Page last updated: 2024-12-08

prolylglutamic acid

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Pro-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-glutamic acid residues. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID194260
CHEMBL ID190027
CHEBI ID74762
SCHEMBL ID5408968
MeSH IDM0109109

Synonyms (26)

Synonym
prolylglutamic acid
bdbm50169114
67644-00-2
CHEMBL190027 ,
chebi:74762 ,
pro-glu
l-prolyl-l-glutamic acid
(2s)-2-[[(2s)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]pentanedioic acid
AKOS010408434
l-glutamic acid, n-l-prolyl-
l-pro-l-glu
n-l-prolyl-l-glutamic acid
prolyl-glutamate
SCHEMBL5408968
AS-58357
(2s)-2-{[(2s)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]formamido}pentanedioic acid
h-pro-glu-oh
mfcd00037872
STL527174
prolyl-glutamic acid
Q27144887
DTXSID70987011
n-[hydroxy(pyrrolidin-2-yl)methylidene]glutamic acid
l-glutamic acid, l-prolyl-
(s)-2-((s)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)pentanedioic acid
EN300-6736464

Research Excerpts

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The utilization of the membrane transport protein PEPT1 as a drug delivery system is a promising strategy to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs."( Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of beta-lactam antibiotics and tripeptides as substrates of the mammalian H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1.
Biegel, A; Brandsch, M; Gebauer, S; Hartrodt, B; Neubert, K; Thondorf, I, 2005
)
0.33
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
metaboliteAny intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
dipeptideAny molecule that contains two amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (8)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Glutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki20,000.00000.01472.50379.2000AID92023
Glutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)Ki20,000.00000.01681.27725.0000AID92023
Glutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)Ki20,000.00000.02060.53222.2000AID92023
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki20,000.00000.00380.79754.1000AID92023
Solute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)12,300.00000.18000.19000.2000AID266249
Solute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki20,000.00000.18003.39339.8000AID238858; AID92023
Glutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)Ki20,000.00000.04001.23358.8500AID92023
Mu-type opioid receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)IC50 (µMol)12,300.00000.00020.660310.0000AID266249
Solute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)Ki2,585.20000.79434.22108.0000AID612540
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (53)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
regulation of receptor recyclingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
synapse assemblyGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
long-term memoryGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to lithium ionGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potentialGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signalingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
spinal cord developmentGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex developmentGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
receptor internalizationGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transportGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathwayGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to arsenic-containing substanceGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to electrical stimulusGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic potentiationGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic depressionGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to fungicideGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amino acid stimulusGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ammonium ionGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to dsRNAGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to peptide hormone stimulusGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amine stimulusGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentrationGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulusGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergicGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathwayGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergicGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation transmembrane transportGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor signaling pathwayGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signalingGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transportGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathwayGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein homotetramerizationGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterotetramerizationGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic potentiationGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergicGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein transportSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
peptide transportSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptide import across plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
tripeptide import across plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
proton transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor signaling pathwayGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transportGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic processGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathwayGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergicGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein transportSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
peptide transportSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
peptidoglycan transportSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptide transportSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
renal absorptionSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathwaySolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptide import across plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
tripeptide import across plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
antibacterial innate immune responseSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
proton transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (27)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
amyloid-beta bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor activityGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor activityGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
immunoglobulin bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activityGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
PDZ domain bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
small GTPase bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
myosin V bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
G-protein beta-subunit bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
beta-2 adrenergic receptor bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase A bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein bindingGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentrationGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor activityGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta bindingGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated receptor activityGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor activityGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic cation channel activityGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta bindingGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated receptor activityGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor activityGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activityGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
proton-dependent oligopeptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
peptide:proton symporter activitySolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
tripeptide transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptide transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta bindingGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated receptor activityGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor activityGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
peptide:proton symporter activitySolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
tripeptide transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptide transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (42)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell-cell junctionGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
ER to Golgi transport vesicle membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic densityGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicle membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junctionGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic shaftGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
axonal spineGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
neuron spineGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic active zone membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory synapseGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
presynapseGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density, intracellular componentGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
perisynaptic spaceGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor complexGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneGlutamate receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic densityGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicle membraneGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
asymmetric synapseGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory synapseGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapseGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic endocytic zoneGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor complexGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneGlutamate receptor 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicle membraneGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapseGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor complexGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineGlutamate receptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
brush borderSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicle membraneGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular vesicleGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor complexGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineGlutamate receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic vesicle membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (6)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID266249Binding affinity to human PEPT1 assessed as inhibition of [14C]Gly-Sar uptake in MDCK cells2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 49, Issue:12
Human PEPT1 pharmacophore distinguishes between dipeptide transport and binding.
AID266247Activation of human PEPT1 expressed in MDCK cells relative to Gly-Sar2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 49, Issue:12
Human PEPT1 pharmacophore distinguishes between dipeptide transport and binding.
AID612540Binding affinity to human PepT2 in SKTP cells2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 19, Issue:15
Fragmental modeling of hPepT2 and analysis of its binding features by docking studies and pharmacophore mapping.
AID238858Binding affinity against membrane transport protein PEPT1 in human Caco-2 cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-30, Volume: 48, Issue:13
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of beta-lactam antibiotics and tripeptides as substrates of the mammalian H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1.
AID92023Inhibition constant (Ki) for human intestinal peptide carrier2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-18, Volume: 46, Issue:26
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of peptide substrates of the mammalian H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1.
AID266246Activation of human PEPT1 expressed in MDCK cells2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 49, Issue:12
Human PEPT1 pharmacophore distinguishes between dipeptide transport and binding.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (10)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901 (10.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's4 (40.00)29.6817
2010's4 (40.00)24.3611
2020's1 (10.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 12.02

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index12.02 (24.57)
Research Supply Index2.40 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.42 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (12.02)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other10 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]