmacokinetic variability with poor correlation between drug dosing regimen and blood concentration."	( Determination of the most influential sources of variability in tacrolimus trough blood concentrations in adult liver transplant recipients: a bottom-up approach. Blanchet, B; Conti, F; Durand, F; Duvoux, C; Gérard, C; Hulin, A; Stocco, J; Tod, M; Verstuyft, C, 2014)	2.08
" Pemphigus activity scores, the time that new bulla formation stopped, the time corticosteroid was tapered, cumulative steroid dosage and medication side effects were analyzed."	( Assessment of the adjuvant effect of tacrolimus in the management of pemphigus vulgaris: A randomized controlled trial. Baghernejhad, M; Dastgheib, L; Sadati, MS, 2015)	0.69
" The administration of tacrolimus (1 mg) was started as the dosage of oral glucocorticoids was tapered."	( Paradoxical response to disseminated non-tuberculosis mycobacteriosis treatment in a patient receiving tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor: a case report. Imamura, Y; Izumikawa, K; Kakeya, H; Kohno, S; Miyazaki, T; Nakamura, S; Takazono, T; Yanagihara, K, 2014)	0.71
" After reaching steady state, regimen stabilized and dosage was adjusted in accordance with the level of Tac."	( Gender-dependent predictable pharmacokinetic method for tacrolimus exposure monitoring in kidney transplant patients. Catic-Djordjevic, A; Cvetkovic, T; Mikov, M; Mitic, B; Paunovic, G; Stefanovic, N; Velickovic-Radovanovic, R, 2015)	0.66
" Drugs with extended release action have simplified medication dosing without affecting efficacy."	( An observational study evaluating tacrolimus dose, exposure, and medication adherence after conversion from twice- to once-daily tacrolimus in liver and kidney transplant recipients. Bäckman, L; Persson, CA, 2014)	0.68
" The change in dosing frequency was identified as "better" for 55%."	( An observational study evaluating tacrolimus dose, exposure, and medication adherence after conversion from twice- to once-daily tacrolimus in liver and kidney transplant recipients. Bäckman, L; Persson, CA, 2014)	0.68
" Safety and efficacy were maintained; reduced dosing frequency had no apparent influence on patient-reported medication adherence."	( An observational study evaluating tacrolimus dose, exposure, and medication adherence after conversion from twice- to once-daily tacrolimus in liver and kidney transplant recipients. Bäckman, L; Persson, CA, 2014)	0.68
"The results support the use of pre-transplant CYP3A5 genotyping to improve initial dosing of Tac, and suggest that Tac dosing may be further individualized by additional POR and PPARA genotyping."	( The influence of CYP3A, PPARA, and POR genetic variants on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in renal transplant recipients. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Christensen, H; Dahl, M; Lunde, I; Midtvedt, K; Mohebi, B, 2014)	0.63
" Cyclosporine dosing was adjusted with intensive therapeutic drug monitoring of blood cyclosporine levels."	( Once-daily oral administration of cyclosporine in a lung transplant patient with a history of renal toxicity of calcineurin inhibitors. Chen, F; Date, H; Matsuda, Y; Miyata, H, 2014)	0.4
" Daily CsA dosage, CsA baseline (C0 ) and 2 h (C2 ) concentrations were comparable (CsA dosage 169 mg/day vs."	( Reduced residual gene expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells-regulated genes correlates with the risk of cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation. Giese, T; Hinz, U; Sandig, C; Sommerer, C; Steinebrunner, N; Stremmel, W; Zahn, A, 2014)	0.4
" The dosage of EC-MPS was the same (1440 mg/day) in the two groups."	( Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus combined with enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium influence the plasma mycophenolic acid concentration - a randomised controlled trial in Chinese live related donor kidney transplant recipients. Chen, JH; Chen, Y; Huang, HF; Shen-Tu, JZ; Xie, WQ; Yao, X, 2014)	0.73
"Combined with the same EC-MPS dosage (1440 mg/day), the MPA-AUC0-12 of the Tac group was higher than that of the CsA group, and the Tac group had a longer MRT after kidney transplantation."	( Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus combined with enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium influence the plasma mycophenolic acid concentration - a randomised controlled trial in Chinese live related donor kidney transplant recipients. Chen, JH; Chen, Y; Huang, HF; Shen-Tu, JZ; Xie, WQ; Yao, X, 2014)	0.73
" The patient's tacrolimus trough levels rose rapidly over the course of 6 days from less than 2 ng/ml to 23 ng/ml, despite oral tacrolimus dosage adjustments."	( Toxic tacrolimus levels after application of topical tacrolimus and use of occlusive dressings in two bone marrow transplant recipients with cutaneous graft-versus-host disease. McCarthy, PL; Olson, KA; West, K, 2014)	1.24
" Anemia and ribavirin dosage reduction were common."	( Telaprevir in treatment of recurrent hepatitis C infection in liver transplant recipients. Nair, S; Waters, B, 2014)	0.4
"Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and subsequent dosage adjustment for individual patients in the treatment with tacrolimus are required after liver transplantation to prevent rejection and over-immunosuppression, which leads to severe infection and adverse reactions including nephrotoxicity."	( Assessment of four methodologies (microparticle enzyme immunoassay, chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay, affinity column-mediated immunoassay, and flow injection assay-tandem mass spectrometry) for measuring tacrolimus blood concentration in Japanese live Fujimoto, Y; Hashi, S; Kaido, T; Kikuchi, M; Masuda, S; Matsubara, K; Ogawa, K; Omura, T; Uemoto, S; Uesugi, M; Yano, I; Yonezawa, A, 2014)	0.8
" Concordance analysis between the methods was performed covering dosage target ranges of 8-10, 6-8, 4-6 ng/mL currently used at our center."	( Transplant patient classification and tacrolimus assays: more evidence of the need for assay standardization. Agrawal, YP; Cid, M; Jaikaran, R; Levine, DM; Parker, TS; Westgard, S, 2014)	0.67
" The method of administration and frequency of dosage of belatacept also lends itself well to the high-risk period of adolescence and transition."	( Use of belatacept to maintain adequate early immunosuppression in calcineurin-mediated microangiopathic hemolysis post-renal transplant. Baines, L; Brown, A; Reynolds, BC; Talbot, D, 2014)	0.4
" Data were analyzed to evaluate changes in mycophenolic acid (MPA) dosing over time in 904 de novo kidney transplant recipients receiving enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS, n = 616) or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, n = 288) with tacrolimus."	( Long-term dosing patterns of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium or mycophenolate mofetil with tacrolimus after renal transplantation. Chan, L; Doria, C; Langone, A; McCague, K; Pankewycz, O; Shihab, F; Wiland, A, 2014)	0.8
"Although the scarcity of clinical trials with de-novo immunosuppression has been typical over the last 2 years, several attempts have been made in drug conversion, dosing optimization, and bioequivalence."	( Recent trials in immunosuppression and their consequences for current therapy. Viklicky, O; Wohlfahrtova, M, 2014)	0.4
" Limited published information exists regarding tacrolimus dosing when transitioning from voriconazole to itraconazole."	( Tacrolimus dosage requirements in lung transplant recipients receiving antifungal prophylaxis with voriconazole followed by itraconazole: a preliminary prospective study. Enderby, CY; Heckman, MG; Keller, CA; Thomas, CS, 2014)	2.1
"Tacrolimus dosage adjustments were not necessary when converting from voriconazole to itraconazole."	( Tacrolimus dosage requirements in lung transplant recipients receiving antifungal prophylaxis with voriconazole followed by itraconazole: a preliminary prospective study. Enderby, CY; Heckman, MG; Keller, CA; Thomas, CS, 2014)	3.29
" However, comparable data regarding clinical outcomes in HTx recipients receiving EVL either with dosage reduction of cyclosporine A (CSA) or with dosage reduction of tacrolimus (TAC) is scarce."	( Clinical outcome in heart transplant recipients receiving everolimus in combination with dosage reduction of the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A or tacrolimus. Ensminger, SM; Fuchs, U; Gummert, JF; Schulz, U; Zittermann, A, 2014)	0.8
" The immunosuppression dosing in conjunction with azole use at discharge was analyzed to develop a dosing algorithm dependent on whether fluconazole, posaconazole, or voriconazole was used."	( Dosing algorithm for concomitant administration of sirolimus, tacrolimus, and an azole after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Fung, HC; Peksa, GD; Schultz, K, 2015)	0.66
"Dose reductions of 50-75% for both sirolimus and tacrolimus, in combination with standard dosing of azole antifungal agents, were necessary to achieve therapeutic drug concentrations for immunosuppressants and potentially avoid toxicities."	( Dosing algorithm for concomitant administration of sirolimus, tacrolimus, and an azole after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Fung, HC; Peksa, GD; Schultz, K, 2015)	0.91
" Serum concentration of immunosuppressive drug was followed by its oral dosage and endomyocardial biopsy results."	( Comparison of conventional tacrolimus versus prolong release formula as initial therapy in heart transplantation. Baszyńska-Wachowiak, H; Jemielity, M; Ligowski, M; Misterski, M; Straburzyńska-Migaj, E; Urbanowicz, T, 2014)	0.7
" This work advocates the avoidance of unnecessary high CNI dosing and puts forward new arguments for MPA concentration monitoring."	( Exposure to mycophenolic acid better predicts immunosuppressive efficacy than exposure to calcineurin inhibitors in renal transplant patients. Alain, S; Daher Abdi, Z; Essig, M; Garnier, F; Le Meur, Y; Marquet, P; Munteanu, E; Prémaud, A; Rousseau, A, 2014)	0.4
" The developed optimal sampling strategies will allow the undertaking of prospective trials to define the tacrolimus AUC-based therapeutic window and dosing guidelines in this population."	( Population pharmacokinetics and Bayesian estimation of tacrolimus exposure in paediatric liver transplant recipients. Alvarez, F; Beaunoyer, M; Delaloye, JR; Kassir, N; Labbé, L; Lallier, M; Lapeyraque, AL; Litalien, C; Mouksassi, MS; Théorêt, Y, 2014)	0.86
"Although the once-daily formulation of tacrolimus (ADVAGRAF) is approved in renal transplantation to be used immediately after surgery, conventional twice-daily formulation offers better flexibility to adjust the dosage of tacrolimus during the initial period of transplantation."	( Early conversion from twice-daily tacrolimus to once-daily extended formulation in renal transplant patients before hospital discharge. Alamartine, E; Jannot, M; Mariat, C; Masson, I, 2014)	0.95
" The dosage of MMF was initially 2,000 mg/day, but was reduced to 500 mg/day due to diarrhea 10 days before the operation."	( [Perioperative agranulocytosis induced by immunosuppressants in a renal graft recipient : a case report]. Inoue, T; Kamba, T; Kobayashi, T; Matsui, Y; Matsumoto, K; Murakami, K; Negoro, H; Ogawa, O; Okubo, K; Sugino, Y; Terada, N; Yamasaki, T; Yoshimura, K, 2014)	0.4
" However, both single and multiple dosing treatments of SC alcoholic extract remarkably decreased the in vivo metabolism of tacrolimus indicated by the enhanced AUC (7-12 fold) and elevated Cmax (10 fold)."	( Multifaceted interaction of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Schisandra chinensis with cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism in rats. Hu, J; Li, Y; Wang, B; Yang, S, 2014)	0.61
" Clarithromycin (CLM) increases the blood trough level of Tac, effectively reducing the Tac dosage in human transplant patients."	( Preliminary study of interaction of clarithromycin with tacrolimus in cats. Katayama, M; Okamura, Y; Shimamura, S; Ushio, T; Uzuka, Y, 2014)	0.65
"Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG) is commonly used as an induction therapy in renal transplant recipients, but the ideal dosage in tacrolimus-based early steroid withdrawal protocols has not been established."	( Immunophenotyping and efficacy of low dose ATG in non-sensitized kidney recipients undergoing early steroid withdrawal: a randomized pilot study. Azzi, J; Gilligan, H; Grafals, M; Hamill, K; Marangos, E; Murakami, N; Najafian, N; Pomfret, EA; Pomposelli, JJ; Riella, LV; Simpson, MA; Smith, B; Trabucco, A, 2014)	0.61
" Only on day 3 and day 4 after transplant, a significant higher adjustment in the ADV dosage was necessary to achieve sufficient TAC trough levels."	( De novo Prograf versus de novo Advagraf: are trough level profile curves similar? Chmel, R; Fehervari, I; Gaal, I; Gaman, G; Langer, RM; Mathe, Z; Sarvary, E; Telkes, G; Varga, M; Wagner, L, )	0.13
" Twenty four hours ERPF and GFR estimated by para-aminohippurate and sinistrin clearance were performed at baseline and at the end of each 10-day dosing period."	( A randomized cross-over comparison of short-term exposure of once-daily extended release tacrolimus and twice-daily tacrolimus on renal function in healthy volunteers. Cherney, DZ; Lai, V; Moon, KH; Schulz, MZ; Zaltzman, JS, 2014)	0.62
" The developed model could be useful to optimize individual pediatric TAC dosing regimen in routine clinical practice."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus early after Chinese pediatric liver transplantation. Li, WZ; Liao, SS; Qu, W; Rao, W; Sun, LY; Sun, XY; Yang, JW; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y; Zhu, LQ, 2015)	0.69
"The PPK model developed provides reliable prior information for Bayesian adaptive control of dosage regimens of tacrolimus to achieve the desired AUC goals in stable renal transplant patients."	( Development of a population PK model of tacrolimus for adaptive dosage control in stable kidney transplant patients. Andreu, F; Colom, H; Cruzado, JM; Grinyó, JM; Lloberas, N; Torras, J, 2015)	0.9
"In the present study, we first detected the serum and renal ET-1 level of rats treated by tacrolimus and found strong positive correlations were existed between the ET-1 level and the tacrolimus dosage and treated time."	( Ambrisentan improves the outcome of rats with liver transplantation partially through reducing nephrotoxicity. Ding, GS; Fu, H; Fu, ZR; Gao, XG; Guo, WY; Han, QC; Ma, J; Ni, ZJ; Shi, XM; Song, SH; Wang, ZX; Zhang, L; Zou, Y, 2014)	0.62
"This study investigated the relationship between serum TARC levels and the dosage of topical agents, including corticosteroids and/or tacrolimus, in patients with AD."	( Reduction of serum TARC levels in atopic dermatitis by topical anti-inflammatory treatments. Abe, T; Furue, M; Hagihara, A; Kido-Nakahara, M; Kohda, F; Nakahara, T; Takeuchi, S; Yasukochi, Y, 2014)	0.61
" The weekly reduction in serum TARC levels and weekly dosage of topical agents among AD patients were compared and their associations were evaluated."	( Reduction of serum TARC levels in atopic dermatitis by topical anti-inflammatory treatments. Abe, T; Furue, M; Hagihara, A; Kido-Nakahara, M; Kohda, F; Nakahara, T; Takeuchi, S; Yasukochi, Y, 2014)	0.4
"The dosage of topical agents was closely related to serum TARC levels."	( Reduction of serum TARC levels in atopic dermatitis by topical anti-inflammatory treatments. Abe, T; Furue, M; Hagihara, A; Kido-Nakahara, M; Kohda, F; Nakahara, T; Takeuchi, S; Yasukochi, Y, 2014)	0.4
"Serum TARC level improvement and topical agent dosage are strongly correlated."	( Reduction of serum TARC levels in atopic dermatitis by topical anti-inflammatory treatments. Abe, T; Furue, M; Hagihara, A; Kido-Nakahara, M; Kohda, F; Nakahara, T; Takeuchi, S; Yasukochi, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Dosage and trough concentration/dose ratios were considered separately."	( Which Genetic Determinants Should be Considered for Tacrolimus Dose Optimization in Kidney Transplantation? A Combined Analysis of Genes Affecting the CYP3A Locus. Borst, C; Bruckmueller, H; Caliebe, A; Cascorbi, I; Feldkamp, T; Kunzendorf, U; Renders, L; Tepel, M; Werk, AN, 2015)	0.67
" These results strongly suggest that CYP3A5 genotyping both in recipient and donor, not ABCB1 or ACE is necessary for establishing a personalized TAC dosage regimen in pediatric liver transplant patients."	( Personalized tacrolimus dose requirement by CYP3A5 but not ABCB1 or ACE genotyping in both recipient and donor after pediatric liver transplantation. Chen, YK; Han, LZ; Lu, J; Shen, CH; Xia, Q; Xue, F; Yang, TH; Zhang, JJ, 2014)	0.77
" Larger prospective studies need to address the clinical relevance of early combined genotype-based tacrolimus dosing in de-novo renal recipients."	( Combined effects of CYP3A5*1, POR*28, and CYP3A4*22 single nucleotide polymorphisms on early concentration-controlled tacrolimus exposure in de-novo renal recipients. Coopmans, T; de Jonge, H; de Loor, H; Kuypers, DR; Naesens, M, 2014)	0.83
" Large interindividual variability and narrow therapeutic index make dosage individualisation mandatory in children."	( Choosing the right dose of tacrolimus. Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Lancia, P; Zhao, W, 2015)	0.71
" The result from the present investigation indicates that STELLA® when coupled with biorelevant dissolution media can predict the in vivo performance of the drug product with prediction error less than 20% irrespective of the dosage form (immediate release versus modified release) and BCS Classification."	( Prediction of in vivo drug performance using in vitro dissolution coupled with STELLA: a study with selected drug products. Aggarwal, D; Chakraborty, S; Yadav, L, 2015)	0.42
"Plasma concentration monitoring is commonly used to adjust immunosuppressant dosage in transplant recipients, but adjustment is often based on clinical experience rather than rigorous quantitative indicators."	( Retrospective evaluation of the effect of mycophenolate mofetil dosage on survival of kidney grafts based on biopsy results. Chen, JS; Cheng, DP; Cheng, DR; Ji, SM; Li, X; Liu, ZH; Ni, XF; Wen, JQ; Xie, KN, 2014)	0.4
"We examined the effect of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dosage on graft survival by pathologic and immunologic analysis of 88 kidney recipients who were given a postoperative immunosuppressive regimen of tacrolimus (FK506), MMF, and corticosteroids."	( Retrospective evaluation of the effect of mycophenolate mofetil dosage on survival of kidney grafts based on biopsy results. Chen, JS; Cheng, DP; Cheng, DR; Ji, SM; Li, X; Liu, ZH; Ni, XF; Wen, JQ; Xie, KN, 2014)	0.59
"These results indicate the importance of using an appropriate dosage of MMF in kidney transplant recipients."	( Retrospective evaluation of the effect of mycophenolate mofetil dosage on survival of kidney grafts based on biopsy results. Chen, JS; Cheng, DP; Cheng, DR; Ji, SM; Li, X; Liu, ZH; Ni, XF; Wen, JQ; Xie, KN, 2014)	0.4
"Amended dosing with a simple bottom-up de novo algorithm is presented."	( Delayed bottom-up and amended simple method of dosing with once-daily tacrolimus application to achieve stable trough levels in liver transplantation. Ayik, C; Bechstein, WO; Mönch, C; Schnitzbauer, AA; Ulrich, F, 2015)	0.65
" Standard steroid-free immunosuppression consisted of MMF 2 g/d, basiliximab 20 mg on day 0 and 4, and delayed bottom-up IS with TacOD starting with 1 mg/d and doubling the dosage every day until target trough levels of 5 to 8 ng/ml were reached."	( Delayed bottom-up and amended simple method of dosing with once-daily tacrolimus application to achieve stable trough levels in liver transplantation. Ayik, C; Bechstein, WO; Mönch, C; Schnitzbauer, AA; Ulrich, F, 2015)	0.65
"This is the first report of bottom-up, amended, and simple dosing of TacOD in LT."	( Delayed bottom-up and amended simple method of dosing with once-daily tacrolimus application to achieve stable trough levels in liver transplantation. Ayik, C; Bechstein, WO; Mönch, C; Schnitzbauer, AA; Ulrich, F, 2015)	0.65
" Alternative monitoring strategies, focusing on the pharmacodynamics of CNIs, could help to personalize drug dosing and optimize the treatment with CNIs."	( Relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of calcineurin inhibitors in renal transplant patients. Albring, A; Engler, H; Harz, N; Kribben, A; Lindemann, M; Schedlowski, M; Wendt, L; Wilde, B; Witzke, O, 2015)	0.42
" These findings illustrate that the HSD11B1 genotypes are closely correlated with tacrolimus trough concentrations, suggesting that these polymorphisms may be useful for safer dosing of tacrolimus."	( Associations of HSD11B1 polymorphisms with tacrolimus concentrations in Chinese renal transplant recipients with prednisone combined therapy. Fu, Q; Huang, M; Li, J; Liu, S; Liu, X; Wang, C; Wang, H; Wang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhu, C, 2015)	0.91
"While CYP3A5 polymorphisms are used to predict the initial dosage of tacrolimus therapy, the predictive capability of genetic information for dosing at early stage post-renal transplantation is unknown."	( Capability of utilizing CYP3A5 polymorphisms to predict therapeutic dosage of tacrolimus at early stage post-renal transplantation. Habuchi, T; Inoue, T; Kagaya, H; Miura, M; Niioka, T; Numakura, K; Saito, M; Satoh, S, 2015)	0.88
" Another study of patients with end-stage renal disease identified a similar sublingual:oral dosing ratio of 1:2."	( Sublingual tacrolimus as an alternative to oral administration for solid organ transplant recipients. Park, JM; Pennington, CA, 2015)	0.81
" Dosing must be individualized, taking into consideration concomitant interacting medications, and adjusted to target levels based on therapeutic drug monitoring."	( Sublingual tacrolimus as an alternative to oral administration for solid organ transplant recipients. Park, JM; Pennington, CA, 2015)	0.81
" Although no change in lymphedema was observed after 21 months despite dosage reduced, it improved markedly after changeover to tacrolimus."	( [Sirolimus-induced lymphedema in a kidney-transplant recipient: Partial recovery after changeover to tacrolimus]. Al Gain, M; Azeroual, L; Bejar, C; Chen, L; Crickx, B; Descamps, V; Marinho, E, 2015)	0.84
"DIAMOND: multicenter, 24-week, randomized trial investigating the effect of different once-daily, prolonged-release tacrolimus dosing regimens on renal function after de novo liver transplantation."	( Renal Function in De Novo Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving Different Prolonged-Release Tacrolimus Regimens-The DIAMOND Study. Bechstein, WO; Brown, M; Friman, S; Isoniemi, H; Klempnauer, J; Mönch, C; Pirenne, J; Rostaing, L; Settmacher, U; Tisone, G; TruneČka, P; Undre, N; Zhao, A, 2015)	0.85
" The results suggest that cyclosporine and tacrolimus doses and dosing frequency should be reduced in HCV-infected posttransplant patients being treated with this 3-DAA regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and dose recommendations for cyclosporine and tacrolimus when coadministered with ABT-450, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir. Awni, W; Badri, P; Bernstein, B; Coakley, E; Cohen, D; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, R; Podsadecki, T, 2015)	0.92
" The dosage and time of therapy need to be explored in the future; additional studies of large samples are needed."	( BK Virus-Associated Nephropathy with Plasma Cell-Rich Infiltrates Treated by Bortezomib-Based Regimen. Chen, JS; Cheng, DR; Ji, SM; Li, X; Liu, ZH; Wen, JQ; Wu, D; Xie, KN; Zhang, MC, 2015)	0.42
" We summarize evidence from the published literature supporting this association and provide dosing recommendations for tacrolimus based on CYP3A5 genotype when known (updates at www."	( Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for CYP3A5 Genotype and Tacrolimus Dosing. Barbarino, JM; Birdwell, KA; Caudle, KE; Decker, B; He, Y; Klein, TE; Leeder, JS; MacPhee, IA; Peterson, JF; Sadee, W; Stein, CM; Swen, JJ; Thummel, KE; van Schaik, R; Vinks, AA; Wang, D, 2015)	0.84
"The primary objective was to analyze the initial tacrolimus concentrations achieved in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients using the institutional dosing strategy of 1 mg IV daily initiated on day +5."	( Factors associated with optimized tacrolimus dosing in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bolaños-Meade, J; Brown, VT; Bryk, AW; Butts, AR; McBride, LD, 2016)	0.97
"Tacrolimus dosing to establish therapeutic levels in recipients of organ transplants is a challenging task because of much interpatient and intrapatient variability in drug absorption, metabolism, and disposition."	( Gut microbiota and tacrolimus dosing in kidney transplantation. Dadhania, D; Jenq, RR; Lee, JR; Ling, L; Muthukumar, T; Pamer, E; Suthanthiran, M; Taur, Y; Toussaint, NC, 2015)	2.19
" Blood concentrations of tacrolimus and its major metabolite 13-O-demethylate at 12h after dosing were determined."	( ABCB1 genetic variant and its associated tacrolimus pharmacokinetics affect renal function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Aoki, Y; Hirano, K; Kagawa, Y; Kawakami, J; Mino, Y; Naito, T; Ogawa, N; Shimoyama, K, 2015)	0.99
" It allowed the design of a proposed dosage based on the final model that is expected to help to improve tacrolimus dosing."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus in Mexican paediatric renal transplant patients: role of CYP3A5 genotype and formulation. Castañeda-Hernández, G; García-Roca, P; Jacobo-Cabral, CO; Medeiros, M; Reyes, H; Romero-Tejeda, EM; Trocóniz, IF, 2015)	0.9
" Following the termination of nicardipine, all children eventually required dosage increases in their tacrolimus regimens to re-achieve target serum concentrations."	( Supra-therapeutic tacrolimus concentrations associated with concomitant nicardipine in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Carpenter, TC; Clark, N; Hurst, AL; Reiter, PD; Sundaram, SS, 2015)	0.97
" This review provides an overview of all the currently available dosing algorithms in adult and children for the starting dose of ciclosporin, tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid."	( Dosing algorithms for initiation of immunosuppressive drugs in solid organ transplant recipients. Andrews, LM; Cransberg, K; de Wildt, SN; de Winter, BC; Hesselink, DA; Riva, N; van Gelder, T, 2015)	0.62
" Finally, a clinical trial demonstrating a benefit on clinical outcome will be crucial in achieving broad acceptance of calculating starting dose using individualized dosing algorithms."	( Dosing algorithms for initiation of immunosuppressive drugs in solid organ transplant recipients. Andrews, LM; Cransberg, K; de Wildt, SN; de Winter, BC; Hesselink, DA; Riva, N; van Gelder, T, 2015)	0.42
" The objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate the target concentration achievement of tacrolimus using computerized dosing compared with conventional dosing performed by experienced transplant physicians."	( Improved Tacrolimus Target Concentration Achievement Using Computerized Dosing in Renal Transplant Recipients--A Prospective, Randomized Study. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Midtvedt, K; Neely, M; Skauby, M; Størset, E, 2015)	1.05
" Renal transplant recipients were randomized to receive either computerized or conventional tacrolimus dosing during the first 8 weeks after transplantation."	( Improved Tacrolimus Target Concentration Achievement Using Computerized Dosing in Renal Transplant Recipients--A Prospective, Randomized Study. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Midtvedt, K; Neely, M; Skauby, M; Størset, E, 2015)	1.05
"Eighty renal transplant recipients were randomized, and 78 were included in the analysis (computerized dosing (n = 39): 32 standard risk/7 high-risk, conventional dosing (n = 39): 35 standard risk/4 high-risk)."	( Improved Tacrolimus Target Concentration Achievement Using Computerized Dosing in Renal Transplant Recipients--A Prospective, Randomized Study. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Midtvedt, K; Neely, M; Skauby, M; Størset, E, 2015)	0.83
" The computer software is applicable as a clinical dosing tool to optimize tacrolimus exposure and may potentially improve long-term outcome."	( Improved Tacrolimus Target Concentration Achievement Using Computerized Dosing in Renal Transplant Recipients--A Prospective, Randomized Study. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Midtvedt, K; Neely, M; Skauby, M; Størset, E, 2015)	1.06
" The doses were adjusted according to clinical judgement to achieve target levels, and a second 24-h PK period profile was obtained once the patient was on a stable dosage on the therapeutic range."	( Dose increase needed in most cystic fibrosis lung transplantation patients when changing from twice- to once-daily tacrolimus oral administration. Avendaño-Sola, C; Cos, MA; Herrera, CP; Laporta, R; Lázaro, MT; Ruiz-Antorán, B; Salcedo, I; Sancho, A; Soto, GAC; Torres, F; Usetti, P, 2015)	0.63
"We evaluated the clinical efficacy of tailoring tacrolimus dosage to cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A5 genotype in liver transplant patients."	( Benefits of minimizing immunosuppressive dosage according to cytochrome P450 3A5 genotype in liver transplant patients: findings from a single-center study. Li, N; Lu, SC; Wang, L; Wang, MX, 2015)	0.67
" Achievement of therapeutic tacrolimus trough concentrations, potentially through genotyping and more aggressive dosing and monitoring, is essential to minimize the risk of acute rejection in AA kidney transplant recipients."	( African-American race modifies the influence of tacrolimus concentrations on acute rejection and toxicity in kidney transplant recipients. Baliga, PK; Chavin, KD; Egede, LE; Gebregziabher, MG; Srinivas, TR; Taber, DJ, 2015)	0.97
" Patients may require a daily dosage increase if converted from Prograf(®) to Advagraf(®), while a daily dosage reduction appears necessary for conversion from Prograf(®) to Envarsus(®) XR."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Solid-Organ Transplant Patients. Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2015)	0.68
" The sensor was suitable to generate a dose-response curve in the full range of clinical drug monitoring."	( Label-free quantification of Tacrolimus in biological samples by atomic force microscopy. Biagiotti, S; Magnani, M; Menotta, M; Rossi, L; Streppa, L, 2015)	0.71
" Current immunosuppression protocols include a combination of calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus, and antiproliferative agents (most commonly mycophenolate mofetil), with or without different dosing regimens of corticosteroids."	( Current State of Immunosuppression: Past, Present, and Future. Karam, S; Wali, RK, 2015)	0.64
" Therefore, the optimal dosage strategies for mTOR-I and CNI need to be further explored."	( mTOR inhibitor versus mycophenolic acid as the primary immunosuppression regime combined with calcineurin inhibitor for kidney transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Chen, J; Jiang, Y; Lai, X; Shou, Z; Xiang, S; Xie, X, 2015)	0.42
"CYP3A5 and ABCB1-1236 genotyping, in addition to recipient age, are necessary for establishing a more accurate TAC dosage regimen in paediatric liver recipients."	( Influence of CYP3A5 genotypes on tacrolimus dose requirement: age and its pharmacological interaction with ABCB1 genetics in the Chinese paediatric liver transplantation. Chen, YK; Han, LZ; Luo, Y; Shen, CH; Xia, Q; Xue, F; Yang, TH; Zhang, JJ; Zhou, T, 2015)	0.7
"During the first year after transplantation, the generic group had a greater drug variability (20% ± change in trough levels) that required more dosage adjustments (5."	( Generics: are all immunosuppression agents created equally? Buell, JF; Dortonne, I; Hauch, A; John, M; Kandil, E; Killackey, M; Lee, B; Paramesh, A; Patel, U; Smith, A; Zhang, R, 2015)	0.42
" Genotyping of CYP3A4/MDR1/NR1I2 polymorphisms may be helpful for better guiding tacrolimus dosing in CYP3A5 nonexpressers."	( Interactive effects of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, MDR1 and NR1I2 polymorphisms on tracrolimus trough concentrations in early postrenal transplant recipients. Fu, Q; Huang, M; Li, JL; Liu, LS; Liu, S; Liu, XM; Wang, CX; Wang, XD; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.64
"Although rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG) is commonly used as induction therapy for kidney transplantation, dosing is not standardized."	( Evaluation of a Weight-based Rabbit Anti-thymocyte Globulin Induction Dosing Regimen for Kidney Transplant Recipients. Lee, E; Lee, S; Park, JM; Pennington, CA; Sindelar, J; Tischer, SM, 2015)	0.42
" To reduce risks, a knowledge-based system was developed that determines the right dosage of the immunosuppresive agent Tacrolimus."	( Knowledge-based immunosuppressive therapy for kidney transplant patients--from theoretical model to clinical integration. de Bruin, JS; Plischke, M; Schuh, C; Seeling, W, 2015)	0.63
"3 mg/kg/day schedule and with first C(min) assessment 48 hours after the conversion; and later conversion (>6 months posttransplantation) using a milligram-to-milligram dosage schedule, and with dose adjustment based on weekly C(min) measurement."	( Once-daily prolonged release tacrolimus in liver transplantation: Experts' literature review and recommendations. Calmus, Y; Chermak, F; Coilly, A; Dumortier, J; Duvoux, C; Guillaud, O; Houssel-Debry, P; Neau-Cransac, M; Stocco, J, 2015)	0.71
" This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the time of conversion from Tac-BD to Tac-QD after renal transplant and the dosing requirements, tacrolimus levels, renal function, and clinical outcomes."	( Early or Late Conversion From Tac-BD to Tac-BD in Renal Transplantation: When is the Right Time? Falconer, SJ; Oniscu, GC; Peagam, WR, )	0.33
" The average dosage of GCs was reduced from 33."	( The efficacy of tacrolimus in patients with refractory dermatomyositis/polymyositis: a systematic review. Ge, Y; Lu, X; Peng, Q; Shi, J; Wang, G; Ye, B; Zhou, H, 2015)	0.76
" Thus, although CNIs remain the major immunosuppressive treatment, their dosage should be minimized by using them with either full-dose MPA or reduced-dose EVR."	( The safety of calcineurin inhibitors for kidney-transplant patients. Malvezzi, P; Rostaing, L, 2015)	0.42
" Five patients had a reduction in tacrolimus dosage to an undetectable trough level, another five to a trough level <4ng/ml, including one patient who was off the study."	( Minimization or withdrawal of immunosuppressants in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Chen, CY; Chin, T; Lin, NC; Liu, C; Liu, CP; Loong, CC; Tsai, HL; Wang, HK; Yeh, YC, 2015)	0.7
" Using our prospectively followed cohort of 528 adult, primary kidney transplant recipients (pooled across four randomized trials) who received reduced TAC dosing plus an IMPDH inhibitor, TAC trough levels measured at seven time points, 7, 14 days, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 months post-transplant, were utilized along with Cox's model to determine the multivariable significance of TAC level(t) (a continuous time-dependent covariate equaling the most recently measured TAC level prior to time t) on the hazard rate of developing first BPAR during the first 12 months post-transplant."	( Lower tacrolimus trough levels are associated with subsequently higher acute rejection risk during the first 12 months after kidney transplantation. Burke, GW; Chen, L; Ciancio, G; Flores, S; Gaynor, JJ; Goldstein, MJ; Guerra, G; Hanson, L; Kupin, W; Mattiazzi, A; Roth, D; Ruiz, P; Sageshima, J; Tueros, L; Vianna, R, 2016)	0.92
" Tacrolimus dosage was 2 mg/day (median)."	( Long-term follow-up of patients with difficult to treat type 1 autoimmune hepatitis on Tacrolimus therapy. Adams, DH; Füssel, K; Hirschfield, GM; Hodson, J; Lohse, AW; Mann, J; Oo, YH; Schramm, C; Than, NN; Weiler-Normann, C; Wiegard, C, 2016)	1.57
"Between April 20, 2004 and 4-14-2009 we conducted a prospective, randomized, non-blinded renal transplantation trial of two rATG dosing protocols (single dose, 6 mg/kg vs."	( A Randomized 2x2 Factorial Clinical Trial of Renal Transplantation: Steroid-Free Maintenance Immunosuppression with Calcineurin Inhibitor Withdrawal after Six Months Associates with Improved Renal Function and Reduced Chronic Histopathology. Florescu, DF; Foster, KW; Kalil, AC; Malik, T; Miles, CD; Rigley, TH; Sandoz, JP; Stevens, RB; Wrenshall, LE, 2015)	0.42
" We reviewed tacrolimus levels and dosing in a pediatric patient aged 8 months who had undergone deceased-donor liver transplantation for biliary atresia and later required sedation with dexmedetomidine continuous infusion during the POD (212-216)."	( Tacrolimus interaction with dexmedetomidine--a case report. Bucuvalas, JC; Hemmelgarn, TS; Squires, JE; Stiehl, SR, 2016)	2.25
" There were no differences in dosage changes or kidney or liver function."	( Transition from brand to generic tacrolimus is associated with a decrease in trough blood concentration in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Duong, SQ; Feingold, B; Joshi, R; Lal, AK; Venkataramanan, R, 2015)	0.7
" Multiple daily dosing is associated with an increased risk for nonadherence."	( Extended release once a day tacrolimus. Singh, N; Von Visger, J; Zachariah, M, 2015)	0.71
" In the Tac group, higher Day 1 dosage (P <0."	( Is there a genetic predisposition to new-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation? Abraham, G; Ali, AA; Mathew, M; Mehra, N; Nagarajan, P; Ramachandran, A; Reddy, PP; Reddy, YN; Sundaram, V, 2015)	0.42
" Not only does tacrolimus have potent immunosuppressive qualities that prevent rejection, but dosing is straight forward and it is generally well tolerated."	( Tacrolimus for the prevention and treatment of rejection of solid organ transplants. Ally, W; Brayman, KL; Levi, ST; Scalea, JR, 2016)	2.23
" These data suggest that a novel SLS/HPMC SD may be an advantageous dosage form of FK506, boosting the dissolution and absorption in gastrointestinal tract."	( Improved oral absorption of tacrolimus by a solid dispersion with hypromellose and sodium lauryl sulfate. Ahn, HI; Cho, HR; Choi, YS; Ho, MJ; Jung, HJ; Kang, MJ; Lee, DR; Park, JS; Park, JY, 2016)	0.73
" This study is the first to develop an AA-specific genotype-guided tacrolimus dosing model to personalize therapy."	( Genotype-guided tacrolimus dosing in African-American kidney transplant recipients. Brundage, RC; Guan, W; Israni, AK; Jacobson, PA; Mannon, RB; Matas, AJ; Miller, MB; Oetting, WS; Remmel, RP; Sanghavi, K; Schladt, DP, 2017)	1.04
" In order to maintain the balance between efficacy and safety, dosing is based on measured drug concentrations."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Approach of Immunosuppressive Therapy in Kidney Transplant Patients. Golubovic, B; Grabnar, I; Miljkovic, B; Prostran, M; Radivojevic, D; Vucicevic, K, 2016)	0.43
" The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between MDR1 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their haplotypes with dosage of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients who were cytochrome (CYP) 3A5*3 homozygotes."	( The importance of MDR1 gene polymorphisms for tacrolimus dosage. Brkovic, V; Kravljaca, M; Lausevic, M; Milinkovic, M; Naumovic, R; Perovic, V; Pravica, V, 2016)	0.89
" After a 2-month course of treatment with hydroxychloroquine dosage of 200 mg per day and a break of 3 months between courses, we observed a complete remission."	( Unilateral unique Lupus tumidus: pathogenetic mystery and diagnostic problem. Bakardzhiev, I; Chokoeva, AA; Krasnaliev, I; Lotti, T; Tana, C; Tchernev, G; Wollina, U, 2016)	0.43
" However, the conversion strategies of dosage and concentration from twice- to once-daily are not well studied."	( Safe One-to-One Dosage Conversion From Twice-Daily to Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Long-Term Stable Recipients After Liver Transplantation. Chen, CL; Li, WF; Lin, CC; Lin, TL; Lin, YH; Wang, CC; Wang, SH; Wu, YJ; Yong, CC, 2016)	0.67
"One-to-one dosage conversion in stable LDLT recipients is a safe strategy."	( Safe One-to-One Dosage Conversion From Twice-Daily to Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Long-Term Stable Recipients After Liver Transplantation. Chen, CL; Li, WF; Lin, CC; Lin, TL; Lin, YH; Wang, CC; Wang, SH; Wu, YJ; Yong, CC, 2016)	0.67
" The dosing recommendations for pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) recipients have been derived from tacrolimus use in adult solid-organ transplantation patients."	( Risk Factors for Subtherapeutic Tacrolimus Levels after Conversion from Continuous Intravenous Infusion to Oral in Children after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Bhatia, M; Garvin, JH; George, D; Jin, Z; Kahn, J; Kolb, M; Kung, AL; Offer, K; Satwani, P, 2016)	0.92
" Base on desired target range of tacrolimus trough concentrations, individual daily dosage regimen was calculated, and all the observed daily doses were within the predicted range."	( Prediction of tacrolimus metabolism and dosage requirements based on CYP3A4 phenotype and CYP3A5(*)3 genotype in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Cai, NF; Cheng, ZN; Luo, X; Zheng, LY; Zhu, LJ, 2016)	1.08
"This study provides the equations to predict tacrolimus metabolism and dosage requirements based on the endogenous CYP3A4 phenotype, CYP3A5(*)3 genotype and other non-genetic variables."	( Prediction of tacrolimus metabolism and dosage requirements based on CYP3A4 phenotype and CYP3A5(*)3 genotype in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Cai, NF; Cheng, ZN; Luo, X; Zheng, LY; Zhu, LJ, 2016)	1.05
" The mean area under the curve from 0 to 24 hours on day 14 was higher than previously reported; this difference may reflect cautious dosing regimens."	( A Pilot Study of the Pharmacokinetics of the Modified-Release Once-Daily Tacrolimus Formulation Administered to Living-Donor Liver Transplant Recipients. Hwang, S; Kim, KH; Kim, WJ; Lee, SG; Sin, MH; Song, GW; Tak, EY; Yoon, YI, 2016)	0.67
" In the present study, we have evaluated the long-term clinical impact of the adaptation of initial tacrolimus dosing according to CYP3A5 genotype: The transplantation outcomes of the 236 kidney transplant recipients included in the Tactique study were retrospectively investigated over a period of more than 5 years."	( Long-Term Clinical Impact of Adaptation of Initial Tacrolimus Dosing to CYP3A5 Genotype. Bailly, E; Beaune, P; Buchler, M; Choukroun, G; Colosio, C; Etienne, I; Heng, AE; Hurault de Ligny, B; Le Meur, Y; Legendre, C; Loriot, MA; Moulin, B; Pallet, N; Thervet, E; Thierry, A; Vigneau, C, 2016)	0.9
" After 3 weeks, the changes of tacrolimus dosage and hepatorenal function in the two groups were compared."	( Effects of Wuzhi capsule on blood concentration of tacrolimus after renal transplantation. Jiang, X; Miao, SZ; Qu, QS; Wang, K; Zhang, YX, )	0.67
" Inter- and intraindividual variability in dosing requirements conventionally use physician-guided titrated drug administration, which results in frequent deviations from the target trough ranges, particularly during the critical postoperative phase."	( Individualizing liver transplant immunosuppression using a phenotypic personalized medicine platform. Agopian, V; Busuttil, R; Datta, N; Eriksen, C; Farmer, D; Ho, CM; Ho, D; Kaldas, F; Kee, T; Lee, DK; Silva, A; Wang, SE; Weigle, K; Zarrinpar, A, 2016)	0.43
" An FK506 dosage curve was acquired to determine the minimum in vitro concentration for optimal axonal outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, then PLGA devices were designed and tested in a diffusion chamber, and finally the bioactivity of the released media was evaluated by measuring axon growth in DRG cells exposed to the media for 72 h."	( Controlled Delivery of FK506 to Improve Nerve Regeneration. Agarwal, J; Gale, BK; Ho, S; Labroo, P; Sant, H; Shea, J, 2016)	0.43
" In fact, it was demonstrated that a single daily dose (QD) is associated with an increased adherence to therapy compared with twice daily dosing (BID)."	( Meltdose Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics. Baraldo, M, 2016)	0.85
" Everolimus was reinitiated in both cases in addition to decreasing the dosage of tacrolimus, and there were no further complications."	( Use of Everolimus After Multivisceral Transplantation: A Report of Two Cases. Jafri, SM; Kazimi, M; Parekh, R; Rao, B; Raoufi, M; Segovia, MC, 2016)	0.66
"BACKGROUND Dosing of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) should be adjusted to reflect concomitant immunosuppression, but it is largely undocumented whether such modifications are carried out during routine clinical practice."	( Dosing of Enteric-Coated Mycophenolate Sodium Under Routine Conditions: An Observational, Multicenter Study in Kidney Transplantation. Albano, L; Buchler, M; Cantarovich, D; Cassuto, E; Cointault, O; Kamar, N; Lecuyer, A; Mazouz, H; Tindel, M; Vetromile, F, 2016)	0.43
"The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in paediatric patients at least 1 year after renal transplantation and simulate individualised dosage regimens."	( The Effect of Weight and CYP3A5 Genotype on the Population Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Stable Paediatric Renal Transplant Recipients. Bouts, AH; Cransberg, K; de Jong, H; de Wildt, SN; Mathôt, RA; Prytuła, AA; van Schaik, RH, 2016)	0.89
" The final model was externally validated on an independent dataset and dosing regimens were simulated."	( The Effect of Weight and CYP3A5 Genotype on the Population Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Stable Paediatric Renal Transplant Recipients. Bouts, AH; Cransberg, K; de Jong, H; de Wildt, SN; Mathôt, RA; Prytuła, AA; van Schaik, RH, 2016)	0.66
"This review summarises the available data on the population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and use of Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) Bayesian estimation to predict tacrolimus exposure and subsequent drug dosage requirements in solid organ transplant recipients."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling and Bayesian Estimation of Tacrolimus Exposure: Is this Clinically Useful for Dosage Prediction Yet? Brooks, E; Isbel, NM; Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2016)	0.9
" Sensitivity analysis showed the analysis to be most sensitive to dosing assumptions."	( A cost-utility analysis of prolonged-release tacrolimus relative to immediate-release tacrolimus and ciclosporin in liver transplant recipients in the UK. Muduma, G; Odeyemi, I; Pollock, RF, 2016)	0.69
" Clinically feasible models that combine important factors may help guide individual tacrolimus dosage adjustment in kidney transplant patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Thai kidney transplant patients: comparison with similar data from other populations. Avihingsanon, Y; Praisuwan, S; Techawathanawanna, N; Treyaprasert, W; Vadcharavivad, S, 2016)	0.94
" The decrement for daily dosage of Tac-QD was significantly greater in patients expressing the CYP3A5*3/*3 than the CYP3A5*1 allele."	( Effects of CYP3A5 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of a once-daily modified-release tacrolimus formulation and acute kidney injury in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Abumiya, M; Fujishima, M; Fujishima, N; Hirokawa, M; Kameoka, Y; Miura, M; Nara, M; Niioka, T; Shinohara, Y; Tagawa, H; Takahashi, N; Ubukawa, K; Yamashita, T, 2016)	0.66
"Everolimus (EVR) has been used widely for the purpose of reducing the dosage of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), leading to decreasing CNI nephrotoxicity."	( Effectiveness of the Combination of Everolimus and Tacrolimus With High Dosage of Mizoribine for Living Donor-Related Kidney Transplantation. Harada, S; Ito, T; Koshino, K; Nakamura, T; Nakao, T; Nobori, S; Suzuki, T; Ushigome, H; Yoshimura, N, 2016)	0.69
" Anticipated increases in plasma concentrations of tacrolimus and cyclosporin A occurred during telaprevir treatment and were successfully managed through immunosuppressant dose reduction and, for tacrolimus, reduced dosing frequency."	( Efficacy of telaprevir-based therapy in stable liver transplant patients with chronic genotype 1 hepatitis C. Agarwal, K; Berenguer, M; Colombo, M; Daems, B; Didier, S; Fagiuoli, S; Forns, X; Herzer, K; Janssen, K; Kimko, H; Lathouwers, E; Mutimer, D; Navasa, M; Nevens, F; Ouwerkerk-Mahadevan, S; Van Solingen-Ristea, R; Witek, J, )	0.38
" TCR was administered by oral route at the scheduled dosage while the 50% of oral dosage was used by SL route, taking into account the absence of liver first pass."	( Sublingual administration improves systemic exposure of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: comparison with oral administration. Apicella, L; Balletta, MM; Capone, D; Carrano, R; Federico, S; Mosca, T; Nappi, R; Russo, L; Sabbatini, M; Santangelo, M; Tarantino, G, 2016)	0.68
" The success of these dosing recommendations was evaluated by analyzing pharmacokinetic data from liver transplant recipients in the CORAL-I study."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.76
"A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using tacrolimus dosing and Ctrough data before and during 3D treatment (n = 29)."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	1.01
"Observed data for tacrolimus and CSA in liver transplant recipients confirm that the recommended dosing strategies are valid and therapeutic levels of immunosuppression can be maintained during 3D treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	1.09
" The diagnosis revised as new onset diabetes mellitus after transplantation and the tacrolimus dosage titrated to therapeutic level."	( A rare but important adverse effect of tacrolimus in a heart transplant recipient: diabetic ketoacidosis. Akcan, L; Bayrakçı, B; Ertuğrul, İ; Gönç, EN; Kesici, S; Öztürk, Z, )	0.63
"5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 h after dosing by LC-MS/MS assay."	( Limited Sampling Strategy for the Estimation of Tacrolimus Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve in Chinese Adult Liver Transplant Patients. Chen, B; Chen, H; Liu, XX; Song, YY; Xu, BM; Yang, WH, 2016)	0.69
" The combination of FK506 with NGF, GDNF, or both, exerted a potentiating or competitive effect on neurite elongation (∼700-1100 µm) based on dosage and competitive effect on neurite branching (∼0."	( Effect Of combining FK506 and neurotrophins on neurite branching and elongation. Agarwal, J; Gale, B; Labroo, P; Sant, H; Shea, J, 2017)	0.46
" To enable sensitive monitoring the dose-response characteristics of the consecutive neurobehavioral disorders, mice received gradient concentrations of hydroquinone (2%, 4%, 6%)."	( Developmental Neurotoxic Effects of Percutaneous Drug Delivery: Behavior and Neurochemical Studies in C57BL/6 Mice. Cai, M; Feng, J; Fu, M; He, Q; Huang, Q; Lv, W; Shang, J; Wu, H, 2016)	0.43
" Despite the decrease in serum tacrolimus of > 30% after conversion, none of the patients who were converted to a dosage ratio (once-daily tacrolimus dosage: twice-daily tacrolimus dosage) > 1 had an LFT abnormality."	( Risk Factors for the Adverse Events after Conversion from Twice-Daily to Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Stable Liver Transplantation Patients. Jeong, J; Kim, H; Lee, KW; Suh, KS; Suh, SW; Yi, NJ, 2016)	0.94
" The new prolonged-release formulation of tacrolimus was developed to provide a more convenient once-daily dosing to improve patient adherence."	( Conversion From Twice-Daily to Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Stable Kidney Graft Recipients. Almeida, M; Barreto, P; Cabrita, A; Dias, L; Henriques, AC; Malheiro, J; Martins, LS; Pedroso, S; Vieira, P, 2016)	0.96
" In patients whose blood concentration decreases after the switch, the development of GVHD should be monitored and tacrolimus dosage should be readjusted to maintain an appropriate blood concentration."	( Analysis of the variable factors influencing tacrolimus blood concentration during the switch from continuous intravenous infusion to oral administration after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Akashi, K; Ikesue, H; Masuda, S; Matsukawa, K; Miyamoto, T; Shiratsuchi, M; Suetsugu, K; Tsuchiya, Y; Uchida, M; Watanabe, H; Yamamoto-Taguchi, N, 2017)	0.92
" Metabolic analysis was performed to determine more accurate tacrolimus dosing and patients were followed-up within clinic every 6 months for up to 4 years."	( Long-term efficacy and side effects of low-dose tacrolimus for the treatment of Myasthenia Gravis. Chen, Y; Huang, X; Jing, F; Tao, X; Wang, W; Wang, Z; Wei, D, 2017)	0.95
"Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (MPS) is now commonly used in pediatric intestinal transplantation (Tx), but to date, no clear recommendations regarding the dosing regimen have been made in this population."	( Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolic Acid and Dose Optimization in Children After Intestinal Transplantation. Barau, C; Chhun, S; Furlan, V; Lacaille, F; Mellos, A, 2017)	0.46
" The median MMF dosage had to be increased by 91% (1319 mg·m·d versus 687 mg·m·d) to reach AUC0-12 values above the defined target level of 30 mg·h·L."	( Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolic Acid and Dose Optimization in Children After Intestinal Transplantation. Barau, C; Chhun, S; Furlan, V; Lacaille, F; Mellos, A, 2017)	0.46
" Further studies are required to recommend a suitable dosage for pediatric intestinal transplant recipients who receive MPA."	( Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolic Acid and Dose Optimization in Children After Intestinal Transplantation. Barau, C; Chhun, S; Furlan, V; Lacaille, F; Mellos, A, 2017)	0.46
" The area under the curves (AUC) of immunosuppressants was calculated by the plot of plasma trough level or dosage of each immunosuppressant versus time and was interpreted as the extent of drug exposure."	( Effect of Immunosuppressive Drugs on the Changes of Serum Galactose-Deficient IgA1 in Patients with IgA Nephropathy. Barratt, J; Kim, MJ; Koller, MT; Molyneux, K; Schaub, S; Stampf, S, 2016)	0.43
" However, its absorption is delayed due to its special designed dosage form, which results in difficulty to monitor the exposure of the MPA in patients receiving the EC-MPS."	( Estimation of Mycophenolic Acid Area Under the Curve With Limited-Sampling Strategy in Chinese Renal Transplant Recipients Receiving Enteric-Coated Mycophenolate Sodium. Jia, Y; Li, L; Peng, B; Qi, G; Qiu, J; Rong, R; Wang, J; Wang, L; Wang, X; Xu, M; Zhu, T, 2017)	0.46
" We suggest a critical reappraisal of current paediatric dosing algorithms for tacrolimus and drugs with a similar disposition."	( Tacrolimus dose requirements in paediatric renal allograft recipients are characterized by a biphasic course determined by age and bone maturation. Debbaut, E; Fieuws, S; Herman, J; Knops, N; Kuypers, D; Levtchenko, E; Ramazani, Y; van Damme-Lombaerts, R; van den Heuvel, LP; van Dyck, M, 2017)	2.13
" Therefore, adjusting initial TAC dosing to the genotype of CYP3A5 might be of clinical benefit."	( Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism of CYP3A5 Impacts the Exposure to Tacrolimus in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients: A Pharmacogenetic Substudy of the TWIST Trial. Billing, H; Dello Strologo, L; Fichtner, A; Friman, S; Höcker, B; Jaray, J; Oellerich, M; Sarvary, E; Tönshoff, B; van Damme-Lombaerts, R; von Ahsen, N; Vondrak, K, 2017)	0.69
" At baseline, average daily proportions of patients with correct dosing (82."	( Efficacy of a medication adherence enhancing intervention in transplantation: The MAESTRO-Tx trial. Berben, L; De Bleser, L; De Geest, S; Dobbels, F; Dupont, L; Kristanto, P; Nevens, F; Vanhaecke, J; Verleden, G, 2017)	0.46
" These changes were clinically relevant because the tacrolimus dosage needed to be adjusted."	( Decreased tacrolimus plasma concentrations during HCV therapy: a drug-drug interaction or is there an alternative explanation? Burger, DM; de Kanter, CT; Drenth, JP; Pape, S; Smolders, EJ; van den Berg, AP, 2017)	1.11
" These results indicate that the TNF-α-308G>A polymorphism may influence the dosage of immunosuppressive drugs in patients after transplantation as far as individualization of drug therapy is concerned."	( The influence of the tumor necrosis factor-alpa-308G>A polymorphism on the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in patients after kidney transplantation. Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, J; Bogacz, A; Czerny, B; Dziewanowski, K; Grzeskowiak, E; M Kotowski, M; Machalinski, B; Ostrowski, M; Procyk, D; Sienko, J, 2016)	0.43
"Immunosuppressive medication dosing errors are not unfrequent and may present a number of challenges to transplant clinicians."	( Red blood cell exchange as an approach for treating a case of severe tacrolimus overexposure. Bianco, I; Biancofiore, G; Bindi, L; DeSimone, P; Mazzoni, A; Precisi, A; Spallanzani, V, 2017)	0.69
"Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors were neither protective nor permissive for de novo donor-specific antibody formation versus mycophenolate when used with clinically relevant tacrolimus dosing regimens."	( De Novo Donor-Specific Antibody Formation in Tacrolimus-Based, Mycophenolate Versus Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Immunosuppressive Regimens. Adebiyi, O; Cooper, JE; Gralla, J; Klem, P; Mithani, Z; Wiseman, AC, 2018)	0.93
" The aim of our study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in adult kidney transplant of Chinese patients, identify factors especially CYP3A5*3 genetic polymorphism that explain variability, and determine dosage regimens."	( Tacrolimus population pharmacokinetics according to CYP3A5 genotype and clinical factors in Chinese adult kidney transplant recipients. Fang, Y; Li, DY; Liu, TS; Zhang, HJ; Zhu, HJ, 2017)	2.13
" However, since tacrolimus concentrations in the blood can rise easily in elderly patients, frequent monitoring of the drug concentrations and dosage adjustments are necessary."	( Rapid Induction Therapy with Oral Tacrolimus in Elderly Patients with Refractory Ulcerative Colitis Can Easily Lead to Elevated Tacrolimus Concentrations in Blood: A Report of 5 Cases. Kawamura, H; Mashima, H; Matsumoto, S; Miyatani, H; Nakamura, N, 2017)	1.08
" To reduce the dosage burden of the antagonist, murine oral PK was improved an order of magnitude relative to previous FK506 antagonists."	( A calcineurin antifungal strategy with analogs of FK506. Covel, JA; Kapoor, M; Li, X; Moloney, MK; Mutz, M; Nambu, M; Numa, MM; Soltow, QA; Trzoss, M; Webb, P; Webb, RR, 2017)	0.46
" A complete remission (CR) of signs occurred between days 35 and 70 after starting CIs in eight dogs (73%); increasing ciclosporin dosage and adding topical tacrolimus induced a CR in two additional dogs (18%)."	( Therapeutic effectiveness of calcineurin inhibitors in canine vesicular cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Banovic, F; Linek, M; Olivry, T; Robson, D, 2017)	0.65
" Delays in dosing time will result in transient periods of lower concentrations in high versus low clearance patients."	( High Tacrolimus Clearance Is a Risk Factor for Acute Rejection in the Early Phase After Renal Transplantation. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Egeland, EJ; Gustavsen, MT; Hartmann, A; Hermann, M; Holdaas, H; Klaasen, R; Midtvedt, K; Reisæter, AV; Robertsen, I; Størset, E, 2017)	0.97
" After reduced dosing of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil, 2 limbal tumors occurred in the recipient."	( Transmission of Donor-Derived Breast Carcinoma as a Recurrent Mass in a Keratolimbal Allograft. Chamberlain, W; Dunlap, J; Miller, AK; Wilson, DJ; Young, JW, 2017)	0.76
" We retrospectively analyzed the dosage and blood concentrations of immunosuppressants during the 3-month period prior to the renal biopsy between the two patient groups."	( Tacrolimus Blood Level Fluctuation Predisposes to Coexisting BK Virus Nephropathy and Acute Allograft Rejection. Lien, TJ; Shen, CL; Tarng, DC; Yang, AH; Yang, CY, 2017)	1.9
" The identified covariates were of biological plausibility and clinical importance to help individualize the dosing schedule in MG patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus in Chinese myasthenia gravis patients. Chen, R; Chen, YS; Huang, L; Liu, ZQ; Lu, W; Ma, P; Wang, L; Zhou, TY; Zhu, X, 2017)	0.72
"To assess the prevalence of CYP3A5 genomic variances and their impact on tacrolimus (TAC) dosing requirements among kidney transplant recipients in eastern North Carolina, we conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study at a large tertiary care medical center."	( Prevalence of CYP3A5 Genomic Variances and Their Impact on Tacrolimus Dosing Requirements among Kidney Transplant Recipients in Eastern North Carolina. Asempa, T; Hudson, S; Maldonado, AQ; Rebellato, LM, 2017)	0.93
"5 h after Tac dosing at approximately 1 week, 6 weeks and 1 year post-Tx."	( NFAT-regulated cytokine gene expression during tacrolimus therapy early after renal transplantation. Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Johansson, ED; Kasbo, M; Midtvedt, K; Skauby, M; Vethe, NT, 2017)	0.71
"The cytokine response after Tac dosing varied up to 46-fold between patients and changed significantly with time post-engraftment."	( NFAT-regulated cytokine gene expression during tacrolimus therapy early after renal transplantation. Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Johansson, ED; Kasbo, M; Midtvedt, K; Skauby, M; Vethe, NT, 2017)	0.71
" Dosing of these drugs is individualized by therapeutic drug monitoring."	( Dried Blood Spot Sampling for Tacrolimus and Mycophenolic Acid in Children: Analytical and Clinical Validation. Aarnoutse, RE; Brüggemann, RJM; Burger, DM; Cornelissen, EA; Croes, S; Hoogtanders, KEJ; Joore, MA; Martial, LC; Schreuder, MF; van der Heijden, J; Van Maarseveen, EM, 2017)	0.74
" They showed that the mean prednisolone dosage significantly decreased (6."	( A multicenter prospective observational study on the safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in patients with myasthenia gravis. Ahn, SW; Cho, EB; Hong, YH; Joo, IS; Kang, SY; Kim, BJ; Min, JH; Minn, YK; Nam, TS; Oh, J; Oh, SY; Park, JS; Park, YE; Seok, HY; Seok, JI; Seok, JM; Shin, HY; Shin, JY; Suh, BC; Sung, JJ, 2017)	0.68
" The oral steroid dosage decreased from baseline to 24 months."	( Post-marketing surveillance study of the long-term use of mizoribine for the treatment of lupus nephritis: 2-Year results. Okada, K; Takeuchi, T; Yagi, N; Yoshida, H, 2018)	0.48
" Because muscle pain disappeared, the CAM dosage was halved."	( Successful treatment with clarithromycin and/or tacrolimus for two patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Horita, T; Ohe, M; Oku, K; Shida, H, )	0.39
" In the current study, we investigated the influence of gene polymorphisms and other clinical factors on long-term tacrolimus dosing in Chinese renal transplant recipients."	( Long-Term Influence of CYP3A5, CYP3A4, ABCB1, and NR1I2 Polymorphisms on Tacrolimus Concentration in Chinese Renal Transplant Recipients. Liu, F; Ou, YM; Xin, HW; Xiong, L; Yu, AR, 2017)	0.9
" Immunosuppression used cyclosporine (88) or tacrolimus (68) as a calcineurin inhibitor, and the dosage was adjusted based on blood concentrations."	( High-dose mizoribine combined with calcineurin inhibitor (cyclosporine or tacrolimus), basiliximab and corticosteroids for renal transplantation: A Japanese multicenter study. Akioka, K; Kawakita, M; Nakamura, N; Nakatani, T; Nishimura, K; Nishioka, T; Ushigome, H; Watarai, Y; Yoshimura, N; Yuzawa, K, 2018)	0.97
" The dosage of prednisone, the severity of symptoms, blood samples, the serum concentration of tacrolimus, and titers of antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies were evaluated every four weeks."	( Tacrolimus Improves Symptoms of Children With Myasthenia Gravis Refractory to Prednisone. Bu, B; Cao, Y; Gui, M; Ji, S; Li, Y; Lin, J; Liu, C, 2017)	2.12
" At the end point, the dosage of prednisone was significantly decreased (P < 0."	( Tacrolimus Improves Symptoms of Children With Myasthenia Gravis Refractory to Prednisone. Bu, B; Cao, Y; Gui, M; Ji, S; Li, Y; Lin, J; Liu, C, 2017)	1.9
" Tac administration requires frequent and diligent monitoring by physicians to ensure proper dosage and to limit the potential for harmful adverse effects, which can include renal damage, neurotoxicity, and other serious adverse events."	( Tacrolimus: A Review of Laboratory Detection Methods and Indications for Use. Kalt, DA, 2017)	1.9
" These data, based on a cohort with modest size, suggest either that tumorigenesis in LTx recipients is unrelated to tacrolimus exposure or that levels in these patients are above an unknown threshold at which the dose-response effect is saturated."	( Tacrolimus Levels Are Not Associated with Risk of Malignancy in Lung Transplant Recipients. Ashquar, F; Fox, BD; Izhakian, S; Kramer, MR; Raviv, Y; Rozengarten, D; Straichman, O, 2017)	2.11
" Biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR), delayed graft function (DGF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), infections, and tacrolimus dosing requirements were examined in 106 immunologically high-risk AA kidney transplant patients over a 2-year follow-up period."	( Impact of CYP3A5 genomic variances on clinical outcomes among African American kidney transplant recipients. Asempa, TE; Briley, K; Hudson, S; Maldonado, AQ; Rebellato, LM, 2018)	0.69
"Differences in tacrolimus dosing across ancestries is partly attributable to polymorphisms in CYP3A5 genes that encode tacrolimus-metabolizing cytochrome P450 3A5 enzymes."	( Results of ASERTAA, a Randomized Prospective Crossover Pharmacogenetic Study of Immediate-Release Versus Extended-Release Tacrolimus in African American Kidney Transplant Recipients. Bloom, RD; Brennan, DC; Lim, MA; Milone, MC; Neubauer, R; Nigro, V; Trofe-Clark, J; West-Thielke, P, 2018)	1.04
" More stringent dosing of tacrolimus early after transplantation may be critical in preserving the kidney function."	( Association of Whole Blood Tacrolimus Concentrations with Kidney Injury in Heart Transplantation Patients. de Lange, DW; Hunault, CC; Kesecioglu, J; Kirkels, JH; Sikma, MA; Verhaar, MC, 2018)	1.08
" Its pharmacokinetics is characterized by a high interpatient and intrapatient variability (IPV) leading to an unpredictable dose-response relationship."	( High Intrapatient Variability of Tacrolimus Exposure in the Early Period After Liver Transplantation Is Associated With Poorer Outcomes. Beaurepaire, JM; Bellissant, E; Boudjema, K; Camus, C; Dehlawi, A; Desfourneaux, V; Houssel-Debry, P; Jézéquel, C; Lakéhal, M; Lemaitre, F; Meunier, B; Petitcollin, A; Rayar, M; Sulpice, L; Tron, C; Verdier, MC, 2018)	0.76
" The dosage of steroids was significantly decreased at six months compared with baseline and was maintained at 12 months."	( Outcomes of multitarget therapy using mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus for refractory or relapsing lupus nephritis. Bae, SC; Choi, CB; Won, S, 2018)	0.72
" These POPPK models can also be used to perform Monte Carlo simulations that help to establish different dosing rules or to anticipate the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in particular populations, without conducting clinical trials."	( Pharmacokinetic models to assist the prescriber in choosing the best tacrolimus dose. Åsberg, A; Debord, J; Saint-Marcoux, F; Woillard, JB, 2018)	0.91
" Accurate dosage prediction using a multiple linear regression-based LSS was not possible without concentrations up to at least 8 hours after the dose."	( Evaluation of Multiple Linear Regression-Based Limited Sampling Strategies for Enteric-Coated Mycophenolate Sodium in Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients. Brooks, EK; Isbel, NM; McWhinney, B; Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2018)	0.48
" However, as the cost of sequencing continues to fall, it is feasible to span all clinically actionable genotypes and provide patients with relevant information throughout their lifetime, which would, therefore, optimize tacrolimus dosing by facilitating the structured dosing algorithms (for example, population pharmacokinetic models) and clinical decision support."	( Current progress of tacrolimus dosing in solid organ transplant recipients: Pharmacogenetic considerations. Li, J; Lin, G; Tan, L; Zhang, X, 2018)	0.99
" We postulate that there is room for improvement of dosing, as the optimal immunosuppressive dose in calcineurin-free regimens is unknown and since the once daily dosing regimen for oncological indications is often associated with treatment-limiting toxicity."	( A pharmacological rationale for improved everolimus dosing in oncology and transplant patients. Burger, DM; de Fijter, JW; Guchelaar, HJ; Moes, DJAR; Reinders, MEJ; Ter Heine, R; van Erp, NP; van Herpen, CM, 2018)	0.48
"We developed a mechanistic population pharmacokinetic model for everolimus in cancer and transplant patients and explored alternative dosing regimens."	( A pharmacological rationale for improved everolimus dosing in oncology and transplant patients. Burger, DM; de Fijter, JW; Guchelaar, HJ; Moes, DJAR; Reinders, MEJ; Ter Heine, R; van Erp, NP; van Herpen, CM, 2018)	0.48
" Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring is essential for tacrolimus to optimize dosage and prevent adverse reactions."	( Dose optimization of tacrolimus with therapeutic drug monitoring and CYP3A5 polymorphism in patients with myasthenia gravis. Chen, D; Hou, S; Sun, X; Yang, L; Zhang, H; Zhao, M, 2018)	1.05
" Therapeutic drug monitoring and detection of CYP3A5 gene polymorphism was essential for dosage optimization in patients with MG."	( Dose optimization of tacrolimus with therapeutic drug monitoring and CYP3A5 polymorphism in patients with myasthenia gravis. Chen, D; Hou, S; Sun, X; Yang, L; Zhang, H; Zhao, M, 2018)	0.8
" This study was intended to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics (PPK) of TAC in paediatric NS and to optimize dosing regimen."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in children with nephrotic syndrome. Hao, GX; Huang, X; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Li, Y; Shi, HY; Zhang, DF; Zhao, W; Zheng, Y, 2018)	0.77
"The PPK of TAC was estimated in children with NS and a CYP3A5 genotype-based dosing regimen was set up based on simulations."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in children with nephrotic syndrome. Hao, GX; Huang, X; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Li, Y; Shi, HY; Zhang, DF; Zhao, W; Zheng, Y, 2018)	0.77
" They were separated into two groups (positive or negative PCR) and evaluated for dosage serum levels of cyclosporine and tacrolimus."	( Cyclosporine Versus Tacrolimus: Which Calcineurin Inhibitor Has Influence on Cytomegalovirus Infection in Cardiac Transplantation? Bond, MMK; Dias, VH; Dos Santos, CC; Finger, MA; Neto, JMR; Said, TL; Santos, AMG; Sehn, A, 2018)	1.01
" On 23 August, Tac level was found undetectable; hence, dosage was increased."	( Ribavirin-induced anaemia reduced tacrolimus level in a hepatitis C patient receiving haemodialysis. Cheung, CYS; Cooper, SE; Liu, HY, 2018)	0.76
"Genetic polymorphism is an important factor that influences tacrolimus concentrations and has the potential to predict the optimal dosage of tacrolimus in personalized medicine."	( CYP3A5*3 Genetic Polymorphism and Tacrolimus Concentration in Myanmar Renal Transplant Patients. Htun, YY; Saw, TM; Swe, HK, 2018)	1
" An established guideline provides tacrolimus genotype dosing recommendations based on CYP3A5*1(W/T) and loss of protein function variants: CYP3A5*3 (rs776746), CYP3A5*6 (rs10264272), CYP3A5*7 (rs41303343) and may provide more comprehensive race-adjusted dosing recommendations."	( Tacrolimus Population Pharmacokinetics and Multiple CYP3A5 Genotypes in Black and White Renal Transplant Recipients. Brazeau, D; Campagne, O; Mager, DE; Tornatore, KM; Venuto, RC, 2018)	2.2
"BACKGROUND Minimizing the tacrolimus dosage in patients with stable allograft function needs further investigation."	( Reduced Tacrolimus Trough Level Is Reflected by Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) Changes in Stable Renal Transplantation Recipients: Results of the OPTIMUM Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Study. Huh, W; Kim, JK; Kim, YH; Kim, YL; Kim, YS; Lee, J; Oh, CK; Park, S; Park, SK; Yang, CW, 2018)	1.22
"Although therapeutic drug monitoring of plasma mycophenolic acid (MPA) concentrations has been recommended to individualize dosage in transplant recipients, little is known regarding lymphocyte concentrations of MPA, where MPA inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH)."	( Mycophenolic acid concentrations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells are associated with the incidence of rejection in renal transplant recipients. Carroll, RP; Coller, JK; McWhinney, BC; Md Dom, ZI; Sallustio, BC; Somogyi, AA; Tuke, J, 2018)	0.48
" total bodyweight) affects trough plasma concentrations of tacrolimus when a standard mg/kg dosing regimen is used; and (ii) to investigate whether obese patients have different numbers of plasma concentrations outside the therapeutic range compared to non-obese patients in the first months after liver transplant."	( Weight-based tacrolimus trough concentrations post liver transplant. Cheng, J; Fawcett, J; Liu, Z; Lynch, S; Macdonald, G; Martin, J; Powell, E, 2019)	1.13
"In the first week post-transplant, tacrolimus trough concentrations after standard mg/kg dosing post liver transplant appear to be corrected by total bodyweight."	( Weight-based tacrolimus trough concentrations post liver transplant. Cheng, J; Fawcett, J; Liu, Z; Lynch, S; Macdonald, G; Martin, J; Powell, E, 2019)	1.16
"15 mg/kg/d) initial Tac dosing regimen in older (>55 years) and/or overweight KTRs."	( No Significant Influence of Reduced Initial Tacrolimus Dose on Risk of Underdosing and Early Graft Function in Older and Overweight Kidney Transplant Recipients. Chudek, J; Giza, P; Kolonko, A; Krzyżowska, K; Więcek, A, )	0.39
" Of note, induction therapy was employed twice more often in the reduced Tac dosing group."	( No Significant Influence of Reduced Initial Tacrolimus Dose on Risk of Underdosing and Early Graft Function in Older and Overweight Kidney Transplant Recipients. Chudek, J; Giza, P; Kolonko, A; Krzyżowska, K; Więcek, A, )	0.39
"The currently recommended reduction in Tac initial dosing does not increase the risk of inadequate immunosuppression and does not affect the early graft function."	( No Significant Influence of Reduced Initial Tacrolimus Dose on Risk of Underdosing and Early Graft Function in Older and Overweight Kidney Transplant Recipients. Chudek, J; Giza, P; Kolonko, A; Krzyżowska, K; Więcek, A, )	0.39
" Dosing is adjusted using whole blood (WB-TAC) measurements."	( Longitudinal Study of Tacrolimus in Lymphocytes During the First Year After Kidney Transplantation. Andersen, AM; Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Daleq, L; Klaasen, RA; Midtvedt, K; Skauby, MH; Vethe, NT, 2018)	0.8
"05) except before dosage at 6 weeks."	( Longitudinal Study of Tacrolimus in Lymphocytes During the First Year After Kidney Transplantation. Andersen, AM; Bergan, S; Bremer, S; Daleq, L; Klaasen, RA; Midtvedt, K; Skauby, MH; Vethe, NT, 2018)	0.8
" However, the magnitude of the impact of clotrimazole on tacrolimus dosing requirements to maintain goal levels is not well described."	( Effects of clotrimazole troches on tacrolimus dosing in heart transplant recipients. Boilson, B; Crow, SA; Dierkhising, R; Laub, MR; Personett, HA; Razonable, R, 2018)	1
" The guideline has recommended that the tacrolimus dosage should be adjusted according to the CYP3A5 genotype."	( Individualized Tacrolimus Therapy for Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome: Considerations for Ontogeny and Pharmacogenetics of CYP3A. Chen, F; Ding, XS; Guo, HL; Sun, F; Sun, JY; Xu, J; Xu, ZJ, 2018)	1.1
"Tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid dosing after renal transplantation is individualized through therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid in outpatient renal transplant recipients using a volumetric dried blood spot sampling device. de Fijter, JW; Gokoel, SRM; Guchelaar, HJ; Kweekel, DM; Moes, DJAR; Swen, JJ; van der Boog, PJM; Zwart, TC, 2018)	2.21
" TDM dosing recommendations based on both methods were compared to assess clinical impact."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid in outpatient renal transplant recipients using a volumetric dried blood spot sampling device. de Fijter, JW; Gokoel, SRM; Guchelaar, HJ; Kweekel, DM; Moes, DJAR; Swen, JJ; van der Boog, PJM; Zwart, TC, 2018)	0.77
" Tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid dosing recommendation differences occurred on 44."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid in outpatient renal transplant recipients using a volumetric dried blood spot sampling device. de Fijter, JW; Gokoel, SRM; Guchelaar, HJ; Kweekel, DM; Moes, DJAR; Swen, JJ; van der Boog, PJM; Zwart, TC, 2018)	1.68
" However, the benefit of genotype-guided dosing in pediatric solid organ transplantation has been understudied."	( A randomized clinical trial of age and genotype-guided tacrolimus dosing after pediatric solid organ transplantation. Grasemann, H; Kamath, BM; Lafreniere-Roula, M; Manlhiot, C; Min, S; Mital, S; Nalli, N; Ng, V; Papaz, T; Parekh, RS; Schwartz, SM, 2018)	0.73
"CYP3A5 genotype-guided dosing stratified by age resulted in earlier attainment of therapeutic tacrolimus concentrations and fewer out-of-range concentrations."	( A randomized clinical trial of age and genotype-guided tacrolimus dosing after pediatric solid organ transplantation. Grasemann, H; Kamath, BM; Lafreniere-Roula, M; Manlhiot, C; Min, S; Mital, S; Nalli, N; Ng, V; Papaz, T; Parekh, RS; Schwartz, SM, 2018)	0.95
" Our results suggest that tacrolimus is potentially effective for treating LN and that the current dosage was generally well tolerated for long-term maintenance treatment in our patients with LN."	( Long-term effects of tacrolimus for maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis: a 5-year retrospective study at a single center. Karasawa, K; Kodama, M; Moriyama, T; Nitta, K; Uchida, K, 2018)	1.1
" The PFIC2 patient had abnormal liver function 19 months after LT, and recovered after administration of increased dosage of immunosuppressant agents."	( Liver Transplantation for Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis. Liu, Y; Qu, W; Sun, LY; Wei, L; Zeng, ZG; Zhu, ZJ, 2018)	0.48
"The aim of this study was to perform a population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus in Mexican adult kidney transplant patients to analyse the influence of clinical and genetic covariates to propose a dosage regimen."	( Dosing recommendations based on population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Mexican adult patients with kidney transplant. Isordia-Segovia, J; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Milán-Segovia, RDC; Niño-Moreno, PDC; Reséndiz-Galván, JE; Romano-Moreno, S, 2019)	0.98
" The observed adverse events justify a modification of dosing and timing of ATLG infusion."	( Tacrolimus and Single Intraoperative High-dose of Anti-T-lymphocyte Globulins Versus Tacrolimus Monotherapy in Adult Liver Transplantation: One-year Results of an Investigator-driven Randomized Controlled Trial. Ackenine, K; Bonaccorsi Riani, E; Ciccarelli, O; Coubeau, L; De Reyck, C; Foguenne, M; Gianello, P; Iesari, S; Komuta, M; Lai, Q; Lerut, J, 2018)	1.92
" The CYP3A5 genotype, as a covariate, consistently impacted tacrolimus clearance, and dosing adjustments were required to achieve similar drug exposure among patients."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Transplant Recipients: What Did We Learn About Sources of Interindividual Variabilities? Campagne, O; Mager, DE; Tornatore, KM, 2019)	1.04
" Intensified and standard dosage regimens of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) were week 1, 2,160 vs."	( Short-Term Intensified Dosage Regimen of Mycophenolic Acid is Associated with Less Acute Rejection in Kidney Transplantation from Donation after Circulatory Death. Chen, J; Huang, H; Liu, G; Peng, W; Wu, J, 2018)	0.48
" In treating the patients with NTM, we were able to maintain an adequate blood concentration of CNI by decreasing the dosage from one-half to one-quarter."	( Management of De Novo Mycobacterial Infection After Lung Transplantation Without Rifampicin: Case Series of a Single Institution. Matsuda, Y; Noda, M; Oishi, H; Okada, Y; Sado, T; Suzuki, H; Tamada, T; Watanabe, T; Yamada, M, 2018)	0.48
"Background Dosage quantities of tacrolimus (TAC) vary according to cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) genotype."	( Effect of CYP3A5 genotype on hospitalization cost for kidney transplantation. Anutrakulchai, S; Chan-On, C; Limwattananon, C; Vannaprasaht, S, 2019)	0.8
" We aimed to investigate whether CYP3A5, CYP3A4, and ABCB1 genotyping could contribute to a more precise and individualized initial dosing of Tac at the time of immunosuppressant conversion."	( Switching Immunosuppression From Cyclosporine to Tacrolimus in Kidney Transplant Recipients Based on CYP3A5 Genotyping. Gao, L; Liu, Z; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Xiao, C; Yang, Y; Zhang, W, 2019)	0.77
"Our preliminary study supports the use of CYP3A5 genotyping to guide the initial dosing of Tac when converting the immunosuppression therapy from CsA to Tac."	( Switching Immunosuppression From Cyclosporine to Tacrolimus in Kidney Transplant Recipients Based on CYP3A5 Genotyping. Gao, L; Liu, Z; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Xiao, C; Yang, Y; Zhang, W, 2019)	0.77
" Immunomodulators such as tacrolimus and cyclosporine may be used as steroid-sparing agents; however, the dosing and duration of use still need to be clearly defined."	( Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis. Maharana, PK; Raj, N; Sahay, P; Sharma, N; Singhal, D; Titiyal, JS, )	0.43
" After dosing was discontinued, TAC-treated mice showed gradual graft rejection, whereas EVL-treated mice sustained long-term robust chimerism."	( Evaluation of the impact of conventional immunosuppressant on the establishment of murine transplantation tolerance - an experimental study. Fukuda, H; Hirai, T; Ikemiyagi, M; Ishii, R; Ishii, Y; Kanzawa, T; Katsumata, H; Miyairi, S; Okumi, M; Omoto, K; Saiga, K; Tanabe, K; Yokoo, T, 2019)	0.51
" Although transplant vintage did not appreciably impact mycophenolate dosing in non-African Americans (0."	( Change in Mycophenolate and Tacrolimus Exposure by Transplant Vintage and Race. Posadas Salas, AC; Soliman, KM; Taber, DJ, 2019)	0.81
" Therefore, we carried out a study to determine the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after intramuscular (IM) injection and to determine the optimal IM dosing regimens in primate models."	( Reduced variability in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics following intramuscular injection compared to oral administration in cynomolgus monkeys: Investigating optimal dosing regimens. Gershkovich, P; Kim, KS; Kim, SJ; Kim, TH; Lee, JB; Lee, KW; Park, JB; Shin, BS; Shin, S; Yoo, SD, 2019)	1.06
" Study outcomes included conversion dosing ratios, PR-T dose and trough levels, change in estimated glomerular filtration rate between conversion and month 12, graft/patient survival, and rejection rate (Kaplan-Meier)."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Conversion From Cyclosporine to Once-Daily Prolonged-Release Tacrolimus in Stable Kidney Transplant Patients: A Multicenter Observational Study in Japan. Aikawa, A; Sugamori, H; Tanaka, H; Uno, S; Usuki, S, 2018)	0.7
" Our singlecenter experience revealed that the availability of once-daily tacrolimus formulation could give potential benefit of improved medication compliance and better allograft outcomes by decreasing pill burden and thereby simplifying dosing schedule, Advagraf was non-inferior to twice-daily tacrolimus regarding safety and efficacy."	( Comparative analysis for optimizing the modified release tacrolimus (Advagraf) after kidney transplantation: A prospective randomized trial. Abbas, MH; Abdel-Rahman, AM; Abu-Elmagd, MM; Bakr, MA; Denewar, AA; Donia, AF; Elsaftawy, MM; Ghoneim, MA; Mashaly, ME; Nagib, AM, )	0.61
"Various mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) population pharmacokinetic (popPK) models have been developed to describe its PK characteristics and facilitate its optimal dosing in adult kidney transplant recipients co-administered with tacrolimus."	( Systematic external evaluation of published population pharmacokinetic models of mycophenolate mofetil in adult kidney transplant recipients co-administered with tacrolimus. Deng, RH; Fu, Q; Jiao, Z; Li, J; Liu, LS; Liu, YF; Luo, B; Sheng, CC; Wang, CX; Zhang, HX; Zhao, Q, 2019)	0.89
" The period required to attain target trough concentration and the clinical efficacy before and after dosage modification was compared."	( Rapid attainment of target trough concentrations of tacrolimus for early improvement of clinical symptoms in patients with ulcerative colitis. Araki, H; Hayashi, H; Ibuka, T; Kato-Hayashi, H; Niwa, T; Ohno, Y; Shimizu, M; Sugiyama, T; Suzuki, A; Yamada, Y, 2019)	0.76
"The initial dose after dosage modification was significantly increased compared to that before dosage modification (0."	( Rapid attainment of target trough concentrations of tacrolimus for early improvement of clinical symptoms in patients with ulcerative colitis. Araki, H; Hayashi, H; Ibuka, T; Kato-Hayashi, H; Niwa, T; Ohno, Y; Shimizu, M; Sugiyama, T; Suzuki, A; Yamada, Y, 2019)	0.76
" The clinical efficacy during an average follow-up of 21 months (range, 14-24 months) was assessed by evaluating the changes of serum creatine kinase (CK) levels, the Medical Research Council (MRC) grading of the weakest muscle groups and dosage of oral prednisone."	( Tacrolimus combined with corticosteroids effectively improved the outcome of a cohort of patients with immune-mediated necrotising myopathy. Bu, B; Feng, F; Ji, S; Li, Y; Wang, Q, )	1.57
" In addition, the daily dosage of prednisone was statistically significantly reduced (p<0."	( Tacrolimus combined with corticosteroids effectively improved the outcome of a cohort of patients with immune-mediated necrotising myopathy. Bu, B; Feng, F; Ji, S; Li, Y; Wang, Q, )	1.57
" Dosing regimens were between 1 and 8 mg/day."	( A review of the utility of tacrolimus in the management of adults with autoimmune hepatitis. Ascha, M; Ascha, MS; Chedid, A; Hanouneh, IA; Hanouneh, M; Ritchie, MM; Sanguankeo, A; Zein, NN, 2019)	0.81
" External validation was conducted, and Monte Carlo simulation, based on the final model, was carried out to determine optimal dosage regimen."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dosage optimization of tacrolimus in pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome . Chen, C; Cui, Y; Ding, J; Han, Y; Ma, L; Su, B; Wang, F; Wang, X; Xiao, H; Yao, Y; Zhou, Y, 2019)	0.76
" Monte Carlo simulation based on the final model was carried out to determine optimal dosage regimen."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dosage optimization of tacrolimus in pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome . Chen, C; Cui, Y; Ding, J; Han, Y; Ma, L; Su, B; Wang, F; Wang, X; Xiao, H; Yao, Y; Zhou, Y, 2019)	0.76
" The final model could be used to accurately predict tacrolimus individual pharmacokinetic parameters and assist in dosage optimization."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dosage optimization of tacrolimus in pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome . Chen, C; Cui, Y; Ding, J; Han, Y; Ma, L; Su, B; Wang, F; Wang, X; Xiao, H; Yao, Y; Zhou, Y, 2019)	1.01
"The objective of this study was to merge genetic and non-genetic factors of tacrolimus pharmacokinetics to establish a more stable population pharmacokinetic model for individualized dosage regimen in Chinese nephrotic syndrome patients."	( Dosage Optimization Based on Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Tacrolimus in Chinese Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome. Huang, X; Lu, T; Wang, Z; Xu, S; Zhao, L; Zhao, M; Zhu, X, 2019)	0.98
" Monte Carlo simulations were performed to optimize the dosage according to the population pharmacokinetic parameters of tacrolimus."	( Dosage Optimization Based on Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Tacrolimus in Chinese Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome. Huang, X; Lu, T; Wang, Z; Xu, S; Zhao, L; Zhao, M; Zhu, X, 2019)	0.96
"A new population pharmacokinetic model was established to describe the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in nephrotic syndrome patients, which can be used to select rational dosage regimens to achieve a desirable whole-blood concentration."	( Dosage Optimization Based on Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Tacrolimus in Chinese Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome. Huang, X; Lu, T; Wang, Z; Xu, S; Zhao, L; Zhao, M; Zhu, X, 2019)	0.97
" The primary outcome was the tacrolimus therapeutic weight-based dosing requirements (mg/kg/day) for patients receiving amiodarone prior to transplant when compared to those without prior receipt of amiodarone."	( Prior Amiodarone Exposure Reduces Tacrolimus Dosing Requirements in Heart Transplant Recipients. Breslin, NT; Colombo, PC; Farr, M; Jennings, DL; Latif, F; Restaino, S; Salerno, DM; Takayama, H; Takeda, K; Topkara, VK, 2019)	1.08
" Several tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic (PPK) models in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients have been set up to recommend an optimal dosage schedule."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dosing regimen optimization of tacrolimus in Chinese pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients. Chen, X; Li, Z; Wang, D; Xu, H, 2020)	1.21
" The dosing methods are available on our ImmunoSuppressive Bayesian dose Adjustment website (www."	( Population pharmacokinetic model and Bayesian estimator for 2 tacrolimus formulations in adult liver transplant patients. Debord, J; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Riff, C; Woillard, JB, 2019)	0.75
" These data support the reduction in clinical dosage of letermovir (to 240 mg) upon coadministration with cyclosporine."	( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions Between Letermovir and the Immunosuppressants Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus, and Mycophenolate Mofetil. Adedoyin, A; Cho, CR; Iwamoto, M; Kraft, WK; Levine, V; Liu, F; Macha, S; Marshall, W; McCrea, JB; Menzel, K; Panebianco, D; Stoch, SA; Yoon, E; Zhao, T, 2019)	0.73
" In clinical practice, an effective dosage adjustment of tacrolimus may need to be considered in patients with PBF ≥ 30% at 1 week after liver transplantation."	( Impact of body composition on pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in liver transplantation recipients. Chen, L; Li, M; Liu, Y; Lu, X; Tan, G; Zhu, L, 2020)	1.06
"Sirolimus and tacrolimus require accurate drug dosing based on their target blood levels to produce better clinical outcomes, specifically, the avoidance of drug-induced adverse effects and the maintenance of efficacy."	( Estimation of Blood Sirolimus Concentration Based on Tacrolimus Concentration/Dose Normalized by Body Weight Ratio in Lung Transplant Patients. Akiba, M; Kikuchi, M; Mano, N; Matsuda, Y; Noda, M; Oishi, H; Okada, Y; Sado, T; Shigeta, K; Takasaki, S; Tanaka, M; Yamaguchi, H, 2019)	1.12
" A significant correlation between the dosage of sirolimus and tacrolimus was observed only in the OD group, with relatively low accuracy."	( Estimation of Blood Sirolimus Concentration Based on Tacrolimus Concentration/Dose Normalized by Body Weight Ratio in Lung Transplant Patients. Akiba, M; Kikuchi, M; Mano, N; Matsuda, Y; Noda, M; Oishi, H; Okada, Y; Sado, T; Shigeta, K; Takasaki, S; Tanaka, M; Yamaguchi, H, 2019)	1
"Blood sirolimus concentrations can be estimated using the C0/D ratio of tacrolimus, suggesting that the C0/D ratio of tacrolimus is an index of required sirolimus dosage and the frequency of blood sirolimus concentration measurements."	( Estimation of Blood Sirolimus Concentration Based on Tacrolimus Concentration/Dose Normalized by Body Weight Ratio in Lung Transplant Patients. Akiba, M; Kikuchi, M; Mano, N; Matsuda, Y; Noda, M; Oishi, H; Okada, Y; Sado, T; Shigeta, K; Takasaki, S; Tanaka, M; Yamaguchi, H, 2019)	1
"Our novel findings suggest the potential need to reduce mycophenolic acid dosage in subjects on corticosteroid-free regimens."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolic Acid Co-Administered with Tacrolimus in Corticosteroid-Free Adult Kidney Transplant Patients. Ensom, MHH; Kiang, TKL; Mayo, P; Rong, Y, 2019)	0.75
" This retrospective observational study assessed the relationship between serum iPTH levels and the blood concentration or dosage of tacrolimus, a CYP3A substrate, after oral administration in kidney transplant patients."	( Effect of Serum Parathyroid Hormone on Tacrolimus Therapy in Kidney Transplant Patients: A Possible Biomarker for a Tacrolimus Dosage Schedule. Hirata, K; Ichimizu, S; Ikegami, K; Imafuku, T; Jingami, S; Maeda, H; Maruyama, T; Matsuzaka, K; Sugimoto, R; Toyoda, M; Uekihara, S; Watanabe, H, 2019)	0.99
" However, this LLOQ may not be low enough now because the dosage of tacrolimus has decreased in recent years."	( High-sensitivity simultaneous quantification of tacrolimus and 13-O-demethyl tacrolimus in human whole blood using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Itoh, H; Kaneko, T; Mimata, H; Ono, H; Sato, F; Sato, Y; Suzuki, Y; Tanaka, R, 2019)	1
" The primary endpoint was the difference in TAC-ER exposure (AUC0-24) in obese patients dosed using aBW compared with IBW."	( A randomized, open-label pharmacokinetic trial of tacrolimus extended-release dosing in obese de novo kidney transplant recipients. Benedetti, E; Brandt, S; Huang, YJ; Jasiak-Panek, NM; Patel, S; Progar, K; Thielke, JJ; Wenzler, E; West-Thielke, PM, 2019)	0.77
" There was no difference in the number of days to therapeutic trough concentration between the two dosing weights (aBW = 5."	( A randomized, open-label pharmacokinetic trial of tacrolimus extended-release dosing in obese de novo kidney transplant recipients. Benedetti, E; Brandt, S; Huang, YJ; Jasiak-Panek, NM; Patel, S; Progar, K; Thielke, JJ; Wenzler, E; West-Thielke, PM, 2019)	0.77
" Recipients carrying H2/H2 (GG-AA) haplotype in rs15524-rs4646453 may require a low dosage of TAC during 1-year follow-up posttransplant."	( Association of Genetic Variants in CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C8, and CYP2C19 with Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics in Renal Transplant Recipients. Chen, H; Gu, M; Guo, M; Han, Z; Sun, L; Tan, R; Tao, J; Wang, L; Wang, Z; Wei, JF; Yang, H; Zheng, M, 2019)	0.74
"An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of tacrolimus impurities in pharmaceutical dosage forms has been developed."	( Forced degradation of tacrolimus and the development of a UHPLC method for impurities determination. Bergles, J; Grahek, R; Ham, Z; Lušin, TT; Peterka, TR; Urleb, U, 2019)	1.05
" These formulations were then characterized in vitro and used for oral dosing to beagle dogs."	( Assessing the Impact of Endogenously Derived Crystalline Drug on the in Vivo Performance of Amorphous Formulations. Gao, W; Jenkins, GJ; Osterling, DJ; Purohit, HS; Stolarik, DF; Taylor, LS; Trasi, NS; Zhang, GGZ, 2019)	0.51
" However, the association between tapering of calcineurin inhibitor dosage and reduction-associated exacerbation is not known."	( Safety of tapering tacrolimus dose in patients with well-controlled anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive myasthenia gravis. Fujioka, T; Hatanaka, Y; Hattori, N; Ishibashi, S; Kanai, T; Kaneko, J; Kawaguchi, N; Konno, S; Kuwabara, S; Nakahara, J; Nishida, Y; Nishiyama, K; Noguchi, E; Nomura, K; Nose, Y; Oda, F; Ogawa, T; Ogino, M; Ozawa, Y; Sanjo, N; Sonoo, M; Suzuki, N; Suzuki, S; Takahashi, YK; Uzawa, A; Yokota, T; Yokoyama, K, 2020)	0.89
"We retrospectively analyzed 115 patients in whom tacrolimus dosage was tapered."	( Safety of tapering tacrolimus dose in patients with well-controlled anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive myasthenia gravis. Fujioka, T; Hatanaka, Y; Hattori, N; Ishibashi, S; Kanai, T; Kaneko, J; Kawaguchi, N; Konno, S; Kuwabara, S; Nakahara, J; Nishida, Y; Nishiyama, K; Noguchi, E; Nomura, K; Nose, Y; Oda, F; Ogawa, T; Ogino, M; Ozawa, Y; Sanjo, N; Sonoo, M; Suzuki, N; Suzuki, S; Takahashi, YK; Uzawa, A; Yokota, T; Yokoyama, K, 2020)	1.14
"Tacrolimus dosage was successfully tapered in 110 patients (96%) without any exacerbation."	( Safety of tapering tacrolimus dose in patients with well-controlled anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive myasthenia gravis. Fujioka, T; Hatanaka, Y; Hattori, N; Ishibashi, S; Kanai, T; Kaneko, J; Kawaguchi, N; Konno, S; Kuwabara, S; Nakahara, J; Nishida, Y; Nishiyama, K; Noguchi, E; Nomura, K; Nose, Y; Oda, F; Ogawa, T; Ogino, M; Ozawa, Y; Sanjo, N; Sonoo, M; Suzuki, N; Suzuki, S; Takahashi, YK; Uzawa, A; Yokota, T; Yokoyama, K, 2020)	2.33
" Early age at onset and a large reduction from maintenance dosage were associated with exacerbation."	( Safety of tapering tacrolimus dose in patients with well-controlled anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive myasthenia gravis. Fujioka, T; Hatanaka, Y; Hattori, N; Ishibashi, S; Kanai, T; Kaneko, J; Kawaguchi, N; Konno, S; Kuwabara, S; Nakahara, J; Nishida, Y; Nishiyama, K; Noguchi, E; Nomura, K; Nose, Y; Oda, F; Ogawa, T; Ogino, M; Ozawa, Y; Sanjo, N; Sonoo, M; Suzuki, N; Suzuki, S; Takahashi, YK; Uzawa, A; Yokota, T; Yokoyama, K, 2020)	0.89
"We conducted a dose-response meta-analysis to quantitatively assess the association between Tac blood concentration and (AR) or adverse effects after KT."	( Non-linear Relationship between Tacrolimus Blood Concentration and Acute Rejection After Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Jiang, Y; Li, X; Lin, T; Song, T; Xu, H; Yin, S; Zhang, X, 2019)	0.8
" A simplified once-daily dosing of immunosuppressive drug regimen may improve medication adherence."	( Improvement of medication adherence with simplified once-daily immunosuppressive regimen in stable kidney transplant recipients: A prospective cohort study. Bang, JB; Cho, HR; Han, SY; Huh, KH; Jeon, JS; Kim, SJ; Kim, YS; Kwon, YJ; Lee, SH; Oh, CK, 2020)	0.56
" Particularly, the ITBS scores of 4 questions related to the frequency of medication dosing were significantly different between pre-conversion and post-conversion."	( Improvement of medication adherence with simplified once-daily immunosuppressive regimen in stable kidney transplant recipients: A prospective cohort study. Bang, JB; Cho, HR; Han, SY; Huh, KH; Jeon, JS; Kim, SJ; Kim, YS; Kwon, YJ; Lee, SH; Oh, CK, 2020)	0.56
" Eculizumab was administered at a dosage of 900 mg/wk for the first month and 1200 mg every 2 weeks thereafter."	( Renal Transplantation in Patients With Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: A Single Center Experience. Alpay, N; Ozçelik, U, 2019)	0.51
" Based on population pharmacokinetic model, we suggest the TAC dosing algorithm considering the effects of CYP3A5 and MMF drug interaction in stable kidney transplant recipients."	( Model based development of tacrolimus dosing algorithm considering CYP3A5 genotypes and mycophenolate mofetil drug interaction in stable kidney transplant recipients. Han, N; Jang, H; Kim, IW; Kim, JH; Kim, MG; Kim, YS; Kim, YW; Oh, JM; Yu, MY; Yun, HY, 2019)	0.81
"Total and free plasma prednisolone measurements correlated poorly with saliva measurements; however, correlation improved when concentrations early in the dosing interval were excluded."	( Prednisolone Concentrations in Plasma (Total and Unbound) and Saliva of Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients. Brooks, E; Isbel, NM; McWhinney, B; Staatz, CE; Tett, SE, 2019)	0.51
" Therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing Tac IPV are targeted on improving MNA, avoiding or adjusting drug interactions, drug dosing assists, and educational support of recipients."	( Intrapatient Variability of Tacrolimus Exposure in Solid Organ Transplantation: A Novel Marker for Clinical Outcome. Kuypers, DRJ, 2020)	0.85
"6%), and the dosing frequency (36."	( A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Study of Conversion from Twice-Daily Immediate-Release to Once-Daily Prolonged-Release Tacrolimus in Liver Transplant Recipients in France: The COBALT Study. Bazin, F; Dubel, L; Dumortier, J; Duvoux, C; Houssel-Debry, P, 2019)	0.72
"Transplant nurse coordinators are capable of accurately following a protocol for tacrolimus dosage adjustment in a large, racially diverse kidney transplant center."	( Protocol-based nurse coordinator management of ambulatory tacrolimus dosing in de novo renal transplant recipients-A single-center experience with a large African American population. Baliga, P; DuBay, D; Elmaasarani, Z; Fleming, J; Gylten, L; Mardis, C; Patel, N; Pilch, NA; Rao, V; Rohan, V; Taber, DJ, 2019)	0.98
"The objective of this study is to develop a generic model for tacrolimus pharmacokinetics modelling using a meta-analysis approach, that could serve as a first step towards a prediction tool to inform pharmacokinetics-based optimal dosing of tacrolimus in different populations and indications."	( Toward a robust tool for pharmacokinetic-based personalization of treatment with tacrolimus in solid organ transplantation: A model-based meta-analysis approach. Doan, TTP; Marquet, P; Musuamba, FT; Nanga, TM, 2019)	0.98
" Data regarding dosage and intrapatient variability changes after conversion among patients with CYP3A4/5 inhibitors (CYPinh) is lacking."	( Effect on Dosage Change and Intrapatient Variability After Conversion From Twice-Daily to Once-Daily Tacrolimus Among Thai Kidney Transplant Patients With and Without CYP3A4/5 Inhibitors. Larpparisuth, N; Premasathian, N; Skulratanasak, P; Vongwiwatana, A, 2019)	0.73
" After conversion, median increment of tacrolimus dosage was 14."	( Effect on Dosage Change and Intrapatient Variability After Conversion From Twice-Daily to Once-Daily Tacrolimus Among Thai Kidney Transplant Patients With and Without CYP3A4/5 Inhibitors. Larpparisuth, N; Premasathian, N; Skulratanasak, P; Vongwiwatana, A, 2019)	1
"Conversion to Adv required a dosage increment of 30% to achieve the same trough level."	( Effect on Dosage Change and Intrapatient Variability After Conversion From Twice-Daily to Once-Daily Tacrolimus Among Thai Kidney Transplant Patients With and Without CYP3A4/5 Inhibitors. Larpparisuth, N; Premasathian, N; Skulratanasak, P; Vongwiwatana, A, 2019)	0.73
" Both venous and capillary microsamples (Mitra; Neoteryx, Torrance, CA) were obtained across 2 separate 12-hour Tac dosing intervals (n = 13 samples/AUC)."	( Tacrolimus Area Under the Concentration Versus Time Curve Monitoring, Using Home-Based Volumetric Absorptive Capillary Microsampling. Åsberg, A; Bergan, S; Gustavsen, MT; Midtvedt, K; Robertsen, I; Vethe, NT, 2020)	2
" However, whether exposure variability during the immediate postoperative period affects outcomes is unknown, and pharmacogenetic dosing may be limited by residual PK variability."	( Early Tacrolimus Concentrations After Lung Transplant Are Predicted by Combined Clinical and Genetic Factors and Associated With Acute Kidney Injury. Brown, M; Cantu, E; Christie, JD; Diamond, JM; Feng, R; Flesch, JD; Forker, CM; Kalman, L; Localio, AR; Miano, TA; Oyster, M; Porteus, M; Rushefski, M; Shashaty, MGS; Yang, W, 2020)	1.04
"The present study aimed to optimize the tacrolimus initial dosing scheme in pediatric refractory nephrotic syndrome patients based on population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics."	( Optimization of initial dosing scheme of tacrolimus in pediatric refractory nephrotic syndrome patients based on CYP3A5 genotype and coadministration with wuzhi-capsule. Chen, X; Li, ZP; Wang, DD; Xu, H, 2020)	1.09
" The combination of ketoconazole-CNIs can reduce the cost of medication for patients by reducing the dosage of CNIs, but its safety is still controversial."	( Efficacy and safety of ketoconazole combined with calmodulin inhibitor in solid organ transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, C; Cui, Y; Li, M; Ma, L; Wu, S; Xue, T; Yang, T; Zhou, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Dosage adjustments based on renal function in the package information are effective in controlling the trough and peak concentrations in similar ranges."	( [Clinical Pharmacometrics for Rational Drug Treatment]. Yano, I, 2019)	0.51
" The aim of this study was to retrospectively compare de novo administration of LCP-TAC and TAC-PR for therapeutic trough levels and daily dosage during the first 30 days after first liver transplant (LT)."	( MeltDose Technology vs Once-Daily Prolonged Release Tacrolimus in De Novo Liver Transplant Recipients. Adani, GL; Baccarani, U; Baraldo, M; Cherchi, V; Falzone, B; Lorenzin, D; Pravisani, R; Risaliti, A; Velkoski, J, 2019)	0.76
" Patients were analyzed for daily dosage and trough levels at postoperative days (PODs) 3, 7, 15, and 30."	( MeltDose Technology vs Once-Daily Prolonged Release Tacrolimus in De Novo Liver Transplant Recipients. Adani, GL; Baccarani, U; Baraldo, M; Cherchi, V; Falzone, B; Lorenzin, D; Pravisani, R; Risaliti, A; Velkoski, J, 2019)	0.76
"Bodyweight-based dosing of tacrolimus is considered standard care."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic Model Does Not Predict the Optimal Starting Dose of Tacrolimus in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients in a Prospective Study: Lessons Learned and Model Improvement. Andrews, LM; Brüggemann, RJM; Cornelissen, EAM; Cransberg, K; de Jong, H; de Winter, BCM; Hesselink, DA; Schreuder, MF; van Gelder, T, 2020)	1.08
" As the original dosing algorithm was poorly predictive of tacrolimus exposure, the clinical trial was terminated prematurely."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic Model Does Not Predict the Optimal Starting Dose of Tacrolimus in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients in a Prospective Study: Lessons Learned and Model Improvement. Andrews, LM; Brüggemann, RJM; Cornelissen, EAM; Cransberg, K; de Jong, H; de Winter, BCM; Hesselink, DA; Schreuder, MF; van Gelder, T, 2020)	1.03
"To evaluate the association between tacrolimus trough levels and dosage in Pakistani patients undergoing live donor liver transplantation (LDLT), and the efficacy and adverse effects at different tacrolimus trough levels and dosages."	( Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus in Pakistani Living Donor Liver Transplant Recipients. Ahmad, A; Azam, F; Bhatti, ABH; Dar, FS; Javed, N; Khan, M, 2019)	1.07
" This could reduce the overall dose and dosing frequency of immunosuppressive drugs, and improve the safety and efficacy of treatment."	( Clickable, acid labile immunosuppressive prodrugs for in vivo targeting. Brudno, Y; Gorantla, VS; Mooney, DJ; Snyder, T; Sobral, MC; Wang, H, 2020)	0.56
"Although LC-MS provides a more accurate representation of the blood concentration of the parent compound tacrolimus exclusive of metabolite, established cut points for tacrolimus dosing may need to be adjusted to account for the increased risk of renal injury."	( Tacrolimus trough monitoring guided by mass spectrometry without accounting for assay differences is associated with acute kidney injury in lung transplant recipients. Ahearn, P; Blanc, PD; Calabrese, DR; Chong, T; De Marco, T; Florez, R; Golden, J; Greenland, JR; Hays, SR; Henricksen, E; Isaak, K; Kleinhenz, ME; Kolaitis, NA; Kukreja, J; Leard, LE; Lei, HL; Martinez, E; Shah, RJ; Singer, JP; Venado, A, 2019)	2.17
" Adjusted dosing of mycophenolic acid and tacrolimus with (86%) or without (14%) adjunctive therapies were implemented after diagnosis."	( BK Polyomavirus-specific T cell immune responses in kidney transplant recipients diagnosed with BK Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy. Apiwattanakul, N; Bruminhent, J; Hongeng, S; Kantachuvesiri, S; Klinmalai, C; Pinsai, S; Srisala, S; Watcharananan, SP, 2019)	0.78
"The high variability of tacrolimus pharmacokinetics early after thoracic organ transplantation is largely due to excessive variability in bioavailability, making individualised dosing based on measured concentrations futile."	( High Variability of Whole-Blood Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics Early After Thoracic Organ Transplantation. De Lange, DW; Grutters, JC; Huitema, ADR; Hunault, CC; Kesecioglu, J; Kirkels, JH; Sikma, MA; Van de Graaf, EA; Van Maarseveen, EM; Verhaar, MC, 2020)	1.15
" A further consideration highlighted is that different fluid volumes may impact the absorption profile for supersaturating dosage forms."	( Absorptive Dissolution Testing: An Improved Approach to Study the Impact of Residual Crystallinity on the Performance of Amorphous Formulations. Hate, SS; Reutzel-Edens, SM; Taylor, LS, 2020)	0.56
" Although data from adult renal transplantation trials are used to help guide management decisions in pediatric patients, immunosuppressive therapy in pediatric renal transplant recipients often must be modified because of the unique dosage requirements and clinical effects of these agents in children, including their impact on growth and development."	( Immunosuppressants in Organ Transplantation. Tönshoff, B, 2020)	0.56
" In the first week after heart and lung transplantation, tacrolimus dosing is difficult due to considerable physiological changes because of clinical instability, and toxicity often occurs, even when tacrolimus concentrations are within the therapeutic range."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Impact of Hematocrit on Monitoring and Dosing of Tacrolimus Early After Heart and Lung Transplantation. De Lange, DW; Huitema, ADR; Hunault, CC; Sikma, MA; Van Maarseveen, EM, 2020)	1.03
" Herein, we investigated the association between the TAC blood concentration and dosage focusing on the administration route and concomitant use of VRCZ in children."	( Tacrolimus blood concentration increase depends on administration route when combined with voriconazole in pediatric stem cell transplant recipients. Kato, M; Kiyotani, C; Matsumoto, K; Osumi, T; Shioda, Y; Terashima, K; Tomizawa, D; Utano, T; Yamatani, A, 2020)	2
" The ratio of the TAC blood concentration (ng/mL) to dosage (mg/kg/day) (C/D) was calculated at the last continuous intravenous infusion (C/Div) and after switching to oral administration (C/Dpo)."	( Tacrolimus blood concentration increase depends on administration route when combined with voriconazole in pediatric stem cell transplant recipients. Kato, M; Kiyotani, C; Matsumoto, K; Osumi, T; Shioda, Y; Terashima, K; Tomizawa, D; Utano, T; Yamatani, A, 2020)	2
"Tacrolimus dosing is routinely tailored based on its trough level (C0) drawn by therapeutic drug monitoring in pediatric patients with primary nephrotic syndrome."	( Evaluation of Concentration Errors and Inappropriate Dose Tailoring of Tacrolimus Caused by Sampling-Time Deviations in Pediatric Patients With Primary Nephrotic Syndrome. Fang, L; Gao, P; Hu, Y; Huang, L; Ji, C; Ni, Y; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wu, M; Yang, J; Zhang, H; Zhang, L; Zhu, Z, 2020)	2.23
" Ultimately, the inappropriate dosing possibly misled by incorrect C0 was simulated in a real-patient cohort according to the target range (5-10 ng/mL)."	( Evaluation of Concentration Errors and Inappropriate Dose Tailoring of Tacrolimus Caused by Sampling-Time Deviations in Pediatric Patients With Primary Nephrotic Syndrome. Fang, L; Gao, P; Hu, Y; Huang, L; Ji, C; Ni, Y; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wu, M; Yang, J; Zhang, H; Zhang, L; Zhu, Z, 2020)	0.79
" In addition, de novo dosing tacrolimus ER has revealed that African Americans require approximately 20%-30% higher doses than Caucasians to achieve similar levels."	( Dosing Requirements of Extended-Release Tacrolimus (Astagraf XL) in African American Kidney Transplant Recipients Converted from Immediate-Release Tacrolimus (AAAKTRS). Fleming, JN; Posadas Salas, MA; Taber, DJ, 2020)	1.12
" Six weeks after complete resolution of the ulcer, MMF at a dosage of 250 mg twice daily was initiated; the dosage was subsequently increased to 500 mg twice daily without a recurrence of ulceration."	( Mycophenolate-induced oral ulcers: Case report and literature review. Asare, K; Gatzke, CB, 2020)	0.56
"Extended release LCP-tacrolimus (LCPT) allows once-daily dosing in transplant recipients."	( The use of LCP-Tacrolimus (Envarsus XR) in simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplant recipients. Ajaimy, M; Akalin, E; Azzi, Y; Campbell, A; Graham, JA; Kinkhabwala, M; Konicki, A; Liriano-Ward, L; Pynadath, C; Rocca, JP; Torabi, J, 2020)	1.23
" The once daily dosing may facilitate medication adherence and result in improved long-term outcomes."	( The use of LCP-Tacrolimus (Envarsus XR) in simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplant recipients. Ajaimy, M; Akalin, E; Azzi, Y; Campbell, A; Graham, JA; Kinkhabwala, M; Konicki, A; Liriano-Ward, L; Pynadath, C; Rocca, JP; Torabi, J, 2020)	0.91
"The aim of the present study was to develop a new multi-unit dosage formulation, Universal ORbicular Vehicle (UniORV), to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of tacrolimus (TAC)."	( UniORV, a New Multi-Unit Dosage Form, Improved Biopharmaceutical Properties of Tacrolimus in Rats and Humans. Endo, N; Hirasawa, W; Makino, K; Matahira, Y; Mineda, M; Onoue, S; Sato, H; Sei, S; Tsukada, R, 2020)	0.98
"The new dosage form UniORV is a promising approach to improve the dissolution, amorphous stability, and biopharmaceutical properties of TAC, which is a poorly water-soluble drug."	( UniORV, a New Multi-Unit Dosage Form, Improved Biopharmaceutical Properties of Tacrolimus in Rats and Humans. Endo, N; Hirasawa, W; Makino, K; Matahira, Y; Mineda, M; Onoue, S; Sato, H; Sei, S; Tsukada, R, 2020)	0.79
" In this study, we aimed to investigate the population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) of tacrolimus in patients with MG and to develop model-informed dosing regimens."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Tacrolimus in Adult Chinese Patients with Myasthenia Gravis: A Prospective Study. Cai, XJ; Guo, YP; Jiao, Z; Li, ZR; Liu, J; Wu, H; Xi, JY; Zhao, CB, 2020)	1.05
" Monte Carlo simulations based on the established model were employed to design dosing regimens."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Tacrolimus in Adult Chinese Patients with Myasthenia Gravis: A Prospective Study. Cai, XJ; Guo, YP; Jiao, Z; Li, ZR; Liu, J; Wu, H; Xi, JY; Zhao, CB, 2020)	0.83
"The most accurate dosing of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was observed in patients receiving MMF with tacrolimus, 70."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of MFF in combinations with tacrolimus and cyclosporine. Findings of C0 and AUC. Kaduševičius, E; Marquet, P; Maslauskienë, R; Radzevičienė, A; Saint-Marcoux, F; Stankevičius, E, 2020)	1.02
" We aimed to obtain more information regarding the influence of various covariates on the disposition of tacrolimus in the early phase after cardiac transplantation using a population pharmacokinetic method, and provide information for the individualisation of drug dosing in the clinical setting."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus in Chinese cardiac transplant recipients. Gong, Y; Li, J; Li, X; Lu, Y; Sun, Y; Yang, M, 2020)	1.04
" Based on the simulation results, a simple-touse dosage regimen table to guide clinicians with drug dosing was created."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus in Chinese cardiac transplant recipients. Gong, Y; Li, J; Li, X; Lu, Y; Sun, Y; Yang, M, 2020)	0.83
"The final population model could provide information for the individualised dosing of tacrolimus for cardiac transplant recipients."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus in Chinese cardiac transplant recipients. Gong, Y; Li, J; Li, X; Lu, Y; Sun, Y; Yang, M, 2020)	1.05
" For cyclosporine dosed at 25 and 35 mg/kg/day, MST was 15 days (12-18 days) and 21 days (14-27 days)."	( Efficacy of single-agent immunosuppressive regimens in a murine model of vascularized composite allotransplantation. Beck, SE; Brandacher, G; Chol Oh, B; Etra, JW; Furtmüller, GJ; Guo, Y; Kalsi, R; Messner, F; Schneeberger, S, 2020)	0.56
" Oral dosing of PRCL-02 was well tolerated and resulted in suppressed T-cell proliferation in in vitro MLR comparable to animals in the tacrolimus control arm."	( Targeting Calcium Release-activated Calcium Channel Is Not Sufficient to Prevent Rejection in Nonhuman Primate Kidney Transplantation. Ezekian, B; Farris, AB; Fortier, C; Freischlag, K; Knechtle, SJ; Kwun, J; Manook, M; Park, J; Rao, PE; Sloan-Lancaster, J; Song, M; Yoon, J, 2020)	0.76
"Drug dosing for Tacrolimus (TAC) and Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) after kidney transplantation remains challenging."	( A new model to determine Optimal Exposure to Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate Mofetil after renal transplantation. Gruessner, A; Gruessner, R; Laftavi, MR; Onan, E; Pankewycz, O; Rucker, D; Wang, D, 2020)	1.16
"The development of predictive engines based on pharmacokinetic-physiological mathematical models for personalised dosage recommendations is an immature field."	( Predictive engines based on pharmacokinetics modelling for tacrolimus personalized dosage in paediatric renal transplant patients. Borobia, A; Carcas-Sansuan, A; Prado-Velasco, M, 2020)	0.8
" Current concepts aim to optimize dosing strategies to reduce side effects."	( Low-dose alemtuzumab induction in a tailored immunosuppression protocol for sensitized kidney transplant recipients. Althaus, K; Bakchoul, T; Berger, K; Guthoff, M; Heyne, N; Königsrainer, A; Mühlbacher, T; Nadalin, S; Steurer, W, 2020)	0.56
" Twice-daily intermittent IV tacrolimus dosing may confer safety and convenience benefits."	( Twice-daily intravenous bolus tacrolimus infusion: A safe and effective regimen for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis. Baize, T; Bhandari, S; Emmons, R; Figg, L; Hashmi, H; Hegazi, M; Krem, MM; Kumar, R; Rhodes, JB; Tripathi, P, 2020)	1.14
" Moreover, Tacrolimus has narrow therapeutic index and thus it is essential to prevent its possible toxic effects when a modified release dosage form is administered."	( Topical delivery of Tacrolimus using liposome containing gel: An emerging and synergistic approach in management of psoriasis. Awasthi, R; Jindal, S; Kulkarni, GT; Singhare, D, 2020)	1.27
" During surgery, MP was administered at a dose of 500 mg; thereafter, the dosage was tapered rapidly, and the drug was discontinued on day 14 post transplant."	( Early Steroid Withdrawal Protocol With Basiliximab and Rituximab in ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplant Recipients. Koyama, I; Nakajima, I; Shirai, H; Tojimbara, T; Yamazaki, T; Yashima, J, )	0.13
"Genetic analysis of polymorphisms implicated in drug metabolism and tacrolimus trough levels may help to forecast the risk of acute rejection and individualize drug dosage in children undergoing renal transplantation."	( CYP and SXR gene polymorphisms influence in opposite ways acute rejection rate in pediatric patients with renal transplant. Edefonti, A; Ghio, L; Montini, G; Morello, W; Testa, S; Turolo, S, 2020)	0.79
"The purpose of our research was to recommend the initial tacrolimus dosage for Chinese pediatric patients undergoing kidney transplantation based on population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics."	( Initial dosage optimization of tacrolimus in Chinese pediatric patients undergoing kidney transplantation based on population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics. Chen, X; Li, ZP; Wang, DD; Xu, H, 2020)	1.09
" The first assessed the effect of morning versus evening dosing on the pharmacokinetic profile of LCPT 2 mg; the second assessed the effect of food on the pharmacokinetic profile of LCPT 5 mg."	( Chronopharmacokinetics and Food Effects of Single-Dose LCP-Tacrolimus in Healthy Volunteers. Alloway, RR; Brennan, DC; Cohen, EA; Kerr, J; Meier-Kriesche, U; Momper, JD; Moten, MA; Stevens, DR; Trofe-Clark, J, 2020)	0.8
"No significant differences were observed between evening and morning dosing in peak blood concentration (4."	( Chronopharmacokinetics and Food Effects of Single-Dose LCP-Tacrolimus in Healthy Volunteers. Alloway, RR; Brennan, DC; Cohen, EA; Kerr, J; Meier-Kriesche, U; Momper, JD; Moten, MA; Stevens, DR; Trofe-Clark, J, 2020)	0.8
" The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of three times daily to twice a day dosing of tacrolimus in pediatric kidney transplant recipients at a major tertiary care transplant center."	( Efficacy and safety of three times daily dosing of tacrolimus in pediatric kidney transplantation patients: A single-center comparative study. Al-Jedai, A; Alabdulkarim, Z; Alhasan, K; Alkortas, D; Devol, E, 2020)	1.02
"Effective tacrolimus (TAC) dosing is hampered by complex pharmacokinetics and significant patient variability."	( Gut microbial diversity, inflammation, and oxidative stress are associated with tacrolimus dosing requirements early after heart transplantation. Bohn, B; Brunjes, D; Colombo, PC; Demmer, RT; Farr, M; Gaine, M; Garan, AR; Hupf, J; Jennings, DL; Latif, F; Naka, Y; Nandakumar, R; Onat, D; Restaino, S; Royzman, E; Takayama, H; Takeda, K; Topkara, VK; Uhlemann, AC; Yuzefpolskaya, M; Zuver, A, 2020)	1.19
"Although the association between CYP3A5 gene polymorphism and tacrolimus dosing requirements was well established, the impact on how CYP3A5 genotype affects the acute rejection and long-term renal function in patients who received kidney transplants and were treated with tacrolimus remained controversial."	( Influence of CYP3A5 Genetic Polymorphism on Long-Term Renal Function in Chinese Kidney Transplant Recipients Using Limited Sampling Strategy and Abbreviated Area Under the Curve for Tacrolimus Monitoring. Bekers, O; Chak, WL; Chan, KM; Cheung, CY; van Hooff, JP; Wong, YT, 2020)	0.99
" B cell activating factor plasma levels were significantly higher after ixazomib dosing in those who remained cGVHD free compared with those developed cGVHD."	( Ixazomib for Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Abedin, S; Chhabra, S; D'Souza, A; Dhakal, B; Douglas Rizzo, J; Drobyski, WR; Fenske, TS; Hamadani, M; Hari, PN; Horowitz, MM; Jerkins, JH; Pasquini, MC; Runaas, L; Saber, W; Shah, NN; Shaw, BE; Tang, X; Thompson, R; Visotcky, A; Zhang, MJ; Zhu, F, 2020)	0.56
" Genetic variation in CYP3A5 expression affects tacrolimus dosing requirements, and knowing the CYP3A5 genotype of transplant patients may allow better dose prediction compared with current standard dosing recommendations in a multi-ethnic population."	( CYP3A5 polymorphisms and their effects on tacrolimus exposure in an ethnically diverse South African renal transplant population. Barday, Z; Dandara, C; Ensor, J; Freercks, R; Manning, K; Mhandire, D; Muller, WK, 2020)	1.08
" This post hoc analysis examined dosing trends, relative efficacy, and safety of LCPT (n=247) and IR-Tac (n=249) in slow, intermediate, and rapid metabolizers as defined by concentration/dose ratios at day 30."	( Effect of Concentration/Dose Ratio in De Novo Kidney Transplant Recipients Receiving LCP-Tacrolimus or Immediate-Release Tacrolimus: Post Hoc Analysis of a Phase 3 Clinical Trial. Budde, K; Bunnapradist, S; Meier-Kriesche, U; Morganti, R; Procaccianti, C; Stevens, DR; Suwelack, B, 2020)	0.78
" However, TAC high intra- and inter-patient pharmacokinetic (PK) variability makes it more laborious to accurately predict the appropriate dosage required for a given patient."	( Predictors of tacrolimus pharmacokinetic variability: current evidences and future perspectives. Bindels, LB; Chaib Eddour, D; Degraeve, AL; Elens, L; Haufroid, V; Moudio, S; Mourad, M, 2020)	0.92
"Tacrolimus dosing immediately posttransplant is based on body weight."	( Body weight-based initial dosing of tacrolimus in renal transplantation: Is this an ideal approach? Bhutani, S; Chinnadurai, R; Ibrahim, ST; Kalra, PA; Tay, T, 2021)	2.34
"This study aimed to estimate the effect of body mass index (BMI) and the weight-based dosing on tacrolimus trough levels in recipients of renal transplants."	( Body weight-based initial dosing of tacrolimus in renal transplantation: Is this an ideal approach? Bhutani, S; Chinnadurai, R; Ibrahim, ST; Kalra, PA; Tay, T, 2021)	1.11
" There was no adverse relationship evident between tacrolimus dosing or concentration and graft function."	( Body weight-based initial dosing of tacrolimus in renal transplantation: Is this an ideal approach? Bhutani, S; Chinnadurai, R; Ibrahim, ST; Kalra, PA; Tay, T, 2021)	1.15
"Our study showed that standard dosing of tacrolimus based on body weight in individuals who were obese did not adversely affect their tacrolimus concentrations or transplant function."	( Body weight-based initial dosing of tacrolimus in renal transplantation: Is this an ideal approach? Bhutani, S; Chinnadurai, R; Ibrahim, ST; Kalra, PA; Tay, T, 2021)	1.16
" This study aimed to (1) investigate clinical determinants influencing tacrolimus PK, and (2) identify areas requiring additional research to facilitate the use of population PK models to guide tacrolimus dosing decisions."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Models of Tacrolimus in Adult Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review. Carland, JE; Day, RO; Hennig, S; Kirubakaran, R; Stocker, SL, 2020)	1.06
" The level of MPA, CsA, and TAC in PBMCs might be more stable during dosing interval."	( Establishment of a Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Immunosuppressant Levels in the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Chinese Renal Transplant Recipients. An, HM; Chen, B; Lu, JQ; Shao, K; Shi, HQ; Zhai, XH; Zhou, PJ, 2020)	0.56
" As the long-term use of immunosuppressive agents (ISAs) may result in off-target systemic toxicity and complications, minimizing the ISA dosage while preserving the pharmacological efficacy could be a promising solution to address these challenges."	( Target-oriented delivery of self-assembled immunosuppressant cocktails prolongs allogeneic orthotopic liver transplant survival. Chen, X; Wan, J; Wang, H; Xie, H; Xu, X; Yang, Z; Zhang, L; Zheng, S; Zhou, K; Zhou, L; Zhu, H, 2020)	0.56
"To establish a PPK model of tacrolimus in children with β-TM and optimize initial dosing regimen for achieving target concentration of 5 to 15 ng/mL."	( Initial Dosage Optimization of Tacrolimus in Pediatric Patients With Thalassemia Major Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Based on Population Pharmacokinetics. Chen, M; Li, C; Li, Q; Liu, T; Lu, J; Lv, C; Wei, Y; Zhang, R; Zhou, S, 2021)	1.2
" The proposed dosage regimen reached a good PTA, which could provide a reference for tacrolimus therapy."	( Initial Dosage Optimization of Tacrolimus in Pediatric Patients With Thalassemia Major Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Based on Population Pharmacokinetics. Chen, M; Li, C; Li, Q; Liu, T; Lu, J; Lv, C; Wei, Y; Zhang, R; Zhou, S, 2021)	1.13
" In 3 of the 4 patients, hepatitis was poorly responsive to standard therapy with steroids, azathioprine, or tacrolimus; however, sustained biochemical remission of hepatitis was induced after more aggressive immunosuppressive therapies including Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (ATG) at standard immunosuppressive therapy (IST) dosing for severe Aplastic Anemia (sAA)."	( Outcomes of Severe Seronegative Hepatitis-associated Aplastic Anemia: A Pediatric Case Series. Brigham, D; Feldman, AG; Kemme, S; Lovell, MA; Mack, C; Nakano, T; Stahl, M, 2021)	0.83
" We propose that equine ATG based IST at standard dosing regimen for sAA is a therapy that in select cases can be considered early on in the treatment course and could lead to a sustained remission of both hepatitis and sAA."	( Outcomes of Severe Seronegative Hepatitis-associated Aplastic Anemia: A Pediatric Case Series. Brigham, D; Feldman, AG; Kemme, S; Lovell, MA; Mack, C; Nakano, T; Stahl, M, 2021)	0.62
" The dosage of prednisone also reduced at the end of the observation period with only 6 adverse events reported."	( Therapeutic and Immunoregulatory Effects of Tacrolimus in Patients with Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis. Jing, S; Liu, J; Song, J; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wu, H; Xi, J; Yan, C; Zhao, C, 2020)	0.82
" CYP3A5 genotyping has a certain guiding significance for determining the dosage of tacrolimus."	( [Clinical effect of tacrolimus in the treatment of myasthenia gravis in children]. Ding, CH; Fang, F; Gong, S; Li, JW; Lyu, JL; Ren, CH; Ren, XT; Wang, X; Wang, XH; Wu, HS; Yang, XY; Zhang, WH, 2020)	1.11
"Prescribing appropriate Tacrolimus (Tac) dosing is still a challenge for clinicians due to the interindividual variability in dose requirement and the narrow therapeutic index."	( Dosing algorithm for Tacrolimus in Tunisian Kidney transplant patients: Effect of CYP 3A4*1B and CYP3A4*22 polymorphisms. A Boughattas, N; Aouam, K; Ben-Fadhel, N; Ben-Fredj, N; Ben-Romdhane, H; Chadli, Z; Hannachi, I, 2020)	1.18
" survival, acute rejection, re-transplantation), patients therapy adherence, and infections requiring the need to reduce individual immunosuppressant dosing will be evaluated for each patient."	( Evaluation of the impact of Tacrolimus-based immunosuppression on Heidelberg liver transplant cohort (HDTACRO): Study protocol for an investigator initiated, non-interventional prospective study. Abbasi Dezfouli, S; Alamdari, P; Ali-Hasan-Al-Saegh, S; Ghamarnejad, O; Khajeh, E; Lemekhova, A; Majlesara, A; Mehrabi, A; Mieth, M; Nickkholgh, A; Polychronidis, G; Ramouz, A; Rupp, C; Saracevic, M; Weiss, KH, 2020)	0.85
" Tacrolimus levels and dosage requirements were compared before and during antifungal therapy."	( Effects of antifungal drugs on the plasma concentrations and dosage of tacrolimus in kidney transplant patients. Cheng, S; Du, J; Tang, M; Yin, T, 2022)	1.86
" In this article, the authors explored the impact of obesity on tacrolimus exposure in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and estimated a more suitable initial dosage in this population."	( Tacrolimus Exposure in Obese Patients: and A Case-Control Study in Kidney Transplantation. Decourchelle, N; Gruliere, AS; Legris, T; Manos-Sampol, E; Manson, T; Moal, V; Quaranta, S; Robert, T; Robert, V, 2021)	2.3
" Drug concentrations in blood, selected morphological and biochemical parameters, and the genetic variation of IL-10 (-1082A > G) which may affect immunosuppressant dosage and risk of acute graft rejection were analyzed."	( The effect of genetic variations for interleukin-10 (IL-10) on the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in patients after kidney transplantation. Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, J; Bogacz, A; Czerny, B; Dziewanowski, K; Grześkowiak, E; Kotowski, M; Machaliński, B; Ostrowski, M; Polaszewska, A; Sieńko, J; Sieńko, M; Tejchman, K, 2020)	0.56
" Discontinuation or dosage reduction of immunosuppressives and other treatment information was documented."	( Clinical course of COVID-19 disease in immunosuppressed renal transplant patients Ateş, ÖF; Çetin, ES; Dheir, H; Fırat, N; Genç, AB; Karabay, O; Köroğlu, M; Muratdağı, G; Özmen, K; Sipahi, S; Tomak, Y; Yaylacı, S, 2021)	0.62
" dosing in organ transplant patients, using Xgboost machine learning (ML) models."	( Tacrolimus Exposure Prediction Using Machine Learning. Debord, J; Labriffe, M; Marquet, P; Woillard, JB, 2021)	2.06
"Tacrolimus is a narrow therapeutic index medication, which requires therapeutic drug monitoring to optimize dosing based on systemic exposure."	( Validation of a Capillary Dry Blood Sample MITRA-Based Assay for the Quantitative Determination of Systemic Tacrolimus Concentrations in Transplant Recipients. Aluvihare, V; Anaokar, S; Dawson, I; Hussain, I; Kamar, N; Kazeem, G; Saliba, F; Torpey, N; Undre, N, 2021)	2.28
" An elevated tacrolimus level likely contributed to her TMA and a decrease in dosage improved her clinical picture and laboratory markers."	( Thrombotic Microangiopathy in a Pregnant Woman With Kidney Transplantation: A Case Report. Cantarovich, M; Cherniak, V; Demir, KK; Do, AT; Malhamé, I; Naessens, V; Podymow, T; Ponette, V; Sandal, S; Wou, K, 2021)	0.99
" A dosing simulation strategy based on observed trough concentrations (rather than model-based predictions) resulted in 12% more patients successfully achieving tacrolimus trough concentrations within the institutional target range (5-10 ng/ml)."	( Evaluation of the performance of a prior tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic kidney transplant model among adult allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Armistead, PM; Campagne, O; Crona, DJ; Flynn, G; Mager, DE; Miller, JA; Patel, T; Ptachcinski, JR; Suzuki, O; Torrice, CD; Weiner, DL; Wiltshire, T; Zhu, J, 2021)	1.08
" The objective of this study was to develop a model of tacrolimus clearance with a dosing equation accounting for genotypes and clinical factors in adult kidney transplant recipients of European ancestry that could preemptively guide dosing."	( Precision Dosing for Tacrolimus Using Genotypes and Clinical Factors in Kidney Transplant Recipients of European Ancestry. Al-Kofahi, M; Dorr, CR; Guan, W; Israni, AK; Jacobson, PA; Mannon, RB; Matas, AJ; Oetting, WS; Remmel, RP; Schladt, DP; Wu, B, 2021)	1.19
" On topical application, the TAC concentrations in rabbit cornea and conjunctiva one hour after dosing were 4452 ± 2289 and 516 ± 180 ng/g of tissue, respectively."	( A polymeric aqueous tacrolimus formulation for topical ocular delivery. Abdulrahman, NS; Badr, MY; Schatzlein, AG; Uchegbu, IF, 2021)	0.94
" Overall, dosing had to be changed in 4 (14."	( STABIL-study: The Course of Therapy, Safety and Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Conversion of Prograf® to Tacrolimus HEXAL®/Crilomus® in Renal Transplant Recipients - an Observational Study in Germany. Budde, K; Dienes, K; Halleck, F; Kalb, K; Lehner, LJ; Pein, U; Roehle, R; Schenker, P; Seeger, W; Weigand, K, 2021)	0.84
" Total daily dose was divided by trough concentration for each route to determine the dosing ratio of SL:PO."	( Use of sublingual tacrolimus in adults undergoing hematopoietic cell transplant: A pilot study. Alkhateeb, H; Bartoo, GT; Hogan, WJ; Litzow, MR; May, HP; Shah, MV; Wolf, RC, 2022)	1.06
" Due to wide interindividual pharmacokinetic (PK) variability, optimizing TAC dosing based on genetic factors is required to minimize nephrotoxicity and acute rejections."	( Unraveling the Genomic Architecture of the CYP3A Locus and ADME Genes for Personalized Tacrolimus Dosing. Cho, Y; Choi, S; Ha, J; Jang, IJ; Kim, BJ; Kim, HK; Kim, MS; Kim, YJ; Lee, MG; Min, S; Moon, S; Oh, J; Park, JB; Shin, HS; Song, SH; Yang, CW; Yang, J; Yoon, HE; Yoon, JG, 2021)	0.84
"527; dosing adherence, ρ = - 0."	( Association between medication adherence and intrapatient variability in tacrolimus concentration among stable kidney transplant recipients. Chung, C; Ha, J; Han, A; Kim, HK; Ko, H; Min, S; Min, SK, 2021)	0.85
" Radiographic and histological evaluations revealed that 100 % of defects healed well regardless of tacrolimus dosage or duration."	( Healing of sub-critical femoral osteotomies in mice is unaffected by tacrolimus and deletion of recombination activating gene 1. Bartnikowski, M; Evans, CH; Glatt, V; Liu, TY; Millard, SM; Pettit, AR; Sokolowski, KA; Veitch, M; Wells, JW; Wu, AC, 2021)	1.07
" Furthermore, a dosing algorithm that includes demographic and clinical factors plus multiple genetic variants should be added for consideration, and may optimize early tacrolimus exposure."	( Clinical Impact of the Adaptation of Initial Tacrolimus Dosing to the CYP3A5 Genotype After Kidney Transplantation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Hu, X; Liu, L; Sun, Y; Wang, W; Yang, H; Yu, X; Zhang, X, 2021)	1.08
"Our study highlights the importance of incorporating age, organ type, and genotype in predicting tacrolimus levels and lays the groundwork for developing an individualized age and organ-specific genotype-guided tacrolimus dosing algorithm."	( An Integrated Clinical and Genetic Prediction Model for Tacrolimus Levels in Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Allen, U; Berka, N; Birk, P; Blydt-Hansen, T; Campbell, P; Daniel, C; Foster, BJ; Grasemann, H; Hamiwka, L; Lambert, AN; Litalien, C; Min, S; Mital, S; Ng, V; Papaz, T; Parekh, R; Saw, CL; Tinckam, K; Urschel, S; Van Driest, SL, 2022)	1.19
" The doses required to achieve therapeutic tacrolimus troughs were significantly lower in all age groups compared with the current FDA de novo dosing recommendation."	( Clinical Experience with Extended-Release Tacrolimus in Older Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Hagopian, JC; Horwedel, TA; January, SE; Nesselhauf, NM; Progar, K; Santos, RD, 2021)	1.15
" Wuzhi Capsule (WZC) is a commonly used TAC-sparing agent in Chinese SOT to reduce TAC dosing due to its inhibitory effect on TAC metabolism by enzymes of the CYP3A subfamily."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis and dosing guidelines for tacrolimus co-administration with Wuzhi capsule in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Fu, Q; Hou, X; Jiao, Z; Jing, Y; Kong, Y; Liu, H; Peng, H; Wei, X, 2021)	0.86
"Wuzhi Capsule co-administration and CYP3A5 variants affect the PK of TAC Dosing guidelines are made based on the PPK model to allow individualized administration of TAC, especially when co-administered with WZC."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis and dosing guidelines for tacrolimus co-administration with Wuzhi capsule in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Fu, Q; Hou, X; Jiao, Z; Jing, Y; Kong, Y; Liu, H; Peng, H; Wei, X, 2021)	0.86
" In addition, there was a correlation between serum dosage of tacrolimus and the development of SAH (P=0."	( PREVALENCE AND TIME OF DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMIC ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN PATIENTS AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION. Lemos, BO; Silva, RCMA; Silva, RFD, )	0.37
" We transitioned our tacrolimus protocol from oral to sublingual dosing in pancreas transplant patients beginning January 1, 2017."	( Safety and Efficacy of Perioperative Sublingual Tacrolimus in Pancreas Transplant Compared With Oral Tacrolimus. Gonzales, H; Kalbavi, V; Patel, N; Perez, C; Rohan, V; Taber, DJ, 2021)	1.2
" This is an important step in personalizing the dosage of TAC post-transplant to improve outcomes post-transplant."	( Dynamic prediction based on variability of a longitudinal biomarker. Campbell, KR; Davis, S; Juarez-Colunga, E; Martins, R, 2021)	0.62
"To determine if a reliable weight-based dosing strategy could be utilized to transition kidney transplant patients from immediate-release to extended-release tacrolimus."	( Evaluation of Weight-Based Dose During Transition From Immediate-Release to Extended-Release Tacrolimus in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Byrns, J; Lee, HJ; Magid, M; Sanoff, S; Yang, Z, 2023)	1.33
"Therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended to guide tacrolimus dosing because of its narrow therapeutic window and considerable pharmacokinetic variability."	( Tacrolimus Therapy in Adult Heart Transplant Recipients: Evaluation of a Bayesian Forecasting Software. Carland, JE; Carlos, L; Day, RO; Kirubakaran, R; Stocker, SL, 2021)	2.31
" The concordance of tacrolimus dosing and monitoring according to hospital guidelines was assessed."	( Tacrolimus Therapy in Adult Heart Transplant Recipients: Evaluation of a Bayesian Forecasting Software. Carland, JE; Carlos, L; Day, RO; Kirubakaran, R; Stocker, SL, 2021)	2.39
"Tacrolimus dosing and monitoring were discordant with the guidelines."	( Tacrolimus Therapy in Adult Heart Transplant Recipients: Evaluation of a Bayesian Forecasting Software. Carland, JE; Carlos, L; Day, RO; Kirubakaran, R; Stocker, SL, 2021)	3.51
" Pathologists should be aware of these associations because colitis often resolves with decreasing drug dosage rather than treatment directed toward inflammatory bowel disease."	( Histologic Features of Tacrolimus-induced Colonic Injury. Hissong, E; Mostyka, M; Yantiss, RK, 2022)	1.03
" These findings offer a rationale for the personalization of tacrolimus dosing regimens."	( Estimation of Tacrolimus Clearance in Saudi Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients. Alenazi, M; Alqahtani, S; Alsarhani, E; Alsultan, A, )	0.73
" All dosing regimens were maintained for 7 days."	( Drug-drug interaction comparison between tacrolimus and phenobarbital in different formulations for paediatrics and adults. Chen, J; Liu, W; Lu, X; Wang, N; Zhang, Y; Zhao, X; Zhu, L; Zuo, M, 2021)	0.89
" During the first 3 y after transplant, CYP3A5 expressers tended to have lower tacrolimus trough levels than nonexpressers, although their tacrolimus dosage was as much as 80% higher."	( Development of De Novo Donor-specific HLA Antibodies and AMR in Renal Transplant Patients Depends on CYP3A5 Genotype. Eisenberger, U; Friebus-Kardash, J; Heinemann, FM; Kribben, A; Möhlendick, B; Nela, E; Siffert, W, 2022)	0.95
" A model-informed dosing strategy was proposed by the established model, and MMF dose adjustment should be based on ALB levels and the post-transplantation time."	( Genetic polymorphisms in metabolic enzymes and transporters have no impact on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in adult kidney transplant patients co-treated with tacrolimus: A population analysis. Feng, LJ; Jiao, Z; Liao, GY; Sheng, CC; Su, Y; Xia, Q; Xu, DJ; Yang, CL, 2021)	0.82
"One of the most commonly used immunosuppressants in organ transplant, tacrolimus exhibits wide interpatient and intrapatient variability and narrow therapeutic index that necessitates routine concentration monitoring and dosage adjustments."	( Comparing the pharmacokinetics of extended-release tacrolimus (LCP-TAC) to immediate-release formulations in kidney transplant patients. Bunnapradist, S; Tan, T, 2021)	1.11
" We have then generated by simulation a personalised dosing strategy based on the model that could improve the early attainment of therapeutic trough levels by almost doubling the proportion of patients within target range (69."	( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Strategies for Envarsus in De Novo Kidney Transplant Patients Using Population Modelling and Simulations. Cella, M; Govoni, M; Henin, E; Laveille, C; Piotti, G, 2021)	0.62
" The model could guide a personalised dosing strategy early after transplantation."	( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Strategies for Envarsus in De Novo Kidney Transplant Patients Using Population Modelling and Simulations. Cella, M; Govoni, M; Henin, E; Laveille, C; Piotti, G, 2021)	0.62
" One such extended-release formulation of tacrolimus known as LCPT allows once-daily dosing and improves bioavailability compared to immediate-release tacrolimus (IR-tacrolimus)."	( De novo tacrolimus extended-release tablets (LCPT) versus twice-daily tacrolimus in adult heart transplantation: Results of a single-center non-inferiority matched control trial. Carey, SA; Cheung, ZO; Clark, DM; Doss, AK; Felius, J; Gottlieb, RL; Guerrero-Miranda, CY; Hall, SA; Jamil, AK; Kale, P; Kerlee, KR; Martits-Chalangari, K; Sam, T; van Zyl, JS, 2021)	1.32
"Identification of the most appropriate population pharmacokinetic model-based Bayesian estimation is required prior to its implementation in routine clinical practice to inform tacrolimus dosing decisions."	( Evaluation of published population pharmacokinetic models to inform tacrolimus dosing in adult heart transplant recipients. Carland, JE; Day, RO; Hennig, S; Kirubakaran, R; Maslen, B; Stocker, SL, 2022)	1.15
" The performance of each model was evaluated using: (i) prediction-based assessment (bias and imprecision) of the individual predicted tacrolimus concentration of the fourth dosing occasion (MAXEVAL = 0, FOCE-I) from 1-3 prior dosing occasions; and (ii) simulation-based assessment (prediction-corrected visual predictive check)."	( Evaluation of published population pharmacokinetic models to inform tacrolimus dosing in adult heart transplant recipients. Carland, JE; Day, RO; Hennig, S; Kirubakaran, R; Maslen, B; Stocker, SL, 2022)	1.16
"Regardless of the number of prior dosing occasions (1-3) and concomitant azole antifungal use, all models demonstrated unacceptable individual predicted tacrolimus concentration of the fourth dosing occasion (n = 152)."	( Evaluation of published population pharmacokinetic models to inform tacrolimus dosing in adult heart transplant recipients. Carland, JE; Day, RO; Hennig, S; Kirubakaran, R; Maslen, B; Stocker, SL, 2022)	1.16
" tacrolimus exposure to determine whether the current genotype-guided dosing recommendations are appropriate for this formulation."	( Impact of Pharmacogenetics on Intravenous Tacrolimus Exposure and Conversions to Oral Therapy. Frame, D; Gersch, CL; Hertz, DL; Kidwell, KM; Li, Y; Marcath, LA; Nguyen, V; Pasternak, AL; Rae, JM; Scappaticci, G, 2022)	1.9
" However, achieving adequate adherence can be difficult secondary to complicated dosing regimens, side effects, and mental/emotional barriers."	( Adherence to immunosuppression in adult heart transplant recipients: A systematic review. Badawy, SM; Hussain, T; Nassetta, K; O'Dwyer, LC; Wilcox, JE, 2021)	0.62
" Finally, a simplified dosing regimen with once-a-day tacrolimus as well as use of a mobile phone-based intervention were associated with improved adherence."	( Adherence to immunosuppression in adult heart transplant recipients: A systematic review. Badawy, SM; Hussain, T; Nassetta, K; O'Dwyer, LC; Wilcox, JE, 2021)	0.87
" In this setting, the personalization of steroid dosage might prevent an over exposure to the drug, but this strategy is not available yet."	( [Steroidi tra necessità e tossicità]. Affatato, S; Lucca, B; Sandrini, S, 2021)	0.62
" However, a comparison of 10 machine learning model-based TAC pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic dosing algorithms for kidney transplant perioperative patients of Chinese descent has not been reported."	( Machine learning-based method for tacrolimus dose predictions in Chinese kidney transplant perioperative patients. Cao, L; Deng, P; Fu, Q; Hou, X; Jiang Mr, X; Jing, Y; Kong, Y; Liu Mr, G; Liu, H; Peng, H; Wei, X; Xiao, J; Xiao, P, 2022)	1
" The ETR model successfully predicted the ideal TAC dosage in 97."	( Machine learning-based method for tacrolimus dose predictions in Chinese kidney transplant perioperative patients. Cao, L; Deng, P; Fu, Q; Hou, X; Jiang Mr, X; Jing, Y; Kong, Y; Liu Mr, G; Liu, H; Peng, H; Wei, X; Xiao, J; Xiao, P, 2022)	1
" Population PK studies for oral medications performed using EHR data often assume a regular dosing schedule as prescribed without incorporating exact dosing time."	( Sensitivity of estimated tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic profile to assumed dose timing and absorption in real-world data and simulated data. Beck, C; Birdwell, KA; Choi, L; Van Driest, SL; Weeks, HL; Williams, ML, 2022)	1.02
"Before investing resources into the development of a precision dosing (model-informed precision dosing [MIPD]) tool for tacrolimus, the performance of the tool was evaluated in silico."	( Predicting model-informed precision dosing: A test-case in tacrolimus dose adaptation for kidney transplant recipients. Annaert, P; Bouillon, T; Faelens, R; Kuypers, D; Luyckx, N, 2022)	1.17
" The CNI dosage of tacrolimus group and cyclosporine A group was compared before and after MMF."	( Effect of MMF Immunosuppression Based on CNI Reduction on CNI-Related Renal Damage after Lung Transplantation. Tang, C; Wang, W; Xue, Y; Yang, J, 2022)	1.05
" Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is routinely used for dosage adjustment of several immunosuppressive drugs."	( Personalized immunosuppression after kidney transplantation. Cheung, CY; Tang, SCW, 2022)	0.72
" Our results show the clinically significant interaction between NR and immunosuppressive agents can be reasonably managed with a standardized dosing protocol."	( Early clinical experience with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients. Brown, RS; Chen, JK; Hedvat, J; Jennings, DL; Kovac, DB; Lange, NW; Pereira, MR; Salerno, DM; Scheffert, J; Shertel, T, 2022)	0.72
"Once-daily extended-release tacrolimus (TACER) is commonly administered following kidney transplantation (KTx); however, its optimal dosage remains unknown."	( Two-year outcomes of low-exposure extended-release tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil regimen in de novo kidney transplantation: A multi-center randomized controlled trial. Futamura, K; Goto, N; Hidaka, Y; Hiramitsu, T; Kawabata, C; Kinoshita, K; Kobayashi, T; Miyata, A; Narumi, S; Okada, M; Tanaka, K; Tomosugi, T; Toyoda, M; Tsujita, M; Watarai, Y; Yamanaga, S; Yokomizo, H, 2022)	1.27
" In contrast, the dosage and eAUC of MMF did not differ between groups."	( Two-year outcomes of low-exposure extended-release tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil regimen in de novo kidney transplantation: A multi-center randomized controlled trial. Futamura, K; Goto, N; Hidaka, Y; Hiramitsu, T; Kawabata, C; Kinoshita, K; Kobayashi, T; Miyata, A; Narumi, S; Okada, M; Tanaka, K; Tomosugi, T; Toyoda, M; Tsujita, M; Watarai, Y; Yamanaga, S; Yokomizo, H, 2022)	0.97
"Initial algorithm-based dosing appears to be effective in predicting tacrolimus dose requirement."	( Model-Based Tacrolimus Follow-up Dosing in Adult Renal Transplant Recipients: A Simulation Trial. Andrews, LM; de Winter, BCM; Francke, MI; Hesselink, DA; Keizer, RJ; van Gelder, T, 2022)	1.33
" For every measured tacrolimus predose concentration (C 0,obs ), model-based dosing advice was simulated using the InsightRX software."	( Model-Based Tacrolimus Follow-up Dosing in Adult Renal Transplant Recipients: A Simulation Trial. Andrews, LM; de Winter, BCM; Francke, MI; Hesselink, DA; Keizer, RJ; van Gelder, T, 2022)	1.42
"The combination of an algorithm-based tacrolimus starting dose with model-based follow-up dosing has the potential to minimize under- and overexposure to tacrolimus in the early posttransplant phase, although the additional effect of model-based follow-up dosing on initial algorithm-based dosing seems small."	( Model-Based Tacrolimus Follow-up Dosing in Adult Renal Transplant Recipients: A Simulation Trial. Andrews, LM; de Winter, BCM; Francke, MI; Hesselink, DA; Keizer, RJ; van Gelder, T, 2022)	1.37
"This study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus coadministration with Wuzhi capsule and optimise the dosage regimen in adult liver transplant patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dosage optimisation of tacrolimus coadministration with Wuzhi capsule in adult liver transplant patients. Du, Y; Ge, W; Song, W; Xiong, X; Zhu, H, 2022)	1.2
"The findings of this study have identified the various important factors to adjust tacrolimus dosage when co-administrated with voriconazole in individual patients."	( The importance of CYP2C19 genotype in tacrolimus dose optimization when concomitant with voriconazole in heart transplant recipients. Huang, X; Huang, Y; Liu, L; Mei, H; Tong, L; Xiang, H; Zeng, F; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, H; Zhou, Y, 2022)	1.22
"A population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model may be used to improve tacrolimus dosing and minimize under- and overexposure in kidney transplant recipients."	( Body composition is associated with tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in kidney transplant recipients. de Mik-van Egmond, AME; De Winter, BCM; Francke, MI; Hesselink, DA; Severs, D; Visser, WJ, 2022)	1.23
"The generalizability of numerous tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic (popPK) models constructed to promote optimal tacrolimus dosing in patients with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) is unclear."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Evaluation with External Validation of Tacrolimus in Chinese Primary Nephrotic Syndrome Patients. Huang, Z; Pei, Q; Yang, L; Yang, N; Yi, B, 2022)	1.24
" Dosage modifications were not allowed."	( Activity and safety of topical pimecrolimus in patients with early stage mycosis fungoides (PimTo-MF): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. de la Cámara, AG; de la Cruz, J; Estrach, T; Fernández-de-Misa, R; Gallardo, F; García-Díaz, N; Jiménez, B; Lora, D; Maroñas Jiménez, L; Muniesa, C; Ortiz-Romero, PL; Pedro Vaqué, J; Piris Pinilla, MÁ; Postigo, C; Riveiro-Falkenbach, E; Rodríguez Peralto, JL; Sánchez-Beato, M; Sanmartín, O; Servitje, O; Vega, R, 2022)	0.72
"This study developed tacrolimus dose regimens for the first time for paediatric lung transplant recipients using Monte Carlo simulation and optimized initial dosage in paediatric lung transplant recipients."	( Optimization of initial dose regimen of tacrolimus in paediatric lung transplant recipients based on Monte Carlo simulation. Ding, KW; He, SM; Mei, YQ; Wang, DD; Wang, X; Wei, QL; Xue, JJ; Yang, L, 2022)	1.31
" This means that Bayesian dosing tools developed to optimise tacrolimus and MPA dosing in Caucasian recipients may be applied to Aboriginal recipients."	( Important lack of difference in tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics between Aboriginal and Caucasian kidney transplant recipients. Barraclough, KA; Carroll, R; Cherian, S; Gorham, G; Holford, N; Majoni, SW; Metz, D; Staatz, CE; Swaminathan, R, 2022)	1.25
"The dosing regimen of FK506 that restored bone healing increased the bioburden in the bone and on the fixation implant compared to the carrier control animals."	( FK506 increases susceptibility to musculoskeletal infection in a rodent model. Muire, PJ; Shiels, SM; Wenke, JC, 2022)	0.72
"The management of immunosuppressors in solid organ transplantation requires pharmacological therapeutic monitoring with regular adaptation of the dosage to the residual level."	( Sotorasib associated with tacrolimus and everolimus: A significant drug interaction in lung transplant patients. Bedouch, P; Briault, A; Degano, B; Falque, L; Liaigre, L; Orhon, P; Perrier, Q; Raymond, CS; Romand, P, 2022)	1.02
" They were killed on the 14th PO and the kidney was removed for tissue oxidative stress analysis, by the dosage of reduced glutathione (GSH), lipoperoxidation (LPO) and protein carbonylation (PCO), and histological analysis by glomerular stereology (Glomerular volume density, Numerical density glomerular and mean glomerular volume)."	( Evaluation of nefrotoxicity by tacrolimus and micophenolate mofetil associated with kidney ischemia and reperfusion: experimental study in rats. Cavalli, AC; Fraga, R; Sala, LFM; Slongo, J; Tambara Filho, R, 2022)	1.01
"The effects of multidrug resistance-1 (MDR1), ABCC2, and P450 oxidoreductase (POR)*28 gene polymorphisms on tacrolimus metabolism following a switch to once-daily dosing have not been elucidated."	( Impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in liver transplant patients after switching to once-daily dosing. Choi, Y; Hong, SK; Hong, SY; Lee, JM; Lee, KW; Oh, SC; Park, J; Park, MY; Suh, KS; Yi, NJ, 2023)	1.38
"Eighty-seven liver transplant recipients who were switched from twice- to once-daily tacrolimus dosing following living-donor liver transplantation and 81 matched donors were genotyped for CYP3A5, MDR1 (1236C>T, 2677G>T/A, and 3435C>T), ABCC2 (-24C>T, 1249G>A, and 3972C>T), and POR*28."	( Impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in liver transplant patients after switching to once-daily dosing. Choi, Y; Hong, SK; Hong, SY; Lee, JM; Lee, KW; Oh, SC; Park, J; Park, MY; Suh, KS; Yi, NJ, 2023)	1.39
" Dose adjustment to maintain therapeutic tacrolimus levels following the switch to once-daily dosing should be considered based on polymorphisms in both the recipient and donor."	( Impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in liver transplant patients after switching to once-daily dosing. Choi, Y; Hong, SK; Hong, SY; Lee, JM; Lee, KW; Oh, SC; Park, J; Park, MY; Suh, KS; Yi, NJ, 2023)	1.44
"The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the very low dosage of diltiazem on tacrolimus exposure during the first week post-kidney transplantation, among cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A5 expressers who did not receive diltiazem (EXplb), CYP3A5 expressers who received the very low dose diltiazem (EXdtz), CYP3A5 nonexpressers who did not receive diltiazem (NEplb), and CYP3A5 nonexpressers who received the very low dose diltiazem (NEdtz)."	( The effect of the very low dosage diltiazem on tacrolimus exposure very early after kidney transplantation: a randomized controlled trial. Kunlamas, Y; Susomboon, T; Vadcharavivad, S; Vongwiwatana, A, 2022)	1.2
" The median survival time was >176 days over the dosing period and 45 days after drug withdrawal."	( Impacts of dosing and drug withdrawal period on tacrolimus-based triple therapy in a non-human primate renal transplantation model. Fukahori, H; Hanaoka, K; Higashi, Y; Koyama, H; Maeda, M; Morokata, T; Murakami, R; Naganuma, Y; Nakamura, K; Satake, H, 2022)	0.98
" Compared with the control group, the tacrolimus group had a lower cumulative steroid dosage and earlier discontinuation of steroids (p < 0."	( Efficacy and steroid-sparing effect of tacrolimus in patients with autoimmune cytopenia. Chen, M; Han, B; Yang, C; Zhang, R, 2022)	1.26
" The dosage of pyridostigmine bromide was reduced for 69."	( Effect of treatment with Fufang Huangqi decoction on dose reductions and discontinuation of pyridostigmine bromide tablets, prednisone, and tacrolimus in patients with type I or II myasthenia gravis. Caifeng, S; Haiou, P; Jingsheng, Z; Wenjun, Q; Xueshi, H; Yi, L; Zhanyou, W, 2022)	0.92
" Immunobiogram dose-response curve parameters were compared between both subgroups in patients treated with mycophenolate, tacrolimus, corticosteroids, cyclosporine A or everolimus."	( The Immunobiogram, a novel in vitro diagnostic test to measure the pharmacodynamic response to immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplant patients. Andrés, A; Crespo, M; Díez, T; Jiménez, C; Kotton, CN; Krajewska, M; Ortega, A; Pascual, J; Paz-Artal, E; Portero, I; Portolés, J; Seron, D; Sorensen, SS; Witzke, O, 2022)	0.93
"The study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of tacrolimus for Chinese patients with nephrotic syndrome using the patient's genotype and Wuzhi capsule dosage as the main test factors."	( Tacrolimus Population Pharmacokinetic Model in Adult Chinese Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome and Dosing Regimen Identification Using Monte Carlo Simulations. Liao, M; Wang, M; Zhao, L; Zhao, M; Zhu, X, 2022)	2.4
" Once the model is externally validated, the effect of post-transplant time on clearance and the sedation status may be considered in routine dosing management."	( Population pharmacokinetics of sublingually administered tacrolimus in infants and young children with liver transplantation. Buamscha, D; Cáceres Guido, P; Cruz, A; Dip, M; Galván, ME; Halac, E; Ibarra, M; Imventarza, O; Licciardone, N; Lopez, C; Parra-Guillen, ZP; Pérez, E; Riva, N; Schaiquevich, P; Trezeguet Renatti, G; Troconiz, IF, 2023)	1.16
"No statistically significant differences were found among treatments regarding dosage used, levels, creatinine, and proteinuria (P > ."	( Comparative Study of 2 Extended-Release Tacrolimus Formulations in Kidney Transplantation. Beneyto Castelló, I; Cholbi Vives, E; Cruz Sánchez, A; Espí Reig, J; González-Calero Borrás, P; Hernández Jaras, J; Moreno Maestre, E; Ramos Cebrián, M; Ramos Escorihuela, D; Ventura Galiano, A, 2022)	0.99
" We describe a new living donor kidney recipient receiving pretransplant and post-transplant immunosuppressants including oral mycophenolate (MMF 1 g daily) and tacrolimus (FK-506 4-8 mg daily) who developed progressive liver dysfunction (up to 10-fold increase) despite the reduced FK-506 dosage (6 mg daily)."	( Mycophenolate-Induced Hepatotoxicity Precipitates Tacrolimus Nephrotoxicity in a Kidney Transplant Recipient: A Case Report. Chang, WC; Chen, CC; Lin, SH, 2022)	1.17
" However, optimal dosing is challenging due to its narrow therapeutic index, potentially serious adverse effects, and wide inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics."	( Influence of CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3 combined genotypes on tacrolimus dose requirements in Egyptian renal transplant patients. Ebid, AIM; ELSharkawy, M; Ismail, DA; Lotfy, NM; Mahmoud, MA, 2022)	0.97
" Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to develop the population pharmacokinetics model for tacrolimus in patients with heart transplants, followed by Monte Carlo simulations to design initial dosing regimens."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis for Model-Based Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus in Chinese Han Heart Transplant Patients. Chen, J; Cheng, Y; Lin, X; Qiu, H; Zhang, J, 2023)	1.35
"The population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in heart transplant patients can better estimate the population and individual pharmacokinetic parameters of patients and can provide a reference for the design of individualized dosing regimens."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis for Model-Based Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus in Chinese Han Heart Transplant Patients. Chen, J; Cheng, Y; Lin, X; Qiu, H; Zhang, J, 2023)	1.4
" Topical steroids in slow tapering dosage were preferred by 86."	( Practice patterns and opinions in the treatment of allergic eye disease: A survey among Indian ophthalmologists. Das, S; Priyadarshini, SR, 2023)	0.91
" Tacrolimus dosage and blood level, liver and renal function, lipid and glucose profiles were recorded."	( Renal Function, Adherence and Quality of Life Improvement After Conversion From Immediate to Prolonged-Release Tacrolimus in Liver Transplantation: Prospective Ten-Year Follow-Up Study. Baiocchi, L; Blasi, F; Lenci, I; Manzia, TM; Tisone, G; Toschi, N; Toti, L, 2022)	1.84
"Weight-based tacrolimus dosing appears to underestimate the tacrolimus dose requirements."	( Predictive Capacity of Population Pharmacokinetic Models for the Tacrolimus Dose Requirements of Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Pai, MP; Park, JM; Pasternak, AL, 2023)	1.52
"Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant widely used in transplantations requiring mandatory concentration-controlled dosing to prevent acute rejection or adverse effects, including new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM)."	( Longitudinal Exposure to Tacrolimus and New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Renal Transplant Patients. Destere, A; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Premaud, A; Woillard, JB, 2023)	2.66
" The objective of our study was to establish a population pharmacokinetics (PK) model of apatinib in adult cancer patients, and to explore optimal dosage regimens for individualized treatment."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of apatinib in adult cancer patients. Chen, KG; Guo, ZX; Kan, M; Li, Q; Li, Y; Liu, HY; Liu, XL; Shi, JY; Song, LL; van den Anker, J; Yang, XM; Ye, PP; Zhang, YH; Zhao, FR; Zhao, W, 2023)	0.91
" The dosing regimen was optimized based on Monte Carlo simulations."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of apatinib in adult cancer patients. Chen, KG; Guo, ZX; Kan, M; Li, Q; Li, Y; Liu, HY; Liu, XL; Shi, JY; Song, LL; van den Anker, J; Yang, XM; Ye, PP; Zhang, YH; Zhao, FR; Zhao, W, 2023)	0.91
"A retrospective chart review was conducted to gather dosing data and tacrolimus concentrations, as part of a clinical pharmacology consultation service."	( Model-Informed Estimation of Acutely Decreased Tacrolimus Clearance and Subsequent Dose Individualization in a Pediatric Renal Transplant Patient With Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome. Hooper, DK; Lazear, D; Miyagawa, B; Mizuno, T; Vinks, AA, 2023)	1.4
"Envarsus XR® (LCPT), a once daily dosage formulation of tacrolimus, is an FDA-approved medication in adult renal transplant recipients (RTRs)."	( Envarsus XR® pharmacokinetics in adolescents post-kidney transplantation - A pilot study. Chen, L; ElChaki, R; Ettenger, R; Gales, B; Lee, S; Pearl, M; Srivastava, R, 2023)	1.16
"We observed that various MLAs could identify significant predictors that were useful to optimize tacrolimus and cyclosporine dosing regimens; yet, the findings must be externally validated."	( Developing supervised machine learning algorithms to evaluate the therapeutic effect and laboratory-related adverse events of cyclosporine and tacrolimus in renal transplants. Shah, S; Sridharan, K, 2023)	1.33
" The goal of this study was to assess the influence of CYP3A5 on perioperative LCP tac dosing and monitoring."	( Impact of CYP3A5 genotype on de-novo LCP tacrolimus dosing and monitoring in kidney transplantation. Bartlett, F; Carcella, T; Casey, M; Dubay, DA; Patel, N; Posadas, MA; Rao, N; Taber, DJ, 2023)	1.18
" In sequential modeling, CYP3A5 genotype status explained the LCP tac dosing requirements significantly more than AA race."	( Impact of CYP3A5 genotype on de-novo LCP tacrolimus dosing and monitoring in kidney transplantation. Bartlett, F; Carcella, T; Casey, M; Dubay, DA; Patel, N; Posadas, MA; Rao, N; Taber, DJ, 2023)	1.18
" When possible, lower dosing within 1 year after LT can reduce potential nephrotoxic side effects."	( The impact of long-term exposure to tacrolimus on chronic kidney disease after lung transplantation: A retrospective analysis from a single transplantation center. Ban, L; Chen, J; Chen, Y; Lv, J; Wang, H; Xiong, D; Ye, S; Yin, P; Yue, B; Zhou, M, 2023)	1.19
"Genotype-based dosing of tacrolimus helps achieve the desired therapeutic concentrations that can help to optimize graft outcomes and reduce the tacrolimus-related adverse effects."	( CYP3A5 Polymorphism in Renal Transplantation: A Key to Personalized Immunosuppression. Balwani, MR; Bawankule, C; Bhawane, A; Dubey, S; Gurjar, P; Kashiv, P; Katekhaye, VM; Pasari, AS; Tolani, P, 2023)	1.21
" The challenge of tacrolimus dosing is magnified in the African American population."	( Implementation of Clinical Cytochrome P450 3A Genotyping for Tacrolimus Dosing in a Large Kidney Transplant Program. Chen, J; Eadon, MT; Maddatu, JP; Nikirk, MG; Sharfuddin, AA; Shugg, T; Skaar, TC; Tillman, E, 2023)	1.49
" The population PK/PD model quantitatively described the relationships among tacrolimus dose, exposure, and therapeutic efficacy in patients with MG, which could provide reference for the optimization of tacrolimus dosing regimen at the individual patient level."	( Population PK/PD model of tacrolimus for exploring the relationship between accumulated exposure and quantitative scores in myasthenia gravis patients. Chen, D; Chen, W; Hou, S; Jin, P; Tian, X; Yang, L; Yao, Q; Yin, J; Zhang, H; Zhao, M; Zhou, T, 2023)	1.44
" Therefore, optimization of tacrolimus dosing is urgently needed in transplant recipients receiving nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment."	( Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment in SARS-CoV-2 positive kidney transplant recipients - a case series with four patients. Kühn, W; Schneider, J; Tanriver, Y; Wagner, D; Walz, G; Wobser, R, 2023)	1.2
" As dosing non-compliance can result in graft rejection, the once daily formulation of tacrolimus, Advagraf™, was developed (vs 2x/day Prograf®)."	( EnGraft: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, two-arm, superiority study protocol to assess bioavailability and practicability of Envarsus® versus Advagraf™ in liver transplant recipients. Baccar, S; Brennfleck, F; Brunner, SM; Geissler, EK; Götz, M; Holub-Hayles, I; James, B; Mutzbauer, I; Schlitt, HJ; Wöhl, DS, 2023)	1.13
"Heart transplant recipients experience high rates of skin cancer, likely due to greater length or dosage of immunosuppression."	( A review of heart transplant immunosuppressants and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Camacho, I; Dave, Y; Eckembrecher, DG; Eckembrecher, FJ; Nouri, K; Patel, S; Shah, H, 2023)	0.91
" In the RTX group, RTX was given at the same dosage as the RTX + TAC group."	( Combination of Rituximab and Low-dose Tacrolimus in the Treatment of Refractory Membranous Nephropathy: A Retrospective Cohort Study Chen, X; Jiao, S; Li, J; Li, P; Li, S; Song, F; Yan, Z, 2023)	1.18
"The optimal TAC dosage should be adjusted based on the patient's co-administration, body weight, and genetic information (especially CYP3A5 genotype)."	( Population pharmacokinetic analyses of tacrolimus in non-transplant patients: a systematic review. Wang, CB; Zhang, YJ; Zhao, LM; Zhao, MM, 2023)	1.18
"Historically, dosing of tacrolimus is guided by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of the whole blood concentration, which is strongly influenced by haematocrit."	( A Joint Pharmacokinetic Model for the Simultaneous Description of Plasma and Whole Blood Tacrolimus Concentrations in Kidney and Lung Transplant Recipients. Bakker, SJL; Colin, PJ; Gan, CT; Knobbe, TJ; Koomen, JV; Kremer, D; Touw, DJ; Verschuuren, EAM; Zijp, TR, 2023)	1.44
" Personalized tacrolimus dosing may improve transplant outcomes by more efficiently achieving and maintaining therapeutic tacrolimus concentrations."	( External assessment and refinement of a population pharmacokinetic model to guide tacrolimus dosing in pediatric heart transplant. Cabrera, AG; Daly, KP; Hong, B; Hope, KD; McKnite, A; Molina, KM; Rower, JE, 2023)	1.5
"These findings support the potential clinical utility of a population PK model to provide personalized tacrolimus dosing guidance."	( External assessment and refinement of a population pharmacokinetic model to guide tacrolimus dosing in pediatric heart transplant. Cabrera, AG; Daly, KP; Hong, B; Hope, KD; McKnite, A; Molina, KM; Rower, JE, 2023)	1.35
" Trough concentration monitoring and dosing adjustments are used to reach a therapeutic range."	( Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics are influenced by CYP3A5, age, and concomitant fluconazole in pediatric kidney transplant patients. Alghamdi, A; Darland, L; Hooper, DK; Lazear, D; Mizuno, T; Ramsey, LB; Seay, S; Varnell, CD, 2023)	2.35
" Secondary endpoints included the incidence of IS levels outside of the therapeutic range (subtherapeutic or supratherapeutic) and mean dosage changes over time."	( Belumosudil Impacts Immunosuppression Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. Faramand, R; Gaskill, E; Gonzalez, R; Khimani, F; Lazaryan, A; Padilla, M; Perez, L; Pidala, J, 2023)	0.91
" Tacrolimus concentrations should be closely monitored, and dosing adjusted during and after flucloxacillin administration."	( It cuts both ways: A single-center retrospective review describing a three-way interaction between flucloxacillin, voriconazole and tacrolimus. Burrows, FS; Carlos, LM; Marriott, DJE; Stojanova, J, 2023)	2.02
" Thus, PPK-based Tac dosing offers significant superiority for starting Tac prescription over classical labeling-based dosing according to the body weight, which may optimize Tac-based therapy in the first days following transplantation."	( A prospective controlled, randomized clinical trial of kidney transplant recipients developed personalized tacrolimus dosing using model-based Bayesian Prediction. Bestard, O; Colom, H; Coloma, A; Cruzado, JM; Favà, A; Fontova, P; Grinyó, JM; Lloberas, N; Manonelles, A; Melilli, E; Meneghini, M; Montero, N; Padró, A; Rigo-Bonnin, R; Torras, J; Vidal-Alabró, A, 2023)	1.12
" More broadly, considering the high number of drugs with unexplained PK variability transported by ABCB1, our work is of clinical importance and paves the way for incorporating the gut microbiota in prediction algorithms for dosage of such drugs."	( Gut microbiome modulates tacrolimus pharmacokinetics through the transcriptional regulation of ABCB1. Andries, V; Bindels, LB; Degraeve, AL; Elens, L; Gatto, L; Haufroid, V; Loriot, A; Vereecke, L, 2023)	1.21
" LCP-tacrolimus (LCPT-Envarsus XR) was approved in 2018 for use as a de novo immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplants, but there is limited evidence to guide de novo dosing of LCPT in patients with obesity."	( Retrospective evaluation of LCP-tacrolimus (Envarsus XR) dosing in de novo kidney transplant. Alzahrani, M; Belcher, RM; Benken, J; Benken, ST; Di Cocco, P; Kajavathanan, M; Valdepenas, B, 2023)	1.71
"There was a statistically significant, though modest, correlation between all three dosing strategies and the first tacrolimus trough level (TBW correlation coefficient = ."	( Retrospective evaluation of LCP-tacrolimus (Envarsus XR) dosing in de novo kidney transplant. Alzahrani, M; Belcher, RM; Benken, J; Benken, ST; Di Cocco, P; Kajavathanan, M; Valdepenas, B, 2023)	1.4
"The use of LCPT in kidney transplant recipients with obesity dosed using TBW demonstrated the strongest correlation with initial supratherapeutic tacrolimus levels."	( Retrospective evaluation of LCP-tacrolimus (Envarsus XR) dosing in de novo kidney transplant. Alzahrani, M; Belcher, RM; Benken, J; Benken, ST; Di Cocco, P; Kajavathanan, M; Valdepenas, B, 2023)	1.39
" We planned an exploratory clinical trial to determine the efficacy, safety, and dosage of tacrolimus in women with intractable infertility."	( Multicenter, 2-dose single-group controlled trial of tacrolimus for the severe infertility patients. Hirota, Y; Hisano, M; Inoue, E; Kikuchi, K; Nakagawa, K; Nakamura, H; Ono, M; Saito, T; Yamaguchi, K; Yoshino, O, 2023)	1.38
" We ascertained whether the risk of drug-induced tremor is influenced by the underlying diagnosis, dosing formulations, drug concentrations, and blood monitoring."	( Tremor Induced by Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus, or Everolimus: A Review of the Literature. Jha, N; Joyce, M; Khalid, U; Lunny, C; Mahboob, O; Nagaraja, N; Shukla, AM; Wagle Shukla, A, 2023)	1.19
" Therefore, dosing algorithms have been developed to limit the time a patient is exposed to off-target concentrations."	( Individualized dosing algorithms for tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: current status and unmet needs. de Winter, BCM; Francke, MI; Hesselink, DA; Reinders, MEJ; Sassen, SDT; Schagen, MR; Volarevic, H, )	0.4
" provide further evidence for the benefits of an individualized tacrolimus dosing algorithm based on population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics."	( A first small step toward personalized immunosuppression. Budde, K; Rostaing, L, 2023)	1.15
" This study and future multicenter studies can contribute to the individualization of TAC dosing in Egyptian patients."	( The impact of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genetic variations on tacrolimus treatment of living-donor Egyptian kidney transplanted patients. Abdelfattah, ME; Elbadawy, HM; Fayad, T; Kamel, MH; Mikhael, ES; Wanas, H; William, EA, 2023)	1.16
" However, it is not clear whether long-term maintenance therapy with reduced-calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) dosing still leads to reduced renal function."	( Long-term effects of average calcineurin inhibitor trough levels (over time) on renal function in a prospectively followed cohort of 150 kidney transplant recipients. Burke, GW; Ciancio, G; Gaynor, JJ; Guerra, G; Kupin, W; Mattiazzi, A; Moni, L; Roth, D; Tabbara, MM, 2023)	0.91
"Time release pellets were used to deliver constant FK506 dosage to APP/PS1 mice without deleterious manipulation or handling."	( Long-term normalization of calcineurin activity in model mice rescues Pin1 and attenuates Alzheimer's phenotypes without blocking peripheral T cell IL-2 response. Hu, J; Malter, JS; O'Neal, MA; Shen, ZJ; Stallings, NR, 2023)	0.91
"For children with OMG, the addition of various immunosuppressants can reduce the dosage of GC and adverse reactions."	( [Clinical effect of different immunosuppressive treatment regimens in children with ocular myasthenia gravis: a retrospective analysis]. Chen, H; Chen, Y; Huang, ZX; Wang, RY; Zhong, JM, 2023)	0.91